Carl Puiatti v. Secretary, Florida DOC

Filing

Opinion issued by court as to Appellant Carl Puiatti. Decision: Affirmed. Opinion type: Published. Opinion method: Signed. --[Edited 10/16/2013 by JSC]

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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 12-15581
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:92-cv-00539-EAK-EAJ

CARL PUIATTI,
Petitioner - Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
Respondent - Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(October 15, 2013)
Before HULL, PRYOR and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.
HULL, Circuit Judge:
Carl Puiatti, a Florida inmate under a death sentence, filed a 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254 petition for a writ of habeas corpus that challenged his convictions and

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death sentence on multiple grounds. The district court first granted his petition on
one ground and did not consider other issues, and we reversed the district court’s
decision and remanded with instructions to consider the other issues raised in the
petition. See Puiatti v. McNeil, 626 F.3d 1283 (11th Cir. 2010).
On remand, the district court held an evidentiary hearing, and denied
Puiatti’s remaining claims. We granted a certificate of appealability on one issue:
“[w]hether trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance to Puiatti in the penalty
phase of his capital murder trial in allegedly failing to investigate and present
mitigation evidence.” Having considered the state court record, the evidentiary
record in the district court, and the parties’ submissions, and with the benefit of
oral argument, we affirm the district court’s denial of Puiatti’s § 2254 petition.
I. CRIME AND CONVICTION
A.

1983 Crime
On August 16, 1983, Puiatti and Robert Glock kidnapped, robbed, and

murdered Sharilyn Ritchie. Puiatti (age 20) and Glock (age 22) confronted Ritchie
as she got out of her car in the parking lot of a shopping mall in Bradenton,
Florida. Glock pulled out a .38 pistol and forced Ritchie into the backseat of her
car at gunpoint. Puiatti and Glock got in Ritchie’s car, Glock took $50 from
Ritchie’s purse, and Puiatti drove them to Ritchie’s bank, where they made Ritchie
cash a $100 check. Then Puiatti drove Ritchie more than 60 miles, to an orange
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grove outside Dade City, Florida. Puiatti took Ritchie’s wedding ring and left her
at the roadside.
After driving away for a short distance, Glock said he thought they should
kill Ritchie, and Puiatti agreed. Puiatti turned the car around, and when the car
pulled abreast of Ritchie, Puiatti shot her twice from inside the car. Puiatti began
to drive away, but when Glock saw Ritchie was still standing, Puiatti handed the
gun to Glock, turned the car around, and drove by Ritchie again. Glock shot
Ritchie. When Ritchie still did not fall, Puiatti, still driving, made a third pass and
Glock shot Ritchie again. Ritchie collapsed and died from her injuries.
Four days later, on August 20, 1983, Glock and Puiatti were arrested in New
Jersey on unrelated charges while driving Ritchie’s car. New Jersey state troopers
discovered that Puiatti and Glock were traveling in a vehicle stolen from a murder
victim. The state troopers found a firearm inside the stolen vehicle and later
determined that the weapon was used to kill Ritchie. The state troopers alerted
Florida authorities of these discoveries, and, with the assistance of detectives from
Florida, questioned Puiatti and Glock about Ritchie’s murder.
While still in New Jersey, both Puiatti and Glock separately confessed to
robbing, kidnapping, and murdering Ritchie. After being extradited to Florida,
Puiatti and Glock each signed a joint statement confessing to their crimes and
resolving minor inconsistencies in their individual confessions.
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B.

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1984 Guilt Phase
At Puiatti’s and Glock’s joint trial in 1984, Puiatti was represented by two

attorneys from the state public defender’s office—William Eble and Howardene
Garrett. Eble was primarily responsible for the guilt phase, while Garrett mainly
handled the penalty phase.
At trial, the State’s witnesses testified about the discovery of Ritchie’s body,
the ensuing police investigation, the extent of Ritchie’s injuries, the cause of her
death, and the New Jersey traffic stop that led to Puiatti’s and Glock’s arrests. The
State introduced Puiatti’s and Glock’s separate confessions, and their joint
confession. Neither Puiatti nor Glock presented evidence. In their closing
arguments, neither co-defendant contested guilt; rather, both argued that the
evidence supported a conviction for second-degree, not first-degree, murder.
The jury found Puiatti and Glock guilty of first-degree murder, kidnapping,
and robbery with a firearm.
II. 1984 PENALTY PHASE
In their 1984 joint penalty trial, the jury, by an 11 to 1 vote, recommended a
death sentence for both Puiatti and Glock.1 In 2001, Glock was executed. The
sole issue here involves the investigation and presentation of mitigation evidence
as to Puiatti. On appeal, Puiatti’s primary claim is that his counsel’s pre-trial
1

In Glock’s appeal, we explained the Florida capital sentencing procedures in place
during their 1984 trials. See Glock v. Moore, 195 F.3d 625, 627 n.1 (11th Cir. 1999).
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investigation was constitutionally deficient because his counsel did not discover
his history of child abuse.
To evaluate this claim, we examine the pre-trial investigation by Puiatti’s
counsel, Garrett, to determine what steps she took to investigate and develop
potential mitigation evidence. At the outset though, it is important to note that: (1)
no mental health expert ever told Garrett that he or she suspected Puiatti was
abused as a child; (2) in all the records trial counsel received, including school,
medical, and military records, there was no indication that Puiatti was abused as a
child; and (3) Puiatti and his family members never mentioned child abuse.
A.

Pre-Trial Investigation of Mitigation Factors
Trial counsel Garrett took primary responsibility for investigating Puiatti’s

background for mitigating evidence, and she used the assistance of an investigator,
Leonard Harris. As outlined below, Garrett: (1) met with Puiatti repeatedly and
instructed him to describe his background in detail; (2) met with Puiatti’s family
members and asked them about Puiatti and their relationships; (3) obtained records
regarding Puiatti’s education, military service, and medical history; and (4)
retained two licensed mental health professionals to evaluate Puiatti and form their
own opinions about his background and mental health.
In developing a mitigation strategy, Garrett had Puiatti write a history of his
life. In that “life history,” Puiatti advised that his childhood was “pretty normal,”
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he “never wanted for anything,” and his parents “were pretty fair and didn’t
usually punish or spank [him] without reason.” Garrett could not remember what
directions she gave Puiatti before he wrote his life history. However, she testified
that he “absolutely would have been instructed to be truthful.”
As Garrett described it, Puiatti’s life history contained various references to
the ways that “Puiatti felt very indebted to [his parents’] care for him.” For
example, Puiatti described his parents’ efforts to obtain counseling for him after his
drug addiction caused him to drop out of high school. Puiatti wrote: “Well finally
my parents insisted I go see a counselor, which I was opposed to but went ahead
anyway. Before I could get to[o] involved with it we moved to Florida.”
In his life history, Puiatti also wrote: “I got stopped and got a ticket for
driving while my license was suspended and had to pay a fine. All this time my
parents [G]od bless them were trying to help me, but all I did was l[i]e and get high
all the time.” Garrett testified that this statement was consistent with “the way the
parents and Carl both saw it, that they were loving parents that were trying to help
him and that Carl . . . screwed up.”
Garrett’s notes indicated that she discussed with Puiatti “reasons for
poss[ible] mit[igation].” Two days later, Garrett again met with Puiatti. Garrett’s
notes indicated that she discussed Puiatti’s background at length in an attempt to
develop a mitigation strategy.
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Based on her talks with Puiatti and his writings, Garrett identified themes of
Puiatti’s life that she hoped would form a coherent mitigation strategy. Garrett
made a chart of these themes, listing various events that caused Puiatti’s
“hopelessness,” including, inter alia, Puiatti’s drug and alcohol abuse, his failed
marriage, and his being on probation. Garrett noted that Puiatti had a “childlike
relation[ship] to parents” and that they cared “for him more and more.”
Garrett met with many of Puiatti’s family members. In 1983, Garrett spoke
on the phone with Puiatti’s mother, Linda Puiatti (“Mrs. Puiatti”). Garrett
explained to Mrs. Puiatti mitigating and aggravating factors relevant in death
penalty cases and “the value of psych[ological] evid[ence].” In response, Mrs.
Puiatti told Garrett that she feared Puiatti was “losing [his] will to live” due to
emotional problems and physical disabilities.
Three days later, Garrett visited the Puiatti family home. In her notes from
the meeting with Mrs. Puiatti, Garrett wrote “Angela and Jimmy, when first saw
[Puiatti]—Jimmy said he thought brother was crazy.” The “Angela” in her notes
was Puiatti’s older sister, Angela Wright, and “Jimmy” referred to Wright’s former
husband, James Thatcher. 2

2

At the time of Puiatti’s trial, Angela was married to James Thatcher and used the
surname, Thatcher. By the time of her 2012 testimony, Angela had divorced Thatcher and used
the surname Wright. For clarity purposes, we refer to Angela as “Wright” throughout this
opinion.
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Garrett gleaned from her visit to the Puiatti family home a strong impression
of how loving and supportive the Puiattis were. Garrett sent Mrs. Puiatti a followup letter thanking Mrs. Puiatti for her “extremely gracious hospitality.” Garrett
wrote that it was infrequent that families of defendants are “as supportive as you
and [Puiatti’s father] have been” and that Garrett and her colleagues rarely found
“such a warm welcome into such a loving home.”
Garrett separately interviewed Puiatti’s father, Victor Puiatti, Sr. (“Mr.
Puiatti”) “on at least a couple of occasions.” During one meeting, Garrett
discussed with Mr. Puiatti an altercation that he had with Puiatti just before
Ritchie’s murder. In her notes, Garrett wrote: “1 very tough conversation—[Mr.
Puiatti] lost temper w[ith] him[;] [Puiatti] just sat there—s[ai]d hit me Dad if it’ll
make you feel better.”
Garrett also talked with Puiatti’s older sister, Angela Wright, several times
between 1983 and 1984. In 1983, Garrett sent Wright an introductory letter,
advising that Garrett was “gathering any and all information, including testimony
or documentary evidence of any kind that could be introduced in the penalty phase
to convince the jury and hopefully the Judge that your brother Carl should not be
executed for this offense.” Garrett requested that Wright “begin to consider any
and all information that . . . would establish what kind of person Carl is, [and] what

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led him to the position he is presently in.” When Garrett wrote this letter she had
no “preconceived ideas”; she described herself as “an open book at that point.”
In her notes from a 1983 conversation with Wright, Garrett wrote: “Parents
paint rosy pic—not so.” But, right after that comment, Garrett’s notes state:
“Father—bus. for self—meat mkt/deli combo—Carl started wkg there 12-13[,] dad
cheated people . . . taught cheating ok.” Garrett’s notes mentioned that Wright
purchased the family business but later discovered undisclosed debts. Garrett
assumed that Wright’s “rosy pic—not so” statement was based on Wright’s
bitterness, or “sour grapes,” over the sale of the meat market.
Wright also told Garrett that: (1) Mrs. Puiatti incurred significant bills that
went unpaid when the family moved to Florida; (2) Mr. Puiatti “forced” Puiatti
into the Army; (3) Mr. Puiatti told Puiatti that he would “never be as smart as
[Wright]”; (4) when Puiatti wanted to move to New York to live with Wright, their
parents told Puiatti that Wright “didn’t want him”; (5) in the previous year and a
half, Puiatti’s parents “more or less gave up on him”; and (6) Puiatti received “very
little aff[ection] from father” and his “mother smothered him.” As Garrett
acknowledged, Wright was “pretty revealing” about negative aspects of Puiatti’s
character and background.
Although Wright was candid about certain flaws in the Puiatti family,
Garrett believed that Wright could testify about the family’s closeness. After
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talking to Wright, Garrett prepared an outline of testimony that she hoped Wright
would give. Garrett’s outline listed “mitigating factors” for Wright to testify
about, specifically, “close relationships [within] family, inc[luding] renewed
closeness as a result of this tragedy.”
Garrett did not limit her interviews to Puiatti’s immediate family members.
For example, Garrett interviewed Janice Dillage, who by 1983, was Puiatti’s
former wife. 3 Dillage told Garrett that during their marriage, Puiatti used the
couple’s income to buy drugs and alcohol and abused Dillage’s daughter from a
previous relationship. Puiatti threatened to harm Dillage if she left him.
Dillage also described Puiatti’s relationship with his family, stating that
Puiatti “picked on his younger brother and sister.” Dillage recounted the same
altercation between Puiatti and Mr. Puiatti that Mr. Puiatti had talked about.
Garrett wrote in her notes: “father took [Puiatti] out in garage to talk—1st talking,
then hollering—doesn’t know for sure if father hit.”
Garrett also interviewed over the telephone Puiatti’s uncle, Joseph Puiatti
who stated that he did not want to testify on Puiatti’s behalf and that he considered
Puiatti “a loser.” Garrett decided not to call him as a witness.
Garrett also gathered voluminous records of Puiatti’s life. Garrett sent a
letter to the guidance department at the middle school that Puiatti attended in New
3

By that point, Dillage used the surname “Puiatti.” However, for clarity purposes, we
refer to her as Dillage throughout.
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York, requesting Puiatti’s school records “especially including but not limited to
psychological testing and results, guidance reports, and the like.” Garrett attached
to this letter a release form. Similarly, Garrett wrote to Ms. Elizabeth Castisano at
the guidance department of Puiatti’s high school, requesting copies of his school
records. Garrett stressed to the counselor that it was “very important that [she]
obtain any and all information . . . on the appropriateness of penalty of life or
death.” She asked the counselor to identify “anyone in [the] area that might have
recollections about Carl, his background, his behavior at the time one knew him,
his family situation, and the like.” Garrett reiterated that she was “asking if you
recall anything at all about Carl, or if you know of any persons in your school that
do recall anything about Carl, even though that information might not seem to be
important at this time.”
Garrett believed that “guidance counselors are great people to give you
information about the inner relationship of families to children.” She testified that
guidance counselors and teachers can observe “[p]otential indications of abuse,
potential indications of weird family dynamics, children with issues . . . all kinds of
things.” Garrett received records from Puiatti’s elementary, junior, and senior high
schools, which included his junior and senior high school grades and school
attendance.

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Garrett requested and obtained medical records about Puiatti, such as records
from Lee Memorial Hospital regarding Puiatti’s July 17, 1982 visit to the
emergency room. She obtained an intake form from the Sheriff of Lee County,
Florida, where Puiatti was incarcerated awaiting trial. Garrett attempted to obtain
records of Puiatti’s counseling sessions in New York, but was denied access.
Garrett did obtain records of Puiatti’s 1980 and 1981 military service.
In soliciting these records, Garrett was “just trying to get all the records
[she] could think of that might document independently [Puiatti’s] situation and his
life and see what they might reveal.”
Another element of Garrett’s investigation was her work with two mental
health experts—a forensic psychologist, Dr. Donald DelBeato, and a psychiatrist,
Dr. Richard Meadows. Garrett retained Drs. Meadows and DelBeato because, at
that time, “these were two doctors that did routine competency and sanity
evaluations to the Courts in Pasco County.” In a January 4, 1984 letter, Garrett
made clear to Dr. Meadows that: (1) he was hired “to investigate the possibilities
of defense and mitigation” in Puiatti’s criminal case, rather than to perform a
competency evaluation; and (2) Garrett needed for him to perform an “in-depth
review” of Puiatti’s background. 4 Some of the aspects of Puiatti’s background that
Garrett felt Dr. Meadows might look into included: “[Puiatti’s] drug use/abuse, his

4

Garrett could not recall whether she sent a similar letter to Dr. DelBeato.
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interaction with his family and other persons, his propensity towards violence or
avoidance of the same, [and] the existence of any delusional or psychotic
thinking.” Garrett, however, did not cabin Dr. Meadows to examining only these
background aspects. Rather, Garrett encouraged him to look into “any other factor
which [he] might consider relevant.”
Garrett provided Dr. Meadows with some context to assist him in his work.
In her description of Puiatti’s family, Garrett accurately set forth the information
that her investigation had revealed to that point, and she did not sugarcoat the
negative things about the Puiatti family that she had learned. For example, Garrett
told Dr. Meadows that Puiatti came “from a relatively middle class background,
raised with both parents and several siblings in the home.” Garrett described the
family’s financial struggles, stating that Mr. Puiatti had owned several “small meat
market/delicatessen stores” which failed during Puiatti’s teenage years. As a
result, the family moved from New York to Florida and presently lived “in a
modest low-middle class situation, on a very limited income.” Garrett explained
sister Wright’s soured relationship with her father, stating that Wright and her
husband had purchased one of Mr. Puiatti’s meat markets and that this transaction
may have caused “some anxiety between the two branches of the family as to the
source of the family’s financial reverses and the responsibility.”

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Garrett did not expect Dr. Meadows to take her word for what kind of family
Puiatti came from. Rather, she anticipated that he would complete his own
investigation by interviewing both Puiatti and his family members. Garrett urged
Dr. Meadows to “meet with Carl as soon as practicable.” Garrett told Dr.
Meadows that “[a]fter interviewing Carl I am sure that you will be in the best
position to advise me as to what other steps you need to follow in order to best
prepare your portion of the case and to reach your conclusions.” Garrett suggested
that Dr. Meadows contact Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti and offered to introduce Dr.
Meadows to them.
Garrett concluded her letter by listing the statutory and non-statutory
mitigating circumstances that she hoped to establish at trial. One of these was
“[p]ositive relationships with family.” Garrett did not limit Dr. Meadows to only
looking for these circumstances. Rather, at the end of the letter, Garrett wrote,
“any evidence of a positive, compelling, or persuasive value can be considered,
and must be considered, as mitigation, therefore any theories that you develop or
aspects of Mr. Puiatti’s personality you might find of interest or explanatory or
compelling I would ask that you point out to me.”
Dr. Meadows then personally evaluated Puiatti and met with Garrett. In her
notes from that meeting, Garrett wrote, “father absent a lot—rejected [Puiatti]
overtly, favoring Angela ‘princess.’” Garrett also wrote that Mrs. Puiatti “wore
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pants” and “broke spoons or was too permissive.” While Dr. Meadows told
Garrett that Puiatti “conflicted [with] parents and siblings,” Dr. Meadows also
determined that Puiatti was “[e]xtremely dependent on family.”
Dr. Meadows also personally contacted Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti without Garrett
serving as an intermediary. Garrett’s notes indicated that Dr. Meadows had a
“good hour and 1/2 talk w[ith] folks” and uncovered “very overprotective
behavior.”
Garrett remained in close contact with Dr. Meadows throughout the pre-trial
period. On March 6, 1984, Garrett sent him another letter, in which she described
a recent meeting with the Puiatti family. Garrett wrote that she “found an
extremely supportive and loving group” and that it appeared to her “that if
anything, the ordeal of Carl’s prosecution had brought the family closer.” Garrett
noted that Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti were very concerned about what effect Puiatti’s
prosecution would have on his younger brother, Victor Puiatti, Jr., who had a
learning disability. Garrett’s letter shared with Dr. Meadows her hope that Mr. and
Mrs. Puiatti would “be persuasive witnesses on Carl’s behalf.”
From the facts that she uncovered in her own investigation and those that Dr.
Meadows reported to her from his interviews with Puiatti and Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti,
Garrett developed a proposed outline of Dr. Meadows’s penalty phase testimony
which she sent him. The topics that Garrett hoped Dr. Meadows would cover were
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not limited to the Puiatti family’s positive aspects. They also included: (1) “early
relations with parents”; (2) “disciplinary roles of parents”; and (3) “dependence on
family—to ‘bail him out’ of bad situations.” Although there were some blemishes
on Puiatti’s family relationships, Garrett suggested that Dr. Meadows might testify
about Puiatti’s “strong supportive relationship with his family.” She noted that
these relationships constituted “a very positive factor, responsible for lack of
violence in his nature.”
Garrett sent Dr. Meadows a similar letter in preparation for his testimony
before the trial judge. Garrett again suggested that Dr. Meadows talk about
Puiatti’s “strong supportive relationship with his family, which [was] available to
him to the present time.” Garrett did not stop, or mean to stop Dr. Meadows from
talking about other aspects of Puiatti’s background. She instructed him:
“Additionally, if there are any other aspects of his background which you consider
to be mitigating . . . then I would ask you to please take it upon yourself to
elaborate upon those in as much length as you feel appropriate. My feeling is that,
if you are in doubt whether to go into length about a point or to limit your
involvement, to err on the side of going to length, if you feel it necessary to
adequately explain the points you are making.”
A few days later, Dr. Meadows responded to Garrett’s letter. Dr. Meadows
wrote that he intended to testify about “the fact that [Puiatti’s] family seems to
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have genuinely rallied very strongly around him to support him to the fullest of
their abilities.” Dr. Meadows hoped to “stress the fact that [Puiatti] appeared to be
a bright, alert child with a lot of potentials who has demonstrated these and had the
potentialities for being a contributing law abiding citizen until thwarted by various
events especially from late childhood on.”
Garrett engaged in a similar exchange with Dr. DelBeato, the clinical
psychologist who evaluated Puiatti and testified at the penalty trial. In a letter, Dr.
DelBeato explained the results of his mental health evaluation of Puiatti. Dr.
DelBeato concluded that Puiatti: (1) had “moderate depression and a high level of
emotional instability”; (2) had a dysfunction in the right hemisphere of his brain;
and (3) had “increased impulsivity” due to his prolonged drug use. He
recommended additional testing, which was performed.
B.

Presentation of Mitigation Evidence Before the Jury
Based on the facts that her investigation revealed, Garrett presented a

mitigation case at the penalty trial that revolved mainly around these four themes:
(1) Puiatti’s dependent personality and dominance by Glock, a more experienced
co-defendant; (2) his good family background; (3) his learning disability; and (4)
his drug use. Garrett’s strategy was for these themes to establish statutory and
non-statutory mitigating circumstances that would result in Puiatti not receiving a
death sentence. See Fla. Stat. § 921.141(6)(b), (d), (g). Garrett called two expert
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witnesses—Drs. Meadows and DelBeato—and three fact witnesses—Mr. and Mrs.
Puiatti and Puiatti’s older sister, Wright. We recounted their testimony in great
detail in our prior opinion. See Puiatti v. McNeil, 626 F.3d at 1293–99. Here, we
summarize some of their trial testimony particularly pertinent to the ineffective
counsel issue here.
1.

Dr. Donald DelBeato

The trial testimony of Dr. DelBeato, a forensic psychologist, covered
Puiatti’s mental abilities, dependent personality disorder, and learning disability.
We discussed in our earlier opinion Dr. DelBeato’s view that “[a]s a result of his
brain dysfunction, Puiatti is ‘[v]ery easily manipulated.’” See id. at 1293. We
briefly set forth Dr. DelBeato’s conclusions again here.
Dr. DelBeato opined that Puiatti was “a rather insecure young man” with “an
inability to sometimes deal with stress and react appropriate[ly].” During his
evaluation of Puiatti, he found no antisocial tendencies and noted that Puiatti was
remorseful for Ritchie’s murder. Puiatti scored a 95 verbal IQ and a 78
performance IQ. Dr. DelBeato testified that Puiatti’s verbal IQ was “average,”
whereas his performance IQ was “borderline retarded.”
Although Puiatti’s remote and recent memory were normal, Dr. DelBeato
found there was “a dysfunction to the right hemisphere of [Puiatti’s] brain,” in the
frontal or frontal parietal area, which is the emotional center of the brain. Puiatti
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had impairments in concentration and patience. Puiatti had “emotional instability
syndrome,” which “could make him edgy, moody, and not know why or [be] easily
influenced.”
According to Dr. DelBeato, Puiatti’s dysfunction expressed itself when
Puiatti was under stress or under the influence of alcohol or some other toxin. Dr.
DelBeato opined that at the time of Ritchie’s murder, Puiatti was under stress, and,
as a result, he “would have been more easily dominated by another individual” and
“more likely to do something that he would not normally do or that he would not
do if he were alone.”
2.

Linda Puiatti

Next, Garrett called Mrs. Puiatti who provided a detailed account of Puiatti’s
life up until Ritchie’s murder. Mrs. Puiatti described Puiatti’s childhood in New
York, including how Puiatti befriended children who were picked on by other kids,
and how he worked in the family’s meat market and deli businesses after school.
After Puiatti started having trouble with his school work, Mrs. Puiatti “worked
with him a lot.” She and Mr. Puiatti, “were very conscious” and she was “always
home to help the children with the school work.”
At age sixteen, Puiatti started “hanging out with the wrong crowd” and using
drugs. Mrs. Puiatti arranged for him to see a family counselor “three or four
times.” The counselor told Mrs. Puiatti that some of Puiatti’s behavior was
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attributable to “a father and son clash type thing.” After Puiatti saw the counselor,
the family moved to Florida. Although the New York counselor recommended
continuing therapy, the family could not afford to pay for additional therapy
sessions.
Mr. Puiatti encouraged Puiatti to enter the military in order “to better
himself.” Puiatti did so, and initially “was very happy” about his decision. Puiatti,
however, continued to abuse drugs while in the military, and, after encountering
disciplinary problems, requested and received an honorable discharge. After
Puiatti returned home from the military, he was “so happy to be home, so thankful
that he was [with his parents].”
At age nineteen, Puiatti met Dillage, a divorced mother of a four-year-old
daughter. Although his mother advised that he was too young to consider
marriage, Puiatti married Dillage shortly after meeting her. Mrs. Puiatti and her
husband “gave them a little reception” and “did the best [they] could in [their
home].”
Despite Mrs. Puiatti’s reservations about the marriage, she and Mr. Puiatti
supported Puiatti and his new wife, including: (1) allowing Puiatti and Dillage to
live with them before their wedding, and thus save money for wedding rings; (2)
babysitting Dillage’s child while Dillage was at work; and (3) allowing Puiatti and

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Dillage to move in with them a second time after the wedding, when Puiatti and
Dillage were unable to pay their rent.
Puiatti’s marriage soon soured. Puiatti’s relationship with his wife was one
of “constant fighting.” Puiatti and his wife separated, although they reconciled
shortly thereafter and Dillage became pregnant. When Dillage was arrested for
cashing stolen checks, she and Puiatti permanently separated.
After they separated, Dillage had their baby two months premature. The
baby lived only two months, during which time, Puiatti was unable to see his child.
Puiatti was greatly grieved, and carried with him a picture of his son.
Around this time, Puiatti was arrested for burglary. When he was released
on probation, Mrs. Puiatti and her husband tried to get Puiatti help for his
continuing drug problem.
Mrs. Puiatti testified about the altercation that occurred between Puiatti and
Mr. Puiatti just before Ritchie’s murder. Mr. Puiatti gave Puiatti a ride one
evening and observed that Puiatti was “definitely stoned or something.” Because
Mr. Puiatti “didn’t like the way [Puiatti] looked,” Mr. Puiatti brought Puiatti to the
Puiatti home and “laid into him.” According to Mrs. Puiatti, Mr. Puiatti told his
son to get his act together and “really gave it to him good.” Mr. Puiatti “hollered
and pinned [Puiatti] against the wall.” In response, Puiatti said to his father, “‘Go
ahead, daddy, hit me.’” Mr. Puiatti responded not by hitting his son, but by telling
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him to “‘think about tomorrow’” and put his life back together again. Puiatti did
not react negatively to this altercation. Puiatti told his father “that he deserved it.”
Mrs. Puiatti testified: “[t]hat’s when my husband embraced him and told him how
much he loved him.”
3.

Angela Wright

Puiatti’s older sister, Angela Wright, testified next, describing Puiatti’s drug
abuse and her own relationship with Puiatti. Wright became aware that Puiatti was
using drugs when he was about fifteen years old. At that time, he “was very
moody” and was “very obnoxious.”
Wright talked about her own relationship with Puiatti, stating she and Puiatti
frequently argued. Puiatti “always verbally abused but never physically—he never
struck out or hit anybody in [her] family or anyone else to [her] knowledge.”
Puiatti was very depressed in the year before he committed the murder.
During this period, Puiatti nonetheless tried to make a new start for himself, and
began to work as a chef.
4.

Victor Puiatti, Sr.

Garrett next called Puiatti’s father, Mr. Puiatti, who testified about Puiatti’s
emotional state just before Ritchie’s murder. Puiatti was under a great deal of
stress to pay a fine to the state probation office. Puiatti’s probation officer told

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Puiatti that if he could not pay the $10 monthly fine, Puiatti would receive a
fifteen-year prison sentence.
Mr. Puiatti described the confrontation with his son a few months before
Ritchie’s murder. Mr. Puiatti stated: “I, um, didn’t want to upset my younger
children, as I pulled him into the garage, and I was quite upset with his negative
attitude, and he said, ‘Dad, if it would make you feel better to hit me, go ahead.’”
Mr. Puiatti “kind of pushed him a little bit, shoved him against the door.” Puiatti
did not strike back in any way. Rather, according to Mr. Puiatti, “he just put his
hands out to his sides.”
5.

Dr. Richard Meadows

Puiatti’s last penalty-phase witness was Dr. Meadows who evaluated Puiatti,
interviewed Puiatti and his family members, and reviewed Dr. DelBeato’s findings
and the records Garrett obtained. Dr. Meadows concluded that Puiatti suffered
from “several mental illnesses,” including avoidance personality and “a severe
dependence” on alcohol and marijuana. As we recounted in our earlier opinion in
Puiatti’s case, most of Dr. Meadows’s testimony pertained to how these illnesses
caused Puiatti to come under Glock’s influence. See Puiatti v. McNeil, 626 F.3d at
1296–99. Here, we focus on the portions of Dr. Meadows’s testimony that
pertained to other trial counsel’s other mitigation strategies—such as Puiatti’s drug
problem and the fact that Puiatti came from a good family.
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Dr. Meadows opined that “it was highly suspect that [Puiatti] may have
some brain damage” in light of the fact that Puiatti “had a history of several head
injuries in which he probably had a concussion.” Other characteristics also caused
Dr. Meadows to suspect brain damage. Dr. Meadows reported that “there were a
number of things about the way [Puiatti] said them and what he said that indicated
. . . in a very subtle way that there was the possibility of his having brain damage.”
Dr. Meadows explained that one of the intelligence tests that Puiatti took showed
“a wide difference” in Puiatti’s verbal and performance skills. Dr. Meadows had
never seen someone “with that wide a spread of differences in their ability to deal
with the verbal part and the performance part who did not have some sort of brain
damage.” Dr. Meadows opined that Puiatti’s abuse of alcohol and marijuana may
have exacerbated his brain damage.
Dr. Meadows stated that Puiatti’s “emotional instability, poor judgment,
[and] poor impulse control” evidenced “damage in the brain[,] particularly in [the]
right frontal regions.” Dr. Meadows concluded that Puiatti’s brain damage “was
probably a contributory factor in [his] increasingly impaired judgment” as the brain
damage caused Puiatti to be “more impatient –more emotionally unstable.” Dr.
Meadows suggested that the “progressive[] deterioration in [Puiatti’s] judgment . .
. would fluctuate depending on the amount of stress he was under.” In short, Dr.

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Meadows believed that, on an emotional level, Puiatti functioned like a child of ten
or eleven.
Dr. Meadows also explained the factors in Puiatti’s history that led to this
diagnosis of avoidance personality. Puiatti “started life with some potential and
interests and assets and things going for him, but problems [showed] up very early
in his childhood and then he experienced a series of rather major traumas
throughout his life.” For example, Puiatti developed rheumatism when he was
eleven or twelve and had not been able to pursue a career as a professional athlete.
Dr. Meadows concluded that, by age fifteen or sixteen, Puiatti “was going down
the tube socially, scholastically and [in] other areas,” which was the time when his
family had encountered financial difficulties. Dr. Meadows believed that the
Puiatti family’s move to Florida had given Puiatti hope for “another start.”
However, Puiatti joined the military shortly thereafter, which “was another
discouraging, disheartening experience for him.” Dr. Meadows described Puiatti’s
post-military life as “one series of boon-dogglings in which practically every area
of his life . . . gave him more and more of a sense of depression, futility, numbing
out his feelings, functioning less and less effectively in every area of his life.”
Dr. Meadows described this “series of boon-dogglings” in detail. At the
time of Ritchie’s murder, Puiatti was living with his parents, did not have a
permanent job, was “relying heavily on alcohol and pot,” and was “still following
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his pattern of taking in outcasts or people that were kind of misfits where he felt he
would be accepted.” Moreover, “[h]is marriage was breaking up” and “he had a
great deal of investment in the child [who] was born of that marriage.”
Dr. Meadows believed that the death of that child added to Puiatti’s burdens.
So too did Puiatti’s financial obligations and his family commitments. Dr.
Meadows stated that Puiatti was “concerned about causing . . . more problems at
home . . . where his folks were trying to help him and his wife out” while also
helping Puiatti’s younger brother, who had a learning disability. Dr. Meadows
concluded that “this concatenation of events that kept escalating . . . led him to feel
more and more . . . a sense of futility and depression.” Puiatti came to feel suicidal
and he developed an ulcer.
Just prior to the crime, Puiatti was at his lowest point psychologically. For
many years Puiatti used marijuana and alcohol heavily. Then Puiatti went three or
four days without any marijuana, which could cause “an intense psychological
withdrawal experience that’s very unsettling to some people.”
Dr. Meadows testified that it was not within Puiatti’s personality profile to
be a violent person. Based on his knowledge of Puiatti’s childhood, Dr. Meadows
believed that Puiatti “was imbued with a rather strong moral code which would not
permit him in good conscious to do harm to other people.”

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Dr. Meadows concluded that Puiatti had potential for rehabilitation. One of
the factors that contributed to this conclusion was the support that Puiatti’s family
could offer him. He testified, “It seems to me that the, what has happened has
pulled the family together in a way that perhaps had not been the case previously,
and they do seemed to be very concerned, to work together as a family for Carl’s
sake.”
C.

Penalty Trial before the Sentencing Judge
After the jury recommended a death sentence, the state trial court held a

sentencing hearing. The State did not introduce any evidence or call any
witnesses. Puiatti’s counsel called Dr. DelBeato and Dr. Meadows who reiterated
their earlier testimony to the jury. Puiatti also called Chuck Norman, a volunteer
who conducted weekly group discussions on alcoholism and drug abuse in the jail.
Puiatti voluntarily attended every meeting except for one when Puiatti had the flu.
Puiatti also gave a statement, expressing his remorse over the murder and
love for his family. Puiatti stated, “I came from a very good and crime-free family,
that doesn’t deserve[] to be put through what I’m putting them through.” Puiatti
added that “somehow through the grace of God, they have stayed behind me
through this hardship, and giv[en] me much needed support.”
The state trial court sentenced Puiatti and Glock to death for Ritchie’s
murder. The state trial court found the existence of three statutory aggravating
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factors, specifically that the murder: (1) “was committed for the purpose of
avoiding lawful arrest, or effect escape from custody,” see Fla. Stat.
§ 921.141(5)(e); (2) “was committed for pecuniary gain,” see id. § 921.141(5)(f);
and (3) “was a homicide and committed in a cold, calculated and premeditated
manner, without any pretext of moral or legal justification,” see id. § 921.141(5)(i).
The state trial court found no mitigating factors in Puiatti’s case. The state trial
court’s findings stated:
Mr. Puiatti also argued that he had a strong family background and
that he feels genuine remorse for his victim and that these factors
should be considered by the court as mitigating factors. This court
does not know if he genuinely feels remorse for his victim or not, but
is convinced that he comes from a very fine family. This court does
not consider either of these factors to mitigate his crime, however.

III. DIRECT APPEAL
On direct appeal, the Florida Supreme Court affirmed Puiatti’s convictions
and sentence. See Puiatti v. State, 495 So. 2d 128 (Fla. 1986). The United States
Supreme Court granted Puiatti’s petition as to a Confrontation Clause issue,
vacated the Florida Supreme Court’s decision, and remanded the case for
reconsideration. See Puiatti v. Florida, 481 U.S. 1027, 107 S. Ct. 1950 (1987). On
remand, the Florida Supreme Court reaffirmed Puiatti’s convictions and sentence.
Puiatti v. State, 521 So. 2d 1106, 1108 (Fla. 1988). The United States Supreme

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Court denied Puiatti’s petition for certiorari. Puiatti v. Florida , 488 U.S. 871, 109
S. Ct. 184 (1988).
IV. FLORIDA RULE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 3.850 MOTION
In 1990, Puiatti filed a motion in the state Circuit Court, under Florida Rule
of Criminal Procedure 3.850, to vacate his convictions and death sentence, which
that court denied.5 As one of his claims, Puiatti alleged that his trial attorneys
provided ineffective assistance in investigating and presenting mitigating evidence
for the penalty phase.
The state Rule 3.850 court found Puiatti failed to show either deficient
performance or prejudice. The Rule 3.850 court found: (1) counsel investigated
Puiatti’s background and retained mental health experts—both a psychiatrist and a
psychologist—to examine Puiatti and testify on his behalf; (2) interviewed and
presented testimony from Puiatti’s family members; and (3) presented evidence of
Puiatti’s “dependent personality, drug use, and learning disability.” The Rule
3.850 court found that Puiatti “tried to use his good family background as a
mitigating factor during his penalty phase” but “[n]ow wants to reverse his position
and claim a bad family life as a mitigating factor.” The Rule 3.850 court observed
that “[a]lthough all possible background information on Mr. Puiatti may not have
5

Rule 3.850 provides that certain grounds “may be claims for relief from judgment or
release from custody by a person who has been tried and found guilty or has entered a plea of
guilty . . . before a court established by the laws of Florida”, including “[t]he judgment was
entered or sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States or
the State of Florida.” Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(a)(1).
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been discovered, it is apparent that his attorney presented substantial evidence on
his behalf during the penalty phase.”
The Rule 3.850 court acknowledged that Puiatti had filed statements from
individuals familiar with his background, who could have informed his trial
counsel: (1) that Puiatti “came from a home where he was verbally and physically
abused”; (2) that he “did not have the normal childhood that his mother testified to
during the penalty phase”; and (3) “[t]hat his mother and her promiscuous lifestyle
contributed to his problems.” After reciting this evidence, and noting the family
members’ and Puiatti’s testimony that he came from a good family background,
the Rule 3.850 court stated trial counsel could not be judged ineffective by
hindsight.
As to prejudice, the Rule 3.850 court further determined that, in light of the
aggravating circumstances (and absence of mitigating circumstances) found by the
state trial court, even if Puiatti could show trial counsel’s ineffectiveness, Puiatti
could not establish a reasonable probability that, but for that ineffectiveness, he
would have received a different sentence.
V. APPEAL OF DENIAL OF RULE 3.850 MOTION AND STATE HABEAS
PETITION
Before the Florida Supreme Court, Puiatti appealed the denial of his Rule
3.850 motion and also filed a petition for habeas corpus. The Florida Supreme

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Court affirmed the denial of his Rule 3.850 motion and denied his separate petition
for habeas corpus. See Puiatti v. Dugger, 589 So. 2d 231 (Fla. 1991).
As for Puiatti’s claim of ineffective penalty phase counsel in investigating
and offering mitigating evidence, the Florida Supreme Court quoted at length from
the state court’s order and concluded that “the allegations in this instance are
insufficient under the standards [for ineffective assistance of counsel] set forth in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984).” Id. at 234.
VI. § 2254 PETITION IN 1992–2010
In 1992, Puiatti filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254, challenging his convictions and death sentence. The district court twice
stayed Puiatti’s case pending the outcomes of other state and federal proceedings. 6
In 2008, Puiatti filed an amended § 2254 petition (the “petition”), asserting eight
claims, including (a) failure to sever Puiatti’s trial from Glock’s, and (b) multiple
ineffective assistance of counsel claims. One ineffective counsel claim asserted
that his penalty phase counsel had “failed to discover and present critical evidence
of Puiatti’s history of severe physical and emotional abuse.”
The district court denied § 2254 relief on Puiatti’s guilt phase claims but
granted relief on Puiatti’s claim that his penalty phase should have been severed
6

After his Rule 3.850 case, Puiatti had filed in state court three more motions to vacate
his sentence which presented claims, including that he was denied effective assistance of trial
counsel during his penalty phase trial. Puiatti withdrew the first of these motions to vacate, and
the state court denied the other two.
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from Glock’s. The State appealed, and this Court reversed and remanded. See
Puiatti v. McNeil, 626 F.3d at 1314–18. For multiple reasons, this Court held that:
(1) Puiatti had “not shown that the state trial court’s severance denial deprived
Puiatti of his constitutional rights”; and (2) the district court erred by labeling as
moot and declining to adjudicate Puiatti’s other penalty phase claims. Id. at 1307–
08, 1315. Accordingly, we remanded for the district court to resolve Puiatti’s other
claims as to his death sentence. Id. at 1318.
VII. EVIDENCE BEFORE THE DISTRICT COURT POST-REMAND
On remand, the district court held an evidentiary hearing in 2012 on Puiatti’s
claims of ineffective counsel in the penalty phase. The district court considered
seventeen affidavits of family members and friends filed by Puiatti as well as the
testimony of six witnesses at the 2012 hearing. 7
We summarize the key points in Puiatti’s post-conviction evidence relevant
to the single mitigation-investigation claim here. In doing so, we recount (1) only
the affidavits containing mitigation information that was not covered by testimony
during the evidentiary hearing and then (2) the testimony of the witnesses who
appeared at the evidentiary hearing, as well as the exhibits introduced.
A.

Affidavits of Linda Puiatti
7

The affidavits were all dated between February 20, 1990 and March 1, 1990—
approximately six years after Puiatti’s trial. The vast majority of the affiants stated that he or she
would have been willing to testify at trial about the information contained in the affidavits had he
or she been asked to do so.
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Puiatti’s mother, Mrs. Puiatti, died in 2001, and thus Puiatti relied on her
two earlier affidavits from 1990. Mrs. Puiatti was primarily responsible for
disciplining Puiatti when he was growing up, and often “lost [her] temper with
[Puiatti] and would beat him . . . . into doing what [she] wanted him to do.” Mrs.
Puiatti did so because she herself was beaten and sexually abused by her own
father when she was a child. Mr. Puiatti also physically abused Puiatti and the
other members of the family. Mr. Puiatti verbally abused Puiatti by “always
[telling] him he was stupid and worthless.”
Beginning at age 13, Puiatti worked in stores that Mr. Puiatti owned and Mr.
Puiatti worked him very hard. Puiatti “watched his father cheating customers and
listened to him brag about this all the time” which “confused [Puiatti] about right
and wrong.” Puiatti, as a child, was injured in a school bus accident, causing him
headaches.
B.

Affidavit of Victor Puiatti, Sr.
Puiatti also submitted an affidavit from his father, Victor Puiatti, Sr. (“Mr.

Puiatti”), who died in 1997. Mr. Puiatti admitted that: (1) he had “a very bad
temper”; (2) “often lost control of [himself] with [Puiatti]”; (3) “the only limit [he]
placed on [his] assaults on [Puiatti] was that [he] wouldn’t beat him to the point of
drawing blood”; and (4) sometimes, while verbally abusing Puiatti, Mr. Puiatti

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would “grab [Puiatti] by the shirt, place [his] fist under [Puiatti’s] chin, and hold
him.” Mr. Puiatti abused Mrs. Puiatti, which caused Puiatti anguish.
Because he was “a hard working man,” Mr. Puiatti did not have very much
time to spend with his son during his childhood. Mr. Puiatti admitted that he “used
to cheat the customers” of the various butcher shops and delicatessens that he
worked at or owned, “to get a little extra money.” Mr. Puiatti also “stole different
products from the Westhampton Deli when [he] worked there” and then bragged
about doing so in front of Puiatti. Because his son was heavily abusing drugs, Mr.
Puiatti convinced Puiatti to join the military.
C.

Affidavit and Testimony of Angela Wright
Wright, Puiatti’s sister, described Mr. Puiatti’s verbal abuse of Puiatti. Mr.

Puiatti was “constantly harping on” Puiatti and criticizing him for not being more
like Wright. Wright stated that: (1) both parents “beat both Carl and me to an
extreme degree”; (2) “[t]hey beat us with a strap, wooden spoons, or anything else
they could get their hands on”; (3) they broke “wooden spoons on Carl’s back [and
their] blows . . . left great welts on our bodies.” This physical abuse caused Wright
to leave home at age 16, although she returned a week later at the behest of her
future husband, James Thatcher.
According to Wright, Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti also emotionally and physically
abused Puiatti. Mr. Puiatti “used to constantly tell [Puiatti] he wasn’t good
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enough” and “call him a loser.” Most of the time, their father “would start
yelling,” and “grab his belt” and “proceed with Carl into his room and beat him.”
Mr. Puiatti ran three meat markets and delicatessens in New York. Wright
and her then-husband, Jim Thatcher, worked for Mr. Puiatti. Although Mr. Puiatti
“was a good butcher and a good businessman,” he cheated his customers.
Eventually, customers became aware of Mr. Puiatti’s corrupt practices and
business declined. Mr. Puiatti closed two stores and asked Thatcher to take over
the other one. Wright and Thatcher purchased the store from Mr. Puiatti who told
Wright that the business was $35,000 in debt. After the sale, Wright learned that
the business owed an additional $35,000 to a different creditor.
Mrs. Puiatti incurred significant credit card charges, but had no “intention of
paying for anything and thought since they were moving [to Florida], there’d be no
problem with not paying.
Wright stayed with Thatcher in New York when the family moved to
Florida. She “was told that [her] father was still punching [Puiatti] out in the
garage.” After Puiatti joined the military, “[h]e went AWOL and came to visit
[Wright and Thatcher] in Long Island,” where he stayed until an uncle forced him
to return to the military.
Wright described Mrs. Puiatti’s practice of locking Wright and her siblings
out of the family home while entertaining males. Her mother and father frequently
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argued and her mother had bruises and black eyes, possibly inflicted by her father.
Her parents “portrayed themselves as being nice people” and “as being kind,”
when “in fact they were quite catty.”
Trial counsel interviewed Wright and asked “how things were” in the Puiatti
family, and Wright responded “that things were not as they seemed.” Wright made
this comment because she knew “that [her] parents . . . put on this front that they
were so together. And [she] knew how fractured [her] family was.” Wright did
not elaborate on this comment because she was still in fear of her parents. Wright
also did not tell trial counsel about the abuse that she personally suffered. Wright
did provide some context for her “not as they seemed” comment. She told trial
counsel that Mr. Puiatti was not a good businessman, he had financial difficulties
in New York, and tried to come across as competent when in fact he was not.
D.

Affidavit of James Thatcher
Wright’s former husband, Thatcher, started dating Wright when he was 19,

Wright was 16, and Puiatti was 12. Thatcher “got to know the whole family very
well” and concluded that the Puiattis were “not a normal family, especially the
parents, Linda and Victor.” Thatcher observed welts on Wright’s legs from Mr.
Puiatti’s regular beatings. Mr. Puiatti had a violent temper and “was very free with
his hands.” Mr. Puiatti verbally abused Puiatti by making “hurtful and harmful
remarks” to Puiatti.
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Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti “were very materialistic and lived in a different world,
where things were as they thought they should be, not as they truly are.” The
Puiattis “put on airs to try to impress other people.” Mr. Puiatti cheated customers
and Puiatti “thought that by cheating he could get his father’s approval.” 8
E.

Affidavit of Joseph Puiatti
Puiatti’s uncle, Joseph Puiatti, a police officer, lived in Medford, New Jersey

and visited the Puiattis “fairly often” before they moved to Florida. He
remembered Puiatti as a “good kid—very respectful, friendly, warm, and
affectionate.” Things took a turn for the worse for Puiatti after Mr. Puiatti
persuaded him to join the military. In the Army, Puiatti was “thrown to the
wolves.” When Puiatti went AWOL and came to New York, Joseph Puiatti
“immediately contacted his captain and reported [Puiatti’s] whereabouts.”
Before Puiatti returned to the military, Joseph Puiatti spent time with him
and heard him describe his drug use. Puiatti started using drugs in junior high
school, and in the military, he “was using lots of marijuana.” Puiatti’s “brain was
like breakfast—scrambled eggs and burnt toast”; Puiatti “was one of the worst
burned-out druggies [he] ever saw.”
F.

Affidavit of Betty Maniuzko

8

Thatcher did not testify during Puiatti’s trial, but he was present. There is no suggestion
that Thatcher ever told trial counsel about abuse of Puiatti or his sister Angela Wright.
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Betty Manizuko lived next door to the Puiatti family in New York and got to
know the family well. Manizuko witnessed Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti “punish [Puiatti]
by beating him with a wooden spoon.” Manizuko knew Mrs. Puiatti “also used a
wooden hanger.” Manizuko “never saw affection between the [Puiatti] children
and their parents.”
Mrs. Puiatti often “had men call on her during the day when [Mr. Puiatti]
was at work” and “all the men around knew that if you wanted to have sex, [Mrs.
Puiatti] was the person to see.” While entertaining male visitors, Mrs. Puiatti
locked her children out of the house, even when raining.
G.

Affidavit of Dorothy Dennon
Dorothy Dennon, a New York resident, “knew . . . Puiatti when [she] taught

second and third grades at Eagle Elementary School when [Puiatti] was a student
there.” Puiatti was “a lost soul” who was “not a troublemaker but tended to be
surrounded and dominated by the more powerful and strong boys.” Mr. Puiatti
coached Puiatti’s little league team but criticized and rejected him when he failed
to make good plays.
H.

Affidavit of Maureen Filippone
Maureen Filippone, the assistant principal at Puiatti’s elementary school,

stated that Puiatti “was never a troublemaker but he would have problems from
attention-getting behavior.” Filippone “felt he didn’t receive the warmth,
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affection, and attention he needed at home so [he] acted out in these ways at
school.” Puiatti “was a troubled child . . . that . . . never received the help he
needed.”
I.

Affidavit of Dr. Carol Swanson
Dr. Carol Swanson was a licensed and certified marriage and family

counselor in Florida. After reviewing the record in Puiatti’s case, Dr. Swanson
diagnosed Puiatti as suffering from “pathological grief response,” which she
described as a “distorted and excruciatingly depressed state of mind.” Puiatti
became “a young man with virtually no sense of self esteem” suffering from
intense depression because: (1) he lost parental love and approval; (2) “he was
physically abused and consistently told he was ‘no good’”; (3) he was “a failure at
school and dropped out”; (4) “[h]is father ‘forced’ him to enter the army” where he
failed “and dropped out”; (5) his “marriage was a failure”; (6) he lost his
grandfather, Carl, . . . who was the most loving older person in his loveless world”;
and (7) his son died without Puiatti being able to see him.
J.

Testimony of Victor Puiatti, Jr.
Brother Victor Puiatti, Jr. (“Victor”) 9 described Mr. Puiatti as a “strong,

prideful, arrogant man” who dealt with his children “very extremely sternly.” Mrs.

9

Victor is ten years younger than Puiatti. At the time of Puiatti’s 1983 trial, Victor was
approximately 10-years-old.
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Puiatti also hit Victor and his siblings, using her hands and wooden spoons. Mr.
Puiatti struck Victor once or twice per week, and Mrs. Puiatti struck him only once
every two weeks.
Usually, these beatings occurred with only minimal provocation. Victor
lived in constant fear of being abused by his father. When Victor was 16, Mr.
Puiatti punched him in the face after Victor took the family car and stayed out too
late. Victor overheard the altercation between his father and Puiatti that occurred
shortly before Ritchie’s murder. Victor could hear “outside through the closed
door this—the banging of bodies getting into an altercation and my dad yelling and
he’s cursing Carl . . . . He had to have been beating the crap out of him.” He heard
Puiatti say in response, “no, Dad, no. Stop, stop. Okay. Okay. I’m sorry. I’m
sorry.”
K.

Testimony of Dr. Sally Karioth
Dr. Sally Karioth, a college professor and a licensed traumatologist, was

qualified as an expert in the areas of grief and trauma. After reviewing Puiatti’s
case in 1990, Dr. Karioth diagnosed Puiatti as suffering from “bereavement
overload” when he murdered Ritchie. Dr. Karioth described this condition as
occurring “when someone has a loss” and is unable to address that loss in a healthy
manner because the person “live[s] in an environment where [he is] fearful or
where there’s abuse.” As a result, the person will “feel powerless in the
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environment [he is] in, so [he] will try to do something that makes [him] feel
powerful. [He will] ask for punishment because . . . [he] think[s] he deserve[s] it.”
Dr. Karioth testified that, before Ritchie’s murder, Puiatti endured several
grief-causing episodes including loss of his child, his grandfather’s death, and
failure of his marriage, which caused him to “plummet into a great sadness, a great
moroseness.”
L.

Testimony of Dr. Jacquelyn Olander
Dr. Jacquelyn Olander, a psychologist, testified as an expert in

neuropsychology. In 2012, Dr. Olander performed a day-long forensic
neuropsychological evaluation of Puiatti. Dr. Olander reviewed affidavits, court
findings, Puiatti’s personal records, and the trial testimony of Drs. Meadows and
DelBeato.
Dr. Olander administered a number of tests, including the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale-4 (“WAIS-4”). 10 This test revealed what Dr. Olander described
as a “significant difference between [Puiatti’s] right and left brain functioning.”
Specifically, Dr. Olander discovered: (1) Puiatti’s left brain function (or “verbal
IQ”) “was in the average range”; (2) his right brain function (or “nonverbal
processing”) “was in the mildly impaired range”; (3) “[h]is working memory was
10

Dr. Olander described the WAIS-4 as follows: “The WAIS-4 is a measure of one’s
overall intellectual functioning. It looks at what is described as left brain functioning or similarly
known as verbal IQ, right brain functioning, formally known as performance IQ, working
memory and general processing speed.”
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normal or above average”; and (4) “his processing speed was in the normal range.”
Dr. Olander suggested that the difference in verbal and nonverbal abilities (or left
and right brain functioning) indicated “the presence of a cognitive disorder.” Dr.
Olander stated that Puiatti’s cognitive impairments might have been caused by: (1)
substance abuse, dating to an early age; or (2) two concussions that he
experienced.11
Dr. Olander also administered the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System
test, which tests a brain’s operating system, essential for abstract reasoning and
higher level thinking skills. That test revealed impairments in Puiatti’s executive
functioning. Additionally, Dr. Olander gave Puiatti a Wechsler Memory Scale test,
which measured Puiatti’s verbal and nonverbal immediate and delayed recall
memory. Although the WAIS-4 revealed that Puiatti’s memory was “normal or
above average,” Puiatti’s scores on the Memory Scale “fell within the impaired to
below average range.”
During her 2012 evaluation, Puiatti told Dr. Olander about “a significant
history of abuse by both parents that was unpredictable, that was severe in its
occurrence, that [was] severe and chronic and pervasive from both parents.” In Dr.
Olander’s opinion, this history of abuse was also evident because: (1) non-family
11

Dr. Olander formally diagnosed Puiatti as suffering from “polysubstance dependence
disorder in remission in a controlled environment, dysthymic disorder . . . . chronic mild
depression[,] . . . [and a] personality disorder characterized by dependent passive borderline
traits.”
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members described Puiatti “as an emotionally sad child who had significant
emotional problems”; (2) “[h]is teachers, principals at school described him as a
passive follower, not a leader, who presented as a child with significant emotional
problems”; and (3) “[h]is history of using drugs on a regular basis dating back to
middle school as a coping mechanism for self medication is consistent with a child
who’s experienced such abuse.”
It did not surprise Dr. Olander that Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti concealed their child
abuse from trial counsel. Dr. Olander’s review of the record established that the
Puiattis were “a family who prioritized the need [to] keep that image as the perfect
family” and “the needs of . . . Puiatti as a child were certainly secondary to the
needs of the family and the needs of the parents.” Dr. Olander identified four “red
flags” that would have caused her to suspect child abuse: (1) Puiatti’s life history
statement that his parents usually did not punish him “without reason”; (2) Puiatti
twice moved back into his parents’ home as an adult, once after leaving the
military, and again after leaving his wife, which is common behavior for a child
abuse victim; (3) Puiatti’s addiction to drugs; and (4) Puiatti was easily
manipulated.
M.

Testimony of Dr. Michael Greenberg
Dr. Michael Greenberg, a licensed psychologist, also testified as an expert in

psychology and child abuse. For a 2005 psychological evaluation of Puiatti, Dr.
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Greenberg reviewed affidavits about Puiatti’s childhood and abusive parents,
Puiatti’s educational and mental health documents, and findings of mental health
experts, including Drs. Meadows and DelBeato. Dr. Greenberg also conducted a
clinical interview of Puiatti, administered an IQ test, and performed a “mental
status examination.”
Dr. Greenberg concluded that Puiatti was not mentally retarded but did
suffer a history of child abuse. After reading Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti’s affidavits
where they admitted to abusing Puiatti, Dr. Greenberg asked Puiatti about this
abuse. There were other aspects of Puiatti’s history, however, that Dr. Greenberg
said would have caused him to suspect abuse even without the parents’ admissions,
including that: (1) Puiatti failed to complete high school; (2) he abused drugs from
an early age; (3) he divorced his wife; (4) he used drugs while in the military; (5)
he was discharged from the military; and (6) he previously committed criminal
offenses.
Dr. Greenberg testified that Puiatti’s case was worse than other cases due to
“the chronic nature of the abuse, the severity of the abuse and the unpredictable
nature of the abuse.” According to Dr. Greenberg, the child abuse Puiatti suffered
was “the most important origin of his . . . ultimate dissent to criminal behavior and
makeup of his personality.”

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On cross-examination, Dr. Greenberg admitted that: (1) Puiatti scored very
highly on the MPI-2 test, which tests an individual’s “psychopathic deviant” score;
(2) individuals who score highly on the MPI-2 often have characteristics that may
not be beneficial to society; and (3) Puiatti exhibited many characteristics common
among high scorers on the MPI-2 test. The State showed Dr. Greenberg copies of
a sentencing report and a judgment of conviction showing that Puiatti had
committed a robbery, kidnapping, and attempted murder the very day before he
murdered Ritchie. Dr. Greenberg acknowledged that Puiatti’s kidnapping conduct
recounted in these documents was “consistent with [his] findings of antisocial
traits.”
N.

District Court’s 2012 Order
On August 24, 2012, the district court issued a 61-page order denying all of

Puiatti’s claims, including his ineffective counsel claim. Concluding that Garrett
did not render ineffective assistance, the district court found that “the record
simply belies Puiatti’s contention that Garrett unreasonably failed to investigate
her client’s background.” The district court found that Puiatti himself “denied that
he was abused and portrayed his family life as positive in the personal history he
provided to Garrett.” At a minimum, Puiatti never mentioned any child abuse to
Garrett and “gave the impression that his family life was stable and loving.” The
district court also found that Puiatti and his family not only “made no mention
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whatsoever of abuse” but also “in fact led [Garrett] to believe that the Puiatti home
was normal.” The district court further found that Drs. Meadows and DelBeato did
not uncover potential abuse.
The district court recounted trial counsel’s extensive investigation of
Puiatti’s family, school, and mental health background, and found telling that,
despite all of this work, “[n]othing indicated that Puiatti had been abused.”
Accordingly, trial counsel had justifiably “decided to pursue a strategy whereby
she would portray Puiatti as a young man from a good family caught up in the
murder of Mrs. Ritchie solely because of his association with Robert Glock, his
dominant, more experienced co-defendant.”
The district court also held that Puiatti had not established prejudice for
multiple reasons. First, the jury voted 11-to-1 in favor of a death sentence, and the
sentencing court found three aggravating factors warranting a death sentence and
no mitigating factors.
Second, the district court found that more mental health and child abuse
evidence in Puiatti’s case would not have established statutory mitigating factors,
such as acting under extreme mental or emotional disturbance or a lack of capacity
to appreciate the criminality of one’s actions, because “this murder was not
committed on a whim” and “[i]nstead . . . Puiatti exhibited goal-oriented behavior”
by driving to a mall, waiting for a victim, selecting a vulnerable female, forcing her
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into the car, robbing her, demanding cash, and then taking her 80 miles to an
isolated location to kill her. The district court found that, even in light of the child
abuse evidence, “[t]he facts of this cold, deliberate murder simply clash with the
mental health mitigation circumstances of extreme or emotional disturbance or
lack of capacity to appreciate the criminality of one’s action.”
Third, Puiatti’s new child abuse evidence would have opened the door to
evidence from the State that would have “rendered nugatory” “any positive effect
from the new evidence.” For example, Dr. Greenberg’s testimony presented by
Puiatti, elicited the State’s cross-examination regarding a violent kidnapping and
robbery Puiatti and Glock committed on the very day before they kidnapped,
robbed, and murdered Ritchie. Additionally, Dr. Greenberg admitted that Puiatti
“was a ‘high scorer’ on the so-called psychopathic deviant scale, another fact that
would have augured against the judge or jury’s sparing Puiatti’s life.”
Fourth, even if trial counsel introduced child abuse evidence, and even if the
jury and trial judge considered it mitigating, that child abuse evidence, together
with all other mitigation evidence, would not have overcome a death sentence.
“Given the overwhelming evidence of Puiatti’s guilt and the wanton, depraved
approach to humanity evinced by his conduct, the result in this case would have
been the same.”
VIII. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
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Because Puiatti filed his § 2254 petition before the April 24, 1996 effective
date of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), we review
his claims under pre-AEDPA law. Turner v. Crosby, 339 F.3d 1247, 1273 (11th
Cir. 2003). “Under pre-AEDPA standards, [a] state court’s factual determinations
that are reasonably based on the record are presumptively correct . . . . We review
state court determinations of law de novo.” Thompson v. Haley, 255 F.3d 1292,
1295 (11th Cir. 2001).
Also “[u]nder pre-AEDPA law, this Court reviews de novo the district
court’s denial of [Puiatti’s] § 2254 petition and the court’s subsidiary legal
conclusions. The district court’s findings of fact, however, are subject to review
under the clearly erroneous standard.” Turner, 339 F.3d at 1273 (internal citations
omitted). Any factual findings made by the district court are reviewed for clear
error, but its legal conclusions and mixed questions of law and fact are reviewed de
novo. Id.
IX. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL IN PENALTY PHASE
A.

Strickland Standard
Puiatti’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim is governed by the Supreme

Court’s two-pronged test announced in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,
104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984). See Pooler v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corrs., 702 F.3d 1252,
1269 (11th Cir. 2012). Under Strickland, to establish constitutionally ineffective
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counsel, a defendant must show that (1) his attorney’s performance was deficient,
and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at
687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. We first consider the performance prong, discussing trial
counsel’s pre-trial investigation, her work with the expert witnesses, and Puiatti’s
suggestion that his trial attorney ignored “red flags” of child abuse.
B.

Performance Prong Principles
The Strickland performance standard is “objectively reasonable attorney

conduct under prevailing professional norms.” Johnson v. Upton, 615 F.3d 1318,
1330 (11th Cir. 2010); see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 104 S. Ct. at 2065 (“The
proper measure of attorney performance remains simply reasonableness under
prevailing professional norms.”). We look at what professional norms existed at
the time that the attorney acted. See Johnson v. Sec’y, DOC, 643 F.3d 907, 931
(11th Cir. 2011). The question is “whether, in light of all the circumstances, the
identified acts or omissions were outside the wide range of professionally
competent assistance.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S. Ct. at 2066. A
petitioner bears the burden of proving, “by a preponderance of competent
evidence, that counsel’s performance was unreasonable.” Chandler v. United
States, 218 F.3d 1305, 1313 (11th Cir. 2000) (en banc); accord Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U.S. , 131 S. Ct. 770, 790 (2011) (“Strickland . . . calls for an

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inquiry into the objective reasonableness of counsel’s performance, not counsel’s
subjective state of mind.”).
In answering this question, even pre-AEDPA, we are mindful that “[t]rial
counsel’s performance is entitled to ‘highly deferential’ judicial scrutiny.” Turner,
339 F.3d at 1275 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Bolender v.
Singletary, 16 F.3d 1547, 1557 (11th Cir. 1994) (“It is important to note that
judicial scrutiny of an attorney’s performance is appropriately highly deferential . .
. .”). We therefore, “must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct
falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Turner, 339
F.3d at 1275 (internal quotation marks omitted). “For a petitioner to show that the
conduct was unreasonable, a petitioner must establish that no competent counsel
would have taken the action that his counsel did take.” Chandler, 218 F.3d at
1315.
Under the professional standards in place in 1983 and 1984, when trial
counsel represented Puiatti, a defense attorney in a capital case had a duty “to
make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes
particular investigations unnecessary,” and to present at sentencing mitigating
evidence uncovered during that investigation. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S.
Ct. at 2066; see also Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 395–98, 120 S. Ct. 1495,
1514–15 (2000) (counsel’s performance was deficient because counsel “did not
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fulfill their obligation to conduct a thorough investigation of the defendant’s
background”); Cooper v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 646 F.3d 1328, 1351–52 (11th Cir.
2011) (observing that counsel had an obligation to conduct “an adequate
background investigation”); Johnson, 643 F.3d at 931 (“The Supreme Court has
held that based on standards applicable in 1980 . . . an attorney representing a
capital defendant has an obligation to conduct a thorough investigation of the
defendant’s background.”). An attorney’s strategic choices “made after thorough
investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually
unchallengeable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690–91, 104 S. Ct. at 2066. However,
“strategic choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable
precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the
limitations on investigation.” Id., 104 S. Ct. at 2066.
“In assessing the reasonableness of an attorney’s investigation, . . . a court
must consider not only the quantum of evidence already known to counsel, but also
whether the known evidence would lead a reasonable attorney to investigate
further.” Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 527, 123 S. Ct. 2527, 2538 (2003). Of
course, “a complete failure to investigate may constitute deficient performance of
counsel.” Parker v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corr., 331 F.3d 764, 787 (11th Cir. 2003);
see also Housel v. Head, 238 F.3d 1289, 1294 (11th Cir. 2001) (explaining that “a

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failure to investigate can be deficient performance in a capital case when counsel
totally fails to inquire into the defendant’s past or present behavior or life history”).
That said, “no absolute duty exists to investigate particular facts or a certain
line of defense.” Chandler, 218 F.3d at 1318. Instead, a court’s assessment of an
attorney’s investigation hinges on whether that investigation—or the decision to
limit it—was reasonable. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066. Finally,
“[a] decision to limit investigation is ‘accorded a strong presumption of
reasonableness,’” Mills v. Singletary, 63 F.3d 999, 1021 (11th Cir. 1995) (internal
quotation marks omitted), and “to be effective a lawyer is not required to ‘pursue
every path until it bears fruit or until all hope withers.’” Williams v. Head, 185
F.3d 1223, 1237 (11th Cir. 1999) (quoting Foster v. Dugger, 823 F.2d 402, 405
(11th Cir. 1987)).
Although we must assess a decision not to investigate “for reasonableness in
all of the circumstances,” when doing so we apply “a heavy measure of deference
to counsel’s judgments.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690–91, 104 S. Ct. at 2066. We
keep in mind that a defense attorney “preparing for the sentencing phase of a
capital trial,” is not required “to scour the globe on the off chance something will
turn up.” Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 383, 125 S. Ct. 2456, 2463 (2005).
Rather, “reasonably diligent counsel may draw a line when they have good reason
to think that further investigation would be a waste.” Id., 125 S. Ct. at 2463.
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Performance of Puiatti’s Trial Counsel
After considerable review of the record and under the particular

circumstances of this case, we conclude that the district court properly concluded
that trial counsel conducted a reasonable investigation of Puiatti’s background and
developed a penalty phase mitigation strategy supported by the evidence her
investigation produced. Although that strategy did not yield the outcome that
counsel and her client desired, it was nevertheless a reasonable one to pursue and
her performance was not ineffective.
During her investigation, trial counsel, among other tasks: (1) met with
Puiatti several times and explained to him the nature of mitigating evidence and the
importance of developing a comprehensive picture of his background; (2) directed
Puiatti to write a history of his life; (3) interviewed Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti on
multiple occasions, advised them about the nature of aggravating and mitigating
circumstances, and even visited the Puiatti family home; (4) interviewed sister
Wright and advised Wright about the importance of gathering all information
possible about Puiatti’s background; (5) interviewed Puiatti’s former wife; and (6)
spoke on the telephone with Puiatti’s uncle, Joseph Puiatti.
In addition to meeting with Puiatti’s family members, trial counsel solicited
and received numerous records of Puiatti’s life, including school, hospital,
military, and jail records. Counsel also sent a letter to Puiatti’s high school
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guidance counselor, seeking to identify individuals in New York who may have
known Puiatti when he was a child and had relevant background information about
Puiatti’s childhood. In seeking records, trial counsel was “just trying to get all the
records [she] could think of that might document independently [Puiatti’s]
situation and his life and see what they might reveal.”
Trial counsel not only personally completed these investigative tasks but
also hired an investigator to help her. She also hired two mental health experts and
instructed at least one of them to conduct his own independent investigation of
Puiatti’s background, which that expert did by interviewing Puiatti and his parents
too.
In short, trial counsel’s investigation was comprehensive and thorough. We
have previously determined that an attorney performed a reasonable investigation
of his client’s background after the attorney performed only some of the actions
that Garrett performed. See, e.g., DeYoung v. Schofield, 609 F.3d 1260, 1285
(11th Cir. 2010) (attorneys interviewed members of petitioner’s family and an
investigator subpoenaed petitioner’s school and work records); Housel, 238 F.3d at
1295 (attorney instructed petitioner to “prepare a life history to help with the
investigation” and contacted petitioner’s family members).
After completing her investigation, trial counsel decided to present a
mitigation strategy that centered on Puiatti’s having come from a good family who
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stood willing to assist him in his rehabilitation, as well as Puiatti’s history of drug
abuse, the major traumas and disappointments he had endured, his brain damage,
and the fact that he was not prone to violence. Because trial counsel made this
decision after a thorough investigation of Puiatti’s background, we consider her
decision “virtually unchallengeable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690–91, 104 S. Ct. at
2066.
Trial counsel’s chosen mitigation strategy was also a reasonable one given
the evidence, recounted above, that she did uncover. During the penalty phase
hearing, Mrs. Puiatti testified about how much she and her husband cared for
Puiatti. Specifically, she talked about how they had obtained counseling for their
son when he started to abuse drugs, allowed Puiatti to live with them as an adult
after he suffered repeated setbacks, and sought to obtain help for Puiatti when his
drug problems did not abate during adulthood. Furthermore, Dr. Meadows
independently confirmed that Puiatti came from a good family that “imbued [him]
with a rather strong moral code.”
Indeed, trial counsel reasonably chose her mitigation strategy based
primarily on the information that she received from Puiatti, his family members,
and two mental health experts. Puiatti told counsel he came from a good family
and he never wanted for anything. Puiatti told the sentencing judge he came from
a “good and crime-free” family. In all of the interviews defense counsel conducted
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of Puiatti and his family members, no one ever disclosed the pattern of systemic
child abuse endured by Puiatti, which came to light only years after Puiatti was
sentenced.
We have repeatedly held that “[a]n attorney does not render ineffective
assistance by failing to discover and develop childhood abuse that his client does
not mention to him.” Williams, 185 F.3d at 1237; see also DeYoung, 609 F.3d at
1287–88 (holding that counsel’s investigation was reasonable in light of the fact
that there was “no evidence that DeYoung mentioned to his trial or appellate
counsel or to any mental health experts (before trial or even afterward) . . . that
there was significant internal strife or dysfunction in his family”); Newland v. Hall,
527 F.3d 1162, 1202 (11th Cir. 2008) (noting that “[b]ecause information about
childhood abuse supplied by a defendant is extremely important in determining
reasonable performance, ‘[w]hen a petitioner . . . does not mention a history of
physical abuse, a lawyer is not ineffective for failing to discover or to offer
evidence of abuse as mitigation’” (alterations in original) (additional internal
quotation marks omitted)); Stewart v. Sec’y , Dep’t of Corrs., 476 F.3d 1193,
1210–11 (11th Cir. 2007) (“The Constitution imposes no burden on counsel to
scour a defendant’s background for potential abuse given the defendant’s contrary
representations or failure to mention the abuse.”). A lawyer is also not ineffective
when the “family members petitioner directs his lawyer to talk to . . . do not
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mention a history of physical abuse.” Van Poyck. v. Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 290 F.3d
1318, 1325 (11th Cir. 2002).
Although Puiatti relies on Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 120 S. Ct. 1495
(2000), that decision is wholly different. The record showed “that Williams’
parents had been imprisoned for the criminal neglect of Williams and his siblings,
that Williams had been severely and repeatedly beaten by his father, that he had
been committed to the custody of the social services bureau for two years during
his parents’ incarceration . . . , and then, after his parents were released from
prison, had been returned to his parents’ custody.” Id. at 395, 120 S. Ct. at 1514
(footnote omitted). In Williams, “counsel did not begin to prepare for [the penalty
phase] of the proceeding until a week before the trial.” Id. at 395, 120 S. Ct. at
1514. During their preparation, Williams’s attorneys did not merely conduct an
inadequate background investigation, “[t]hey failed to conduct an investigation” at
all. Id., 120 S. Ct. at 1514. Nevertheless, evidence of Williams’s “nightmarish
childhood” was readily available in state records, which counsel erroneously
believed they could not access. Id., 120 S. Ct. at 1514.
Unlike the attorneys in Williams, the record here shows that: (1) Puiatti’s
attorney began preparing for the penalty phase well in advance of the trial; (2)
counsel conducted a thorough investigation of Puiatti’s background; (3) the
evidence of Puiatti’s childhood abuse was not readily attainable in state records;
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(4) Puiatti told his counsel he came from a loving and supportive family; and (5) in
fact, the child abuse was concealed from Puiatti’s attorney by both Puiatti and his
family members. If anything, the differences between this case and Williams
support the district court’s denial of Puiatti’s ineffective counsel claim here.
The decision in Wiggins v. Smith is also instructive. There, trial counsel
stopped their investigation of Wiggins’s background upon receiving: (1) a onepage presentence investigation report (“PSI”) that noted Wiggins’s “misery as a
youth”; and (2) Department of Social Services (“DSS”) records of Wiggins’s
various placements in foster care. Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 523–24, 123 S. Ct. at 2536
(internal quotation marks omitted). The DSS records actually revealed that
Wiggins’s “mother was a chronic alcoholic; Wiggins was shuttled from foster
home to foster home and displayed some emotional difficulties while there; he had
frequent, lengthy absences from school; and, on at least one occasion, his mother
left him and his siblings alone for days without food.” Id. at 525, 123 S. Ct. at
2537. Despite having these records, counsel did not discover or present mitigating
evidence regarding severe physical and sexual abuse petitioner suffered at the
hands of his mother and while in the care of a series of foster parents. Id. at 516–
17, 123 S. Ct. at 2532–33. Counsel did not offer expert testimony about Wiggins’s
background and mental composition in light of this abuse. Id. at 516, 123 S. Ct. at
2532. Given the known information, it was “[c]ounsel’s decision not to expand
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their investigation beyond the PSI and the DSS records [that] fell short of the
professional standards that prevailed [at the time].” Id. at 524, 123 S. Ct. at 2536.
In comparison here, Puiatti’s attorney did not receive any document that
suggested that Puiatti was abused as a child. To the contrary, Puiatti affirmatively
told trial counsel that his family loved and supported him, and family members
confirmed that this was true. Puiatti’s attorney retained two expert witnesses, both
of whom testified about Puiatti’s loving and supportive family. No expert reported
child abuse. The known evidence here would not have led a reasonable attorney to
investigate further.
Rompilla v. Beard also does not help Puiatti. The attorneys in Rompilla had
easy access to Rompilla’s prior conviction file, a public document stored at the
courthouse where Rompilla was to be tried, which showed that “Rompilla was
reared in the slum environment of Allentown, Pa. vicinity. He early came to the
attention of juvenile authorities, quit school at 16, and started a series of
incarcerations.” 545 U.S. at 384, 390–91, 125 S. Ct. at 2464, 2468 (internal
quotation marks and alterations omitted). Rompilla’s attorneys failed to examine
the prior conviction file, despite knowing that the prosecution intended to seek the
death penalty by attempting to establish that “Rompilla had a significant history of
felony convictions indicating the use or threat of violence, an aggravator under
state law.” Id. at 383, 125 S. Ct. at 2464. The Supreme Court concluded that,
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because Rompilla’s attorneys actually knew that “[t]he prosecution was going to
use the dramatic facts of a prior offense,” they “had a duty to make all reasonable
efforts to learn what they could about the offense.” Id. at 385, 125 S. Ct. at 2465.
Unlike in Rompilla, Puiatti’s trial attorneys did not fail to obtain documents
that were easily accessible. Notably, nothing in this record suggests that there was
any existing document in 1984 that recounted the child abuse Puiatti suffered,
much less that it was easily accessible at the courthouse. In fact, after interviewing
Puiatti, his family members, and two mental health professionals, trial counsel
went to great lengths to obtain documents relating to Puiatti’s background and
none of them reported any child abuse. If anything, Rompilla shows that Puiatti’s
claim fails.
We recognize that Puiatti relies on Ferrell v. Hall, 640 F.3d 1199 (11th Cir.
2011), where Ferrell and his family members (his parents and his brother) did not
disclose Ferrell’s abusive upbringing to his trial attorneys. Id. at 1230. The pivotal
fact there though was that Ferrell’s attorneys conducted only a “limited character
investigation—which asked, essentially, only whether Ferrell was trustworthy and
had a good reputation.” Id. at 1231. And they did not investigate or ask questions
about Ferrell’s childhood background. Id. at 1230. Counsel would have
discovered helpful evidence of childhood abuse “had [they] only asked these
witnesses about the defendant’s background and childhood.” Id.
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Unlike the attorneys in Ferrell, Puiatti’s attorney did not conduct only a
“limited character investigation.” See id. at 1231. Rather, Garrett explained to
Puiatti and his family members the nature of mitigating evidence, and stressed to
them the importance of developing a complete picture of Puiatti’s childhood,
background, and family history. Counsel’s shortcoming in Ferrell was their
general failure to ask any questions about Ferrell’s “background and childhood.”
Id. at 1230. Here, Puiatti’s trial attorney did ask those questions. The facts here—
Puiatti and his family members concealed the child abuse and that Garrett received
misleading answers—do not negate the adequacy of Garrett’s investigation. 12
We also reject Puiatti’s contentions regarding James Thatcher, Wright’s
former husband. Puiatti’s brief alleges that: “Garrett was explicitly told that
Thatcher would have critical information about Puiatti, a fact that Garrett
emphasized in her notes with an asterisk.” The record, however, does not support
this allegation. It is true that Garrett’s notes contained a reference to Wright and
“Jimmy,” which Garrett assumed referred to James Thatcher. And, there was an
asterisk next to the reference to “Angela and Jimmy.” But when Puiatti’s habeas

12

In Cooper v. Secretary, Department of Corrections, 646 F.3d 1328 (11th Cir. 2011),
counsel interviewed only the petitioner and his mother, who did not disclose the abuse inflicted
by Cooper’s father and brother. Counsel offered no excuse for not speaking with those family
members. Id. at 1352. In any event, Cooper’s attorneys, in fact, uncovered the evidence of
Cooper’s childhood abuse from the deposition of a clinical psychologist who evaluated Cooper.
Id. at 1340, 1352. The attorneys, for strategic reasons, decided not to call the psychologist to
testify. Id. at 1352. Unlike in Cooper, Puiatti’s counsel did speak with his siblings, other family
members, and the two mental health experts, and Garrett never learned about child abuse.
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attorney asked Garrett why there was an asterisk, Garrett responded: “I can’t be a
hundred percent sure. Now, when I’m making notes like this I make an asterisk if
it’s something I have to do. It’s my reminder when I look through the notes later
I’ve got to do something about that.” Garrett then added: “So, I don’t know—I
can’t recall now if that was my practice back then or if it was just something to—it
was something to draw attention to that. I was making that asterisk to draw
attention to it in some fashion.” There is nothing in Garrett’s notes or her
testimony about Thatcher having “critical information about Puiatti,” much less
that her asterisk emphasized that. More importantly, Strickland requires that we
make “every effort . . . to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight . . . and to
evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” 466 U.S. at 689, 104
S. Ct. at 2065. Counsel had already interviewed Wright, Thatcher’s wife, and
could have reasonably concluded that any information Thatcher could provide
would be derivative of Wright’s (as Puiatti’s sister) first-hand perspective on the
Puiatti family. See Williams, 185 F.3d at 1238 (noting that the § 2254 petitioner’s
trial attorney’s failure to interview Williams’s sister and father did not make her
investigation constitutionally inadequate, regardless of whether it “would have
been better if [the attorney] had . . . interviewed” these individuals). 13

13

Puiatti also criticizes his trial attorney for not contacting Puiatti’s childhood neighbors
in New York, but trial counsel did attempt to locate individuals who knew Puiatti as a child in
New York by sending a letter to Puiatti’s guidance counselor. To the extent that Puiatti wishes
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Puiatti further contends that trial counsel ignored “red flags” of child abuse.
Puiatti’s alleged “red flags” are either not actually suggestive of child abuse, or are
not suggestive absent the beneficial lens of hindsight.
For example, Puiatti claims that Wright’s statement that things were “not as
they seemed” or that her parents painted a “rosy picture” which was “not so,”
should have caused trial counsel to suspect that Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti physically and
verbally abused their children. This argument wholly ignores that Wright actually
provided ample context for what her statement meant, none of which had anything
to do with child abuse. Wright told Puiatti’s attorney that: (1) Mr. Puiatti was a
corrupt and incompetent businessman; (2) Puiatti received very little affection
from his father; (3) Mrs. Puiatti often could not pay her bills and tried to avoid debt
collectors; and (4) when Wright encountered Puiatti after he committed the crimes,
Puiatti showed little remorse. Thus, trial counsel reasonably could have concluded
that Wright had thoroughly explained the reasons for her comment and that
additional follow-up inquiries were unnecessary. 14 And although these statements
suggested that the Puiatti family had its troubles, they would not have caused a
that his trial attorney had done more to track down New York witnesses, counsel “did not have
endless time, energy, or financial resources.” See Williams, 185 F.3d at 1237.
14

Moreover, Wright’s statements at the evidentiary hearing cast doubt as to whether, even
if Puiatti’s attorney had specifically asked about child abuse, Wright would have been
forthcoming with details of Puiatti’s claimed abuse. Wright testified that, during this
conversation, she “was still in fear of [her] parents because they were around so [she] wasn’t
able to say what [she] really wanted to tell them about the abuse that [Puiatti] and [she] had
suffered.”
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reasonable attorney to believe that Puiatti was physically abused by his own
parents, especially given that Puiatti himself said he came from a loving and
supportive family.
Puiatti also argues that the basic fact that he abused substances on a daily
basis beginning at the early age of 13 should have alerted counsel that Puiatti was
abused by his parents, but, as the district court observed “[t]here are innumerable
reasons why certain individuals develop addictions to drugs.” Although Puiatti’s
experts, Drs. Olander and Greenberg testified that there was likely a link between
Puiatti’s drug abuse and his experiences of childhood abuse, these experts did not
discover the child abuse by way of the drug abuse. Rather, Puiatti told them about
being abused as a child, and then they linked that physical abuse to Puiatti’s
struggles with drugs. In 1984, trial counsel and the trial experts did not enjoy the
same benefit of Puiatti’s candor. Trial counsel cannot be faulted for failing to link
Puiatti’s history of drug abuse with an otherwise-undisclosed history of child
abuse.
Puiatti stresses Dr. Meadows’s statement to trial counsel that Mrs. Puiatti
sometimes “broke spoons” when disciplining her children. Importantly, this
statement did not cause Dr. Meadows, an experienced mental health professional,
to diagnose or even suspect a history of child abuse. As the district court stated,
“[i]t strains credulity to think that not only was trial counsel ineffective as an
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attorney in investigating Puiatti’s background in 1984, but so too were Drs.
Meadow[s] and DelBeato incompetent and unable to evoke pivotal information
regarding Puiatti’s allegedly abusive childhood.”
Puiatti also argues that his altercation with Mr. Puiatti shortly before the
murder should have caused trial counsel to suspect child abuse. This altercation,
however, did not occur when Puiatti was a child. Rather, it occurred in the months
preceding Puiatti’s 1983 crimes, after Puiatti was married, served in the military,
and moved back to the family home and developed depression due to the death of
his infant son. As Mr. and Mrs. Puiatti both testified, the altercation was the result
of Puiatti’s living in the family home, his father suspecting drug usage, and Puiatti
having a negative attitude. We do not believe that this isolated altercation between
two adults (that did not actually result in physical violence beyond shoving) during
an emotionally charged period of both adults’ lives should have suggested to trial
counsel a history of child abuse.
Puiatti’s last supposed “red flag” is Puiatti’s handwritten life history,
specifically Puiatti’s express statement that his parents did not punish him “without
reason.” Puiatti contends that this statement “and its placement in the life history
should have signaled a larger underlying problem of abuse.” But Puiatti’s
statement did not describe what the “punishment” was, much less hint at child
abuse. This is especially so, given various other statements in Puiatti’s life history
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discounted any suggestion of child abuse, including his statements that: (1) his
“childhood was pretty normal”; (2) his parents “insisted [he] go see a counselor”
about his substance abuse; and (3) he “never wanted for anything.” 15
Thus, for all of the reasons explained and considered together, Garrett’s
investigation and presentation of mitigation evidence was not deficient and Puiatti
has not established unreasonable performance of counsel.
D.

Prejudice Prong Principles
Even if we were to conclude that trial counsel’s pre-trial investigation and

presentation of mitigation evidence were ineffective assistance, we still deny the
petition because Puiatti has not carried his burden to establish prejudice.
For prejudice, the standard is whether “there is a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have
been different.” Rose v. McNeil, 634 F.3d 1224, 1241 (11th Cir.), cert. denied,
132 S. Ct. 190 (2011) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068). To
satisfy the prejudice prong, the “likelihood of a different result must be substantial,
not just conceivable.” Harrington, 562 U.S.at —, 131 S. Ct. at 792. “Counsel’s

15

Finally, we reject Puiatti’s contention that trial counsel “misdirected the expert
witnesses,” and prevented Drs. Meadows and DelBeato from independently uncovering evidence
of child abuse. The record fully establishes that this was not the case. Additionally, as the
district court aptly observed, “the pivotal difference between the examinations by Drs. Meadows
and DelBeato in 1984 and the examinations by Drs. Greenberg and Olander in advance of the
2012 evidentiary hearing [in the § 2254 case] is that, while Puiatti concealed or otherwise failed
to mention his allegedly abusive upbringing during the 1984 examinations, he freely offered
details of abuse during the 2012 examinations.”
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errors must be so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose
result is reliable.” Id. at 787–88 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
Because Puiatti alleges ineffective assistance in the penalty phase, he must
show that “there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the sentencer
would have concluded that the balance of aggravating and mitigating
circumstances did not warrant death.” Rose, 634 F.3d at 1241–42 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). In assessing prejudice, “we consider the
totality of the available mitigation evidence—both that adduced at trial, and the
evidence adduced in the habeas proceeding—and reweigh it against the evidence in
aggravation.” Porter v. McCollum, 558 U.S. 30, 41, 130 S. Ct. 447, 453–54 (2009)
(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted); see also Wong v. Belmontes, 558
U.S. 15, 26, 130 S. Ct. 383, 390 (2009) (“[T]he reviewing court must consider all
the evidence—the good and the bad—when evaluating prejudice.”).
E.

Puiatti’s Prejudice Claim
Puiatti’s prejudice claim fails for several reasons. First, even accepting the

new child abuse evidence as true, it is not certain or even likely that this evidence
would have caused the jury to make a different recommendation or the state trial
court in Puiatti’s case to find a statutory or non-statutory mitigating circumstance
at all. It is undisputed that Puiatti’s childhood was not depraved and impoverished.
We do recognize, however, that Puiatti presented evidence that he was: (1)
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physically abused by his father and mother, sometimes with objects like wooden
spoons, and sometimes without provocation; (2) verbally abused by his father, who
compared him negatively to his sister; (3) worked with his father and observed his
father cheat customers; and (4) had a mother who was abused by Puiatti’s father
and let men inside the family home, while locking her children outside in the rain.
Nevertheless, Puiatti came from a working class family who made various attempts
to support him. For example, Puiatti’s parents obtained counseling for him when
he developed a drug problem. They allowed him to return home after he left the
military. When Puiatti entered into a marriage, against his mother’s advice, Mrs.
Puiatti did all she could to support the young couple. 16
Of course, childhood abuse evidence can be mitigating during a capital
sentencing proceeding. See, e.g., Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 516–17, 123 S. Ct. at
2523–33; Ferrell, 640 F.3d at 1239–41. Although Puiatti’s childhood was far from
ideal, the record does not establish that the jury or the state trial court here would
have necessarily found it a mitigating factor or a strong one at that.
Second, even if we assume that Puiatti’s new evidence would have
established a mitigating factor, we conclude that there is no reasonable probability
16

The possibility that the sentencing court might not have found the type of child abuse
evidence in Puiatti’s case to be a mitigating factor is enhanced here by the fact that the same
court heard a wealth of good family and potential rehabilitation evidence but did not find a nonstatutory mitigating circumstance based on that evidence actually presented, although that
evidence was at least as compelling as the child abuse evidence Puiatti wishes counsel had
presented.
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that the state trial judge would have found that this mitigating evidence outweighed
the undisputed aggravating circumstances. There is no dispute that, even if trial
counsel had presented the evidence of child abuse, the trial court would have still
found the three aggravating circumstances: (1) that Puiatti’s offense was
committed during flight or to avoid arrest; (2) that it was committed for pecuniary
gain; and (3) that it was committed in a “cold, calculated, and premeditated
manner.”
The trial court gave significant weight to the “cold, calculated, and
premeditated” circumstance. In its post-sentencing statement of reasons, the trial
court stated: “[i]t would be difficult to imagine a more cold, calculated or
premeditated killing.” And the “cold, calculated, and premeditated” aggravator is
one of “the most serious aggravators set out in the statutory sentencing scheme.”
Ponticelli v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 690 F.3d 1271, 1300 (11th Cir. 2012)
(citing Larkins v. State, 739 So. 2d 90, 95 (Fla. 1999)).
This Court has previously determined in cases like this one involving brutal
murders where a sentencing court found three aggravating factors, that new
mitigating evidence did not create a “reasonable probability” of a different
outcome. See Wood v. Allen, 542 F.3d 1281, 1313 (11th Cir. 2008); Callahan v.
Campbell, 427 F.3d 897, 938 (11th Cir. 2005). In Wood, this Court rejected the
§ 2254 petitioner’s claim that evidence of his limited mental capacity would have
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led to a reasonable probability of a different outcome, when the sentencing judge
stated that the three aggravating factors “far outweighed the mitigating
circumstances in all regards.” Wood, 542 F.3d at 1313 (internal quotation marks
and alterations omitted). 17 Likewise, in Callahan, we held that a § 2254 petitioner
did not establish prejudice based on counsel’s failure to offer mitigating evidence
of child abuse when the sentencing court found three aggravating factors and there
was “overwhelming evidence” that Callahan had “kidnapped, raped and murdered”
his victim. Callahan, 427 F.3d at 938.18 We noted “the burden a defendant faces
when trying to overcome . . . harsh aggravating factors with mitigating evidence.”
Id. The conclusion that Puiatti cannot overcome this burden is even stronger here
than in Wood or Callahan, as those cases did not involve a finding of a “cold,
calculated, and premeditated” circumstance (or a similar factor) like the trial court
found in this case.19

17

In Wood, the three aggravating factors the Alabama trial court found were: “(1) Wood
murdered [the victim] during a burglary; (2) Wood had a prior violent felony conviction; and (3)
Wood murdered [the victim] while on parole.” Wood, 542 F.3d at 1313.
18

In Callahan, the Alabama trial court found the following aggravating factors: (1) “the
crime was committed while Callahan was under sentence of imprisonment”; (2) “the defendant
had previously been convicted of a crime of violence”; and (3) “the murder was committed
during a kidnapping.” Callahan, 427 F.3d at 938.
19

Although Callahan and Wood both involved Alabama’s death penalty statute, we note
that the Alabama courts in those cases could have found, but did not, the following aggravating
circumstance: “The capital offense was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel compared to other
capital offenses.” Ala. Code 13A-5-49(8).
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There is more though. If we remanded this case for a new penalty trial, the
sentencing court might find not just three aggravating circumstances, but others.
In 1984, the State agreed not to introduce evidence about the crimes Puiatti
committed the day before he killed Ritchie, which resulted in convictions for
attempted first degree murder, kidnapping, and armed robbery. In a new penalty
phase trial, the State would not be bound by that 1984 stipulation. In fact, the State
assures us that its case in aggravation “would include the prior violent felony
aggravator for Puiatti’s [other] convictions.” See Fla. Stat. § 921.141(5)(b) (listing
as an aggravating circumstance “[t]he defendant was previously convicted of
another capital felony or of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the
person”).
Not only would the evidence about the prior attempted murder come up in
the State’s post-remand aggravation case, it would also be relevant to rebutting the
new child abuse evidence Puiatti now wishes to present. When Puiatti’s new
mental health expert, Dr. Greenberg, was cross-examined during the 2012
evidentiary hearing, he admitted that Puiatti had a high psychopathic deviant score.
He also acknowledged that research shows that high scorers on this the
psychopathic deviant test tend to engage in “asocial and antisocial acts including
lying, cheating, stealing, sexual acting out and excessive use of alcohol and /or
other drugs.” Dr. Greenberg conceded that Puiatti engaged in antisocial acts
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consistent with what one would expect from a high scorer on the test. Among the
acts that Dr. Greenberg acknowledged were consistent with Puiatti’s score on the
psychopathic deviant test were: (1) the attempted murder and armed robbery that
Puiatti and Glock committed the day before they murdered Ritchie; (2) Puiatti’s
attempts to smuggle drugs while on death row; and (3) Puiatti’s placing personal
advertisements on the internet, in violation of prison rules.
If Dr. Greenberg were to testify at new penalty phase trial, a similar crossexamination would occur. The high score on the psychopathic deviant test, by
itself, would hurt Puiatti’s case because it is damaging not mitigating. See
DeYoung, 609 F.3d at1288 (noting that personality disorders involving antisocial
traits “have been found not to be mitigating”); Cummings v. Sec’y for Dep’t of
Corr., 588 F.3d 1331, 1368 (11th Cir. 2009) (noting that “a diagnosis of antisocial
personality disorder . . . is not mitigating but damaging”); Parker v. Sec’y for Dep’t
of Corr., 331 F.3d 764, 788 (11th Cir. 2003) (concluding that “jury might not
consider mitigating” clinical diagnosis that § 2254 petitioner “was antisocial and a
sociopath”); see also Looney v. State, 941 So. 2d 1017, 1028–29 (Fla. 2006)
(stating “a diagnosis as a psychopath is a mental health factor viewed negatively by
jurors and is not really considered mitigation”). 20

20

We acknowledge that Dr. Greenberg did not necessarily diagnose Puiatti as a
psychopath. However, in light of the extensive discussion of common characteristics of high
scorers on the psychopathic deviant scale and how Puiatti’s actions fit with the description of
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Furthermore, the exhaustive discussion of how Puiatti’s behavior was
consistent with his high score on the psychopathic deviant test would cripple
Puiatti’s mitigation presentation. As this Court has noted, a § 2254 petitioner
cannot establish prejudice when there is a “virtual certainty” that the “‘good’
mitigation evidence” that the petitioner wishes was presented “would have led to
the introduction of ‘bad’ evidence.” Reed v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 593 F.3d
1217, 1246 (11th Cir. 2010) (petitioner could not establish prejudice based on
failure to offer testimony about his family background, when the State “assuredly
would have brought out that Reed assaulted his own grandmother and threatened
his brother’s wife”); see also Pooler, 702 F.3d at 1275 (“Much of the 3.850
evidence Pooler claims his trial counsel . . . should have presented in the penalty
phase was not mitigating but aggravating, or else would have opened the door to
the introduction of aggravating evidence that would have diluted its impact.”);
Windom v. Sec’y Dep’t of Corr., 578 F.3d 1227, 1251 (11th Cir. 2009) (“[A]ny
potential benefit to be gained by presenting the relatively weak mitigating evidence
in Windom’s case would have been severely undercut by rebuttal evidence of his
own misconduct, specifically, his involvement in a large-scale drug-dealing
operation.”); Wood, 542 F.3d at 1311–12 (holding that had counsel introduced

high scorers, it is unlikely that a sentencer would give weight to any difference between a formal
diagnosis as a psychopath and a high score on the psychopathic deviant test. And assuredly the
State this time would have more expert testimony too.
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evidence of § 2254 petitioner’s “limited intellectual functioning and special
education classes,” that evidence would have opened the door, inter alia, to an
expert’s report containing harmful information, including the petitioner’s long
criminal history and details about his crime); Gaskin v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 494
F.3d 997, 1004 (11th Cir. 2007) (§ 2254 petitioner alleging deficient investigation
for mitigating evidence could not establish prejudice when “the fact remains that
further investigation and further evidence would have opened the door to damaging
personal history evidence”); Robinson v. Moore, 300 F.3d 1320, 1350 (11th Cir.
2002) (§ 2254 petitioner alleging deficient investigation for mitigating evidence
could not establish prejudice when new mitigating evidence about petitioner’s
“loving relationships with women” would have opened the door to evidence that
“five days after murdering and raping [the victim], Robinson allegedly raped and
robbed another woman . . . in similar circumstances”).
Not only does our precedent doom Puiatti’s claim, the Supreme Court’s
recent decision in Wong v. Belmontes makes clear that a “‘more-evidence-isbetter’ approach,” like the one Puiatti advocates, is not always the best strategy for
capital counsel. 558 U.S. at 25, 130 S. Ct. at 389. There, Belmontes argued that
his counsel at his murder trial should have, inter alia, offered expert testimony
about Belmontes’s mental state at the time of his crime. Id. at 23–24, 130 S. Ct. at
388–89. The Supreme Court determined that, had Belmontes’s attorney introduced
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expert testimony that attempted to “explain [Belmontes’s] behavior, or put[] it in
some favorable context,” id. at 24, 130 S. Ct. at 389, the expert would have been
cross-examined regarding another murder about which there was strong evidence
Belmontes committed. Id. at 17, 25, 130 S. Ct. at 389. The Supreme Court
declined to find prejudice because “[a] heavyhanded case to portray Belmontes in
the best possible light, with or without experts, would have invited the strongest
possible evidence in rebuttal—the evidence that Belmontes was responsible for not
one but two murders.” Id. at 25, 130 S. Ct. at 389.
Similarly here, a “heavyhanded case” to portray Puiatti as a sympathetic
victim of his parents’ abuse would have invited harmful and compelling rebuttal
evidence. The State would have mounted a strong rebuttal case to show that
Puiatti’s murder of Ritchie was not the result of abuse inflicted upon him as a
child. Rather, the murder was consistent with a pattern of antisocial behavior that
Puiatti had been engaging in throughout his life and which was suggested by
psychological test scores.
This is not a case where the value of the mitigating evidence is so strong that
it gives rise to a reasonable probability of a different outcome, notwithstanding the
aggravating circumstances actually found, or that would be found on remand. For
example, in Wiggins, the petitioner’s mother “frequently left Wiggins and his
siblings home alone for days, forcing them to beg for food and to eat paint chips
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and garbage.” 539 U.S. at 516–17, 123 S. Ct. at 2532–33. She also beat her
children for breaking into the family’s locked kitchen and “had sex with men while
her children slept in the same bed.” Id., 123 S. Ct. at 2533. In one instance, his
mother “forced [Wiggins’s] hand against a hot stove burner” resulting in Wiggins’s
hospitalization. Id. at 517, 123 S. Ct. at 2533. Additionally, Wiggins’s foster
father and siblings molested and raped him. Id., 123 S. Ct. at 2533. As an adult,
Wiggins was raped by a supervisor at his job. Id., 123 S. Ct. at 2533. The
Supreme Court concluded that this evidence created a reasonable probability of a
different outcome, stressing that “Wiggins does not have a record of violent
conduct that could have been introduced by the State to offset the powerful
mitigating narrative.” Id. at 537, 123 S. Ct. at 2543. Not only is Puiatti’s child
abuse evidence not as powerful, but Puiatti, unlike Wiggins, does have a record of
violent conduct that could be used to offset the child abuse evidence. See id.
Puiatti contends that the child abuse evidence would have not only been
mitigating in and of itself, but that it also would have caused the trial court to find
other non-statutory mitigating circumstances, like a history of drug abuse.
However, both the jury and the state trial court were well-versed in Puiatti’s
struggles with drugs. Various explanations were offered for Puiatti’s development
of a drug addiction, including: Puiatti’s hanging out with the wrong crowd, the
family’s financial difficulties, and Puiatti’s inability to become a basketball player.
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In fact, his attorney made Puiatti’s drug addiction a central aspect of her closing
argument, noting “the vicious circle that he was caught in using drugs.” An
additional explanation for why Puiatti was addicted to drugs would have been
cumulative and would not necessarily have established the finding of a nonstatutory mitigating factor. See Rhode v. Hall, 582 F.3d 1273, 1287 (11th Cir.
2009) (“At best, the evidence would have been cumulative, providing more
information about [the petitioner’s] . . . early exposure to drugs and alcohol.”).
Puiatti’s crime was particularly egregious. The district court described the
heinous nature of the crime, stating: “The defendants in this case shot Mrs. Ritchie,
started to drive away, and then, noting she was not yet dead, turned the car around
not once, but twice, to drive back to where Mrs. Ritchie was standing—bloodied
and defenseless—and to execute her.” The district court went on: “Each time
Puiatti and Glock drove off they had the chance to leave her be. Instead, both
times they returned and shot her again, in order to ensure that the life was snuffed
out of her.”
In the face of such a gruesome crime, Puiatti’s attorney made extensive
efforts to establish mitigating circumstances. She was unsuccessful. Puiatti now
wishes his attorney had uncovered and presented mitigating evidence wholly
different than the information presented at trial. However, the mitigating evidence
that Puiatti wishes his counsel had presented would have opened the door to
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additional negative information about Puiatti. The damning effect of this new
evidence would have blunted any mitigating effect that the child abuse evidence
could have had. Therefore, no reasonable probability exists that the trial court
would have spared Puiatti’s life even if it had known of his traumatic childhood.
X. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the district court’s denial of
Puiatti’s § 2254 petition.
AFFIRMED.

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MARTIN, Circuit Judge, specially concurring:
I agree that the District Court’s judgment should be affirmed but I concur
only in the result reached by the Majority opinion.

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