Dorsett v. County of Nassau et al
Filing
OPINION, Concurring, by judge RJL, FILED.[1047859] [12-2731]
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LOHIER, Circuit Judge, concurring:
Based on the record in this case, I conclude that the IAU Report prepared
by the police department’s internal investigation unit is a judicial document
entitled to a presumption of public access. Even so, the balance of interests
counsels in favor of keeping the Report sealed.
Here, the parties offered to submit the Report to the District Court for its
review; indeed, the Report was already part of the record in connection with
obtaining the protective order. Joint App’x 374‐75, 390. But the District Court
decided instead to have a witness testify about the contents of the Report. In my
view, the court’s efforts were not enough to transform the Report into something
other than a judicial document, which we have variously described as an item
that “must be relevant to the performance of the judicial function and useful in
the judicial process,” United States v. Amodeo, 44 F.3d 141, 145 (2d Cir. 1995)
(“Amodeo I”), or the contents of which are central to the court’s determination of
a party’s “substantive legal rights,” United States v. Amodeo, 71 F.3d 1044, 1049
(2d Cir. 1995) (“Amodeo II”); Lugosch v. Pyramid Co. of Onondaga, 435 F.3d 110,
121 (2d Cir. 2006). Keeping that description in mind makes it relatively easy for
me to conclude that the Report is a judicial document: although it was never
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filed, its contents were central to the District Court’s determination of Schmitt’s
“substantive legal rights” in the contempt proceeding. See United States v.
Graham, 257 F.3d 143, 151‐53 (2d Cir. 2001) (common law right of access applies
to documents “relevant to the performance of the judicial function and useful in
the judicial process,” regardless of “whether they were formally admitted as
evidence” or filed).
That the District Court never directly reviewed the Report hardly negates
this conclusion, any more than ignoring an elephant in the room eliminates the
elephant. To the contrary, the court’s efforts to avoid “relying” on the Report by
not reading it simply underscore why the Report is a judicial document. During
the contempt proceeding, the parties referenced the Report, while Assistant Chief
Neil Delargy, a significant witness during the hearing, reviewed the Report to
refresh his recollection and then testified about the Report’s contents. In short,
based on Amodeo I and Amodeo II, I have a hard time viewing the proceeding as
adjudicating whether Schmitt’s disclosures were based on the Report without
relying on part of the Report itself to do so. As the majority opinion
acknowledges, “the entire contempt proceeding was, in some sense, about the
Report.” Majority Op. at 24.
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Although, as a judicial document, the Report should have triggered a
presumption of public access, that does not end the story. There remains a
concomitant need to balance competing interests before the Report can be
unsealed. On this point, although the District Court did not engage in this
precise balancing test, I believe we are equipped to engage in it ourselves based
on the developed record. The balance of relevant interests involves, on the one
hand, the public’s interest in having the information it needs to “monitor[] the
federal courts” in their exercise of Article III judicial power, Amodeo II, 71 F.3d at
1049, and, on the other hand, the law enforcement privilege and individual
privacy interests, id. at 1050‐51; Amodeo I, 44 F.3d at 147. Like the majority, I am
persuaded that the public’s interest in scrutinizing the District Court’s contempt
determination is only very minimally furthered by releasing the Report,
particularly since the hearing transcript will now be made public. In this regard I
note that sealed law enforcement reports historically have not been made public
merely to facilitate scrutiny of a judicial determination of whether someone
disclosed their contents in violation of a court’s protective order. See Amodeo II,
77 F.3d at 1050 (“[T]he weight to be accorded to the presumption of access” is
“stronger” for documents that “are usually filed with the court and are generally
available” and weaker where they are “generally under seal.”). I doubt,
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moreover, that the District Court could have meaningfully redacted this
particular Report. See Amodeo II, 71 F.3d at 1052‐53. Because neither
“experience” nor “logic” counsels in favor of publicizing the Report, see Lugosch,
435 F.3d at 120, even though it is a judicial document, I agree that it should
remain sealed and would affirm the District Court’s judgment on that basis.
For this reason I concur in the result.
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