LeRose v. US
Filing
920080710
Opinion
UNPUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 07-1256
JOHN STEVEN LEROSE; REBECCA LAUREN LEROSE-SWEENEY; GIGLIOTTI; EUGENE FRANCIS CONNELLY; RONALD AMATI, Plaintiffs - Appellants, v.
FRANK
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Defendant - Appellee, and
WILLIAM D. COGER, JR., Defendant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, at Charleston. John T. Copenhaver, Jr., District Judge. (2:03-cv-02372)
Argued:
March 18, 2008
Decided:
July 10, 2008
Before MICHAEL and GREGORY, Circuit Judges, and David R. HANSEN, Senior Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Gregory wrote the opinion, in which Judge Michael and Senior Judge Hansen joined.
ARGUED: Eric Bruce Snyder, BAILEY & GLASSER, L.L.P., Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellants. Fred B. Westfall, Jr., OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Benjamin L. Bailey, BAILEY & GLASSER, L.L.P., Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellants. Charles T. Miller, United States Attorney, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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GREGORY, Circuit Judge: John LeRose, Rebecca LeRose-Sweeney, Frank Gigliotti,
Eugene Connelly and Ronald Amati ("Plaintiffs") filed a suit against the United States of America ("United States") under the Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA"), 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346, 2671 et seq., asserting and that the United William States Coger negligently ("Coger"), a hired, former
retained,
supervised
federal correctional officer, who extorted, inter alia, money from the Plaintiffs. claim against The Plaintiffs the United also assert based a vicarious on the Coger's United matter
liability alleged States's
States court lack
misconduct. motion to
district for
granted of
dismiss
subject
jurisdiction based on the discretionary function exception to the FTCA. erred by On appeal, Plaintiffs contend that the district court shifting the burden of proof to them that the
discretionary function exception did not apply.
Plaintiffs also
argue that the district court incorrectly held that under West Virginia law, Coger's alleged conduct was outside the scope of employment. decisions. We disagree and affirm the district court's
I. Plaintiffs retention claims asserted under negligent the FTCA hiring, against supervision, the United and
States
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arising from events that allegedly transpired at FCI Morgantown, a federal at prison, FCI and involved Coger, a former contended upon correctional that them Coger "by
officer
Morgantown.
Plaintiffs
inflicted
intentional
emotional
distress
attempting to extort and extorting money and other property from each of them." Coger allegedly demanded a truck, money,
employment outside the prison, and football tickets among other things. The United States denied Plaintiffs' allegations and
contended that Plaintiffs' claims should be dismissed on summary judgment and/or lack of subject matter jurisdiction. States argued that and Plaintiffs' were theories barred of by The United hiring,
negligent the
supervision,
retention
discretionary
function exception to the FTCA.
In addition, the United States
asserted that it was not vicariously liable for Coger's alleged misconduct because he had clearly acted beyond the scope of his employment as a correctional officer and had engaged in improper actions for his own purely personal motives. The district court granted the United States's motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction based on the discretionary function exception to the FTCA found in 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a) and dismissed the Plaintiffs' claims for negligent hiring, supervision, and retention against the United States. The district court also granted the United States's motion for 4
summary
judgment
with
regard
to Coger
Plaintiffs' acted
claim in
based his
on own
vicarious
liability
because
purely
personal interests and outside the scope of his employment with the United States and Bureau of Prisons ("BOP"). Plaintiffs subsequently filed a notice (J.A. 720-67.) of appeal with
regard to the district court's order. ruling that Plaintiffs' did not
We dismissed that appeal, a final order order. or an The
appeal or
otherwise
appealable
interlocutory
collateral
district court entered a final judgment in favor of the United States pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 54(b). Plaintiffs then filed a notice of appeal.
II. On erred: appeal, Plaintiffs contend that the district court
(1) by placing the burden of proof on them to establish
that the discretionary function exception, 28 U.S.C. § 2680(a) did not deprive the district court of subject matter
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1) of the FTCA; (2) by improperly granting the United States's motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction; and (3) by improperly
granting the United States's motion for summary judgment on the Plaintiffs' vicarious liability claim. Plaintiffs' claims below seriatim. We address each of the
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A. Plaintiffs argue the district court improperly placed the burden on them to prove that the discretionary function
exemption under the FTCA did not apply. limited waiver of the United States's
The FTCA creates a sovereign immunity by
authorizing damage actions for injuries caused by the tortious conduct of federal employees acting within the scope of their employment, when a private person would be liable for such This
conduct under state law.
See 28 U.S.C.A. § 1346(b)(1).
waiver of sovereign immunity, however, is subject to exceptions. "The most important function of these [exceptions] McMellon v. ... United is the
discretionary
exception,"
States,
387 F.3d 329, 335 (4th Cir. 2004) (en banc), cert. denied, 544 U.S. 974, 125 S.Ct. 1828 (2005), which provides that the United States is not liable for "[a]ny claim ... based upon the
exercise or performance or the failure to exercise or perform a discretionary function or duty on the part of a federal agency or an employee of the Government, whether or not the discretion involved be abused," 28 U.S.C.A. § 2680(a). The discretionary function exception "marks the boundary
between Congress' willingness to impose tort liability upon the United States and its desire to protect certain governmental activities United from v. exposure S.A. to suit de 6 by private Aerea individuals." Rio Grandense
States
Empresa
Viacao
(Varig Airlines), 467 U.S. 797, 808 (1984). this exception and "to prevent judicial decisions
Congress enacted of
second-guessing grounded in
legislative
administrative
social,
economic, and political policy through the medium of an action in tort ... [and] to protect the Government from liability that would seriously handicap efficient government operations." at 814 (internal quotation marks omitted). In Welch v. United States, 409 F.3d 646 (4th Cir. 2005), we ruled that the plaintiffs bore the burden of proof to show an unequivocal waiver of sovereign immunity exists and to show that none of the FTCA's waiver exceptions apply. in this case attempt to get around our However, Plaintiffs clear precedent by Id.
arguing that because Welch was decided in the context of the due care exemption, it is distinguishable from their case which
concerns the discretionary function exemption.
We find their
argument unpersuasive because our holding in Welch clearly dealt with all FTCA exemptions. See also Williams v. United States,
50 F.3d 299, 304 (4th Cir. 1995) ("plaintiff bears the burden of persuasion if subject matter jurisdiction is
challenged...because `the party who sues the United States bears the burden of pointing to...an unequivocal waiver of
immunity'").
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B. Next, Plaintiffs contend that the district court improperly granted subject establish apply. Civil the United States's motion because to the dismiss for lack did did of not not
matter that
jurisdiction the
Plaintiffs exemption
discretionary
function
We review a grant of dismissal under Federal Rules of Procedure Rule 12 (b)(1) for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction de novo. 647 (4th Cir. 1999). burden in an FTCA
Evans v. B.F. Perkins Co., 166 F.3d 642, As we stated above, plaintiffs have the case and to the prove an unequivocal of waiver of
sovereign
immunity
existence
subject
matter
jurisdiction. To
Welch, 409 F.3d at 650-51. whether conduct by a federal agency or
determine
employee fits within the discretionary function exception, we must first decide whether the challenged conduct "involves an element of judgment or choice." Berkovitz v. United States, 486
U.S. 531, 536, 108 S.Ct. 1954 (1988); see Id. (explaining that "the discretionary function exception will not apply when a
federal statute, regulation, or policy specifically prescribes a course of action has no for an employee option to but follow" to because to "the the
employee
rightful
adhere
directive").
If the conduct does involve such discretionary
judgment, then we must determine "whether that judgment is of the kind that the discretionary function exception was designed 8
to shield," i.e., whether the challenged action is "based on considerations of public policy." Id. at 536-37. This inquiry
focuses "not on the agent's subjective intent in exercising the discretion . . ., but on the nature of the actions taken and on whether they are susceptible to policy analysis." v. Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315, 325 (1991). United States
Thus, "a reviewing court
in the usual case is to look to the nature of the challenged decision in an objective, or general sense, and ask whether that decision is one which we would expect inherently to be grounded in considerations of policy." 716, 720-21 (4th Cir.1993). Baum v. United States, 986 F.2d Moreover, when a statute,
regulation, or agency guideline permits a government agent to exercise discretion, "it must be presumed that the agent's acts are grounded in policy when exercising that discretion."
Gaubert, 499 U.S. at 324. The BOP's decisions regarding the hiring, supervision and retention of Coger are precisely the type of decisions that are protected previously supervisory under the discretionary that are government function exception. hiring Suter We and v. The policy
decided decisions
employers' functions.
discretionary
United States, 441 F.3d 306, 312 n.6 (4th Cir. 2006). hiring of an employee involves several public
considerations including the weighing of the qualifications of candidates, weighing of the 9 backgrounds of applicants,
consideration experience of
of
staffing
requirements, and assessment
evaluation of
of
the and
candidates,
budgetary
economic considerations.
Because this process is multi-faceted,
it is precisely the type of decision that Congress intended to shield from liability The through the discretionary properly function the
exception.
district
court
dismissed
Plaintiffs' negligent hiring, supervision and retention claim. C. Finally, Plaintiffs argue the district court improperly We
granted summary judgment on their vicarious liability claim.
review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo. Howard v. Winter, 446 F.3d 559, 565 (4th Cir. 2006). Under West
Virginia law, an employer cannot be held vicariously liable for an employee's misconduct if the employee engaged in criminal misconduct for his or her own purpose and interest. In Foodland
v. State, 532 S.E.2d 661 (W. Va. 2000), the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia defined the term "scope of employment" under West Virginia law: "Scope of employment" is a relative term and requires a consideration of surrounding circumstances, including the character of the employment, the nature of the wrongful deed, the time and place of its commission and the purpose of the act. In general terms, it may be said that an act is within the course of employment, if: (1) It is something fairly and naturally incident to the business and (2) it is done while the servant was engaged upon the master's business and is done, although mistakenly or 10
ill-advisedly, with a view to further the master's interests, or from some impulse or emotion which naturally grew out of or was incident to the attempt to perform the master's business, and did not arise wholly from some external, independent and personal motive on the part of the servant to do the act upon his own account. In Foodland, a store employee stole money from "WIC", a special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants and children. The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia found that
"[e]mployee theft [was] certainly not naturally incident to the owner's business and even though the act was done while the cashier was engaged in the owner's business, the theft was not done with a view to further the owner's interests. The theft
arose from a personal motive on the part of the cashier to further her own interests. Under these circumstances, the
employee theft from the WIC program simply does not fit within her scope of employment." Foodland, 532 S.E.2d at 665.
The alleged misconduct in this case was clearly for Coger's own personal interests. the His prison, demand and for a truck, tickets money, were
employment
outside
football
obviously based on his personal motives and were an attempt to derive benefits for his own personal gain. His threats and acts
of intimidation were not designed to further the management and operation Because of the type BOP of but rather was his own personal interests. by the
this
conduct
specifically
barred
BOP's rules of conduct, was obviously for Coger's own personal 11
gain, and was not intended to benefit the BOP or the United States, the district court correctly concluded that the United States cannot be vicariously liable for such misconduct.
Coger's actions were beyond the scope of his employment with the BOP and thus could not be imputed to the United States. The
district court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the United States on the Plaintiffs' vicarious liability claim.
III. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court's decisions. AFFIRMED
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