Ellis v. J.R.'s Country Store

Filing

[10253298] Affirmed. Terminated on the merits after oral hearing. Written, signed, published. Judges Holmes, author; McKay and Bacharach. Mandate to issue. [13-1346]

FILED
Appellate Case: 13-1346

Document: 01019395269

United States Court of Appeals
Date Filed: 03/09/2015 Circuit 1
Tenth Page:

March 9, 2015
PUBLISH

Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
TENTH CIRCUIT

SANDRA ELLIS, on behalf of herself
and others similarly situated,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.

No. 13-1346

J.R.’S COUNTRY STORES, INC., a
Colorado corporation,
Defendant - Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Colorado
(D.C. No. 1:12-CV-01916-CMA-KLM)

Donna E. Dell’Olio (Bradley J. Sherman, Cornish & Dell’Olio, P.C., Colorado
Springs, Colorado, with her on the briefs), Cornish & Dell’Olio, P.C., Colorado
Springs, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Christian D. Hammond (Lawrence D. Stone, Dufford & Brown, P.C., Denver,
Colorado, with him on the brief), Dufford & Brown, P.C., Denver, Colorado, for
Defendant-Appellee.

Before HOLMES, McKAY, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.

HOLMES, Circuit Judge.

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Sandra Ellis appeals from the district court’s grant of summary judgment in
favor of J.R.’s Country Stores, Inc., her former employer, on her claim for
violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 207.
Our jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.
I
We offer at the outset an overview of the applicable statutory framework.
We then provide the factual background and procedural history of this case,
reciting all summary-judgment evidence in the light most favorable to Ms. Ellis
as the nonmovant. See Salazar v. Butterball, LLC, 644 F.3d 1130, 1136 (10th Cir.
2011); Gwinn v. Awmiller, 354 F.3d 1211, 1215 (10th Cir. 2004).
A
Congress enacted the FLSA in order to “protect all covered workers from
substandard wages and oppressive working hours, ‘labor conditions [that are]
detrimental to the maintenance of the minimum standard of living necessary for
health, efficiency and general well-being of workers.’” Barrentine v.
Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 450 U.S. 728, 739 (1981) (alteration in original)
(quoting 29 U.S.C. § 202(a)); see Chavez v. City of Albuquerque, 630 F.3d 1300,
1304 (10th Cir. 2011) (“The purpose of FLSA overtime is ‘to compensate those
who labored in excess of the statutory maximum number of hours for the wear
and tear of extra work and to spread employment through inducing employers to
shorten hours because of the pressure of extra cost.’” (quoting Bay Ridge
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Operating Co. v. Aaron, 334 U.S. 446, 460 (1948))). The FLSA effectuates this
purpose by “generally requir[ing] an employer to pay its employees at a rate of
one and one-half times their regular rate of pay for any time worked in excess of
forty hours in a given workweek.” Archuleta v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 543 F.3d
1226, 1228 (10th Cir. 2008); accord Albers v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, 771 F.3d
697, 699 (10th Cir. 2014). In other words, the statute provides for overtime pay
in specified circumstances. See 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(2). If an employee satisfies
her burden of “prov[ing] that the employer is violating the FLSA,” Archuleta, 543
F.3d at 1233, she may be entitled to recoup unpaid overtime compensation and
liquidated damages, see 29 U.S.C. § 216(b).
But despite “the remedial nature of [the] FLSA,” Pacheco v. Whiting
Farms, Inc., 365 F.3d 1199, 1206 (10th Cir. 2004), “not all workers require[ ] the
same kind of protection” under the statute, Ackerman v. Coca-Cola Enters., Inc.,
179 F.3d 1260, 1263 (10th Cir. 1999). Notably, as is relevant here, “employee[s]
employed in a bona fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity . . . as
such terms are defined . . . by regulations of the Secretary [of Labor],” 29 U.S.C.
§ 213(a)(1), are exempt from the FLSA’s requirements and are thus ineligible for
overtime compensation. These regulations “are entitled to judicial deference and
are the primary source of guidance for determining the scope of exemptions to the
FLSA.” Ackerman, 179 F.3d at 1264 (internal quotation marks omitted).

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Exercising its delegated authority on behalf of the U.S. Department of
Labor (“DOL”), the Secretary of Labor (“Secretary”) has promulgated several
implementing regulations for the FLSA, one of which defines the term “employee
employed in a bona fide executive capacity” as an employee who is:
(1) Compensated on a salary basis at a rate of not less than $455
per week . . . ;
(2) Whose primary duty is management of the enterprise in which
the employee is employed or of a customarily recognized
department or subdivision thereof;
(3) Who customarily and regularly directs the work of two or
more other employees; and
(4) Who has the authority to hire or fire other employees or
whose suggestions and recommendations as to the hiring, firing,
advancement, promotion or any other change of status of other
employees are given particular weight.
29 C.F.R. § 541.100(a); accord Maestas v. Day & Zimmerman, LLC, 664 F.3d
822, 827 (10th Cir. 2012).
Pursuant to the FLSA’s regulatory framework, an employee must be paid
on a salary basis to satisfy the requirements of an “executive” exempt from the
statute’s overtime requirements. See Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 455–56
(1997); In re Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 395 F.3d 1177, 1180 (10th Cir. 2005). “An
employee will be considered to be paid on a ‘salary basis’” under the Secretary’s
regulations if she “regularly receives each pay period on a weekly, or less
frequent basis, a predetermined amount constituting all or part of [her]
compensation, which amount is not subject to reduction because of variations in

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the quality or quantity of the work performed.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.602(a). 1 As we
have explained, “[s]ince exempt employees are not paid by the hour, the FLSA’s
implementing regulations prohibit employers from docking their pay for working
less than a full eight-hour day.” McBride v. Peak Wellness Ctr., Inc., 688 F.3d
698, 705 (10th Cir. 2012). We are obliged to interpret this “executive” exemption
narrowly against employers. See Chessin v. Keystone Resort Mgmt., Inc., 184
F.3d 1188, 1192 (10th Cir. 1999) (“In a case involving the FLSA, an employer
bears the burden of proving . . . the applicability of an FLSA exemption; we must
construe the exemption narrowly against the employer.”); Aaron v. City of
Wichita, 54 F.3d 652, 657 (10th Cir. 1995) (“Exemptions to the FLSA are to be
narrowly construed . . . . An employer must prove that the employee is exempt by
‘clear and affirmative’ evidence.” (citation omitted) (quoting Donovan v. United
Video, Inc., 725 F.2d 577, 581 (10th Cir. 1984))).
An employer may lose the right to treat otherwise eligible employees as
exempt “executives” in certain situations. For instance, “[a]n employer who
makes improper deductions from salary shall lose the exemption if the facts
demonstrate that the employer did not intend to pay employees on a salary basis.”
29 C.F.R. § 541.603(a) [hereinafter “subsection (a)”]. Whether an employer

1

“Because the salary-basis test is a creature of the Secretary’s own
regulations, his interpretation of it is . . . controlling unless plainly erroneous or
inconsistent with the regulation.” Auer, 519 U.S. at 461 (internal quotation marks
omitted).
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making such improper deductions should be deemed not to have intended to pay
on a salary basis turns on whether the employer has an “actual practice of making
improper deductions,” id., as opposed to a “theoretical possibility of such
deductions,” McBride, 688 F.3d at 705. The Secretary has provided guidance in
that regard, namely by detailing five applicable factors for courts to consider:
The factors to consider when determining whether an employer
has an actual practice of making improper deductions include,
but are not limited to: the number of improper deductions,
particularly as compared to the number of employee infractions
warranting discipline; the time period during which the employer
made improper deductions; the number and geographic location
of employees whose salary was improperly reduced; the number
and geographic location of managers responsible for taking the
improper deductions; and whether the employer has a clearly
communicated policy permitting or prohibiting improper
deductions.
29 C.F.R. § 541.603(a).
On the face of subsection (a), it is evident that one variable which may
inform courts as to the existence vel non of an “actual practice of making
improper deductions” is whether the employer has promulgated a “clear[ ]” policy
concerning improper deductions. Id. The Secretary provides helpful explication
regarding this final salary-basis-test factor in another subsection of the same
regulation, noting that a “clearly communicated policy” is one “that prohibits the
improper pay deductions specified in [subsection] (a) and includes a complaint
mechanism.” Id. § 541.603(d) [hereinafter “subsection (d)”]. Further, according
to subsection (d):
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[t]he best evidence of a clearly communicated policy is a written
policy that was distributed to employees prior to the improper
pay deductions by, for example, providing a copy of the policy
to employees at the time of hire, publishing the policy in an
employee handbook or publishing the policy on the employer’s
Intranet.
Id.
In sum, under the rubric of subsection (a)—as informed by subsection
(d)—“if the facts demonstrate that” the employer maintained “[a]n actual practice
of making improper deductions,” the default conclusion is that the employer
“shall lose the exemption.” Id. § 541.603(a) (emphasis added). The employer is
stripped of the exemption because its “actual practice” of improperly deducting
pay vitiates the intent to pay a salary under the salary-basis test. See id.
Consequently, when the facts so indicate, “the exemption is lost during the time
period in which the improper deductions were made.” Id. § 541.603(b); accord
Baden-Winterwood v. Life Time Fitness, Inc., 566 F.3d 618, 628 (6th Cir. 2009).
However, the Secretary has carved out a savings provision for “[i]mproper
deductions that are either isolated or inadvertent,” which allows the exemption to
stand “if the employer reimburses the employees for such improper deductions.”
29 C.F.R. § 541.603(c) [hereinafter “subsection (c)”]; see Archuleta, 543 F.3d at
1235 (discussing an employer’s attempt to “take advantage of” this savings
provision “by reimbursing its pharmacists for the times it paid them less than
their guaranteed minimum salary”). As a practical matter, “[t]he ‘window of

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correction’ provided by [subsection (c)] allows employers to treat otherwise
eligible employees as salaried, regardless of the employer’s one-time or
unintentional failure to adhere to [the] requirements” of the salary-basis test set
forth in subsection (a). Spradling v. City of Tulsa, 95 F.3d 1492, 1503 (10th Cir.
1996).
B
Having explained the legal standards material to the disposition of this
appeal, we proceed to the salient background facts, viewed in the light most
favorable to Ms. Ellis.
J.R.’s Country Stores, Inc. (“J.R.’s” or “the Company”) is a chain of
convenience markets located throughout Colorado. Its individual shops, which
sell gas, groceries, and sundries, are operated by store managers. As set forth in
the Company’s Store Manager Base Pay Plan (“the Pay Plan”), each manager is
considered a “salaried employee” and is expected to work “a minimum of 50
hours per week and a minimum 5 day work week.” Aplt. App. at 378 (2011 Pay
Plan, filed Jan. 11, 2013). The Company also requires every store manager to
“work whatever number of hours per week is necessary to effectively run [her]
store.” Id.
In December 2007, Ms. Ellis began working as the manager of a J.R.’s
store in Holly, Colorado. The Company classified her as an exempt, salaried
employee and paid her $600 on a weekly basis (an amount that increased to $625
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in February 2011), as well as a monthly bonus commensurate with her store’s
performance. While Ms. Ellis was employed in this capacity, she generally 2
worked fifty-hour (and sometimes closer to sixty-hour) weeks, which was
consistent with the terms of the Pay Plan.
On April 3, 2012, Ms. Ellis received a paycheck in the amount of $593.80,
instead of the $625 she customarily earned in a pay period. The Company had
deducted $31.20 from that paycheck because for the work week of March 16 to
March 22, 2012, Ms. Ellis reported having worked only 40.91 hours of the
requisite fifty. More specifically, Ms. Ellis “missed less than a full day of work
[that week].” Aplt. Opening Br. at 5. 3 This was the only instance during Ms.
Ellis’s tenure with the Company that she received less than her typical,
predetermined pay.

2

The Company submitted time sheets indicating that for certain
isolated weeks during her employment, Ms. Ellis reported working fewer than
fifty hours.
3

As the district court observed, the “parties maintain different, though
overlapping, explanations as to why Ellis’s pay was reduced.” Aplt. App. at 448
n.1 (Order Granting Mot. for Summ. J., filed July 12, 2013). Compare id. at 27
n.3 (Mot. for Summ. J., filed Oct. 11, 2012) (“Plaintiff . . . informed J.R.’s that
she wanted to use a sick day instead of a vacation day.”), with id. at 371 (Aff. of
Sandra Ellis, dated Jan. 9, 2013) (“I . . . lost a vacation day because I was sick.”).
For our purposes, the principal points are (1) that Ms. Ellis failed to work the
mandatory fifty-hour business week during that pay period, and (2) that “the
parties agree that Ellis’s pay was reduced as a result of her inability to” do so. Id.
at 448 n.1.
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Ms. Ellis resigned on April 6, 2012. Soon afterward, she sent the Company
a letter “claim[ing] that she [was] owed $42,187.50 in unpaid overtime wages.”
Aplt. App. at 284 (Letter, dated May 18, 2012). In lodging that request, Ms. Ellis
opined that she had “lost her exempt status under the [FLSA] . . . when J.R.’s
made a one-time deduction from [her] pay for not working fifty hours during a
workweek,” which, in turn, entitled her to three years’ worth of retroactive
overtime pay. Id. This was the correct result, according to Ms. Ellis, because the
paycheck in question demonstrated a “willful” “practice of making improper
deductions” by the Company. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
The Company initially denied both that this singular deduction was
improper and that it constituted an actual practice of improper deductions under
the applicable regulatory provisions. Nonetheless, the Company informed Ms.
Ellis by letter that it would “take the high road . . . and pay [her] for the overtime
she worked during the time period in which the deduction occurred.” Id. at 285
(internal quotation marks omitted). To explain the amount of the accompanying
check, $332.88—which was more than ten times the amount of the deduction—the
Company stated:
During the workweek in which the deduction was made, [you]
worked a total of 56.42 hours. . . . [Your] hourly rate was
$12.50, meaning [your] overtime rate is $18.75. [Your] $625
weekly salary was based on a fixed 50 hour workweek. By
reimbursing [you] the $150 that was deducted . . . , J.R.’s has
now made [you] whole for that workweek and has therefore paid
[you] for the first 50 hours for purposes of the overtime
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calculation. What remains is (1) [your] regular pay for the
additional 6.42 hours, and (2) the “and a half” for the 16.42 hours
of overtime. Therefore, the calculation is as follows:
(1) 6.42 hours x $12.50 (regular time) = $80.25
(2) 16.42 hours x $6.25 (half time) = $102.63
Total = $182.88.
Therefore, on behalf of J.R.’s, enclosed please find a
check . . . in the amount of $332.88 ($150 + $182.88).
Id. (emphasis omitted) (footnote omitted). The Company further noted that it had
“use[d] the hours worked during the March 23, 2012 workweek for purposes of
the overtime calculation” for two reasons: (1) to comport with the regulatory
language “during the time period in which the [deduction was] made,” 29 C.F.R.
§ 541.603(b); and (2) to produce “a more favorable calculation for” Ms. Ellis.
Aplt. App. at 285 n.2. It did so even though the deduction at issue “was made
based on the number of hours [Ms. Ellis] worked in the previous
workweek”—40.91 hours. Id. (emphasis added).
On July 23, 2012, Ms. Ellis filed a lawsuit against her former employer in
the United States District Court for the District of Colorado, bringing one claim
under the FLSA. Alleging that her “compensation was reduced when she did not
work at least 50 hours” per week, Ms. Ellis urged that she “was not an exempt
employee [under the FLSA] because she was not paid on a true salary basis.” Id.
at 11 (Compl., filed July 23, 2012). Thus, reasoned Ms. Ellis, the Company’s

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failure to classify her as an hourly employee entitled her to recoup retroactive
overtime pay “for all hours worked in excess of forty hours in a single work
week” during her term of employment. Id. at 12. Ms. Ellis also signaled her
intent to certify a class of similarly situated store managers.
The Company filed a motion for summary judgment, attaching as exhibits
all time sheets and payroll records pertaining to Ms. Ellis’s employment. Instead
of responding to the Company’s motion, Ms. Ellis filed a “Motion to Certify
Conditionally a Collective Action Under the [FLSA] and for Court Assisted
Notice,” id. at 289 (Mot. to Certify, filed Oct. 18, 2012) (capitalization altered),
and, shortly thereafter, also a motion to deny or defer judgment under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) so that she could “reasonably engage in discovery
sufficient to rebut a motion for summary judgment,” id. at 314 (Mot. to Den. or
Defer J., filed Oct. 31, 2012) (capitalization altered).
For its part, the Company then sought a temporary stay of class
certification, pending the district court’s summary-judgment determination. The
district court, in an order dated December 11, 2012, denied Ms. Ellis’s Rule 56(d)
motion and granted the Company’s motion to stay a class-certification ruling until
the court’s decision on the motion for summary judgment. Consequently, on
January 11, 2013, Ms. Ellis filed her response to the Company’s summaryjudgment motion.

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Then, on July 12, 2013, the district court granted summary judgment in
favor of the Company. The substance of the court’s ruling was twofold. First,
the court determined that the undisputed material facts demonstrated the
Company’s intent to pay Ms. Ellis a salary and that the one-time pay deduction
did not change that intent. Stated otherwise, the district court ruled that the
Company’s deduction did not constitute a violation of the salary-basis test.
Second, the court reasoned, even if Ms. Ellis could demonstrate that the Company
did not intend to pay her a salary, her FLSA claim would still founder because the
Company was entitled to rely on the protection of the window-of-correction
defense detailed in the FLSA’s implementing regulations.
In light of the foregoing findings, the district court awarded summary
judgment to the Company and denied Ms. Ellis’s motion for class certification as
moot. The court entered judgment on July 15, 2013, dismissing the lawsuit with
prejudice. Ms. Ellis timely appealed from the district court’s judgment.
II
On appeal, Ms. Ellis challenges the district court’s summary-judgment
order on several fronts. “We review the district court’s summary judgment
decision de novo, applying the same standard as the district court.” BrammerHoelter v. Twin Peaks Charter Acad., 602 F.3d 1175, 1184 (10th Cir. 2010);
accord Colo. Cross-Disability Coal. v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., 765 F.3d 1205,
1218 (10th Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows
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that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled
to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); accord Felkins v. City of
Lakewood, 774 F.3d 647, 650 (10th Cir. 2014). As noted above, we “examine the
record and all reasonable inferences that might be drawn from it in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party”—that is, Ms. Ellis. Merrifield v. Bd. of Cnty.
Comm’rs, 654 F.3d 1073, 1077 (10th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks
omitted). Moreover, “we can affirm on any ground supported by the record, so
long as the appellant has had a fair opportunity to address that ground.” Alpine
Bank v. Hubbell, 555 F.3d 1097, 1108 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Ms. Ellis also seeks review of the district court’s denial of deferment for
expanded discovery pursuant to Rule 56(d), which we review for an abuse of
discretion. See FDIC v. Arciero, 741 F.3d 1111, 1116 (10th Cir. 2013). We will
find an abuse of discretion “when the district court bases its ruling on an
erroneous conclusion of law or relies on clearly erroneous fact findings.” Walters
v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 703 F.3d 1167, 1172 (10th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation
marks omitted); accord Trentadue v. FBI, 572 F.3d 794, 806 (10th Cir. 2009). “A
finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it is without factual support in the record or
if, after reviewing all of the evidence, we are left with the definite and firm
conviction that a mistake has been made.” In re Vaughn, 765 F.3d 1174, 1180
(10th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). In the Rule 56(d) context,
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the party requesting deferral of judgment—here, Ms. Ellis—shoulders the burden
of demonstrating an abuse of discretion. See McBride, 688 F.3d at 703.
III
Ms. Ellis presents two overarching questions for our review of the district
court’s summary-judgment ruling: (1) whether the court misapplied the salarybasis test associated with her FLSA exemption (i.e., subsection (a)), and (2)
whether the court incorrectly permitted the Company to avail itself of the
window-of-correction defense (i.e., subsection (c)) to rectify any improper
deduction to her pay. Not surprisingly, Ms. Ellis answers both questions in the
affirmative and urges us to find that the district court committed error in awarding
summary judgment to the Company. We are not persuaded by any of Ms. Ellis’s
appellate arguments and, in point of fact, find ourselves in substantial agreement
with the district court in all respects.
Before commencing our substantive discussion, however, we note the
Company’s suggestion that we cabin our affirmance to the issue of whether the
window-of-correction defense was satisfied. The Company reasons that such an
approach “would forestall the need to address most of [Ms.] Ellis’s arguments,”
Aplee. Br. at 6—most notably, her contention that the district court’s reading of
subsections (a) and (c) contravenes settled principles of statutory interpretation.
Although we recognize that, under certain circumstances, the task of reconciling

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subsections (a) and (c) could potentially be difficult, 4 on this record, Ms. Ellis’s
statutory-interpretation argument does not give us cause to shrink from our
jurisprudentially beneficial plan of comprehensively resolving this dispute. That
is because (as more fully explicated below), on this record, the Company can
clearly rely on subsections (a) and (c) and secure a successful outcome by doing
so. More specifically, we conclude that there is no genuine issue of material fact
that the Company had no practice or policy of making improper deductions for
salaried employees (which effectively resolves the subsection (a) question in the
Company’s favor). And we also determine that the documented improper
deduction that the Company made from Ms. Ellis’s paycheck was truly isolated
(which effectively gives the Company victory on the subsection (c) question).
Accordingly, for the reasons stated herein, we are satisfied that the district court
properly awarded summary judgment to the Company.
A
We first address Ms. Ellis’s contention that the district court incorrectly
found no genuine issues of material fact concerning the Company’s intent to pay
her a salary; instead, reasons Ms. Ellis, the court should have considered her “an
4

For example, Ms. Ellis contends that if the Company is stripped of its
exemption under subsection (a) by virtue of a practice or policy of making
improper deductions, then, as a matter of law, such conduct cannot be “isolated”
under subsection (c). If we were obliged to reach this issue, we certainly would
consider Ms. Ellis’s position worthy of serious consideration and would not be
inclined to summarily reject it out of hand. However, because the two provisions
harmonize for purposes of this appeal, we need not venture down this road.
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hourly employee in every sense.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 20. According to Ms.
Ellis, the terms of the Pay Plan ineluctably yield this conclusion. The Pay Plan,
she says, is “unlike any other to be examined by a federal court for conformance
to the salary basis test,” 5 id., due to a “combination of unique factors”: a “hard
floor” of fifty hours per week, a requirement to log the number of hours worked,
and an alleged “stated policy of deducting pay for less than a day’s absence,”
Aplt. Reply Br. at 18. For this reason, among others that we address below, Ms.
5

While we would not describe the Pay Plan as one “unlike any other,”
Aplt. Opening Br. at 20, we note that existing caselaw at least suggests that the
Pay Plan is unusual. But the few isolated cases we have located—involving
compensation plans that obligate employees to work in the vicinity of fifty hours
per week—are not favorable to Ms. Ellis’s position. For instance, in an
unpublished opinion, a panel of the Third Circuit considered the salary-basis test
fulfilled when, under the operative plan, “[the plaintiff] was entitled to a
guaranteed base pay of $60,000, and she was expected to work 45 hours per
week.” Sander v. Light Action, Inc., 525 F. App’x 147, 148 (3d Cir. 2013). Some
district courts have likewise found the test satisfied on similar facts. See, e.g.,
Ottaviano v. Home Depot, Inc., 701 F. Supp. 2d 1005, 1008–09 (N.D. Ill. 2010)
(deeming employees exempt when Home Depot required a fifty-five-hour work
week); Clougher v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 696 F. Supp. 2d 285, 295 (E.D.N.Y.
2010) (finding that “the mere fact that Home Depot required even its salaried
employees to work no less than 55-hours per week or face discipline . . . [did] not
undermine [the plaintiff’s] proper classification as a salaried employee”);
Palazzolo-Robinson v. Sharis Mgmt. Corp., 68 F. Supp. 2d 1186, 1192 (W.D.
Wash. 1999) (finding an employee who “was told [when hired] . . . that all
managers worked 50 hours a week, . . . and that compensation would be on a
salary basis” to be exempt (internal quotation marks omitted)). Other cases
involving mandatory “forty-hour-plus” work weeks also lend Ms. Ellis no succor
because they arise in the context of the “fluctuating” work week, described at 29
C.F.R. § 778.114, which is inapposite here.
Ultimately, under our controlling precedent, we cannot agree that the terms
of the Pay Plan militate in favor of considering Ms. Ellis non-exempt and
stripping the Company of its exemption under subsection (a).
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Ellis argues that the district court’s ruling constitutes reversible error. Though
Ms. Ellis strives mightily on multiple fronts to attack the salary-basis aspect of
the district court’s decision, we reject each of her arguments. We conclude that
the Company did not lose this exemption as regards Ms. Ellis.
1
Under subsection (a), an “actual practice of making improper deductions
demonstrates that the employer did not intend to pay employees on a salary basis”
and results in the employer’s loss of the executive exemption for those
employees. 29 C.F.R. § 541.603(a). As noted, the Secretary has offered several
guideposts for courts confronting this issue:
The factors to consider when determining whether an employer
has an actual practice of making improper deductions include,
but are not limited to: [1] the number of improper deductions,
particularly as compared to the number of employee infractions
warranting discipline; [2] the time period during which the
employer made improper deductions; [3] the number and
geographic location of employees whose salary was improperly
reduced; [4] the number and geographic location of managers
responsible for taking the improper deductions; and [5] whether
the employer has a clearly communicated policy permitting or
prohibiting improper deductions.
Id.
Ms. Ellis argues that the district court rendered an erroneous decision by
focusing exclusively on the first factor of the salary-basis test—the number of
improper deductions. We disagree. On the contrary, we believe the district
court’s ruling can be fairly read to address all of the salary-basis factors in some
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appreciable manner. First, the district court noted that the Company “reduced
[Ms. Ellis’s] pay on only one occasion,” Aplt. App. at 452, even though—as the
time sheets reflected—“[Ms.] Ellis worked less than 50 hours on 13 separate
occasions, not counting holidays or days when [she] was sick or on vacation,” id.
at 454. Next, with regard to the time period during which the Company made the
improper deduction (i.e., the second factor), the court observed that Ms. Ellis’s
pay was improperly reduced on April 3, 2012, which impacted one week-long pay
cycle. As to the third and fourth factors, the court stated:
[W]ith respect to the number and geographic location of
additional employees whose salary was improperly reduced, the
Court stayed proceedings on that issue because, having
experienced only one allegedly improper deduction, Ellis
appeared to lack a viable claim, which could not be salvaged by
recourse to evidence relating to other individuals. . . . [F]or
substantially the same reason, the number and geographic
location of managers responsible for taking the improper
deductions does not support Ellis’s position.
No such
“deductions” (plural), occurred—only the singular deduction that
Ellis acknowledges.
Id. at 456 (internal quotation marks omitted). And, finally, in assessing “whether
the [Company] has a clearly communicated policy permitting or prohibiting
improper deductions,” 29 C.F.R. § 541.603(a)—that is, the fifth factor—the
district court rejected Ms. Ellis’s assertion, which she made in an affidavit, that
the Company’s policy was “not clear,” Aplt. App. at 454 n.4 (internal quotation
marks omitted), and expressly referenced the Company’s policy as set forth in its
employee handbook, see id. at 456 (concluding that “[the Company’s] employee
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handbook contains a written policy” that “clearly communicates that improper
deductions are prohibited,” as contemplated by subsection (d)).
Because even a brief review of the challenged district court order belies
Ms. Ellis’s assertion that only one component of the salary-basis test—the number
of improper deductions—received consideration, this argument does not avail her.
We are satisfied by the district court’s cogent reasons offered in applying the
test—and, although it disposed of the third and fourth factors summarily, we
discern no error in that choice. The court had already scrutinized those factors in
its December 11, 2012, ruling on Ms. Ellis’s Rule 56(d) motion and, absent
significant intervening developments, was under no legal obligation to revisit the
issues. In any event, as the Company has noted, the fact that “other courts have
examined as few as one of the five factors,” Aplee. Br. at 19, strongly militates
against a conclusion that the court’s analytical approach here constituted error.
See, e.g., McBride, 688 F.3d at 704–05 (arguably only considering the existence
vel non of a deduction); Cash v. Cycle Craft Co., 508 F.3d 680, 683–84 (1st Cir.
2007) (assessing only the first factor); Mathews v. Bronger Masonry, Inc., 772 F.
Supp. 2d 1004, 1012–14 (S.D. Ind. 2011) (assessing the first and second factors).
All told, the district court’s straightforward application of the salary-basis test
affords us no legally cognizable basis to reverse.

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2
More broadly, Ms. Ellis disputes the district court’s conclusion that she
failed to raise genuine issues of material fact concerning the existence of an
actual Company practice or policy of making improper deductions. For the
reasons discussed, we find her position unconvincing.
a
First, Ms. Ellis argues that the district court incorrectly found no genuine
issue of material fact concerning the existence of an actual practice of improper
deductions by the Company—and, therefore, no genuine issue of material fact
concerning the Company’s intent to pay her on a salary basis. We disagree.
After setting out the components of the salary-basis test, the district court
determined that the factors to consider when determining whether an employer
has an actual practice of making improper deductions, on the record presented,
did not prompt a finding that the Company had such a practice. The court
appropriately invoked the Supreme Court’s Auer decision to support its view that
the Company’s one-time improper deduction from Ms. Ellis’s pay, “taken under
unusual circumstances[, would] not defeat [Ms. Ellis’s] salaried status.” Aplt.
App. at 452 (citing Auer, 519 U.S. at 460–61). This is hardly an unusual
conclusion in FLSA jurisprudence, and it is the correct result here. See, e.g.,
Carpenter v. City & Cnty. of Denver, 115 F.3d 765, 767 (10th Cir. 1997) (noting
with approval that “although there were two cases of alleged deductions, the
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[district] [c]ourt specifically recognized that such one time deductions under
unusual circumstances will not oust exempt status and may be remedied”); see
also Kennedy v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 410 F.3d 365, 372 (7th Cir. 2005)
(discussing subsection (a) and its predecessor regulation, and concluding that
“[i]dentifying a few random, isolated, and negligible deductions is not enough to
show an actual practice or policy of treating as hourly the theoretically
salaried. . . . This means that these isolated instances of deductions do not create
a genuine issue of fact about the proper characterization of the plaintiffs’
positions.”); Block v. City of L.A., 253 F.3d 410, 415 (9th Cir. 2001) (“In some
cases, the number of [employer] suspensions alone may be sufficient indicia of
the employer’s intent to resolve the ‘actual practice’ determination. For example,
the number may be so small that there would be no way to say that the employer
meant to treat an entire class of employees as hourly rather than salaried by virtue
of one or two isolated suspensions.”); Aiken v. City of Memphis, 190 F.3d 753,
762 (6th Cir. 1999) (“The evidence shows that only one captain ever faced a
deduction in pay. Thus, plaintiffs cannot demonstrate an actual practice of
applying such deductions to captains.”).
In affirming the district court on this basis, we note that the regulatory
language—which “[is] entitled to judicial deference [as] the primary source of
guidance for determining the scope of exemptions to the FLSA,” Ackerman, 179
F.3d at 1264 (internal quotation marks omitted)—cannot be overlooked. We find
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especially telling the Secretary’s use of the term deductions (rather than
deduction) multiple times in the text of the FLSA’s implementing regulations.
See generally 29 C.F.R. §§ 541.603(a)–(c). The Supreme Court has instructed
that such word choices should be considered deliberate. See, e.g., Hertz Corp. v.
Friend, 559 U.S. 77, 93 (2010) (finding the fact that “[t]he word ‘place’ is in the
singular, not the plural” critical in interpreting the relevant statute); Metro.
Stevedore Co. v. Rambo, 515 U.S. 291, 296 (1995) (“The use of ‘conditions,’ a
word in the plural, suggests that Congress did not intend to limit the bases for
modifying awards to a single condition.”). 6
Our growing body of FLSA caselaw reflects this understanding of the
Secretary’s regulatory focus: we have held that “one change in base hours
[producing a deduction] . . . is not the kind of frequent change necessary to create
a factual dispute.” Archuleta, 543 F.3d at 1235; see also In re Wal-Mart, 395
F.3d at 1189 (in crafting rule regarding prospective deductions, expressly
requiring proof of “frequent” “salary changes” and “adjustments” (emphases
added)). Along those lines, we find it implausible that subsection (a)’s
requirement of a “practice” of such deductions contemplates isolated conduct.
See 29 U.S.C. § 203(o) (treating “custom” and “practice” as synonymous); see
6

The Court relied on a leading treatise on statutory construction which
provides that, “[o]rdinarily[,] the legislature by use of a plural term intends a
reference to more than one matter or thing,” 2A N. Singer, Sutherland on
Statutory Construction § 47.34, at 274 (5th ed. 1992), in reaching this conclusion.
See Metro. Stevedore Co., 515 U.S. at 296.
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also Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1780 (2002) [hereinafter
“Webster’s”] (defining “practice,” inter alia, as “performance or application
habitually engaged [in]” and “repeated or customary action” (emphases added)).
In sum, we agree that Ms. Ellis did not meet her summary-judgment burden
regarding her first argument for reversal. We reach this conclusion because, as a
matter of law, Ms. Ellis’s failure to identify more than the April 3, 2012,
deduction precluded a finding of an “actual practice,” 29 C.F.R. § 541.603(a), by
the Company of making improper salary deductions.
b
Ms. Ellis’s second salary-basis argument does not give us pause in reaching
this conclusion. Specifically, she directs her fire at what she perceives to be the
Company’s impermissible deductions policy and contends that “[she] raised a
genuine issue of material fact concerning the existence of an employer policy
requiring deduction from her pay when she was absent from work for a brief
period of time.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 21. This argument implicates both
subsections (a) and (d): subsection (a) expressly counsels courts in reaching an
“actual practice” determination to inquire regarding the existence vel non of a
“clearly communicated [employer] policy permitting or prohibiting improper
deductions,” and subsection (d)’s provisions inform that specific inquiry.
However, we agree with the district court’s determination that the Company had
no “policy” requiring improper deductions. And, therefore, we do not fault the
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court’s explicit repudiation of Ms. Ellis’s “assert[ion] that the $31.20 deduction
on April 3, 2012, . . . was part of a policy requiring a deduction maintained by
J.R.’s.” Aplt. App. at 453 (internal quotation marks omitted).
As a preliminary matter, we note that the approach taken by the DOL with
respect to an employer’s “policy” regarding deductions in the context of the
salary-basis test is not hypertechnical. That is, the Secretary
rejects a wooden requirement of actual deductions, but in their
absence . . . requires a clear and particularized policy—one
which effectively communicates that deductions will be made in
specified circumstances. This avoids the imposition of massive
and unanticipated overtime liability . . . in situations in which a
vague or broadly worded policy is nominally applicable to a
whole range of personnel but is not significantly likely to be
invoked against salaried employees.
Auer, 519 U.S. at 461 (emphasis added) (citation omitted) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
Relevant here, the Company’s “policy,” as set forth in the version of the
employee handbook in effect during Ms. Ellis’s employment, declares that “[t]he
Company prohibits deductions from an exempt, salaried employee’s pay except
under the circumstances set forth in the [FLSA] and state law. If you believe that
improper [deductions have occurred], it will promptly reimburse the employee
and ensure the mistake will be corrected in the future.” Aplt. App. at 384 (Emp.
Handbook, filed Jan. 11, 2013). We would be hard-pressed to conclude that this
language evinces a policy that mandates improper deductions, as Ms. Ellis

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intimates on appeal. Indeed, essentially the obverse is true. This is so because
the foregoing handbook language tracks the text of the Secretary’s guidance
regarding the salary-basis test, which specifies that an employer will retain the
exemption as long as it maintains “a clearly communicated policy that prohibits
the improper pay deductions specified in [subsection] (a) and includes a
complaint mechanism, reimburses employees for any improper deductions and
makes a good faith commitment to comply in the future.” 29 C.F.R.
§ 541.603(d).
Nevertheless, in Ms. Ellis’s view, the Company’s FLSA-related handbook
policy flouts the regulatory scheme for two reasons. First, she claims, “[a] policy
that requires the employee to research the law to determine the employer’s policy
does not clearly communicate which deductions are not allowed.” Aplt. Opening
Br. at 32. We understand Ms. Ellis to argue that the law requires employers not
to task their exempt employees with “learning that deductions from an exempt
employee’s pay for absences from work of less than a day’s duration are
prohibited by the FLSA.” Aplt. App. at 360 (Resp. to Mot. for Summ. J., filed
Jan. 11, 2013). This contention did not avail her in the district court because she
failed to marshal any authority “indicating that a policy fails to be clear merely
because it incorporates by reference, but does not reiterate in full, the governing
law.” Id. at 454 n.4. Nor does this contention help Ms. Ellis here; for, like the

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district court did, we find her hypothesis unsupported. 7 Given Ms. Ellis’s
obligation to prove the Company violated the FLSA, we cannot conclude that she
has succeeded in light of the Company handbook’s obvious discussion of
deductions in the context of “the circumstances set forth in the federal Fair Labor
Standards Act (FLSA) and state law.” Id. at 384. The “best evidence of a clearly
communicated policy” is one “distributed to employees . . . by, for example,
providing a copy of the policy to employees at the time of hire, [or] publishing
the policy in an employee handbook.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.603(d). 8 The Company
clearly satisfied the criterion of adequate communication in this case by
furnishing its handbook.
Ms. Ellis’s second argument on this score is even more tenuous: she claims
that “[the Company’s] policy did not contain a complaint mechanism” and,

7

In fact, though decided in contexts different than this one, several
cases expressly discussing incorporation by reference undermine Ms. Ellis’s
argument. See, e.g., Doe v. Harris, 535 F. App’x 630, 631 (9th Cir. 2013)
(declaring that California’s “general rule” is that plea agreements “will be deemed
to incorporate . . . the existing law” (internal quotation marks omitted)), cert.
denied, --- U.S. ----, 134 S. Ct. 1945 (2014); Fortier v. Principal Life Ins. Co.,
666 F.3d 231, 238 (4th Cir. 2012) (finding incorporation of the Internal Revenue
Code appropriate when the insurance policy stated that expenses “[were]
deductible for Federal Income Tax purposes” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
8

While we are not suggesting that the Company’s employee handbook
is a model for FLSA compliance, the salient point is that the regulatory scheme
does not require that a policy be flawless. As long as the applicable policy
complies with governing federal law, as the Company’s deductions policy does,
the employer is entitled to retain the exemption. See generally 29 C.F.R.
§ 541.603(d).
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therefore, the Company could not retain the exemption. Aplt. Opening Br. at 32.
This contention is patently incorrect. Our review of the employee handbook
makes clear that it contemplates at least three species of employee complaints.
An employee who experiences or observes harassment “must promptly notify the
supervisor”—or, if she believes a violation of the law has occurred, she “is
directed to advise the [Company] President.” Aplt. App. at 383. If an employee
suspects her pay has been reduced because of a “cash shortage or gas skip,” she
“should notify [her] supervisor or the Company President immediately.” Id. at
384.
Finally—and most germane to this case—the handbook has a section
discussing “open door communications” that provides, “If you have a problem,
complaint, or need help with anything related to your job, . . . [y]ou may . . .
[t]alk to your supervisor; or . . . if you are not satisfied with the results of such a
discussion, please contact the President.” Id. at 383–84 (capitalization altered)
(emphases added). In light of these provisions, we reject Ms. Ellis’s bald
assertion regarding the absence of a complaint mechanism and reiterate our view
that the Company’s deductions policy permits it to retain the challenged
exemption.
For these reasons, we hold that the district court correctly found no
evidence of an “actual practice” of making improper deductions or of a “policy”
of making improper deductions by the Company. Therefore, the district court
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properly declined Ms. Ellis’s invitation to strip the Company, under the authority
of subsection (a), of its exemption as to Ms. Ellis.
3
Next, Ms. Ellis entreats us to reverse the district court based upon its
purported “evasion of the spirit of the FLSA,” Aplt. Opening Br. at 19—that is,
its failure to consider her employment conditions sufficiently oppressive. She
complains, “Reading the District Court’s order one could conclude that an
employer can adopt a hard floor of fifty hours and assign to the employee a
virtually unlimited amount of work,” id. at 15, and that such an employer could
still evade the FLSA’s overtime requirements. The crux of her argument,
however, is that the district court relied upon improper precedent in making its
determinations. Having carefully reviewed the district court’s ruling, we reach a
different conclusion.
Ms. Ellis challenges the district court’s reliance upon various DOL
interpretations of the FLSA’s implementing regulations, claiming that the court
impermissibly cited DOL statements and opinion letters in order to avoid
addressing her allegedly “extraordinary” working conditions. Id. at 16. In
lodging this argument, though, she overlooks the deference that we and other
courts have shown to the DOL’s interpretation of its own regulations. Indeed,
seventy-one years ago, we held that

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Congress, in effect, provided that employees should be exempt
who fell within certain general classifications as rationally and
reasonably defined and made certain by the [DOL’s Wage and
Hour] Administrator. The general standard was laid down by
Congress[ ]—bona fide executive, administrative, or professional
capacity. The policy was made manifest by Congress[ ]—that of
precise definition and delimitation by a reasonable and rational
regulation defining and delimiting the general terms. The
delegation of such a power to define and delimit has been
sustained by the decisions of the Supreme Court[.] Congress has
laid down a general standard and manifest a policy and within the
framework thereof has delegated to the Administrator the duty to
supply the details.
Walling v. Yeakley, 140 F.2d 830, 832 (10th Cir. 1944) (footnote omitted). In
looking to the DOL’s Wage and Hour Administrator for such interstitial
particulars, we have subsequently recognized the permissibility of deferring to the
DOL’s interpretations of the FLSA scheme by way of opinion letters. See In re
Wal-Mart, 395 F.3d at 1184 (“The DOL considers these opinion letters to be
rulings . . . . [O]pinion letters are entitled to great weight when they interpret the
DOL’s own (ambiguous) regulations.” (citations omitted) (internal quotation
marks omitted)); see also Rodriguez v. Whiting Farms, Inc., 360 F.3d 1180, 1189
(10th Cir. 2004) (“[W]e may look to such opinions for guidance. Such
interpretations are entitled to respect.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
And, in this same vein, the Supreme Court has established the propriety of
seeking interpretive guidance from the DOL’s preambles to its regulations. See
Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., --- U.S. ----, 132 S. Ct. 2156, 2162–63
(2012) (interpreting the term “employee employed in the capacity of outside
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salesman” in an FLSA exemption by looking to the DOL’s regulations, and also
finding that “[a]dditional guidance concerning the scope of the outside salesman
exemption can be gleaned from . . . the preamble to the 2004 regulations”
(internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Ramos v. Baldor Specialty Foods,
Inc., 687 F.3d 554, 560–61 (2d Cir. 2012) (interpreting the term “a customarily
recognized department or subdivision” in FLSA’s executive exemption, and
looking to the preamble to the 2004 regulation as an interpretive guidepost).
In light of the foregoing authority, it is clear that the district court was
entitled to consult DOL interpretations when ruling on the potentially ambiguous
concept of intent to pay a salary. In particular, the court did not err in reasonably
relying on the preamble to the regulations or a 2006 DOL opinion letter. See In
re Wal-Mart, 395 F.3d at 1186 (“[W]e need not take a jaundiced view of the
DOL’s own interpretation of ‘salary.’”). Both agency interpretations provide
strong justification for the district court’s conclusion that Ms. Ellis’s purportedly
unduly burdensome job requirements did not run afoul of the Company’s duties
under the FLSA.
We are not unsympathetic to the hours of diligent work Ms. Ellis provided
to the Company as a store manager. Nonetheless, it is pellucid that she was aware
of this requirement throughout her employment—indeed, she admits that the
Company’s leadership regularly apprised store managers of the Pay Plan’s
position on work hours. Critically, Ms. Ellis has not met her burden of proving
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that the fifty-hour-week minimum or the directive to track her hours expressly
violates the FLSA. The DOL made clear, in unveiling amended salary-basis
regulations in 2004, that “employers, without affecting their employees’ exempt
status, may take deductions from accrued leave accounts; may require exempt
employees to record and track hours; may require exempt employees to work a
specified schedule; and may implement across-the-board changes in schedule
under certain circumstances.” Defining and Delimiting the Exemptions for
Executive, Administrative, Professional, Outside Sales and Computer Employees,
69 Fed. Reg. 22,122, 22,178 (Apr. 23, 2004) (emphasis added). 9 It is difficult to
harmonize that language with Ms. Ellis’s suggestion that the DOL’s interpretation
lacked the “power to persuade” the district court (or, us, for that matter). Aplt.
Opening Br. at 16 (quoting Christensen v. Harris Cnty., 529 U.S. 576, 587
(2000)) (internal quotation marks omitted). 10 In our view, the district court’s
choice to credit the above-cited statements of the DOL was entirely reasonable.
Similarly, we are not troubled by the district court’s citation to a 2006 DOL
opinion letter in its assessment. This particular letter was issued in response to an

9

See also U.S. Dep’t of Labor, Wage & Hour Div., Op. Letter No.
FLSA2005-5 (Jan. 7, 2005), http://www.dol.gov/whd/opinion/flsa.htm (follow
“Timekeeping system and 29 CFR 541.602” hyperlink).
10

Christensen is distinguishable from Ms. Ellis’s case in that the
Supreme Court was concerned about “permit[ting] the agency, under the guise of
interpreting a regulation, to create de facto a new regulation.” 529 U.S. at 588.
We harbor no such concern here.
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employer’s “wish[ ] to require exempt employees to work either 45 or 50 hours a
week” and “to require . . . that exempt employees make up work time lost due to
personal absences of less than a day.” Aplt. App. at 33 (DOL Op. Letter No.
FLSA2006-6, dated Mar. 10, 2006). The employer’s concern was not whether it
could effect any salary deductions for employees who violated these proposed
rules, but whether “consistent failure to observe the proposed requirements
[c]ould result in discipline.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The DOL
opined that the employer could implement the requirements with impunity—i.e.,
under those hypothetical facts, the employer would not lose the exemption. More
to the point, the DOL advised that
[t]he number of hours worked by an employee . . . is a matter to
be determined between the employer and the employee. An
employer may require an exempt employee to make up work time
lost due to personal absences of less than a day without loss of
the exemption . . . . As the preamble to the final rule explains,
an employer may require an exempt employee to do things such
as to record and track hours and to work a specified schedule
without affecting the employee’s exempt status.
Id. (citing Cowart v. Ingalls Shipbuilding, Inc., 213 F.3d 261 (5th Cir. 2000)).
These principles find support in both binding and persuasive caselaw. See, e.g.,
Aaron, 54 F.3d at 658 (“[T]he fact that the [employees’] paystubs indicated the
number of hours covered is . . . not inconsistent with salaried status. Such an
accounting of hours is necessary . . . .”); see also Spradling, 95 F.3d at 1500
(noting that “the facts pertaining to [the] plaintiffs’ pay are reviewed in light of

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Aaron”); accord Guerrero v. J.W. Hutton, Inc., 458 F.3d 830, 835–36 (8th Cir.
2006); Renfro v. Ind. Mich. Power Co., 370 F.3d 512, 516 (6th Cir. 2004).
Having failed to advance a compelling—let alone plausible—justification
for us to discount the district court’s consultation of DOL interpretations of the
FLSA, Ms. Ellis cannot prevail on this score. This particular strand of reasoning
only strengthens our view that affirmance is the correct result.
4
Ms. Ellis also argues that the district court mishandled her attempt to
demonstrate, via her own affidavit, a violation of the salary-basis test. The
affidavit detailed Ms. Ellis’s view that the Company maintained an impermissible
policy of making improper deductions—which, if true, would support her
conclusion that the salary-basis test was violated. Ms. Ellis relied heavily on this
affidavit to support the assertion that the Company could not have intended to pay
her a salary when the deduction at issue was intentional and made pursuant to its
policy. In granting the Company’s summary-judgment motion, the district court
noted that Ms. Ellis had “support[ed] her assertion only with [this] affidavit
which, in turn, merely recite[d] alleged statements of another [Company] manager
that arguably substantiate[d] Ellis’s description of [a] ‘policy’ of docking salaried
employees’ pay.” Aplt. App. at 453 (emphasis added). The court found Ms.
Ellis’s affidavit conclusory and self-serving. And we conclude that it was entitled
to do so.
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As a threshold matter, Ms. Ellis is mistaken in her view that “the Court
reviews this issue de novo.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 32. It is well-settled that a
district court’s assessments of the admissibility and probative value of affidavits
at the summary-judgment phase involve, at bottom, evidentiary determinations; as
such, they are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See Sports Racing Servs., Inc.
v. Sports Car Club of Am., Inc., 131 F.3d 874, 894 (10th Cir. 1997) (“Like other
evidentiary rulings, we review a district court’s decision to exclude evidence at
the summary judgment stage for abuse of discretion. . . . We cannot say that the
district court abused its discretion in finding [the plaintiff’s] affidavit a sham and
excluding it.” (citations omitted)); accord Mitchael v. Intracorp, Inc., 179 F.3d
847, 854–55 (10th Cir. 1999).
Affidavits must contain certain indicia of reliability. “Unsubstantiated
allegations carry no probative weight in summary judgment proceedings[; they]
must be based on more than mere speculation, conjecture, or surmise.” Bones v.
Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 366 F.3d 869, 875 (10th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted).
Information presented in the nonmovant’s affidavit must be “based on personal
knowledge and [must set] forth facts that would be admissible in evidence. We
do not consider conclusory and self-serving affidavits.” Garrett v. HewlettPackard Co., 305 F.3d 1210, 1213 (10th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted) (quoting
Murray v. City of Sapulpa, 45 F.3d 1417, 1422 (10th Cir. 1995)) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
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Because the statements in Ms. Ellis’s affidavit constitute inadmissible
hearsay, they do not pass muster. In her affidavit, Ms. Ellis alleged that when she
presented her time sheet for the week of her relevant absence (reflecting 40.91
hours worked), the Company’s payroll clerk asked whether she “wanted to take
sick pay or vacation.” Aplt. App. at 371. Ms. Ellis claimed that she replied,
“[D]o whatever you need to do.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). She then
described the following alleged conversation she had with the Company’s office
manager after she realized she did not receive her full salary:
I asked Kathy “Do we have an HR Department?” She said that
would be her or Dan. I explained that I had lost a vacation day
because I was sick. I was upset and asked whether that was what
I got for all the 60 and 70 hour[ ] weeks I worked. . . . She said
that is their “policy” and that is what she had to do. She said “I
can get that straightened out. [The payroll clerk] should have
done sick pay.”
Id. Additionally, Ms. Ellis claimed that other Company leaders “were extremely
upset that [she] had questioned the policy.” Id. She now challenges the district
court’s conclusion that these particular statements would be inadmissible at trial.
Basic hearsay jurisprudence makes clear that Ms. Ellis could not have
introduced these statements at trial: she offered statements pertaining to her
conversation with the office manager in order “to prove the truth of the matter
asserted in the statement[s].” Fed. R. Evid. 801(c)(2). Indeed, as Ms. Ellis notes
in her opening brief, she presented the alleged statement “[s]he said that is their
‘policy’ and that is what she had to do,” Aplt. App. at 371, in order to prove that
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“[the Company’s] policy required salaried employees to use a full vacation day or
a full sick day when they did not work fifty hours,” Aplt. Opening Br. at 23.
Stated otherwise, Ms. Ellis offered the manager’s alleged assertion that the
Company had a policy—that would be legally impermissible—to prove that the
Company in fact had such a policy. This is classic hearsay; it consequently
“cannot support [Ms. Ellis’s] opposition to summary judgment.” Llewellyn v.
Allstate Home Loans, Inc., 711 F.3d 1173, 1180 (10th Cir. 2013); see Jaramillo v.
Colo. Judicial Dep’t, 427 F.3d 1303, 1314 (10th Cir. 2005) (“Hearsay testimony
that would not be admissible at trial is not sufficient to defeat a motion for
summary judgment.”).
Nevertheless, Ms. Ellis contends that the office manager’s statements are
outside the ambit of Federal Rule of Evidence 802 because they are defined by
the federal rules as non-hearsay. See Fed. R. Evid. 801(d). She urges us to
consider those statements admissions of a party opponent under Rule
801(d)(2)(D). But that would be error; “[u]nder our controlling precedent, an
employee’s statements are not attributable to her employer as a party-opponent
admission in an employment dispute unless the employee was ‘involved in the
decisionmaking process affecting the employment action’ at issue.” Johnson v.
Weld Cnty., 594 F.3d 1202, 1208–09 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting Jaramillo, 427
F.3d at 1314). Ms. Ellis’s contention that “[t]he office manager spoke as [the
Company’s] representative on the subject of the pay deduction,” Aplt. Opening
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Br. at 23, finds no support in the record. And reciting the office manager’s
alleged statement that the Company’s human resources department “would be
her,” Aplt. App. at 371, to prove that the office manager was involved in “the
employment action at issue,” Johnson, 594 F.3d at 1209 (internal quotation marks
omitted), is precisely what the hearsay rule forbids. Nor is this problem cured by
Ms. Ellis’s assertion that “[the Company] . . . does not offer any evidence” in
rebuttal. Aplt. Reply Br. at 12. The Company had no need to do so, as the record
is silent on the office manager’s involvement in the decisionmaking process for
Ms. Ellis’s pay deduction—except for the inadmissible “evidence” offered in Ms.
Ellis’s affidavit.
Ms. Ellis’s remaining argument regarding her affidavit—that we should
reject the “more stringent standard” of Johnson and Jaramillo, Aplt. Reply Br. at
12—is also unconvincing. In her view, the better case upon which to rely is
Aliotta v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 315 F.3d 756 (7th Cir. 2003). She
seizes upon the Seventh Circuit’s description there of “general employment
cases,” Aplt. Reply Br. at 12, as “[having] law . . . [that] is somewhat muddled
because the great bulk of cases interpreting what is within an employee’s ‘scope
of employment’ deals with employment discrimination.” Aliotta, 315 F.3d at
761–62. This hardly seems relevant, because even if Aliotta were an overtimepay lawsuit (which it was not), or binding upon us (which it is not), the court in
that case clearly determined that “the subject matter of the admission [must]
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match the subject matter of the employee’s job description.” Id. at 762. With no
record evidence detailing the office manager’s job description other than Ms.
Ellis’s inadmissible hearsay statements, we could not make a similar matching
determination here.
We likewise agree in material respects with the district court’s resolution of
Ms. Ellis’s arguments regarding the remaining affidavit statements—i.e., her
averments that she worked more than her time sheets indicated. More
specifically, we conclude that the district court’s reasoning was on target insofar
as it found that Ms. Ellis’s unsupported assertions were at best “conclusory,”
Aplt. App. at 454, and consequently of marginal probative value. See, e.g.,
Bones, 366 F.3d at 875. Indeed, a huge dollop of conjecture would be necessary
to divine from these averments a genuine issue of material fact. Cf. Aplt. App. at
373 (generally stating that “[The Company] has submitted documents . . . as
evidence that I didn’t work 50 hours or more during [a certain time period]. I did
work more than 50 hours during [that time period]. I know I did . . . .”). Perhaps,
as the district court noted, Ms. Ellis could have improved her cause by submitting
affidavits of other managers or co-workers. Her choice not to do so sounds the
death knell for this argument.
For all of the reasons detailed above, we affirm the judgment of the district
court insofar as it based its grant of summary judgment on a finding that the
Company did not violate the salary-basis test, as explicated in subsection (a) and
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informed by subsection (d). We conclude that the Company intended to pay Ms.
Ellis a salary, which means that she is exempt and may not receive overtime pay
under the FLSA.
B
Next, Ms. Ellis insists that the district court’s ruling cannot stand because
its interpretation of the window-of-correction defense explicated in subsection (c)
“conflicts with the principles of statutory interpretation and the narrow
interpretation of FLSA exemptions.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 29. We disagree and
hold that the district court did not err in concluding that the Company was
entitled to rely on this defense.
Subsection (c) provides that “[i]mproper deductions that are either isolated
or inadvertent will not result in loss of the exemption for any employees subject
to such improper deductions, if the employer reimburses the employees for such
improper deductions.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.603(c) (emphases added). Here, three key
facts prompted the district court to rely upon this provision. First, Ms. Ellis
identified one improper paycheck deduction—$31.20 taken on April 3, 2012.
Second, the Company reimbursed Ms. Ellis in the amount of $332.88 shortly after
making that improper deduction. Third, Ms. Ellis never disputed that this was an
isolated deduction or that she was reimbursed in a timely manner. Consequently,
given these undisputed facts, and with an eye on the “either . . . or” language of
subsection (c), the district court reasoned that “Ellis’s argument is untethered to
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the language of the exception . . . . To the extent Ellis means to equate
‘unintentional’ with ‘inadvertent,’ . . . the defense can equally be satisfied when
deductions are ‘isolated.’” Aplt. App. at 459 (citation omitted).
Resisting this conclusion, Ms. Ellis argues that subsection (c) should not be
“read in isolation from the remainder of the regulation,” Aplt. Opening Br. at 30,
but instead, if read in context with subsections (a) and (d), “should . . . apply only
when there is no other evidence of the employer’s intent, such as a policy
allowing deductions,” id. at 31. Otherwise, she claims, subsections (a) and (d)
would be nullified because an employer would have no need for a clear policy
prohibiting improper deductions; instead, it could “intentionally dock an exempt
employee’s pay and avoid all liability for overtime simply by reimbursing the
employee.” Id. In effect, she argues that subsection (c) is only triggered where
the improper deduction is both isolated and unintentional.
We cannot accept Ms. Ellis’s statutory-construction argument. Beginning
with the text of subsection (c), as we must, see United States v. Lamirand, 669
F.3d 1091, 1094 (10th Cir. 2012), it is apparent that this language renders the
window-of-correction defense available to an employer who has made
“[i]mproper deductions that are either isolated or inadvertent,” but has
“reimburse[d] the employees for such improper deductions.” 29 C.F.R.
§ 541.603(c) (emphasis added). “[G]iven the clarity of that provision’s language,
[we] could end [our analysis] there as well.” Tapia v. United States, --- U.S. ----,
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131 S. Ct. 2382, 2388 (2011). We find subsection (c) particularly clear insofar as
it employs disjunctive terminology. The word “either” may be “used as a
function word before two or more coordinate words . . . joined usu[ally] by or to
indicate that . . . two or more alternatives . . . are equally applicable.” Webster’s,
supra, at 728. Its partner, “or,” is a “choice between alternative things.” Id. at
1585. Thus, it is patent that the district court could choose between “isolated”
and “inadvertent” deductions and that both alternatives could satisfy the statute.
The court’s conclusion that “[t]he one-time deduction . . . was certainly
‘isolated,’” Aplt. App. at 458–59, means that it chose the “isolated” alternative as
the way the Company prevailed on the window-of-correction defense. This was
proper, for “isolated” means “solitary” or “occurring alone or once.” Webster’s,
supra, at 1199 (capitalization omitted).
The district court thus did not err in concluding that the lone improper
deduction affecting Ms. Ellis was “isolated”—even without addressing whether
that improper deduction was also “inadvertent.” Generally speaking, we
understand statutes containing disjunctive language to require that only one of the
listed requirements must be satisfied. See, e.g., Graham v. Hartford Life &
Accident Ins. Co., 589 F.3d 1345, 1353 (10th Cir. 2009) (finding that a definition
stating that “a plan need only be established or maintained” would be met if the
party either established the plan or maintained the plan (internal quotation marks
omitted)). Additionally, we have said that “effect must be given, if possible, to
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every word, clause and sentence of a statute . . . [which means we] therefore
cannot ignore the use of the ‘or’ in” a statute and its accompanying regulations.
Knutzen v. Eben Ezer Lutheran Hous. Ctr., 815 F.2d 1343, 1348–49 (10th Cir.
1987) (citation omitted) (quoting 2A N. Singer, Sutherland on Statutory
Construction § 46.06, at 104 (4th ed. 1984)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Ms. Ellis correctly observes that courts should consider statutory and
regulatory text as a whole, see Bethesda Hosp. Ass’n v. Bowen, 485 U.S. 399, 405
(1988), but she does not do so herself. Notably, her argument would contravene
another subpart of the regulation—29 C.F.R. § 541.603(e)—which states, “This
section shall not be construed in an unduly technical manner so as to defeat the
exemption.” Cf. First Nat’l Bank of Durango v. Woods (In re Woods), 743 F.3d
689, 702 (10th Cir. 2014) (discouraging interpretation that would effectively
mean “that the exception would almost never apply” and concluding that
Congress could not have intended such a “limiting effect” that “would almost
entirely eviscerate the exception”). In that regard, a leading authority on
statutory construction instructs us that:
[i]t is not a proper use of the [“whole-text”] canon to say that
since the overall purpose of the statute is to achieve x, any
interpretation of the text that limits the achieving of x must be
disfavored. . . . [L]imitations on a statute’s reach are as much a
part of the statutory purpose as specifications of what is to be
done.

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Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal
Texts 168 (2012). This concept is particularly apt here because Ms. Ellis
repeatedly argues that the FLSA is a remedial statute designed to be resolved “in
favor of employee coverage.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 14; accord id. at 15; id. at 19;
id. at 43. The fact that one purpose of the FLSA is to ensure overtime pay for
non-exempt employees does not preclude the possibility that an employer may
“intentionally dock an exempt employee’s pay and avoid all liability for overtime
simply by reimbursing the employee.” Id. at 31. Such a situation does not
necessarily abuse the window-of-correction defense or eviscerate the employee’s
exempt status—provided, of course, that the intentional (i.e., not inadvertent)
deduction was “isolated.”
While we note that some of our sister circuits have intimated that this
defense can only apply when an employer has made an innocent mistake, 11 we
remind Ms. Ellis that these decisions are not binding upon us. Our own precedent
makes clear that “[t]he ‘window of correction’ provided by [the predecessor
version of subsection (c)] allows employers to treat otherwise eligible employees
as salaried, regardless of the employer’s one-time or unintentional failure to
adhere to” the statute’s prohibition on improperly deducting salaried employees’
pay based on quantity of work performed. Spradling, 95 F.3d at 1503 (emphasis
11

See, e.g., Klein v. Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke’s Med. Ctr., 990 F.2d
279, 287–88 (7th Cir. 1993); Martin v. Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., 949 F.2d 611, 616
(2d Cir. 1991).
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added). And our holding in Spradling leads ineluctably to the conclusion that the
district court properly allowed the Company to rely upon the window-ofcorrection defense regarding its lone improper deduction to Ms. Ellis’s pay.
C
In conclusion, we hold that subsections (a) and (c) can be read
harmoniously. We further hold that the Company can rely on both provisions
here: as to the former, there was no practice or policy of making inappropriate
pay deductions for salaried employees; and, as to the latter, the one time the
Company acted improperly as regards Ms. Ellis, that action was isolated. On
these grounds, we affirm.
IV
Finally, we address the district court’s denial of Ms. Ellis’s motion to defer
summary judgment for the gathering of additional discovery under Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 56(d). 12 In doing so, we are mindful of the Supreme Court’s
directive that “summary judgment [should] be refused where the nonmoving party
has not had the opportunity to discover information that is essential to his
opposition.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 n.5 (1986). We
likewise note our obligation, under the abuse-of-discretion rubric, to “defer to the
district court’s judgment so long as it falls within the realm of [the] rationally
12

Until December 2010, the substance of Rule 56(d) was embodied in
Rule 56(f). See Cohlmia v. St. John Med. Ctr., 693 F.3d 1269, 1286 n.10 (10th
Cir. 2012).
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available choices.” Shook v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, 543 F.3d 597, 603 (10th Cir.
2008) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Barber ex rel. Barber v. Colo.
Dep’t of Revenue, 562 F.3d 1222, 1228 (10th Cir. 2009). Here, as we explain
below, we lack any cogent basis to disturb the reasoned judgment of the district
court, and we conclude that it properly applied the governing rule.
Rule 56(d) allows the nonmovant to “show[ ] by affidavit or declaration
that, for specified reasons, [she] cannot present facts essential to justify . . .
opposition [to a motion for summary judgment].” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d). The
district court may then: “(1) defer considering the motion or deny it; (2) allow
time to obtain affidavits or declarations or to take discovery; or (3) issue any
other appropriate order.” Id.; accord Arciero, 741 F.3d at 1116. The party
seeking to enlarge the discovery period under this rule “must present an affidavit
that identifies ‘the probable facts not available and what steps have been taken to
obtain these facts. The [party] must also explain how additional time will enable
[her] to rebut the movant’s allegations of no genuine issue of material fact.’”
Arciero, 741 F.3d at 1116 (quoting Trask v. Franco, 446 F.3d 1036, 1042 (10th
Cir. 2006)); see also Been v. O.K. Indus., Inc., 495 F.3d 1217, 1235 (10th Cir.
2007) (“[A] party at a minimum must ask the court to refrain from acting on the
summary judgment request until additional discovery can be conducted.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)). We expect Rule 56(d) motions to be robust, and we
have observed that “[an] affidavit’s lack of specificity” counsels against a finding
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that the district court abused its discretion in denying a request for additional
discovery under the rule. Trask, 446 F.3d at 1042.
Ms. Ellis attempted to satisfy the foregoing directives in the district court
by submitting the affidavit of Attorney Bradley Sherman. According to that
affidavit, the probable facts unavailable to Ms. Ellis included information in “pay
records, deposition testimony, and other documents” that would “show a wide
ranging policy and practice of making improper deductions” and allow Ms. Ellis
“to determine if any deductions were in fact ‘isolated’ or not.” Aplt. App. at 319
(Aff. of Bradley Sherman, dated Oct. 31, 2012). The affidavit further indicated
that Ms. Ellis had participated in the discovery conference required by Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 26(f), which we construe as an averment that Ms. Ellis
had taken a step to obtain the allegedly unavailable facts. Finally, the affidavit
explained that additional time was essential to the litigation not only because of
its early procedural posture (i.e., that Ms. Ellis simply had not had adequate time
to investigate these facts), but also because, in Ms. Ellis’s view, “the analysis
under 29 C.F.R. § 541.603 extends beyond a single employee and instead
encompasses the employer’s pay practices regarding a broad range of employees.”
Id. at 320.
But the district court was not persuaded that such a wide swath of
discovery was necessary. In fact, it found that Attorney Sherman’s affidavit
failed to demonstrate the need for any further discovery beyond Ms. Ellis’s pay
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and time records. Reasoning that this affidavit only raised a speculative hope of
unearthing evidence sufficient to prevail at summary judgment, the court denied
Ms. Ellis’s motion. We are satisfied—notwithstanding Ms. Ellis’s arguments on
appeal—that this ruling involved no abuse of discretion.
We first address Ms. Ellis’s argument that she was unable to rebut the
Company’s “isolated-deduction” allegations without a thorough “analysis of [the
Company’s] pay practices regarding other employees.” Id. at 318. Ms. Ellis
apparently believes that subsection (a) always contemplates an employer-wide
assessment—and, to be sure, subsection (a) lists among its nonexhaustive factors
“the number and geographic location of employees whose salary was improperly
reduced.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.603(a). However, the inclusion of that particular
factor among many does not render it mandatory. 13 Thus, the district court was
not legally required under all circumstances to consider any improper deductions
involving other employees. And, on these facts, it did not abuse its discretion in
declining to grant Ms. Ellis additional time to conduct discovery relating to any
improper deductions made from other employees’ salaries. In this regard, we note
that, at the precise moment the Company filed its motion for summary judgment,
the scope of the lawsuit was explicitly limited to one named plaintiff: Ms. Ellis.
13

Indeed, we believe the pertinent regulatory text—“[t]he factors to
consider . . . include, but are not limited to,” 29 C.F.R. § 541.603(a) (emphases
added)—does not suggest “[b]y its plain language” that subsection (a) “mandates
consideration of the employer’s pay practices towards all employees,” as Ms.
Ellis contends, Aplt. Reply Br. at 19.
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This remained true throughout all proceedings germane to this appeal, as
evidenced by the district court’s contemporaneous rulings on the Company’s
summary-judgment motion (which it granted) and Ms. Ellis’s class-certification
motion (which it denied). Thus, the district court did not commit legal error or
otherwise abuse its discretion in declining to allow additional time to conduct
other-employee discovery.
Next—and relatedly—we reject Ms. Ellis’s contention that the procedural
posture of her case justified relief under Rule 56(d). More to the point, one of the
reasons she filed a Rule 56(d) motion was that she was convinced that the
Company’s then-pending summary-judgment motion was directly aimed at
thwarting an anticipated class action. The timeline of this litigation does not
conclusively foreclose the possibility that the Company actually was motivated in
this manner, but it does cast substantial doubt on the notion: the Company moved
for summary judgment on October 11, 2012; Ms. Ellis moved to certify a class on
October 18, 2012; and Ms. Ellis moved for relief under Rule 56(d) on October 31,
2012. Specifically, the problem for Ms. Ellis is her failure to attach any legal
significance to the fact that the Company’s motion for summary judgment
predates her motion for class certification—viz., she has presented no convincing
argument that the district court was somehow constrained to rule on the classcertification motion before the summary-judgment motion. We submit that she
cannot make this showing because no such obligation existed. See Crowley v.
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Montgomery Ward & Co., 570 F.2d 877, 879 (10th Cir. 1978) (affirming the
district court’s decision to dispose of case on summary judgment even though “no
ruling was made on the certification of the class”); cf. 7AA Charles Alan Wright
et al., Federal Practice and Procedure § 1785.3, at 457 (3d ed. 2005) (“[I]t
generally seems agreed that certification at the judgment stage is not
automatically prohibited.”). Consequently, given the generous nature of the
abuse-of-discretion standard, this argument lends Ms. Ellis no succor.
On this record, we would be hard-pressed to find fault with the district
court’s conclusion that Ms. Ellis required no further discovery to respond to the
Company’s summary-judgment motion. By that point in the case, the Company
had provided time sheets and pay records for the relevant time period set forth in
Ms. Ellis’s complaint, which was all Ms. Ellis could reasonably have required to
rebut the Company’s allegations as they related to her, the sole named plaintiff.
Those materials unmistakably revealed that the Company made only one
deduction to Ms. Ellis’s pay in the amount of $31.20—a fact Ms. Ellis has never
disputed. Moreover, while the summary-judgment and class-certification motions
were pending, the Company amended its answers to Ms. Ellis’s interrogatories to
reflect that it had previously made pay deductions for two other store managers.
This amendment did not benefit Ms. Ellis, though, because both cited subtractions
stemmed from the employees’ use of “a full sick day,” Aplt. App. at 423 (Resp. to

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Pl.’s Mot. to Supplement R., Ex. A, filed Feb. 22, 2013), which is permissible
under 29 C.F.R. § 541.602(b)(2).
In light of Ms. Ellis’s obvious failure to marshal evidence of improper
deductions, as the FLSA regulations contemplate, it was hardly irrational for the
district court to have found her Rule 56(d) motion speculative. We have held that
a litigant’s unsupported averments cannot justify deferring a ruling on—let alone
denying altogether—a motion for summary judgment. See Meyer v. Dans un
Jardin, S.A., 816 F.2d 533, 537 (10th Cir. 1987) (“The nonmoving party has the
burden of showing . . . how additional time will enable [her] to rebut the movant’s
allegations.” (emphasis added)); accord Culver v. Town of Torrington, 930 F.2d
1456, 1458–59 (10th Cir. 1991). 14 And, in a similar procedural context in Lewis
v. City of Ft. Collins, we reached a result that further undermines Ms. Ellis’s
position:
In her brief in response to the motion for summary judgment,
plaintiff asserts that there has been “insufficient time for
discovery” and that “[t]he parties have not begun the discovery
process.” Thus, plaintiff argued that appellants’ motion for
summary judgment was “premature” and “improper.” Within the
affidavit itself, plaintiff repeatedly asserts that she “will be able
to show” certain facts relative to her claims . . . . These
inspecific references are simply insufficient to meet [Rule 56(d)]
14

In the same sense, persuasive authority from our sister circuits
suggests that if Ms. Ellis had no viable FLSA claim, she was not an appropriate
representative in any event for a hypothetical class of similarly situated
employees. See Camesi v. Univ. of Pittsburgh Med. Ctr., 729 F.3d 239, 248 (3d
Cir. 2013); White v. Baptist Mem’l Health Care Corp., 699 F.3d 869, 878 (6th
Cir. 2012); In re Family Dollar FLSA Litig., 637 F.3d 508, 519 (4th Cir. 2011).
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muster . . . . Plaintiff has not attempted to particularize her
request for discovery. She has not explained how any specific
documents or depositions will aid in rebutting defendants’
showing of objective reasonableness. [Rule 56(d)] is not a
license for a fishing expedition . . . .
903 F.2d 752, 758–59 (10th Cir. 1990) (first alteration in original) (emphasis
added). Guided by these cases, we believe denying Ms. Ellis’s Rule 56(d) motion
was entirely appropriate.
Reduced to its essence, then, Ms. Ellis’s Rule 56(d) challenge on appeal
comprises her view that because the district court could have granted the motion,
it should have done so. That is patently not the law; “[u]nder an abuse of
discretion standard, a trial court’s decision will not be disturbed unless the
appellate court has a definite and firm conviction that the lower court made a
clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the
circumstances.” Wright ex rel. Trust Co. of Kan. v. Abbott Labs., Inc., 259 F.3d
1226, 1235 (10th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). No such error or
impermissible choice is evident from this record. Accordingly, we affirm the
district court’s denial of Ms. Ellis’s Rule 56(d) motion.
V
For the reasons explicated above, we AFFIRM.

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