Torres v. Holder
Filing
OPINION, the petition for review is denied, by RDS, RR, DC, FILED.[1299438] [13-2498]
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 1
08/20/2014
1299438
17
13‐2498
Luna Torres v. Holder
1
2
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
3
August Term, 2013
(Argued: May 5, 2014
4
Decided: August 20, 2014)
Docket No. 13‐2498
5
6
7
8
JORGE LUNA TORRES,
Petitioner,
9
v.
10
11
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General of the United States,
Respondent.*
12
13
Before:
SACK, RAGGI, and CHIN, Circuit Judges.
The petitioner, a lawful permanent resident of the United States, was
14
15
convicted of attempted arson in the third degree in violation of New York Penal
16
Law §§ 110 and 150.10. A United States Immigration Judge determined that this
17
conviction was an ʺoffense described inʺ 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) and therefore
18
constituted an ʺaggravated felonyʺ rendering the petitioner ineligible for
19
cancellation of removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act. See 8 U.S.C.
20
§ 1101(a)(43)(E)(i). The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed, rejecting the
21
petitionerʹs argument that the state provision under which he was convicted is
The Clerk of the Court is respectfully directed to amend the caption as set forth
above.
*
1
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 2
08/20/2014
1299438
17
1
not an ʺoffense described inʺ 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) because it lacks a federal
2
jurisdictional element. We conclude that under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural
3
Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984), we must defer to the
4
reasonable determination of the Board of Immigration Appeals that a state law
5
offense need not contain a federal jurisdictional element in order to qualify as an
6
ʺoffense described inʺ 18 U.S.C. § 844(i), and thereby constitute an aggravated
7
felony. The petition is therefore
DENIED.
8
9
10
MATTHEW L. GUADAGNO, New York,
NY, for Petitioner.
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
REBECCA HOFFBERG PHILLIPS, Trial
Attorney (Stuart F. Delery, Assistant
Attorney General; William C. Peachey,
Assistant Director; Brianne Whelan Cohen,
Acting Senior Litigation Counsel, on the
brief), Civil Division, U.S. Department of
Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.
18
SACK, Circuit Judge:
We consider on this appeal whether a conviction under New York Penal
19
20
Law §§ 110 and 150.10 for attempted arson in the third degree constitutes an
21
ʺaggravated felonyʺ under the Immigration and Nationality Act (ʺINAʺ). See 8
22
U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(E)(i). Answering this question requires us to decide whether
23
this state crime, which lacks a federal jurisdictional element, is an ʺoffense
2
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 3
08/20/2014
1299438
17
1
described inʺ 18 U.S.C. § 844(i), the federal statute governing explosive materials
2
offenses, which does contain such an element. Because we defer to the BIAʹs
3
reasonable determination that a state ʺoffense described inʺ 18 U.S.C. § 844(i)
4
need not contain a federal jurisdictional element, we deny the petition.
BACKGROUND
5
Jorge Luna Torres, a native and citizen of the Dominican Republic and a
6
7
lawful permanent resident of the United States, was convicted in 1999 of
8
attempted arson in the third degree in violation of New York Penal Law §§ 110
9
and 150.10. Luna1 was sentenced to one day of imprisonment and five years of
10
probation.
In 2006, Luna sought admission to the United States as a lawful
11
12
permanent resident after a trip abroad. On March 13, 2007, the Immigration and
13
Naturalization Service issued a Notice to Appear charging Luna with
14
inadmissibility as an alien convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude.
Luna applied for cancellation of removal. After a merits hearing, a United
15
16
States Immigration Judge (ʺIJʺ) found Luna removable as charged, a conclusion
17
which Luna does not challenge before this Court. Relying on Matter of Bautista,
Although the removal proceedings employ the petitionerʹs full name, Jorge Luna
Torres, he refers to himself as Jorge Luna. We follow his preference here.
1
3
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 4
08/20/2014
1299438
17
1
25 I. & N. Dec. 616 (BIA 2011), overruled by Bautista v. Attorney Gen., 744 F.3d 54
2
(3d Cir. 2014), the IJ also found Luna ineligible for cancellation of removal as a
3
permanent resident convicted of an aggravated felony, see 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a)(3).
4
In Matter of Bautista, the Board of Immigration Appeals (ʺBIAʺ) had concluded
5
that a conviction under the same provision of the New York Penal Law
6
constitutes an aggravated felony under section 101(a)(43)(E)(i) of the INA as an
7
ʺoffense described inʺ 18 U.S.C. § 844(i). Matter of Bautista, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 618–
8
20; see 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(E)(i) (codifying INA § 101(a)(43)(E)(i)).
Luna appealed the denial of cancellation to the BIA. He argued that the
9
10
agency should reconsider Matter of Bautista and that, if it did not, the decision
11
should not be applied retroactively to his case. The BIA dismissed Lunaʹs
12
appeal, declining to reconsider Matter of Bautista and concluding that its effect
13
was not impermissibly retroactive. Luna timely petitioned this Court for review,
14
repeating both of these arguments.
After briefing but before oral argument in Lunaʹs appeal, the Third Circuit
15
16
vacated the BIAʹs ruling in Matter of Bautista, concluding that the New York
17
arson statute did not qualify as an aggravated felony because it lacked the
18
federal jurisdictional element. Bautista v. Attorney Gen., 744 F.3d 54, 56 (3d Cir.
4
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 5
08/20/2014
1299438
17
1
2014). The Third Circuitʹs decision conflicts with interpretations by the Fifth,
2
Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits of 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)ʹs ʺoffense described
3
inʺ language. See Spacek v. Holder, 688 F.3d 536 (8th Cir. 2012) (interpreting
4
8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(J), relating to racketeering offenses); Nieto Hernandez v.
5
Holder, 592 F.3d 681 (5th Cir. 2009) (interpreting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii),
6
relating to firearms offenses); Negrete‐Rodriguez v. Mukasey, 518 F.3d 497 (7th Cir.
7
2008) (same); United States v. Castillo‐Rivera, 244 F.3d 1020 (9th Cir. 2001) (same).
8
We therefore requested supplemental briefing, which the parties submitted prior
9
to oral argument.
DISCUSSION
10
I.
11
Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
This Court lacks jurisdiction to review the BIAʹs denial of discretionary
12
13
relief from removal. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii), 1229b(a). But Lunaʹs claim
14
that his conviction is not an aggravated felony rendering him statutorily
15
ineligible for cancellation of removal raises a question of law which we retain
16
jurisdiction to review, id. § 1252(a)(2)(D), and which we evaluate under the
17
principles of deference set forth in Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources
18
Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).
5
Case: 13-2498
II.
1
2
Document: 74
Page: 6
08/20/2014
1299438
17
Whether a Violation of New York Penal Law § 150.10 Constitutes an
Aggravated Felony Under the INA
On appeal, Luna argues that Matter of Bautista was incorrectly decided
3
4
because Congress intended to define as ʺaggravated feloniesʺ only those state
5
law crimes encompassing all elements of the federal statute, including so‐called
6
ʺjurisdictionalʺ elements. Because we defer to the BIAʹs reasonable conclusion to
7
the contrary, we reject this argument.
8
The Statutory Framework
Under the INA, an alien is ineligible for cancellation of removal if he has
9
10
been convicted of an aggravated felony. 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(a)(3). The statute
11
defines the term ʺaggravated felonyʺ by enumerating an extensive catalogue of
12
crimes identified with varying degrees of specificity. See id. § 1101(a)(43). The
13
definitionʹs penultimate sentence also provides that ʺ[t]he term applies to an
14
offense described in this paragraph whether in violation of Federal or State law
15
and applies to such an offense in violation of the law of a foreign country for
16
which the term of imprisonment was completed within the previous 15 years.ʺ
17
Id.
6
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 7
08/20/2014
1299438
17
Among the offenses included under INA § 101(a)(43)ʹs definition is ʺan
1
2
offense described inʺ 18 U.S.C. § 844(i). See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(E)(i). That
3
section in turn provides:
Whoever maliciously damages or destroys, or attempts to damage
or destroy, by means of fire or an explosive, any building, vehicle, or
other real or personal property used in interstate or foreign
commerce or in any activity affecting interstate or foreign commerce
shall be imprisoned for not less than 5 years and not more than 20
years, fined under this title, or both . . . .
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
18 U.S.C. § 844(i). New York Penal Law § 150.10, under which Luna was
12
convicted, provides that ʺ[a] person is guilty of arson in the third degree when he
13
intentionally damages a building or motor vehicle by starting a fire or causing an
14
explosion.ʺ N.Y. Penal Law § 150.10(1). The two statutes are substantially
15
similar except that 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) contains one element—that the property
16
destroyed be ʺused in interstate or foreign commerce or in any activity affecting
17
interstate or foreign commerceʺ—which New York Penal Law § 150.10 lacks.
18
The question this appeal poses is whether the New York provision must include
19
this jurisdictional element in order to qualify as an ʺoffense described inʺ the
20
federal statute.
7
Case: 13-2498
1
Document: 74
Page: 8
08/20/2014
1299438
17
The BIAʹs Decision in Matter of Bautista
The BIA confronted precisely this question in Matter of Bautista. After
2
3
determining that New York Penal Law § 150.10 and 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) are
4
substantially similar except for the jurisdictional element, the BIA concluded that
5
its analysis in Matter of Vasquez‐Muniz, 23 I. & N. Dec. 207 (BIA 2002) (en banc),
6
controlled. Matter of Bautista, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 618‐20.
In Matter of Vasquez‐Muniz, the BIA decided that a conviction under the
7
8
California Penal Code for possession of a firearm by a felon constituted an
9
aggravated felony under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(E)(ii) as an ʺoffense described inʺ
10
18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Matter of Vasquez‐Muniz, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 213. The BIA,
11
sitting en banc, reasoned that a state crime ʺdescribed inʺ a federal crime need not
12
reproduce the federal jurisdictional element. Id. The BIA concluded that the
13
penultimate sentence of section 1101(a)(43), which clarifies that the term
14
ʺaggravated felonyʺ applies to ʺan offense described in this paragraph whether in
15
violation of Federal or State lawʺ or ʺthe law of a foreign country,ʺ expressed a
16
congressional ʺconcern over substantive offenses rather than any concern about
17
the jurisdiction in which they are prosecuted.ʺ Id. at 210 (emphasis added). The
18
BIA also reasoned that, since states rarely include federal jurisdictional language
8
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 9
08/20/2014
1299438
17
1
in their criminal statutes, requiring state crimes to reproduce federal
2
jurisdictional elements in order to constitute aggravated felonies would virtually
3
excise state criminal convictions from the ambit of section 1101(a)(43)(E), despite
4
clear language to the contrary. Id. at 211 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(4)(B)(ii), which
5
refers to aliens ʺin the custody of a Stateʺ pursuant to a final conviction for an
6
offense described in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(E)). The same would be true, the BIA
7
concluded, of foreign offenses. Id. at 211‐12.
Applying this reasoning in Matter of Bautista, the BIA found no distinction
8
9
between the federal jurisdictional element of 18 U.S.C. §§ 844(i) and that of
10
922(g)(1). Matter of Bautista, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 620. The BIA also distinguished
11
the holding of Jones v. United States, 529 U.S. 848 (2000), which emphasized the
12
importance of section 844(i)ʹs federal jurisdictional element, as ʺrelated to the
13
scope of the Federal criminal statute, not the collateral consequences in an
14
immigration case.ʺ Matter of Bautista, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 621. The BIA therefore
15
concluded that a conviction under New York Penal Law §§ 110 and 150.10
16
constituted an aggravated felony rendering an alien ineligible for cancellation of
17
removal. Id. at 622.
9
Case: 13-2498
1
Document: 74
Page: 10
08/20/2014
1299438
17
Our Analysis Under Chevron
2
Chevron requires us to defer to an agencyʹs reasonable interpretation of the
3
statute it administers. Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842‐44; Kar Onn Lee v. Holder, 701 F.3d
4
931, 936 (2d Cir. 2012). We must first ask ʺwhether Congress has directly spoken
5
to the precise question at issue[,] . . . for the court, as well as the agency, must
6
give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress.ʺ Chevron, 467
7
U.S. at 842‐43. ʺ[I]f the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific
8
issue, the question for the court is whether the agencyʹs answer is based on a
9
permissible construction of the statute.ʺ Id. at 843. We must defer to the BIAʹs
10
interpretation of the INA unless it is ʺarbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary
11
to the statute.ʺ Id. at 844.
ʺThe plainness or ambiguity of statutory language is determined by
12
13
reference to the language itself, the specific context in which that language is
14
used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole.ʺ Kar Onn Lee, 701 F.3d at
15
936 (quoting Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 341 (1997)) (internal quotation
16
marks omitted). ʺIn interpreting the statute at issue, we consider not only the
17
bare meaning of the critical word or phrase but also its placement and purpose in
18
the statutory scheme.ʺ Id. (quoting Holloway v. United States, 526 U.S. 1, 6 (1999))
10
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 11
08/20/2014
1299438
17
1
(internal quotation marks omitted). Considering the language of clause
2
1101(a)(43)(E)(i) and its place in paragraph 1101(a)(43) and the INA as whole, we
3
conclude that the statute is ambiguous as to whether a state crime must contain a
4
federal jurisdictional element in order to constitute an aggravated felony.
Section 1101(a)ʹs paragraph 43 identifies crimes that constitute aggravated
5
6
felonies in three ways. Some are indicated in terms of generic offenses or
7
offenses ʺrelating toʺ generic offenses. See, e.g., 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A)
8
(ʺmurder, rape, or sexual abuse of a minorʺ); id. § 1101(a)(43)(S) (ʺan offense
9
relating to obstruction of justice, perjury or subornation of perjury, or bribery of a
10
witnessʺ). Others are referred to as offenses ʺdefined inʺ a particular federal
11
statute. See, e.g., id. § 1101(a)(43)(B) (ʺillicit trafficking in a controlled substance
12
(as defined in section 802 of Title 21), including a drug trafficking crime (as
13
defined in section 924(c) of Title 18)ʺ). And still others are denominated offenses
14
ʺdescribed inʺ a particular federal statute. See, e.g., id. § 1101(a)(43)(E). The
15
provision at issue here belongs in this last category.
Luna contends that, for a state offense to be one that is ʺdescribed inʺ a
16
17
federal statute, the elements of the state and federal crimes, including any
18
jurisdictional elements, must be identical. See Petʹrʹs Br. at 13‐17. The Third
11
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 12
08/20/2014
1299438
17
1
Circuit took a similar approach in rejecting the BIAʹs decision in Matter of
2
Bautista, concluding that state offenses ʺdescribed inʺ a federal statute must
3
reproduce the federal jurisdictional element to constitute aggravated felonies,
4
while offenses ʺdefined inʺ a federal statute need not.2 Bautista, 744 F.3d at 59.
5
We are inclined to disagree. It seems to us, as it did to the Fifth, Seventh,
6
Eighth, and Ninth Circuits, that ʺdescribed inʺ is the broader standard, and that
7
an offense identified in this way need not reproduce the federal jurisdictional
8
element to have immigration consequences. See Castillo‐Rivera, 244 F.3d at 1023
9
(stating that Congress ʺʹhad to use some looser standard such as ʺdescribed inʺ
10
rather than the more precise standard of ʺdefined in,ʺ if it wanted more than a
11
negligible number of state offenses to count as aggravated feloniesʹʺ); Negrete‐
12
Rodriguez, 518 F.3d at 502, 503 (discussing Castillo‐Riveraʹs distinction between
13
ʺdescribed inʺ and ʺdefined inʺ and rejecting petitionerʹs argument that ʺʹdefined
14
inʹ and ʹdescribed inʹ are synonymousʺ); Nieto Hernandez, 592 F.3d at 685‐86
The Third Circuit also reasoned that if Congress had intended all state arson crimes
to constitute aggravated felonies, it could have written section 1101(a)(43)(E)(i) to refer
to the generic offense of arson rather than the federal statute governing explosives
offenses. Bautista, 744 F.3d at 64. While this argument is not without force, we find at
least equally persuasive the counterargument that Congress may have chosen to
indicate the covered crimes by referring to 18 U.S.C. § 844 because the explosives
offenses detailed therein are broader than generic or common‐law arson. Cf. Negrete‐
Rodriguez, 518 F.3d at 503 (ʺ[M]any firearms offenses are not susceptible to being easily
described in general terms . . . .ʺ).
2
12
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 13
08/20/2014
1299438
17
1
(citing Negrete‐Rodriguez and Castillo‐Rivera); Spacek, 688 F.3d at 538 (ʺSection
2
1101(a)(43)(J) requires only ʹan offense described in section 1962 of title 18,ʹ while
3
Congress used the more restrictive construction ʹas defined inʹ elsewhere in the
4
statute.ʺ (emphases in original)); see also Bautista, 744 F.3d at 71 (Ambro, J.,
5
dissenting) (ʺTo me, the phrase ʹdescribed inʹ refers broadly to the type of
6
offense.ʺ (emphasis in original)).
On the other hand, we do not think that this conclusion follows inexorably
7
8
from the INAʹs text and structure. We are not fully convinced, for example, that
9
paragraph 43ʹs penultimate sentence unequivocally expresses Congressʹs intent
10
to discount federal jurisdictional elements when determining whether a state
11
offense is ʺdescribed inʺ a federal statute. The BIA has reasoned and the
12
government has argued that the penultimate sentence—which states that the
13
term ʺaggravated felonyʺ ʺapplies to an offense described in this paragraph
14
whether in violation ofʺ federal, state, or foreign law—requires this
15
interpretation, because otherwise section 1101(a)(43)(E) would capture few, if
16
any, state crimes. See Matter of Bautista, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 619‐20; Respʹtʹs Br. at
17
21‐24. We think, though, that the penultimate sentence could also be read to
18
make clear that an offense will not be exempted from the definition of an
13
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 14
08/20/2014
1299438
17
1
ʺaggravated felonyʺ merely because it was a violation of state or foreign, rather
2
than federal, law. This reading would not require the result that the government
3
and the BIA appear to have reached. We therefore are not persuaded that the
4
penultimate sentence evinces an unambiguously expressed congressional intent.
The BIA also determined in Matter of Bautista, and the government argues
5
6
on appeal, that reading 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43) to require state offenses to include a
7
federal jurisdictional element renders meaningless another provision of the
8
Immigration and Naturalization Act. See Matter of Bautista, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 620
9
(citing Matter of Vasquez‐Muniz, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 212); Respʹtʹs Br. at 25. That
10
provision refers to the removal of aliens who are held ʺin the custody of a
11
State . . . pursuant to a final conviction for . . . an offense described inʺ 8 U.S.C.
12
§ 1101(a)(43)(E), among other provisions. 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(4)(B)(ii). We agree
13
with the BIA and the government that this provision suggests that at least some
14
state offenses must constitute aggravated felonies under subparagraph (E), or
15
there could be no individuals held in state custody pursuant to crimes
16
ʺdescribedʺ there. But this fact alone does not compel the conclusion that
17
Congress has spoken unequivocally regarding whether a state offense ʺdescribed
18
inʺ 18 U.S.C. § 844(i) must reproduce that statuteʹs jurisdictional element.
14
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 15
08/20/2014
1299438
17
Because we conclude that the statute is ambiguous, we owe deference to
1
2
the BIAʹs interpretation unless it is unreasonable. See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842–43;
3
Rotimi v. Holder, 577 F.3d 133, 139 (2d Cir. 2009). As already indicated, we find
4
persuasive the BIAʹs reading of the relevant statutory provisions as set forth in
5
Matter of Bautista and might well adopt it ourselves,3 were we not constrained to
6
do so in any event by Chevron. It is noteworthy, too, that the BIAʹs interpretation
7
is consonant with the conclusions of the Fifth, Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth
8
Circuits concerning related provisions of paragraph 43. We therefore defer to the
9
BIAʹs ʺpermissible constructionʺ of section 1101(a)(43)(E)(i).4 See Kar Onn Lee, 701
10
F.3d at 937.
III.
11
Whether Applying Matter of Bautista Is Impermissibly Retroactive
12
In the alternative, Luna argues that Matter of Bautista cannot be applied
13
retroactively to him because the decision represented ʺsuch a departure from
14
past practices by the [BIA]ʺ that he lacked notice that the state arson crime to
Even if we were to decide that the BIAʹs reading of the statute is clearly preferable to
the Petitionerʹs, it would not follow that the provision is unambiguous and that Chevron
deference is therefore not required. Equipoise is not a precondition to a finding of
ambiguity.
4 For this reason, we reject Lunaʹs argument that the rule of lenity should be applied to
his case. See Adams v. Holder, 692 F.3d 91, 107 (2d Cir. 2012) (stating that lenity enters
only ʺwhen none of the other canons of statutory interpretation is capable of resolving
the statuteʹs meaning and the BIA has not offered a reasonable interpretation of the
statuteʺ (internal quotation marks omitted)).
3
15
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 16
08/20/2014
1299438
17
1
which he pled guilty would be deemed an aggravated felony. Petʹrʹs Br. 30. We
2
see no obstacle to Matter of Bautistaʹs application in Lunaʹs case.
Lunaʹs 1999 conviction postdated the 1996 enactment of 8 U.S.C.
3
4
§ 1101(a)(43). See Guaylupo‐Moya v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 121, 126‐27 (2d Cir. 2005).
5
In relying on Matter of Bautista, the BIA therefore ʺdid not retroactively apply a
6
new law but instead applied [its] determination of what the law ʹhad always
7
meant.ʹʺ De Quan Yu v. U.S. Attorney Gen., 568 F.3d 1328, 1333 (11th Cir. 2009)
8
(per curiam) (emphasis in original) (quoting Rivers v. Roadway Express, Inc., 511
9
U.S. 298, 313, n. 12 (1994)). Once Matter of Bautista issued, ʺthat decision became
10
the controlling interpretation of the law and was entitled to full retroactive effect
11
in all cases still open on direct review, regardless of whether the events predated
12
the . . . decision.ʺ Id. at 1334; see also Rivers, 511 U.S. at 312 (ʺThe essence of
13
judicial decisionmaking—applying general rules to particular situations—
14
necessarily involves some peril to individual expectations because it is often
15
difficult to predict the precise application of a general rule until it has been
16
distilled in the crucible of litigation.ʺ). Matter of Bautista therefore governs Lunaʹs
17
case.
16
Case: 13-2498
Document: 74
Page: 17
08/20/2014
1299438
17
CONCLUSION
1
For the foregoing reasons, we defer to the BIAʹs determination, which we
2
3
conclude is reasonable, that a conviction under New York Penal Law §§ 110
4
and 150.10 constitutes an aggravated felony under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(E)(i),
5
rendering an alien ineligible for cancellation of removal. Lunaʹs petition is
6
therefore DENIED.
17
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?