United States of America v. Freeman
Filing
AMENDED OPINION, Dissenting, by Judge Wesley, FILED.[1086594] [12-2233]
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WESLEY, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
I join in full Parts I and II‐A of the majority opinion, but dissent as to the
anonymity of the 911 caller. In light of the circumstances surrounding the police
dispatch, I believe the officers reasonably relied on the call and that they had
reasonable suspicion to stop Freeman.1
The question of “true anonymity” plays a key role in evaluating the
reliability of 911 calls after Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266 (2000). J.L., 529 U.S. at 275‐
76 (Kennedy, J., concurring). While 911 calls were frequently recorded and 911
operators had caller ID in 2000, none of this information was in the record in J.L..
Id. Noting that “[i]t is unlawful to make false reports to the police,” Justice
Kennedy wrote that features that facilitate “the ability of the police to trace the
identity of anonymous telephone informants” could compromise the “true
anonymity” of 911 calls. Id. at 276. However, in that case “[t]he record d[id] not
show whether some notation or other documentation of the call was made either
by a voice recording or tracing the call to a telephone number.” Id. at 275. Had \
1
The Majority’s strong rebuke of the government’s untenable position that even
as he was detained in a “bear hug” Freeman had not been “stopped” is entirely
justified. Opinion 7.
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this information been in the record, Justice Kennedy surmised, the call might
have been less “truly anonymous” and therefore more reliable.
The Majority requires the government to confirm that it could track down
the tipster and hold her accountable for inaccurate tips before officers in the field
can stop a crime reported in the tip. Opinion 11. Here the officers could have
logically (and accurately) assumed that the 911 call was recorded. Indeed the
record strongly suggests that everyone to address this case prior to the Majority’s
game‐changing view took the police officers’ knowledge of this routine practice
for granted. The calls were recorded. In fact, the record contains the calls
themselves. Nevertheless, the Majority asks the government to prove that the
caller knew that her call was recorded or that she could otherwise be tracked
down.2 To prove this, the Majority would have the government hunt down the
2
Although the opinion does not articulate the links, when it asks for the
government to prove that “relevant technological capacities . . . enhanced reliability in
th[is] particular instance,” it means that the government must demonstrate not only that
the officers knew that a call was recorded, but that the caller knew. Opinion at 13.
Without introducing into evidence the caller’s specific knowledge that she could be
tracked down, the government could not prove “whether the consequences for false
reporting at all influenced this caller to tell the truth.” Opinion at 12. Presumably the
most relevant inquiry would be whether the officers were informed that the caller knew
that she could be tracked down if she lied. For obvious reasons this will be impossible
to prove in every case.
2
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citizen tipster who accurately reported an ongoing crime while hoping to remain
anonymous, merely to secure her testimony that she knew that she could be
tracked down. Nothing in J.L. or any subsequent case from the Supreme Court
requires that.
The Majority further suggests that the widespread existence of cellular
telephones3 makes callers more anonymous, based on the use of cellular towers
rather than land lines and the prospect of calls’ coming from disposable phones.
Opinion 12. Nothing in the record or in the public domain supports this self‐
serving conclusion. Indeed, other courts have held the precise opposite. See, e.g.,
Com. v. Costa, 448 Mass. 510, 517‐18 (2007). In Costa, as here, the caller declined to
leave her name when asked. Id. at 517. As here, the caller was aware of the fact
that the call was recorded and her number observed. Id. The caller was on a cell
phone with a line of sight on the defendant. Id. The Massachusetts high court
concluded that the facts in Costa were “materially different” from J.L. Id. at 518.
3
In reality, when J.L. was decided in 2000, “[w]ireless subscribership in America
exceed[ed] 100 million, totaling approximately 38% of the U.S. population.” CTIA,
History of Wireless Communications, available at
http://www.ctia.org/advocacy/research/index.cfm/AID/10392 (accessed August 26,
2013). Admittedly, well over 300 million people now use cell phones in the United
States. Id. However, it is reasonable to believe that Justice Kennedy was aware of the
rising popularity of cell phones when he penned his concurrence about technology’s
role in decreasing “true anonymity.” J.L., 529 U.S. at 275.
3
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Here, the police officers who made the reasonable suspicion determination
were confronted with multiple recorded phone calls from a woman who
provided accurate descriptive information and a discernible call‐back number4
that yielded a voicemail message. This is not a case where a stranger in a muffled
voice made a call from a payphone, or where someone dropped off an
anonymous note. The officers reasonably presumed that the caller could be
identified. They requested that the dispatcher call the tipster back to verify
whether she actually saw a gun; the dispatcher in fact did call back on the officer’s
request, albeit to no avail.5 The officers’ belief – the relevant focus in a reasonable
suspicion inquiry – was that the tipster was a reachable individual, tied to a
particular phone number and location.6 “The reasonableness of official suspicion
4
This fact suggests that the caller did not employ a device to disguise her
number, such as dialing *67 before placing a phone call.
5
Although the Majority asserts that the caller “could not be reached back via
phone by the 911 operator,” Opinion at 13, the record supports only the conclusion that
the caller could not be reached by the police dispatcher. I find it odd that the Majority
believes that the officers’ repeated requests for the dispatcher to call the tipster back – a
request they would not have made had they believed the tipster to be unreachable –
indicate that the officers believed the tipster to be unreachable. You can only call
someone back if you have her number.
6
Although the dispatcher did not explicitly state that she had the caller’s name,
she also did not explicitly state that the caller was anonymous. The record does not
reflect whether the caller’s voicemail recording contained her name.
4
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must be measured by what the officers knew before they conducted their search.”
J.L., 529 U.S. at 271.
In Copening, the Tenth Circuit distinguished the anonymous calls in that
case from those in J.L., starting with the fact that, although “the caller declined to
provide his name, he called 911 from an unblocked telephone number.” United
States v. Copening, 506 F.3d 1241, 1247 (10th Cir. 2007). The court noted that the
“caller should have expected that 911 dispatch tracks incoming calls and that the
originating phone number could be used to investigate the callerʹs identity.” Id.
The panel also noted that the caller provided very detailed information in more
than one call. Id. All of these factors are present here. Furthermore, the existence
of voicemail alone belies the Majority’s assertion that this call was “as
anonymous as a call placed from a public pay phone,” Opinion 10, regardless of
whether the voicemail was associated with a permanent or a prepaid cellular
phone.
Finally, even if the Majority were able to establish that we should analyze
this case as though the caller used a prepaid cell phone, these disposable phones
may not be quite as anonymous as the Majority believes. For example, as most
law enforcement investigators likely know, the government can request from a
5
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cell phone company other calls made from the number of the disposable phone
that was identified as the caller; the government can then ascertain the caller’s
identity from the not‐so‐anonymous caller’s other interlocutors. “While it is
possible that the caller was using a borrowed cell phone or a prepaid cell phone
to which she may not have been directly traceable, she would be potentially
identifiable through the owner of the cell phone.” Costa, 448 Mass. at 517 n.11.7
Perhaps the government would have produced information on the arresting
officers’ awareness of this methodology on the record if Freeman had suggested
that the tipster called (or could have called) from a disposable cell phone. He did
not. This is an invention of the Majority’s imagination.
Not only does the Majority analyze reasonable suspicion as though the
record supported the possibility that the caller used a prepaid cellular phone ‐ an
assumption for which the record offers no support ‐ but it analyzes such
suspicion as though the police officers in the midst of the “gun run” had reflected
on the possibility that the caller was using such a phone. The Majority second‐
guesses the reasonable suspicions of officers who knew the sex, phone number,
7
Lists of call patterns may be used to trace the owners of prepaid cellular phones
as a standard law enforcement technique. See, e.g., Joint Appendix at 192‐97, United
States v. Warren, ‐‐ F. App’x ‐‐‐, 2013 WL 5340407 (2d Cir. 2013), ECF No. 61.
6
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line of sight, and geographical location of a caller. These officers, in the midst of
a “gun run,” were informed that a woman called, twice, describing the suspect in
detailed particularity and asserting that he had a firearm. The Majority’s analysis
does a disservice to the officers who separated a felon from his gun, to the helpful
citizen who called 911 repeatedly to ensure that an explosive situation was
defused, and to Fourth Amendment jurisprudence in general. The officers had
more evidence than was necessary to believe that Freeman in particular was
committing an ongoing crime that carried a significant likelihood of impending
violence.8 I therefore dissent.
8
Given the changes in the communications industry and 911 call centers, one
would hope that the Supreme Court will enter the post‐J.L. world and give the circuits
further guidance in this troubling and exceptionally important area of Fourth
Amendment jurisprudence.
7
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