US v. Lindsay Wilhelm
Filing
920091230
UNPUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 08-5068
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. LINDSAY DIANE WILHELM, a/k/a Diamond, Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, at Martinsburg. John Preston Bailey, Chief District Judge. (3:07-cr-00094-JPB-DJJ-2)
Argued:
December 4, 2009
Decided:
December 30, 2009
Before SHEDD and DUNCAN, Circuit Judges, and T. S. ELLIS, III, Senior United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
ARGUED: Brendan S. Leary, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Wheeling, West Virginia, for Appellant. Paul Thomas Camilletti, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Martinsburg, West Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Sharon L. Potter, United States Attorney, Wheeling, West Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM: This is an appeal from a conviction and sentence for aiding and abetting possession with intent to distribute cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B) and 18
U.S.C. § 2. court erred
Appellant Lindsay Wilhelm argues that the district in denying her motion to suppress the evidence
seized during the search of her residence. forth below, we affirm.
For the reasons set
I. On February 21, 2007, West Virginia State Troopers Douglas See and Joe Flanagan and United States Marshal Deputies Michael Ulrich and Ronald Stump went to Appellant's residence to search for Gabriel McGuire. McGuire was the subject of a felony arrest The officers incorrectly believed that of McGuire's mother, Paula
warrant for armed robbery. that Appellant's home was
McDonald.
Upon arrival, the officers knocked on the front door
and were greeted by Diana Wilhelm, Appellant's mother, who also resided there. The officers told Diana Wilhelm that they were She answered The Diana
looking for McGuire, and asked if he was there.
that she did not know McGuire and that he was not there. officers then asked if they could enter the residence. Wilhelm opened the door and allowed the officers in.
2
Once inside, while Trooper See searched the first floor, Deputy Stump remained in the living room speaking with Diana Wilhelm and Christina Wilhelm, Appellant's sister. Deputy Stump
described McGuire to them as having a tattoo under his left eye. Christina Wilhelm told Deputy Stump that Appellant's boyfriend, who had a tattoo under his left eye, was upstairs. Upon
learning this information, Deputy Stump alerted Trooper See that McGuire was upstairs and the two officers ascended the stairs to the second floor. Before they could reach the second floor, however, the
officers encountered Appellant.
Appellant began screaming at
them and told them to get out of her house, that they did not have consent to search her residence, and that they needed a search warrant. The officers nevertheless pushed past her to a There, they saw an individual
bedroom on the second floor. hiding in a closet.
The individual was ordered to come out, When he finally came out, the
which he initially refused to do.
officers arrested him for obstructing justice by refusing to come out of the closet. To the officers' surprise, the
individual inside the closet was not McGuire but rather Joshua Berkley, who coincidently also has a tattoo under his left eye. After arresting Berkley, the officers searched the closet in which Berkley had been hiding. In it, they found a backpack Once
containing what they believed to be a silencer for a gun. 3
Berkley
was
in
custody,
Deputy
Ulrich
lifted
up
a
nearby
mattress and found three firearms lying between the mattress and the box springs. The officers then contacted a West Virginia State Trooper who, based on the items seized in the bedroom, procured a state search warrant for the residence. Pursuant to the warrant, the
officers searched the residence and found additional firearms, ammunition, currency, crack cocaine, and other drugs. On November 14, 2007, Appellant was charged with aiding and abetting possession with intent to distribute cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(B) and 18 U.S.C. § 2, and aiding and abetting possession with intent to
distribute hydromorphone in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(C), and 18 U.S.C. § 2. The charges were based upon
the fact that the drugs seized pursuant to the search warrant had been found inside both Appellant's purse and bedroom. hydromorphone charge was eventually dismissed pursuant The to a
motion by the government. On February 11, 2008, Appellant filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained at her home. The district court referred
the matter to a Magistrate Judge who then issued a Report and Recommendation concluding that the motion should be denied.
Appellant filed objections to the Report and Recommendation and the government filed a response to those objections. 4 On April
4,
2008,
the
district
court
adopted
the
Report
and
Recommendation and denied the motion to suppress. That same day, Appellant entered a conditional guilty plea pursuant preserving to Federal right Rule to of appeal Criminal the Procedure 11(a)(2), order
her
district
court's
denying her motion to suppress. months of imprisonment.
Appellant was sentenced to 24
This appeal followed.
II. Appellant asserts that the search of her home violated the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement. Under the Fourth
Amendment, warrantless searches are "per se unreasonable . . . subject only to a few specifically Schneckloth omitted) where established v. Bustamonte, in "is and 412 wellU.S.
delineated 218, Two 219 such
exceptions." (1973)
(citation arise
(alteration the search
original). conducted
exceptions
pursuant to consent", id., and where exigent circumstances "make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that the warrantless search is objectively reasonable," Hunsberger v. Wood, 570 F.3d 546, 553 (4th Cir. 2009)(internal quotations omitted). In denying Appellant's motion to suppress, the district
court found that Diana Wilhelm initially consented to the search and that the continuation of the search was justified by exigent
5
circumstances. 1
Appellant argues that the district court erred First, she
in denying her motion to suppress for two reasons.
asserts that the there were no exigent circumstances justifying the search. Secondly, she asserts that the search was not
justified by Diana Wilhelm's consent because Appellant herself validly revoked that consent. We address each argument in turn.
A. We first consider whether the district court properly found that exigent "We for circumstances review clear justified findings legal the continuation a of the to
search. suppress
factual error and
underlying
motion de
determinations
novo."
United States v. Gray, 491 F.3d 138, 143-44 (4th Cir. 2007). "The district court's finding of exigent circumstances must be sustained unless it is clearly erroneous." Turner, 650 F.2d 526, 528 (4th Cir. 1981); United States v. see also United
States v. Moses, 540 F.3d 263, 270 (4th Cir. 2008). In analyzing whether exigent circumstances justified a
warrantless search, we ask whether the circumstances would cause
It is undisputed that Diana Wilhelm, a co-occupant of the home, gave valid consent for the officers' initial entry. See Georgia v. Randolph, 547 U.S. 103, 109 (2006) (recognizing "the validity of searches with the voluntary consent of . . . a fellow occupant who shares common authority over property") (internal citations omitted).
1
6
an
officer
to
have
"objectively required harm 963 to
reasonable immediate or 678
belief entry to
that
an
emergency assistance United
existed or
that
render within." 1992). to the
prevent v. Moss,
persons 673,
property (4th of
States of to
F.2d
Cir.
Examples police or
such
emergencies persons
include inside or
"risk
danger the
other
outside
dwelling."
Moses, 540 F.3d at 270 (internal citations omitted). 2 Here, the district court found that exigent circumstances arose based on the information provided by Christina Wilhelm and on the commotion created by Appellant. following reason to exigent believe circumstances: that a (1) the The court noted the officers robber had on good the
fugitive
armed
was
premises; (2) they had reason to believe the fugitive was aware that they were there; and (3) withdrawal from the search could have resulted in a hostage situation or posed danger to the
Appellant relies exclusively on the five factors listed in United States v. Turner, 650 F.2d 526, 528 (4th Cir. 1980) to analyze whether exigent circumstances existed. Appellant's The factors set exclusive reliance on Turner is misplaced. forth in Turner contemplated exigent circumstances arising from the potential destruction of contraband evidence. However, the destruction of contraband is only one of several situations that As may create exigent circumstances. Moses, 540 F.3d at 270. the Turner court recognized, "(t)he emergency circumstances will vary from case to case, and the inherent necessities of the situation at the time must be scrutinized." Turner, 650 F.2d at 528 (citing United States v. Rubin, 474 F.2d 262, 268 (3d Cir. 1973)) (alteration in original).
2
7
officers. 3
These findings are supported by the record.
First,
given that the man described by Christina Wilhelm matched the fugitive's unique characteristic of having a tattoo under his left eye, the officers certainly had reason to believe the
fugitive was on the premises.
Secondly, given the commotion
created by Appellant, the officers had reason to believe that the fugitive was aware of their presence. Finally, it is
objectively reasonable to conclude that a fugitive armed robber who has just become aware that he has been discovered by police may react in a way that poses a danger of for the those home say in and that the law the
immediate
vicinity
including
occupants we
enforcement
officers.
Therefore,
cannot
district court clearly erred in finding that there were exigent circumstances sufficient to justify the warrantless search.
B. Because we find that the district court did not err in holding that exigent circumstances justified the warrantless
Appellant asserts that some of the officers did not actually perceive any danger. However, that subjective inquiry is not relevant here. As the Supreme Court has explained, "[a]n action is `reasonable' under the Fourth Amendment, regardless of the individual officer's state of mind, `as long as the circumstances, viewed objectively, support the action.'" Brigham City v. Stuart, 547 U.S. 398, 404 (2006) (internal quotations omitted).
3
8
search,
we
need
not
determine
whether
Appellant
effectively
revoked Diana Wilhelm's consent.
Once the officers had reason
to believe that the armed robber was upstairs and aware of their presence, exigency replaced consent as the independent legal
justification for the search. The situation. Supreme Court has recognized this very type of
In Randolph the Court explained:
Sometimes, of course, the very exchange of information . . . in front of [an] objecting inhabitant may render consent irrelevant by creating an exigency that justifies immediate action on the police's part . . . . [A] fairly perceived need to act on the spot to preserve evidence may justify entry and search under the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement. . . . Additional exigent circumstances might justify warrantless searches. 547 U.S. at 117 n.6. the safety a of The Court also recognized that protecting is the type Id. of at emergency 117. that would any
officers
justify
warrantless
search.
Therefore,
effort by Appellant to revoke consent was moot.
III. Accordingly, for the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM.
9
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?