Marblegate Asset Management v. Education Management Corporati
Filing
OPINION, vacating the judgment and remanding to the District Court, by JAC, CJS, RJL, FILED. Judge Straub dissents by separate opinion.[1948183] [15-2124, 15-2141]
Case 15-2124, Document 195-1, 01/17/2017, 1948183, Page1 of 42
15-2124-cv(L)
Marblegate Asset Mgmt., LLC v. Educ. Mgmt. Fin. Corp.
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term, 2015
(Argued: May 12, 2016
Decided: January 17, 2017)
Docket No. 15‐2124‐cv(L), 15‐2141‐cv(CON)
_____________________________________
MARBLEGATE ASSET MANAGEMENT, LLC, MARBLEGATE SPECIAL
OPPORTUNITIES MASTER FUND, L.P.,
Plaintiffs–Counter‐Defendants–Appellees,
v.
EDUCATION MANAGEMENT FINANCE CORP., EDUCATION
MANAGEMENT, LLC,
Defendants–Appellants,
EDUCATION MANAGEMENT CORPORATION,
Defendant–Counter‐Claimant–Appellant,
STEERING COMMITTEE FOR THE AD HOC COMMITTEE OF
TERM LOAN LENDERS OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT, LLC,
Intervenor–Appellant.
_____________________________________
Before:
CABRANES, STRAUB, and LOHIER, Circuit Judges.
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Defendant‐appellant Education Management Corporation (“EDMC”)
and its subsidiaries appeal from a judgment following a bench trial before the
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Failla, J.).
The District Court held that a series of transactions meant to restructure
EDMC’s debt over the objections of certain noteholders violated Section
316(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, 15 U.S.C. § 77ppp(b). The
transactions at issue, the District Court determined, stripped the non‐
consenting noteholders, plaintiffs‐appellees Marblegate Asset Management,
LLC and Marblegate Special Opportunity Master Fund, L.P. (together,
“Marblegate”), of their practical ability to collect payment on notes purchased
from EDMC’s subsidiaries. As a result, the District Court ordered EDMC to
continue to guarantee Marblegate’s notes and pay them in full. On appeal,
EDMC argues that it complied with Section 316(b) because the transactions
did not formally amend the payment terms of the indenture that governed
the notes. We agree with EDMC and conclude that Section 316(b) prohibits
only non‐consensual amendments to an indenture’s core payment terms. We
therefore VACATE the judgment and REMAND to the District Court for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Judge STRAUB dissents by separate opinion.
SEAN E. O’DONNELL (Christopher W.
Carty, Lucy C. Malcolm, Stewart R.
Gilson, Pratik A. Shah, Hyland Hunt, on
the brief), Akin Gump Strauss Hauer &
Feld LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiffs–
Counter‐Defendants–Appellees.
EMIL A. KLEINHAUS (Alexander B. Lees,
on the brief), Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen &
Katz, New York, NY, for Defendants–
Appellants and Defendant–Counter‐
Claimant–Appellant.
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ANTONIA M. APPS (Aaron L. Renenger,
on the brief), Milbank, Tweed, Hadley &
McCloy LLP, New York, NY, for
Intervenor–Appellant.
LOHIER, Circuit Judge:
Defendant‐appellant Education Management Corporation (“EDMC”)
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and its subsidiaries appeal from a judgment following a bench trial before the
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United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Failla, J.).
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The District Court held that a series of transactions meant to restructure
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EDMC’s debt over the objections of certain noteholders violated Section
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316(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, 15 U.S.C. § 77ppp(b). The
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transactions at issue, the District Court determined, stripped the non‐
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consenting noteholders, plaintiffs‐appellees Marblegate Asset Management,
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LLC and Marblegate Special Opportunity Master Fund, L.P. (together,
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“Marblegate”), of their practical ability to collect payment on notes purchased
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from EDMC’s subsidiaries. As a result, the District Court ordered EDMC to
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continue to guarantee Marblegate’s notes and pay them in full.
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On appeal, EDMC argues that it complied with Section 316(b) because
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the transactions did not formally amend the payment terms of the indenture
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that governed the notes. We agree with EDMC and conclude that Section
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316(b) prohibits only non‐consensual amendments to an indenture’s core
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payment terms. We therefore VACATE the judgment and REMAND to the
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District Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BACKGROUND
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1. Facts
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EDMC is a for‐profit higher education company that relies heavily on
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federal funding through Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965, 20
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U.S.C. §§ 1070–1099. EDMC is the parent company of defendants‐appellants
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Education Management, LLC and Education Management Finance
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Corporation (together, the “EDM Issuer”).
In 2014 EDMC found itself in severe financial distress. Its enterprise
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value had fallen well below its $1.5 billion in outstanding debt. But
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restructuring its debt by resorting to bankruptcy court was not a realistic
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option for EDMC, which, the parties agree, would lose its eligibility for Title
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IV funds if it filed for bankruptcy and discontinued as an ongoing concern.
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See 20 U.S.C. § 1002(a)(4)(A).1 EDMC therefore had to cooperate with its
Section 1002(a)(4)(A) states, in relevant part: “An institution shall not be considered to
meet the definition of an institution of higher education in paragraph (1) if—(A) the
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creditors outside of the bankruptcy process if it hoped to restructure its debt
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and persist as a viable entity.
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billion) and unsecured debt ($217 million). The secured debt was governed
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by a 2010 credit agreement between the EDM Issuer and secured creditors
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(the “2010 Credit Agreement”). The 2010 Credit Agreement gave EDMC’s
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secured creditors the right, upon default, to deal with the collateral securing
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the loans “fully and completely” as the “absolute owner” for “all purposes.”
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The collateral securing the debt consisted of virtually all of EDMC’s assets.
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EDMC’s outstanding debt consisted of both secured debt (roughly $1.3
The unsecured debt, to which we will refer as the “Notes,” was also
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issued by the EDM Issuer and governed by an indenture executed in March
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2013 and qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939 (the “Indenture”).
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The Notes were guaranteed by EDMC as the parent company of the EDM
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Issuer (we refer to this guarantee as the “Notes Parent Guarantee”) and
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carried a high effective interest rate—nearly 20 percent per year—to
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compensate for the riskier nature of the unsecured debt. Both the Indenture
institution, or an affiliate of the institution that has the power, by contract or ownership
interest, to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of the institution, has
filed for bankruptcy . . . .” Id.
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and the offering circular relating to the Notes informed lenders who had
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purchased them (the “Noteholders”) about their rights and obligations as
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junior, unsecured creditors. For example, the offering circular explained that
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the Notes Parent Guarantee was issued solely to satisfy EDMC’s reporting
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obligations, that it could be released solely by operation of the release of any
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later guarantee EDMC issued to secured creditors, and that Noteholders
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should therefore not assign any value to the Notes Parent Guarantee.
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Marblegate holds Notes with a face value of $14 million but never held any
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secured debt.
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As EDMC’s financial position deteriorated, its debt burden became
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unsustainable. After negotiating with EDMC, a majority of secured creditors
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agreed in September 2014 to relieve the EDM Issuer of certain imminent
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payment obligations and covenants under the 2010 Credit Agreement. The
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resulting agreement was a new amended credit agreement entered in the fall
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of 2014 (the “2014 Credit Agreement”). As consideration for these changes,
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EDMC agreed to guarantee the secured loans (the “Secured Parent
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Guarantee”).
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Around the same time, a group of creditors formed an Ad Hoc
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Committee of Term Loan Lenders (the “Ad Hoc Committee”) and established
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a Steering Committee, which is an intervenor‐appellant in this appeal, to
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negotiate with EDMC.2 The Steering Committee and EDMC eventually
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devised two potential avenues to relieve EDMC of its debt obligations.
The first option, which obtained only if creditors unanimously
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consented, was designed to result in (1) most of EDMC’s outstanding secured
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debt being exchanged for $400 million in new secured term loans and new
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stock convertible into roughly 77 percent of EDMC’s common stock, and (2)
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the Notes being exchanged for equity worth roughly 19 percent of EDMC’s
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common stock. EDMC estimated that this first option would amount to
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roughly a 45 percent reduction in value for secured lenders and a 67 percent
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reduction in value for Noteholders.
The second option would arise only if one or more creditors refused to
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consent. Under that circumstance, a number of events would occur that
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together constituted the “Intercompany Sale.” Secured creditors consenting
The Ad Hoc Committee held 80.6 percent of the secured debt and 80.7 percent of the
Notes. Of that total, the Steering Committee of the Ad Hoc Committee held 35.8 percent of
secured debt and 73.1 percent of the Notes.
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to the Intercompany Sale would first exercise their preexisting rights under
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the 2014 Credit Agreement and Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code
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(UCC) to foreclose on EDMC’s assets. In addition, the secured creditors
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would release EDMC from the Secured Parent Guarantee. That release in
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turn would effect a release of the Notes Parent Guarantee under the
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Indenture. With the consent of the secured creditors (but without needing the
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consent of the unsecured creditors), the collateral agent would then sell the
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foreclosed assets to a subsidiary of EDMC newly constituted for purposes of
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the Intercompany Sale. Finally, the new EDMC subsidiary would distribute
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debt and equity only to consenting creditors and continue the business.
The Intercompany Sale was structured to incentivize creditors to
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consent. While non‐consenting secured creditors would still receive debt in
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the new EDMC subsidiary, that debt would be junior to the debt of
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consenting secured creditors. Non‐consenting Noteholders would not receive
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anything from the new company: though not a single term of the Indenture
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was altered and Noteholders therefore retained a contractual right to collect
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payments due under the Notes, the foreclosure would transform the EDM
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Issuer into an empty shell. In offering to exchange the Notes for equity in the
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new EDMC subsidiary, therefore, EDMC and the Ad Hoc Committee
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explicitly warned Noteholders that they would not receive payment if they
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did not consent to the Intercompany Sale.
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of its debt) eventually consented to the Intercompany Sale.
Except for Marblegate, all of EDMC’s creditors (representing 98 percent
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2. Procedural History
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Marblegate, the sole holdout, sued to enjoin the Intercompany Sale on
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the ground that it violated Section 316(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939
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(the “TIA”), 15 U.S.C. § 77ppp(b). Marblegate Asset Mgmt. v. Educ. Mgmt.
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Corp., 75 F. Supp. 3d 592 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (“Marblegate I”). Section 316(b) of
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the TIA, entitled “Prohibition of impairment of holder’s right to payment,”
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provides as follows:
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Notwithstanding any other provision of the
indenture to be qualified, the right of any holder of
any indenture security to receive payment of the
principal of and interest on such indenture security,
on or after the respective due dates expressed in
such indenture security, or to institute suit for the
enforcement of any such payment on or after such
respective dates, shall not be impaired or affected
without the consent of such holder, except as to a
postponement of an interest payment consented to
as provided in paragraph (2) of subsection (a) of this
section, and except that such indenture may contain
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provisions limiting or denying the right of any such
holder to institute any such suit, if and to the extent
that the institution or prosecution thereof or the
entry of judgment therein would, under applicable
law, result in the surrender, impairment, waiver, or
loss of the lien of such indenture upon any property
subject to such lien.
15 U.S.C. § 77ppp(b) (emphasis added).
Before the District Court, EDMC argued that “the right . . . to receive
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payment” is necessarily defined by the payment terms in the Indenture itself,
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such that Section 316(b) prohibits only non‐consensual amendments to an
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indenture’s core payment terms. Therefore, EDMC asserted, the
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Intercompany Sale complied with Section 316(b) because it did not amend
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any Indenture term and because Marblegate’s right to initiate suit against the
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EDM Issuer to collect payment remained intact.
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In response, Marblegate contended that although the contractual terms
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governing Marblegate’s Notes had not changed, its practical ability to receive
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payment would be completely eliminated by virtue of the Intercompany Sale,
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to which it did not consent. Section 316(b), Marblegate warned, would be
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rendered meaningless if issuers and secured creditors could collaborate to
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restructure debt without formally amending any payment terms.
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The District Court initially declined to grant a preliminary injunction
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but believed that Marblegate was likely to succeed on the merits of its TIA
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claim. Marblegate I, 75 F. Supp. 3d at 615–17. After reviewing the text and
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legislative history of Section 316(b), the District Court concluded that the TIA
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“protects the ability” of the Noteholders “to receive payment in some
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circumstances.” Id. at 612–15. Even where the payment terms of an
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indenture are not explicitly modified by a transaction, the District Court held,
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Section 316(b) is violated whenever a transaction “effect[s] an involuntary
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debt restructuring.” Id. at 614.
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The Intercompany Sale occurred in January 2015. The foreclosure sale
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took place, the secured creditors released the Secured Parent Guarantee, the
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new EDMC subsidiary was capitalized with the EDM Issuer’s old assets, and
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consenting bondholders participated in the debt‐for‐equity exchange. But
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Marblegate continued to hold out. And in light of the District Court’s
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decision, EDMC and the Steering Committee refrained from releasing the
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Notes Parent Guarantee. Instead, they filed a counterclaim against
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Marblegate, seeking a declaration that the Notes Parent Guarantee could be
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released without violating the TIA.
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Since the bulk of the Intercompany Sale was already completed, the
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subsequent bench trial focused on whether the District Court should
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permanently enjoin release of the Notes Parent Guarantee and thereby force
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EDMC to continue its guaranteed payment on Marblegate’s Notes. On that
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question, the District Court ultimately sided with Marblegate by reiterating
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that the release of the Notes Parent Guarantee would violate Section 316(b).
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Marblegate Asset Mgmt., LLC v. Educ. Mgmt. Corp., 111 F. Supp. 3d 542,
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556–57 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (“Marblegate II”).
This appeal followed. At present, because EDMC was able to reduce its
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debt burden through the very transaction to which Marblegate objected, it
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currently has the assets to pay on Marblegate’s Notes. Marblegate, as the
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owner of Notes that had been poised to receive only limited additional
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payments because of EDMC’s pending insolvency, is now the only creditor
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receiving full payouts according to the original face value of its Notes.
DISCUSSION
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EDMC appeals the judgment on the ground that the District Court
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misinterpreted Section 316(b) of the TIA. We review the District Court’s
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conclusions of law de novo. See Process Am., Inc. v. Cynergy Holdings, LLC,
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839 F.3d 125, 141 (2d Cir. 2016).
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To determine whether the release of the Notes Parent Guarantee would
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violate Section 316(b) of the TIA, we start first with the text of that provision.
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See N.Y. State Psychiatric Ass’n, Inc. v. UnitedHealth Grp., 798 F.3d 125, 132
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(2d Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. UnitedHealth Grp., Inc. v. Denbo, 136 S. Ct.
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506 (2015). If resorting to the plain text alone fails to resolve the question, we
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test the competing interpretations against both the statutory structure of the
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TIA and the legislative purpose and history of Section 316(b). See United
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States v. Epskamp, 832 F.3d 154, 162–66 (2d Cir. 2016); Doe v. Cuomo, 755
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F.3d 105, 110 (2d Cir. 2014).
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1. Text
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The core disagreement in this case is whether the phrase “right . . . to
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receive payment” forecloses more than formal amendments to payment terms
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that eliminate the right to sue for payment. 15 U.S.C. § 77ppp(b). We agree
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with the District Court that the text of Section 316(b) is ambiguous insofar as
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it “lends itself to multiple interpretations” that arguably favor either side on
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that issue. Marblegate I, 75 F. Supp. 3d at 611; see also Marblegate II, 111 F.
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Supp. 3d at 547. Likewise, Marblegate conceded at oral argument that the
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interpretation it advances is not supported by reference to the plain text
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alone. See Oral Tr. 44:21–45:1.
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On the one hand, Congress’s use of the term “right” to describe what it
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sought to protect from non‐consensual amendment suggests a concern with
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the legally enforceable obligation to pay that is contained in the Indenture,
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not with a creditor’s practical ability to collect on payments. Cf. F.C.C. v.
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NextWave Pers. Commc’ns Inc., 537 U.S. 293, 302–03 (2003) (“[T]he plain
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meaning of a ‘right to payment’ is nothing more nor less than an enforceable
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obligation . . . .” (quotation marks omitted)); Dennis v. Higgins, 498 U.S. 439,
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447 n.7 (1991) (defining “right” as “[a] legally enforceable claim of one person
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against another, that the other shall do a given act, or shall not do a given
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act”) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1324 (6th ed. 1990)). On the other hand,
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adding that such a right cannot be “impaired or affected” arguably suggests
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that it cannot be diminished, relaxed, or “otherwise affect[ed] in an injurious
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manner.” See Humana Inc. v. Forsyth, 525 U.S. 299, 309–10 (1999) (quoting
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Black’s Law Dictionary 752 (6th ed. 1990)).
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To be sure, Marblegate’s broad reading of the term “right” as including
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the practical ability to collect payment leads to both improbable results and
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interpretive problems. Among other things, interpreting “impaired or
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affected” to mean any possible effect would transform a single provision of
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the TIA into a broad prohibition on any conduct that could influence the
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value of a note or a bondholder’s practical ability to collect payment. 15
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U.S.C. § 77ppp(b). Furthermore, if the “right . . . to receive payment” means a
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bondholder’s practical ability to collect payment, then protecting the “right
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. . . to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment” would be
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superfluous, because limiting the right to file a lawsuit for payment
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constitutes one of the most obvious impairments of the creditor’s practical
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ability to collect payment. Id. The “right . . . to receive payment” is not, in
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other words, so broad as to encompass the “right . . . to institute suit.” Id. If
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for no other reason than the “general rule” that different statutory phrases
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“can indicate that different meanings were intended,” Sebelius v. Auburn
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Reg’l Med. Ctr., 133 S. Ct. 817, 825 (2013) (quotation marks omitted), these
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two rights are best viewed as distinct from one another. The former right, it
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seems to us, prohibits non‐consensual amendments of core payment terms
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(that is, the amount of principal and interest owed, and the date of maturity).
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It bars, for example, so‐called “collective‐action clauses”—indenture
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provisions that authorize a majority of bondholders to approve changes to
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payment terms and force those changes on all bondholders. See NML
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Capital, Ltd. v. Republic of Argentina, 699 F.3d 246, 253 (2d Cir. 2012). The
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latter right (to sue) ensures that individual bondholders can freely sue to
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collect payments owed under the indenture. So construed, the right to sue
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clearly bars so‐called “no‐action clauses,” which preclude individual
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bondholders from suing the issuer for breaches of the indenture, leaving the
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indenture trustee as the sole initiator of suit. See Cruden v. Bank of New
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York, 957 F.2d 961, 967–68 (2d Cir. 1992). An indenture that contains only a
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collective‐action clause violates the “payment” right, not the “suit” right; an
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indenture that contains only a no‐action clause violates the “suit” right, not
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the “payment” right.
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Regardless, we agree with the District Court that the plain text of
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Section 316(b) is ultimately ambiguous and fails to resolve the principal
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question before us.
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Nor does any party seriously contend that the structure of the TIA
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provides a clear answer to that question, as the dissenting opinion suggests.3
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At best, we have observed that “[n]othing in Section 316(b), or the TIA in
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general, requires that bondholders be afforded ‘absolute and unconditional’
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rights to payment.” Bank of New York v. First Millennium, Inc., 607 F.3d 905,
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917 (2d Cir. 2010). So, for example, Section 316(a)(1) permits bondholder
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majorities to both waive past defaults and control the manner in which the
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indenture trustee pursues remedies. See 15 U.S.C. § 77ppp(a).4 Our
The dissent dismisses EDMC’s argument about the structure of Section 316 as
“unconvincing.” We do not suggest that the text of Section 316(a) determines our reading of
Section 316(b) or has any bearing on our ultimate analysis in this opinion. Therefore, the
dissent’s comparison of the permissive versus mandatory language in those provisions
lacks relevance.
4 Section 316(a) states, in relevant part:
The indenture to be qualified—
(1) shall automatically be deemed (unless it is expressly
provided therein that any such provision is excluded) to
contain provisions authorizing the holders of not less than a
majority in principal amount of the indenture securities or if
expressly specified in such indenture, of any series of
securities at the time outstanding (A) to direct the time,
method, and place of conducting any proceeding for any
remedy available to such trustee, or exercising any trust or
power conferred upon such trustee, under such indenture, or
(B) on behalf of the holders of all such indenture securities, to
consent to the waiver of any past default and its consequences;
or
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statement in First Millennium seems at odds with the broad protection of
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dissenting bondholders seeking to collect payment that Marblegate urges.
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But it does not really help us determine whether Congress intended Section
4
316(b) to protect a broad right to actual payment or merely a right to sue for
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payment under fixed indenture terms. Notably, though, no other provision in
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the TIA purports to regulate an issuer’s business transactions, which would
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be a likely result of Marblegate’s broad reading of Section 316(b).
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2. Legislative History
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Because the text of Section 316(b) is ambiguous and the TIA’s structure
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fails to remove the ambiguity, we turn to legislative history.
Marblegate argues that the history of Section 316(b) demonstrates
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Congress’s broad intent to prohibit “an out‐of‐court debt restructuring that
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has the purpose and effect of eliminating any possibility of receiving payment
(2) may contain provisions authorizing the holders of not less
than 75 per centum in principal amount of the indenture
securities or if expressly specified in such indenture, of any
series of securities at the time outstanding to consent on behalf
of the holders of all such indenture securities to the
postponement of any interest payment for a period not
exceeding three years from its due date.
15 U.S.C. § 77ppp(a).
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under their notes.” Appellee Br. 20; id. at 26. The District Court effectively
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adopted this view when it determined that “[p]ractical and formal
3
modifications of indentures that do not explicitly alter a core term ‘impair or
4
affect’ bondholders’ rights to receive payment in violation of the Trust
5
Indenture Act only when such modifications effect an involuntary debt
6
restructuring.” Marblegate I, 75 F. Supp. 3d at 614 (emphasis added and
7
alterations omitted); see Marblegate II, 111 F. Supp. 3d at 554 (“[T]he purpose
8
of the Act, as expressed consistently throughout the legislative history, was to
9
prevent precisely the nonconsensual majoritarian debt restructuring that
10
occurred here . . . .” (emphasis added)).
11
The District Court concluded that the legislative history compels this
12
interpretation because at the time that Section 316(b) was drafted Congress
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did not contemplate the use of foreclosures as a method of reorganization.
14
This reading also reflects the District Court’s understandable concern that “a
15
sufficiently clever issuer [would] gut the Act’s protections” by using a
16
foreclosure action instead of amending the indenture or filing for bankruptcy.
17
Marblegate I, 75 F. Supp. 3d at 613; see also Marblegate II, 111 F. Supp. 3d at
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555–56. The District Court thought the TIA’s drafters “did not anticipate
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precisely the mechanisms through which such a [nonconsensual majoritarian]
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restructuring might occur,” but rather only “understood involuntary
3
reorganizations to operate in a rather straightforward fashion: a majority of
4
the bondholders would simply vote to amend the payment or interest
5
provisions of the indenture.” Marblegate II, 111 F. Supp. 3d at 554–55; id. at
6
555–56 (stating that “there is no reason to think that the [TIA] was targeted
7
only at a particular method of restructuring”).
8
Based on our review of the legislative history of Section 316(b), we
9
conclude that Congress did not intend the broad reading that Marblegate
10
urges and the District Court embraced. Starting in 1936, the Securities and
11
Exchange Commission (SEC) published a comprehensive eight‐part report
12
examining the role of protective committees in reorganizations.5 Part VI of
13
that report, published in 1936 and entitled “Trustees Under Indentures” (the
14
“1936 SEC Report”), led to enactment of the TIA. See 15 U.S.C. § 77bbb(a)
15
(citing “reports of the [SEC]” as “the basis of facts” for promulgating the TIA).
The eight‐part report was entitled “Report on the Study and Investigation of the Work,
Activities, Personnel, and Functions of Protective and Reorganization Committees.”
Throughout this opinion, we reference Part VI, published in 1936, Part I published in 1937,
and Part VIII, published in 1940. See Securities and Exchange Comm’n, Report on the Study
and Investigation of the Work, Activities, Personnel, and Functions of Protective and
Reorganization Committees, Pts. 1, 6, 8 (1936‐1940).
5
20
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1
Subsequent congressional reports, testimony, and other contemporaneous
2
statements by SEC officials relating to earlier bills also shaped the final
3
legislation enacted in 1939.
4
Among other things, the drafters of the TIA appear to have been well
5
aware of the range of possible forms of reorganization available to issuers, up
6
to and including foreclosures like the one that occurred in this case but that
7
the District Court concluded violated Section 316(b). Indeed, foreclosure‐
8
based reorganizations were widely used at the time the TIA was drafted. As
9
we explain below, the history of the TIA, and of Section 316(b) in particular,
10
shows that it does not prohibit foreclosures even when they affect a
11
bondholder’s ability to receive full payment. Rather, the relevant portions of
12
the TIA’s legislative history exclusively addressed formal amendments and
13
indenture provisions like collective‐action and no‐action clauses.
14
15
A. The 1936 SEC Report
Two sections of the 1936 SEC Report are relevant to the competing
16
interpretations of Section 316(b) offered by the parties on appeal. Neither
17
section supports Marblegate’s position that Section 316(b) meant to prohibit
18
involuntary debt restructurings like foreclosures.
21
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1
First, a section of the Report entitled “Protection of Minorities,”
2
confirms for us that “‘no‐action clauses’ were one of the evils that the Trust
3
Indenture Act was intended to address.” Marblegate II, 111 F. Supp. 3d at 547
4
(citing App’x 3375). The authors of this section also fretted about majoritarian
5
control in various reorganization contexts, including in a passing reference to
6
foreclosure sales, which noted only that foreclosure proceeds were unlikely to
7
satisfy dissenting secured creditors absent active representation from the
8
indenture trustee. See App’x 3375–76. Notably, however, the “Protection of
9
Minorities” section did not support legislation requiring unanimous consent
10
for all out‐of‐court restructurings. Instead, it prescribed only “a more active
11
indenture trustee in reorganization negotiations.” Marblegate II, 111 F. Supp.
12
3d at 548.
13
The other relevant section of the 1936 SEC Report, entitled
14
“Reorganization by Contract,” examined collective‐action clauses. See App’x
15
3415 (discussing clauses allowing a “specified percentage of bondholders . . .
16
to change or alter the terms of the bonds or of the indenture” and force those
17
changes upon dissenting bondholders). The section identified the holdout
18
problem inherent in requiring unanimous consent, but explained that the
22
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1
proliferation of collective‐action clauses meant that “the next cycle of
2
reorganizations [would] take place on a voluntary basis without supervision
3
of any court.” App’x 3419. In short, this section’s focus on “reorganization by
4
contract” supports reading Section 316(b) to prohibit amendments to core
5
payment terms, but provides virtually no support for Marblegate’s view that
6
Section 316(b) also prohibits other forms of reorganization, such as
7
foreclosures. Cf. id. (deferring proposals for supervision of collective‐action
8
clauses, “since they are but one type of voluntary reorganization procedure”).
9
The 1936 SEC Report otherwise evidenced that foreclosures were a
10
known method of reorganization well before the enactment of the TIA in
11
1939. The Report identified foreclosure as a discrete method of
12
reorganization that served as an alternative to the consensual modification of
13
contractual payment terms. For example, the Report asserted that in the
14
absence of collective‐action clauses, “the release or amendment of the
15
indenture could not be obtained without the consent of all of the bondholders
16
or without the aid of foreclosure or bankruptcy court.” App’x 3146 (emphasis
17
added); see also id. (noting that it would be “necessary” for reorganizers
23
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1
“faced with . . . a dissenting minority” to resort to “foreclosure
2
proceedings”).6
The authors of the 1936 SEC Report (and by inference the drafters of the
3
4
TIA) were thus clearly aware that corporate reorganizations could be
5
achieved through foreclosure. And yet the Report’s concern with
6
majoritarian control and the lack of judicial supervision was directed at
7
“reorganization by contract,” not foreclosure‐based reorganizations.
B. The 1938 Testimony of William O. Douglas
8
9
In 1938 then‐SEC Chairman William O. Douglas, an expert in the field
10
of corporate reorganizations, testified before Congress in support of the
11
proposed Trust Indenture Act of 1938. Because Douglas had been the
12
principal draftsman of the 1936 SEC Report and the “main proponent” of the
13
legislation before Congress, the District Court appropriately paid significant
14
attention to his testimony.
As an illustration, the 1936 SEC Report cited Hollister v. Stewart, in which the New York
Court of Appeals explained that the “scheme of reorganization” at issue “could only be
made effective in one of two ways—by the consent of all the bondholders, or by a
foreclosure cutting of their lien, and so enabling a new corporation to make its own
mortgages in its own way.” App’x 3146 (quoting Hollister v. Stewart, 111 N.Y. 644, 659
(1889)).
6
24
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1
Like the 1936 SEC Report, Chairman Douglas’s testimony narrowly
2
addressed collective‐action clauses and formal amendments to core payment
3
terms. Quoting at length from the “Reorganization by contract” section of the
4
1936 SEC Report and responding to the “bogey” that the proposed legislation
5
would require unanimous consent of bondholders to amend any indenture
6
term, Douglas assured critics of the proposed legislation that “[t]here is
7
absolutely nothing in the bill to prevent” amendment of the indenture by a
8
majority, with one exception, which he described as follows:
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
The effect of this exception is merely to prohibit
provisions authorizing such a majority to force a
non‐assenting security holder to accept a reduction
or postponement of his claim for principal, or a
reduction of his claim for interest or a postponement
thereof for more than 1 year. In other words, this
provision merely restricts the power of the majority
to change those particular phases of the contract.
App’x 2370 (emphasis added); Trust Indentures, Hearings Before a Subcomm.
19
Of the H. Comm. On Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of
20
Representatives on H.R. 10292, 75th Cong. 35 (1938) (statement of William O.
21
Douglas, Commissioner, SEC). Douglas thus explained that Section 7(m)(3)
22
of the 1938 bill (which evolved into Section 316(b) of the TIA) meant “merely”
25
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1
to prohibit indenture “provisions” that would allow majorities to amend core
2
payment terms.
In holding that Section 316(b) prohibited involuntary out‐of‐court
3
4
reorganizations like foreclosures, the District Court focused on the following
5
additional testimony by Douglas: “Evasion of judicial scrutiny of the fairness
6
of debt‐readjustment plans is prevented by this exception . . . . In other words,
7
the bill does place a check or control over the majority forcing on the
8
minorities a debt‐readjustment plan.” App’x 2370–71. First, in our view, this
9
small shard of additional testimony related exclusively to a discussion about
10
collective‐action clauses, and we are inclined to confine it to that context.7
11
Second, we understand Chairman Douglas’s use of the term “debt‐
12
readjustment plan” to refer narrowly and specifically to formal changes to the
13
contractual terms governing the debt. This is because such plans were widely
Our sense that Douglas’s testimony was narrowly focused is further supported by his
reference to State negotiability laws. Douglas noted that provisions such as Section 7(m)(3)
were already “perfectly standard in note and bond indentures,” primarily because the
provisions were necessary to preserve negotiability under State law. App’x 2370. To be
“negotiable” under State law, “a bond had to represent a sum certain, due on a date certain.
A bond issue that allowed a vote to change the maturity date or the sum due at that date
would, if binding on nonassenters, destroy negotiability.” Mark J. Roe, Chaos and
Evolution in Law and Economics, 109 HARV. L. REV. 641, 661 (1996) (footnotes omitted).
Again, we think the most reasonable reading of Douglas’s testimony is that Section 7(m)(3)
was aimed squarely at prohibiting collective‐action clauses.
7
26
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1
regarded as offering a form of reorganization distinct from foreclosure‐based
2
reorganizations. Indeed, as early as 1916 legal experts specifically
3
distinguished these debt‐readjustment plans from foreclosures.
4
“Readjustment” plans were understood to change the terms of payment by
5
the “voluntary action of the security holders,” while corporate
6
reorganizations were “usually” achieved through the “foreclosure of
7
mortgages or the enforcement of the rights of creditors” and the transfer of
8
the company’s assets to a new corporation. Paul D. Cravath, The
9
Reorganization of Corporations; Bondholders’ and Stockholders’ Protective
10
Committees; Reorganization Committees; and the Voluntary Recapitalization
11
of Corporations (March 1 and 8, 1916), in SOME LEGAL PHASES OF CORP. FIN.,
12
REORGANIZATION & REGULATION 153–55, 181 (1927). Subsequently, Part I of
13
the SEC Report, published in 1937 and also headed by Douglas, reprised the
14
distinction between “foreclosure” and “voluntary reorganizations,” the latter
15
of which included “debt readjustments or modifications.” Securities and
16
Exchange Comm’n, Report on the Study and Investigation of the Work,
17
Activities, Personnel, and Functions of Protective and Reorganization
18
Committees, Pt. 1, at 1 (1937).
27
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In light of that history of the distinction between foreclosures and
1
2
readjustment plans, we think it is highly unlikely that Douglas’s carefully
3
repeated references to a “debt‐readjustment plan,” made in the context of
4
testimony describing “reorganization by contract,” also meant to refer to the
5
distinct contemporary technique of reorganization by foreclosure.8
C. The 1939 Testimony of Edmund Burke, Jr.
6
The year following Chairman Douglas’s testimony, Edmund Burke,
7
8
Jr.—then‐Assistant Director of the Reorganization Division of the SEC, future
9
Commissioner of the SEC, and described as a principal author of the TIA9—
10
testified before Congress on behalf of the SEC in support of what would
11
prove to be the final 1939 version of the TIA. As with Douglas’s testimony
12
and the 1936 SEC Report, Burke’s testimony sought to sharply limit the scope
13
of Section 316(b) and made it clear that the provision prohibited only formal
14
changes to an indenture’s core payment terms. Among other things, Burke
The District Court pointed out that “Douglas’s testimony was largely incorporated into the
Senate’s report on the 1938 Act,” suggesting that the Senate’s “understanding aligned with
that of Douglas.” Marblegate II, 111 F. Supp. 3d at 550–51.
9 Edmund Burke Jr., 88, S.E.C. Commissioner, N.Y. TIMES (May 16, 1993),
http://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/16/obituaries/edmund‐burke‐jr‐88‐sec‐
commissioner.html.
8
28
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1
emphasized that “[a]ll that the section [316(b)] does is preserve the individual
2
holder’s right to bring an action at law to collect his interest and principal in
3
accordance with the terms of his contract, unless he has himself consented to
4
a variation from that contract.” App’x 2951–52 (emphasis added); Trust
5
Indentures, Hearings Before a Subcomm. Of the H. Comm. On Interstate and
6
Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives on H.R. 10292, 75th Cong. 35
7
(1939) (statement of Edmund Burke, Jr., Assistant Director, Reorganization
8
Division, SEC).10 Burke also referred to the SEC’s analysis of sample
9
corporate indentures, which had been submitted to Congress and which
10
described provisions similar to Section 316(b) as “preserv[ing] the right to the
11
individual bondholders to enforce the payment of principal and interest at
12
their respective due dates.” App’x 2923.
13
14
Burke also echoed Chairman Douglas’s testimony that provisions similar to Section 316(b)
were already in “practically every indenture” outstanding, because an indenture that
allowed non‐consensual alteration of payment terms would not be negotiable under many
State laws. App’x 2952. But the SEC worried about the increasing frequency with which
indentures included collective‐action clauses. App’x 3415–16. A principal purpose of
Section 316(b), then, was to ensure that such clauses would no longer be included in TIA‐
qualified indentures. Id.
10
29
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D. House and Senate Reports
1
The House and Senate Reports on the final version of the TIA add little
2
3
to our analysis but are worth briefly mentioning. Both reports repeated
4
Douglas’s assertion that Section 316(b) was intended to prevent “[e]vasion of
5
judicial scrutiny of debt‐readjustment plans.” App’x 3274, 3337; H.R. Rep.
6
76–1016, at 56 (1939); S. Rep. No. 76–248, at 26 (1939). But both reports also
7
confirmed that Section 316(b) “does not prevent the majority from binding
8
dissenters by other changes in the indenture or by a waiver of other defaults.”
9
App’x 3274, 3338. It was, we think, clear to Congress that such changes and
10
alterations might impair a bondholder’s practical ability to recover payment
11
without violating Section 316(b).
12
E. 1940 SEC Report
Finally, Part VIII of the SEC Report, published a year after the TIA’s
13
14
enactment,11 reinforces our conclusion that foreclosures such as the one the
We are mindful that “subsequent history is less illuminating than the contemporaneous
evidence.” Solid Waste Agency of N. Cook Cty. v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 531 U.S.
159, 170 & n.5 (2001); see Bob Jones Univ. v. United States, 461 U.S. 574, 600–01 (1983). In
this instance, the 1940 SEC Report that immediately followed the TIA’s enactment supports
our interpretation of the legislative history and exposes errors in the District Court’s
historical analysis. Cf. Wolf v. Weinstein, 372 U.S. 633, 639 n.6 (1963) (citing 1940 SEC
Report to interpret purpose of 1934 statute).
11
30
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1
District Court deemed prohibited in this case were in in fact contemplated by
2
the drafters of Section 316(b). See Securities and Exchange Comm’n, Report
3
on the Study and Investigation of the Work, Activities, Personnel, and
4
Functions of Protective and Reorganization Committees, Pt. 8 (1940) (“1940
5
SEC Report”). The 1940 SEC Report provided a comprehensive study of the
6
decades‐long use of foreclosure proceedings to effect reorganizations and
7
constitutes a direct rejoinder to the District Court’s assertion that the drafters
8
of the TIA were unaware of such proceedings. See 1940 SEC Report, Sec. II.
9
Particularly compelling is the Report’s discussion of the role of junior
10
creditors in foreclosure‐based reorganizations. In characterizing the choice
11
faced by junior creditors when deciding whether to participate in foreclosure‐
12
based reorganizations, the 1940 SEC Report noted that “the participation in
13
the plan given to junior creditors was the product of practical reasons, not
14
legal compulsion.” Id. at 137 (emphasis added). And in comparison to
15
dissenting secured creditors entitled to a pro rata distribution of foreclosure
16
proceeds, the 1940 SEC Report noted that if junior creditors “refused
17
participation in the plan, they were thrown back to participation in such of
18
the debtor’s assets as to which senior creditors could lay no prior claims,”
31
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1
which was “at best nominal.” Id. The 1940 SEC Report also discussed
2
Supreme Court decisions that prohibited unsecured creditors from
3
challenging foreclosure‐based reorganizations as a fraudulent conveyance, so
4
long as they had previously been given a “fair offer” to participate in the
5
reorganization (that is, an offer that preserved the priority of their unsecured
6
claims). Id. at 52–57 (discussing N. Pac. Ry. Co. v. Boyd, 228 U.S. 482 (1913);
7
Kansas City Terminal Ry. Co. v. Cent. Union Tr. Co. of N.Y., 271 U.S. 445
8
(1926)).12 Finally, the 1940 SEC Report recognized that some States permitted
9
private, non‐judicial foreclosure sales to be used in reorganizations. Yet
10
nowhere does the Report “suggest that reorganizations implemented through
11
[private foreclosure sales] would conflict with a holder’s right to receive
12
payment,” Harald Halbhuber, Debt Restructurings and the Trust Indenture
13
Act, 25 AM. BANKR. INST. L. REV. (forthcoming Winter 2017) (manuscript at
14
24), https://ssrn.com/abstract=2782290 (“Halbhuber, Debt Restructurings”), or
15
that foreclosure‐based reorganizations were prohibited by the TIA. To the
16
contrary, the Report’s only references to the TIA related exclusively to the
See also id. at 54 n.191 (“In practical effect, if the general creditor declined a ‘fair offer,’ his
alternative would be at best a nominal share of the sale price, and usually nothing.”).
12
32
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1
power of the indenture trustee as an active representative of bondholders.
2
See 1940 SEC Report at 187; id. at 341 n.13 (reprinting the “conclusions and
3
recommendations” set out in the 1936 SEC Report, the “substance” of which
4
“was enacted into law by the Trust Indenture Act of 1939”).
5
Our review of the testimony and reports leading up to and immediately
6
following the enactment of Section 316(b) convinces us, in sum, that Congress
7
sought to prohibit formal modifications to indentures without the consent of
8
all bondholders, but did not intend to go further by banning other well‐
9
known forms of reorganization like foreclosures.
F. Textual Changes
10
11
Marblegate separately points to the evolution of the text of Section
12
316(b) through its enactment in 1939 to argue that the final text substantively
13
broadened the TIA’s protections of the minority bondholder’s right from “a
14
mere right to sue into a more substantive right” to actually “receive payment
33
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1
of the principal and interest.” Marblegate II, 111 F. Supp. 3d at 554.13 We are
2
not persuaded.
3
We find little if any textual support for the proposition that a new
4
substantive right to receive payment was added to the final version of Section
5
316(b). To the contrary, the earlier 1938 version of the bill already included
6
that right. Section 7(m)(3) of the 1938 version (the precursor to both Section
7
316(a) and Section 316(b)) not only secured the right of bondholders to
8
“bring[] [an] action to collect the principal of and interest upon the indenture
9
securities” when due, but also prohibited both waiver of “a default in the
10
payment of the principal . . . upon the date of maturity” and the
11
postponement of interest payments for more than a year.14 Section 7(m)(3)’s
See also id. at 555 (“[T]o interpret Section 316(b) as protecting merely the right to sue for
payment, and not any substantive right to receive such payment, would be unfaithful to the
text and the drafting history.”).
14 Section 7(m)(3) stated in relevant part:
(m) The Indenture to be qualified shall contain provisions
which the Commission deems adequate, having due regard to
the public Interest and the interest of investors with respect to
the following matters —
(3) The rights, powers, and remedies of the indenture security
holders and the manner in which and conditions upon which
such rights, powers and remedies may be exercised, including
the rights, powers and remedies of the indenture security
13
34
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1
limitation on postponement of interest payments was moved to Section
2
316(a)(2) of the TIA. Compare App’x 2347–48 (Section 7(m)(3)), with 15
3
U.S.C. § 77ppp(a)(2). Meanwhile, the language in Section 7(m)(3) relating to
4
the right to bring suit and the prohibition on waiving a default in the
5
payment of principal were reformulated and relocated to Section 316(b).
6
Section 316(a)(2) no longer required a reference, originally found in Section
7
7(m)(3), to a prohibition on waiver of a principal default because that
8
prohibition was made effective by Section 316(b). Likewise, the limitation on
9
interest postponements was expressly carved out as the only exception to
10
Section 316(b)’s bar on amendments to payment terms. See § 77ppp(b)
holders with respect to . . . (B) bringing action to collect the
principal of and interest upon the indenture securities upon
their respective due dates . . . . The indenture to be qualified
may contain provisions authorizing: the holders of not less
than a majority in principal amount of the indenture securities
at the time outstanding to consent to the postponement of any
interest payment for a period not exceeding one year from its
due date, or to the waiver of any default and its consequences,
except a default in the payment of the principal of any
indenture security upon the date of maturity specified therein,
and except that a default in the payment of interest shall not
be waived unless payment of all arrears of interest not so
postponed shall have been made or provided for.
App’x 2347–48 (emphasis added); Trust Indenture Act of 1938, H.R. 10292,
75th Cong. § 7(m)(3) (3rd Sess. 1937) (1938 House Hearings at 12–13).
35
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1
(forbidding impairment of right to receive interest, “except as to
2
postponement of an interest payment consented to as provided in paragraph
3
(2) of subsection (a)”).
4
Again, the legislative history supports our view of the textual evolution
5
of Section 7(m)(3) into Section 316(a) and 316(b). First, Chairman Douglas
6
testified that Section 7(m)(3) prohibited non‐consensual amendments to core
7
payment terms and eliminated collective‐action clauses. His testimony is
8
particularly hard to square with the District Court’s conclusion that Section
9
7(m)(3) contained only a “suit” right, not a “payment” right. Second,
10
Edmund Burke of the SEC did not mention a major substantive addition to
11
the final 1939 version of the bill. Instead, Burke provided the same
12
explanation of Section 316(b) (and its precursor) that the SEC had advanced
13
since 1936. See App’x 2952. Finally, upon reintroduction of the TIA on April
14
4, 1939, the Chairman of the House Subcommittee on Interstate and Foreign
15
Commerce introduced a “statement in explanation” that outlined five key
16
reasons for the changes that occurred between the 1938 and 1939 versions of
36
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1
the bill.15 See App’x 2668. As even the District Court acknowledged, none of
2
these reasons mentioned an intent to expand the 1939 bill to encompass the
3
“practical ability” to collect payment. See Marblegate II, 111 F. Supp. 3d at
4
555 (“[T]he legislative history does not reveal a specific intent to strengthen
5
the protections of Section 316(b).”). While changes to a statute’s text are
6
presumed to be intentional, cf. Doe v. Chao, 540 U.S. 614, 623 (2004), the
7
changes to Section 316(b) are best understood by reference to
8
contemporaneous explanations for those changes in the legislative record.
3. Workability and Dissenting Bondholder Remedies
9
Finally, we highlight an additional difficulty with Marblegate’s
10
11
interpretation of Section 316(b) and address a potential concern with our
12
holding.
13
Marblegate’s interpretation of Section 316(b) requires that courts
14
determine in each case whether a challenged transaction constitutes an “out‐
For example, while the 1938 version of the bill vested discretion in the SEC to regulate
indenture provisions, the 1939 version of the bill was altered to mandate that all qualified
indentures contain certain provisions, including Section 316(b). As Congressman William P.
Cole, the Chairman of the Subcommittee, explained: “All of the requirements of the original
bill [were] converted into specific statutory requirements” that could be directly
incorporated into indentures. App’x 2668 (emphasis added). In this way, “compliance with
the bill” was “greatly simplif[ied],” and the SEC no longer needed to exercise its review
discretion to ensure compliance. Id.
15
37
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1
of‐court debt restructuring . . . designed to eliminate a non‐consenting
2
holder’s ability to receive payment.” Appellee Br. 21; see also id. at 20, 40–41,
3
47–48 (“purpose and effect”); Marblegate I, 75 F. Supp. 3d at 615 (plan’s
4
“intent” was made “plainly known”). The interpretation thus turns on the
5
subjective intent of the issuer or majority bondholders, not the transactional
6
techniques used.16 But we have expressed a particular distaste for
7
interpreting boilerplate indenture provisions based on the “relationship of
8
particular borrowers and lenders” or the “particularized intentions of the
9
parties to an indenture,” both of which undermine “uniformity in
10
interpretation.” See Sharon Steel Corp. v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 691
11
F.2d 1039, 1048 (2d Cir. 1982).17
Cf. John C. Coffee, Jr. & William A. Klein, Bondholder Coercion: The Problem of
Constrained Choice in Debt Tender Offers and Recapitalizations, 58 U. CHI. L. REV. 1207,
1224–25 & n.55 (1991) (noting that the TIA does not prohibit amendment of other
“important protective covenants” in an indenture besides core payment terms, the threat of
which could be used to coerce holdout bondholders).
17 Compare Sharon Steel, 691 F.3d at 1048 (“Just such uncertainties would be created if
interpretation of boilerplate provisions were submitted to juries sitting in every judicial
district in the nation.”), with BOKF, N.A. v. Caesars Entm’t Corp., 144 F. Supp. 3d 459, 474–
75 & n.86 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (adopting Marblegate’s interpretation of Section 316(b), but
sending to the factfinder the question of whether the “overall effect” of the transactions at
issue was “a debt restructuring or a series of routine corporate transactions”).
16
38
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Marblegate similarly argues that the right to receive payment is
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impaired “when the source of assets for that payment is deliberately placed
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beyond the reach of non‐consenting noteholders.”18 Appellee Br. 25. But this
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description could apply to every foreclosure in which the value of the
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collateral is insufficient to pay creditors in full. See N.Y. UCC §§ 9‐615, 9‐
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617(a)(3). Marblegate and the District Court respond that Section 316(b)
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permits “genuinely adversarial” foreclosures but prohibits the type of
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foreclosure that occurred here. Marblegate I, 75 F. Supp. 3d at 615–16. But
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neither the text nor the legislative history of Section 316(b) supports a
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distinction between adversarial and “friendly” foreclosures.19 Nor do we
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agree with the District Court’s description of the negotiations. To the
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contrary, our reading of the record convinces us that the negotiations were
The dissent similarly objects that Marblegate’s “legal claim was surely impaired by actions
that intentionally made the company unable to pay any judgment awarded against it.” But
the Intercompany Sale to which Marblegate is objecting allowed EDMC to reduce its debt
burden and maintain federal funding such that it has the assets to pay legal claims. Without
that transaction, EDMC would be unable to meet these legal claims that the dissent seeks to
protect.
19 Marblegate also fails to explain why Section 316(b) would permit a purely adversarial
foreclosure that eliminates any recovery for unsecured creditors but prohibit a friendly
foreclosure designed to maximize the going‐concern value of the assets and provide
unsecured creditors the only possibility of recovery. We note that the UCC appears to
contemplate this type of cooperation. Cf. N.Y. UCC §§ 9‐601(a), 9‐609(c).
18
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clearly adversarial before the parties agreed on a course to preserve the value
2
of the assets. The negotiations leading to the creation and release of the
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Secured Parent Guarantee were, in our view, also adversarial.
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Limiting Section 316(b) to formal indenture amendments to core
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payment rights will not leave dissenting bondholders at the mercy of
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bondholder majorities. Our holding leaves Marblegate with some recourse.
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By preserving the legal right to receive payment, we permit creditors to
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pursue available State and federal law remedies. (And of course,
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sophisticated creditors, like Marblegate, can insist on credit agreements that
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forbid transactions like the Intercompany Sale.) Having foregone the
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protection of bankruptcy in this case, the secured creditors and EDMC have
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also shed the protection of the Bankruptcy Code, including a discharge order.
13
See 11 U.S.C. §§ 363(f), 524. The foreclosure in this case therefore may be
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challenged by other creditors under State law. See, e.g., N.Y. UCC §§ 9‐
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610(b), 9‐625(b), (c)(1); see also SNCB Corp. Fin. Ltd. v. Schuster, 877 F. Supp.
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820, 827–29 (S.D.N.Y. 1994), aff’d, 71 F.3d 406 (2d Cir. 1995). Moreover, where
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creditors foreclose on a debtor’s collateral and sell the collateral to a new
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entity meant to carry on the business, the debtor’s other creditors may be able
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to sue the new entity under State law theories of successor liability or
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fraudulent conveyance. See, e.g., Call Ctr. Techs., Inc. v. Grand Adventures
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Tour & Travel Pub. Corp., 635 F.3d 48, 53–55 (2d Cir. 2011) (successor
4
liability); Voest‐Alpine Trading USA Corp. v. Vantage Steel Corp., 919 F.2d
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206 (3d Cir. 1990) (fraudulent conveyance).20 We obviously take no view on
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the potential merit of any State law or federal law claims in the context of the
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Intercompany Sale at issue here.
CONCLUSION
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9
To summarize, we hold that Section 316(b) of the TIA does not prohibit
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the Intercompany Sale in this case. The transaction did not amend any terms
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of the Indenture. Nor did it prevent any dissenting bondholders from
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initiating suit to collect payments due on the dates specified by the Indenture.
See also Ed Peters Jewelry Co. v. C & J Jewelry Co., 124 F.3d 252, 267 (1st Cir. 1997) (UCC
“commercial reasonableness” and successor liability, noting that “existing case law
overwhelmingly confirms that an intervening foreclosure sale affords an acquiring
corporation no automatic exemption from successor liability”); Kaiser Found. Health Plan v.
Clary & Moore, P.C., 123 F.3d 201, 207–09 (4th Cir. 1997) (successor liability); Stoumbos v.
Kilimnik, 988 F.2d 949, 962 (9th Cir. 1993) (“The mere fact that the transfer of assets involved
foreclosure on a security interest will not insulate a successor corporation from liability
where other facts point to continuation.”); cf. Orr v. Kinderhill Corp., 991 F.2d 31, 35–36 (2d
Cir. 1993) (holding that asset transfer to spinoff created in context of restructuring, which
favored new stockholders over judgment creditor, constituted fraudulent conveyance);
Halbhuber, Debt Restructurings (manuscript at 12–17).
20
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Marblegate retains its legal right to obtain payment by suing the EDM Issuer,
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among others. Absent changes to the Indenture’s core payment terms,
3
however, Marblegate cannot invoke Section 316(b) to retain an “absolute and
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unconditional” right to payment of its notes. First Millennium, 607 F.3d at
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917.
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REMANDED to the District Court for further proceedings consistent with
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this opinion.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is VACATED and the case is
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