United States of America v. C.R.
Filing
OPINION, Concurring, by judge RDS, FILED.[1051566] [11-2826]
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11‐2826‐cr
United States v. Reingold
SACK, Circuit Judge, concurring.
I am in full agreement with the judgment of the Court. I write only to
express my concern about parts of section 2.A of the majority opinion.
I would have much preferred that the majority confine itself to a more
narrow and straightforward analysis of the gravity‐of‐the‐offense aspect of the
Eighth Amendment inquiry. That analysis is already fully included as part of the
section with which I take issue, as follows:
Starting with the gravity of the offense at issue, there can be no
question that the dissemination of child pornography is a serious
crime that causes real injury to particularly vulnerable victims. As
Congress, courts and scholars all[1] recognize, child pornography
crimes at their core demand the sexual exploitation and abuse of
children. Not only are children seriously harmed – physically,
emotionally, and mentally – in the process of producing such
pornography, but that harm is then exacerbated by the circulation,
often for years after the fact, of a graphic record of the childʹs
exploitation and abuse. See New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 757‐59 &
nn.9‐10 (1982) (citing congressional and scholarly reports, and court
cases).[2]
1
I might have said ʺmany scholarsʺ on the theory that one is likely to find
a scholar who disagrees with nearly any point of view.
2
The victimsʹ statements in this case, which are set forth at length in the
district courtʹs opinion, powerfully illustrate the nature and severity of their
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* * *
[P]recisely because the prevention of such exploitation and abuse is
ʺa government objective of surpassing importance,ʺ New York v.
Ferber, 458 U.S. at 757; see id., at 756‐57 (ʺIt is evident beyond the
need for elaboration that a Stateʹs interest in safeguarding the
physical and psychological well‐being of a minor is compelling.ʺ
(internal quotation marks omitted)), we cannot view the distribution
of child pornography, however accomplished, as anything but a
serious crime that threatens real, and frequently violent, harm to
vulnerable victims, cf. Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. [957] at 1002‐03
(1991) (Kennedy, J., concurring) (observing that characterization of
drug possession with internet to distribute as a ʺnonviolent and
victimlessʺ crime ʺis false to the point of absurdityʺ given ʺpernicious
effectsʺ of drug use).
Maj. op. at [23, 25].
Perhaps we cannot conclude from that excerpt alone that the sentence in
this case was ʺfairʺ – but that issue is simply not posed by this Eighth
Amendment inquiry. It seems to me, though, that the language does answer
clearly and completely the legal question that is before the Court: Whether this is
the ʺrare caseʺ in which the comparison between crime and punishment leads ʺto
an inference of gross disproportionality.ʺ See Graham v. Florida, 130 S. Ct. 2011,
2022 (2010) (quoting Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 1005 (1991) (Kennedy, J.,
concurring in part and concurring in the judgment in part). It is not. And, that
injuries resulting from the receipt and dissemination of the material at issue. See
United States v. C.R., 792 F.Supp. 2d 343, 378‐404 (E.D.N.Y. 2011).
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question having been answered, I think the majority should have stopped there,
and proceeded to the other legal issues that have been raised.
Instead, the majorityʹs opinion includes graphic descriptions of one of the
pornographic images in evidence, id. at 23‐24, and discusses the effect on child
pornography of the ʺrecent digital revolution,ʺ id. at 24‐25; explains what it views
as the irrelevance of ʺReingoldʹs professed . . . principal interest in receiving
rather than distributing child pornography,ʺ id. at 25; describes the nature of
ʺGigaTribeʺ and the defendantʹs interaction with it, id. at 26; and makes reference
to the defendant’s sexual molestation of his minor half‐sister,3 id. at 26‐27.
These may be interesting observations, but are they necessary to the
resolution of this appeal? I hardly think so. Suppose the facts were to the
contrary. Suppose the pornographic images were somewhat less graphic than
the one described; that they were received and distributed as photographs (as
pornographic material was in Ferber) and not electronically through file sharing
on the Internet; that Reingold did not allege that his principal interest was in
receiving and not distributing the pornographic images; and that he never ever
so much as touched a female human being other than his mother. Are we to
3
That is the characterization used by the government. Gov. Br. at 6.
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believe that on any such or vaguely similar facts and in light of the law reflected
in the two paragraphs of its opinion set forth in haec verba above, the majority
could or would have decided that a five year sentence here did constitute ʺcruel
and unusual punishmentʺ?
I don’t think so. And, assuming I am correct, the verbiage to which I take
exception is unnecessary to the consideration and resolution of this case. I would
therefore have omitted it.
The omission would not be based on any general view on my part that a
judge must be averse to saying more in an opinion than is strictly necessary. I do
not think so.4 But to borrow a phrase from death‐penalty cases and twist it, child
pornography is different.5 Focusing on subjects that are associated with our most
powerful taboos, these cases evoke uniquely strong, if differing, emotional,
4
Even if we were to characterize these additional statements as dicta, our
colleague Judge Leval was surely right when he wrote: ʺ[D]ictum can serve
useful purposes. We have no need to purge dictum from our opinions and we
shouldnʹt be embarrassed by its presence.ʺ Pierre N. Leval, Judging Under the
Constitution: Dicta About Dicta, 81 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1249, 1282 (2006).
5
Cf. Harmelin, 501 U.S. at 994 (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and
concurring in the judgment in part) (ʺProportionality review is one of several
respects in which we have held that ʹdeath is differentʹ . . . .ʺ)
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moral, and cultural6 reactions from judges, necessarily based on the differing
beliefs, values, sensitivities, and life experiences of those judges.7
I have no doubt that there are appeals in such cases which require the
reviewing court to engage in a carefully, even painfully, detailed analysis of the
child pornography and abuse at issue. This is not one of them. And when we go
beyond what is necessary to resolve this sort of case, by setting forth in
unnecessary or irrelevant detail the circumstances or other aspects of the crime,
we risk the appearance of explicitly or implicitly voicing our moral indignation
rather than exercising our legal judgment, which is of course our only charge.
I would have preferred then, as I have said, for the majority opinion to
have hewed more rigorously to the line of legal inquiry in the matter before us.
* * *
6
See generally, e.g. Amy Adler, The Perverse Law of Child Pornography, 101
Colum. L. Rev. 209 (2001); see also id. at 211 (referring to ʺchild pornography law .
. . [as] caught up in a cultural maelstromʺ).
7
This not a criticism; it is an observation. And the issues I perceive are hardly
unique to the legal arena, as illustrated by a recent film review in The New York Times,
which begins: "Violence against children strikes most people as a uniquely terrible
phenomenon, which may be why filmmakers are so fond of it." A.O. Scott, After Two
Children Vanish, Agony Begets Recklessness, N.Y. Times, September 20, 2013, p. C 12.
It should be obvious in any event that I am not suggesting that the majority's judgment
was compromised by the nature of the case or any personal reaction to it – after all, I
agree with the judgment of the Court.
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I also concur with the majority as to the use of Reingoldʹs name in the
caption of this case. Whether I would do so were his name not already on the
record, I am not quite sure. Although I am of the general view that the more
about an appeal that is public the better, including of course the names of the
parties, the dissection of Reingoldʹs mental condition and the nature of his
behavior is set forth in such unusually meticulous detail in the district courtʹs
lengthy opinion that I can understand that courtʹs decision to identify him by his
initials only. But the fact that his name is not only available in the files of the
district court and this court, it can also be found on‐line using Google – attributed
on the website to Reuters – seems to me to make the decision much easier. See
http://www.caringforourchildrenfoundation.org/?p=8932 (last visited Sept. 20,
2013).
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