US v. Mary Dowdell
Filing
920090105
Opinion
UNPUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 08-4299
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. MARY ELLEN DOWDELL, Defendant - Appellant.
No. 08-4300
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. MARK SMYTH, Defendant - Appellant.
No. 08-4308
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. GREGORY SMYTH, Defendant - Appellant.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, at Charlottesville. Norman K. Moon, District Judge. (3:07-cr-00010-nkm-6; 3:07-cr-00010-nkm-8; 3:07-cr-00010-nkm-9)
Submitted:
November 24, 2008
Decided:
January 5, 2009
Before GREGORY, SHEDD, and DUNCAN, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
David A. Eustis, EUSTIS & GRAHAM, PC, Charlottesville, Virginia; B. Stephanie Commander, Charlottesville, Virginia; David L. Heilberg, Charlottesville, Virginia, for Appellants. Julia C. Dudley, United States Attorney, Jean B. Hudson, Assistant United States Attorney, Charlottesville, Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2
PER CURIAM: In early 1998, Terry Dowdell started operating a Ponzi scheme through his company, Vavasseur Corporation. Federal
investigations of the scheme ensued and on November 19, 2001, Dowdell's order assets was were later frozen through a temporary a series restraining of orders
which
extended
through
culminating in a permanent injunction.
Terry Dowdell eventually
pled guilty to securities and wire fraud charges. In April 2007, a federal grand jury charged two
brothers, Mark and Gregory Smyth, and Terry's wife, Mary Ellen Dowdell, in Count Three of a multi-count, multi-defendant
superseding indictment with conspiracy to commit wire fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 2 (2006). Specifically, the
indictment charged that over $800,000 in funds subject to the orders freezing Terry Dowdell's assets were wired to the Smyth brothers and that Mary Dowdell received and negotiated checks drawn on the accounts into which these funds were transferred and that she otherwise benefited from the funds when they were used to make payments on a credit card account she held with her husband. The Smyth brothers each pled guilty to aiding and
abetting to commit wire fraud.
A jury convicted Mary Dowdell of The district court sentenced
conspiracy to commit wire fraud.
Gregory Smyth to thirty-seven months' imprisonment, Mark Smyth 3
to forty-four months' imprisonment, and Dowdell to sixty months' imprisonment. sentences. sentence. Gregory Mary and Mark Smyth from appeal her from their and
Dowdell
appeals
conviction
The appeals have been consolidated. We first address Dowdell's challenge to her
conviction.
Dowdell argues that the district court erred by
denying her Fed. R. Crim. P. 29 motion for judgment of acquittal because there was scant evidence that she specifically received and negotiated the series of checks made payable to her from the Smyths or that she had any involvement in the payments made on the credit card. We Dowdell's review de novo the district court's denial of
Rule 29 motion.
United States v. Reid, 523 F.3d 310,
317 (4th Cir. 2008).
Where, as here, the motion was based on a
claim of insufficient evidence, "[t]he verdict of the jury must be sustained if there is substantial evidence, taking the view most favorable to the Government, to support it." Glasser v.
United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80 (1942); Reid, 523 F.3d at 317. To prove conspiracy to commit wire fraud, the Government need only establish that the defendant knowingly and voluntarily
agreed to participate in a scheme to defraud and that the use of the interstate wires in furtherance of the scheme was reasonably foreseeable. Cir. 2003). 4 United States v. Hasson, 333 F.3d 1264, 1270 (11th
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Government, there was substantial evidence that Dowdell
knowingly and voluntarily agreed to participate in a scheme to defraud and that the use of the interstate wires in furtherance of the scheme was reasonably foreseeable. The Government
presented evidence that the assets of Dowdell's husband, Terry, and his alter-ego, Vavasseur Corporation, were frozen
continuously from November 19, 2001.
Dowdell herself was named
as a relief defendant in the order and received a copy of the order the day it issued. The Government also introduced
evidence of the various transfers of Vavasseur funds from the Smyth brothers to Mary personally, to her company, Willowood, and to the credit card account held by the Dowdells and evidence of Mary's personal involvement in cashing checks issued by the Smyths. Viewing this and the other trial evidence of
transfers of funds to Mary's benefit from the time that the asset freeze went into effect, we find that the evidence was sufficient to support Mary's conviction for conspiracy to commit wire fraud. Turning to the sentencing issues, we review a sentence imposed by the district court for reasonableness. United
States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 260-61 (2005).
In sentencing a
defendant post-Booker, a district court must correctly calculate the appropriate advisory guidelines 5 range. Gall v. United
States,
128
S.
Ct.
586,
596
(2007)
(citing
Rita
v.
United
States, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2465 (2007)).
The court then must
consider that range in conjunction with the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) (2006) factors. Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 596. In imposing a
sentence, the court "may not presume that the guidelines range is reasonable," but rather "must make an individualized The
assessment based on the facts presented."
Id. at 596-97.
district court also "must adequately explain the chosen sentence to allow for meaningful appellate review." Id. at 597.
Appellate review of a district court's imposition of a sentence (whether inside or outside of the guidelines range) is for abuse of discretion. Id.; see also United States v. Pauley, The appellate court
511 F.3d 468, 473 (4th Cir. 2007).
must first ensure that the district court committed no significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence--including an explanation for any deviation from the Guidelines range. Assuming that the district court's sentencing decision is procedurally sound, the appellate court should then consider the substantive reasonableness of the sentence imposed under an abuse-of-discretion standard. When conducting this review, the court will, of course, take into account the totality of the circumstances, including the extent of any variance from the Guidelines range. Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597.
6
Turning
first
to
Dowdell's
sentence,
the
district
court determined that her base offense level was six, under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1(a)(2) (2007). a fourteen-level increase under USSG She received because
§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(H)
the offense involved a loss amount of more than $400,000 and less than $1 million. Because the offense involved the
violation of a court order, Dowdell's offense level was raised an additional two levels pursuant to USSG § 2B1.1(b)(8)(C). offense level was raised two more levels under The USSG
§ 2B1.1(b)(9)(B) because a substantial part of the scheme was committed outside of the United States. Finally, the district
court applied a two-level increase in offense level under USSG § 3C1.1 for obstruction of justice because the court found that Dowdell committed perjury when she testified at trial. had no criminal history points. Dowdell
With a total offense level of
twenty-four and criminal history category I, Dowdell's guideline range was sixty-three to seventy-eight months' imprisonment.
USSG ch. 5, pt. A (sentencing table).
However, because the
then-applicable statutory maximum sentence of five years under § 1343 * was less than the guideline range, the statutory maximum became the guideline range.
*
See USSG § 5G1.1.
The statutory maximum for § 1343 offenses has since been raised to twenty years. See 18 U.S.C.A. § 1343 (West Supp. 2008).
7
Dowdell
challenges
her
sentence
on
several
grounds.
First, she contends that the district court erred by imposing the obstruction of justice enhancement. A sentencing court must
impose a two-level adjustment under § 3C1.1 if the defendant willfully obstructed or impeded the administration of justice during the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the
offense of conviction. of justice increase
In the case of perjury, the obstruction applies if the court finds that the
defendant gave false testimony under oath "concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony,
rather than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory. United States v. Dunnigan, 507 U.S. 87, 94 (1993); USSG § 3C1.1 cmt. n.4(b). In the face of substantial evidence of her guilt, We
Dowdell took the stand and flatly denied any wrongdoing. find no clear error in the § 3C1.1 enhancement.
Dowdell also challenges the inclusion of a $512,000 check she co-signed in determining the loss attributable to her for relevant to conduct, the contending that this § transfer 1B1.3(a), was not
related
conspiracy.
Under
USSG
unless
otherwise specified, relevant conduct shall be determined based on (1) "all acts and omissions committed, aided, abetted,
counseled, commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused by the defendant," and (2) "in the case of a jointly undertaken criminal activity (a criminal 8 plan, scheme, endeavor, or
enterprise undertaken by the defendant in concert with others, whether or not charged as a conspiracy) all reasonably
foreseeable acts and omissions of others in furtherance of the jointly Uncharged undertaken crimes criminal be activity." USSG § 1B1.3(a). for
may
considered
"relevant
conduct"
sentencing purposes, as can charges that were dismissed or for which the defendant was acquitted. U.S. 148, 155-56 (1997). The evidence presented at trial supported a finding that the transfer of the $512,000 was related to the conspiracy. The day after her husband's assets were frozen, Dowdell United States v. Watts, 519
facilitated the transfer of $512,000 from an account over which Terry had signatory authority into an account over which he had no such authority. Although this particular transaction was not
charged in the indictment and did not itself include a wire transfer, it reflects the general conspiracy charged in the
indictment to move funds in accounts covered by the asset freeze into other accounts where the Dowdell family and others could benefit court from did them. err We by therefore including conclude the that the in district the loss
not
$512,000
calculation. Finally, Dowdell argues that the district court failed to adequately consider the § 3553(a) factors. A district court's explanation for the sentence it imposes must be sufficient to 9
enable
the
appellate but need
court not
to
effectively
review all
its the
reasonableness,
mechanically
discuss
factors listed in § 3553(a).
United States v. Montes-Pineda, The court's explanation
445 F.3d 375, 380 (4th Cir. 2006).
should indicate that it considered the § 3553(a) factors and the arguments raised by the parties. Id. This court does not
evaluate the adequacy of the district court's explanation "in a vacuum," but also considers "[t]he context surrounding a
district court's explanation." The guideline district court the
Id. at 381. correctly calculated as Dowdell's and
range,
treated
guidelines
advisory,
considered the § 3553(a) factors.
The court sentenced her to We find
the statutory maximum, which was her guideline range.
that Dowdell presented no information to rebut the presumption that her within-guideline sentence is reasonable. The guideline calculations for the Smyth brothers were identical. The base offense level was six, under U.S.
Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1(a)(2) (2007). level was increased by fourteen the $1 levels,
This offense to USSG than
pursuant
§ 2B1.1(b)(1)(H) $400,000, but
because less than
offense million.
involved Because
more the
offense
involved the violation of a court order, the offense level was raised an additional two levels pursuant to USSG
§ 2B1.1(b)(8)(C).
The offense level was raised an additional 10
two levels under USSG § 3C1.1 for obstruction of justice for providing brothers brothers offense a false and from misleading Terry a to accounting and of $500,000 the The in of
received also level
Dowdell
Vavasseur. adjustment acceptance
received pursuant
two-level USSG
downward for
§ 3E1.1(a)
responsibility. Neither brother had any criminal history points. a total offense I, each level of twenty-two guideline and range criminal was With
history to
category
brother's
forty-one
fifty-one months' imprisonment. In Gregory Smyth's case, the Government asked the
court to consider that he pled guilty and convinced his brother to plead guilty, saving the Government and the court time from preparing for Mark Smyth's trial. Stating that it had
considered the § 3553(a) factors and the advisory guidelines, the court sentenced Gregory Smyth to thirty-seven months in
prison, four months below the bottom of the guideline range. Mark Smyth contended that it was he who convinced his brother to plead guilty. After considering the § 3553(a)
factors and the advisory guidelines, the court initially planned to sentence Mark Smyth to fifty-one months in prison, the top of the guideline range. However, Mark Smyth asserted that it was
he who convinced his brother to plead guilty and to avoid a gross disparity in sentences, the 11 court ultimately sentenced
Mark Smyth to forty-four months in prison, a sentence in the middle of his guideline range. On appeal, the Smyths argue that the district court erred by applying USSG § 3C1.1 to increase their offense levels for obstruction of justice. This enhancement was based on the
brothers' false accounting of the $500,000 they received from Vavasseur that they presented to Terry Dowdell. When well aware they prepared the accounting, the lead the Smyths were in a
that
Terry
Dowdell
was
defendant
pending civil action filed by the SEC in federal court involving the mishandling of funds. Dowdell's admissions that They knew that, in response to Terry Vavasseur was a Ponzi scheme, the
court issued an order shutting down the company and freezing Terry Dowdell's assets. They also knew that the SEC was
interested in the $500,000 that the Smyths received. Dowdell a false accounting of the funds, knowing
They sent that this
information was going to "the lawyers." The relevant guideline commentary to USSG § 3C1.1
lists "producing or attempting to produce a false, altered, or counterfeit document or record during an official investigation or judicial proceeding" as a ground for the obstruction
adjustment.
USSG § 3C1.1 cmt. n.4(c).
The brothers claim that
the enhancement should not apply because they did not provide the false accounting to any court, law enforcement officer, or 12
any other government official or entity, but rather to Terry Dowdell and his attorney. Even though the brothers sent the false information to private individuals, they knew that it would be used in
connection with a federal court case. evidence supported the district
A preponderance of the conclusion that the
court's
purpose of the letter was to obstruct justice by deceiving the SEC about these funds. Accordingly, we find that the district
court properly applied the § 3C1.1 enhancement to each of the Smyths. Finally, like Mary Dowdell, the Smyths argue that the district factors. Smyth court failed to adequately address the § 3553(a)
We find that district court correctly calculated the respective guideline ranges, treated the
brothers'
guidelines as advisory, and considered the § 3553(a) factors. We find that Mark Smyth failed to rebut the presumption that his within-guideline sentence is reasonable. We further find
Gregory Smyth's below-guideline sentence to be reasonable. For these reasons, we affirm Mary Dowdell's conviction and sentence and affirm Gregory and Mark Smyth's sentences. dispense with oral argument because the facts and We
legal
contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the court and argument would not aid the decisional process. AFFIRMED 13
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