Willie Williams v. Vincent Collier
Filing
920090722
UNPUBLISHED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 08-6759
WILLIE WILLIAMS, Plaintiff - Appellant, v. VINCENT COLLIER, Cpt-Supervisor; OFFICER JACKSON; LIEUTENANT RANDLE, Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria. T. S. Ellis, III, Senior District Judge. (1:06-cv-01043-TSE-TRJ)
Submitted:
June 8, 2009
Decided:
July 22, 2009
Before TRAXLER, Judges.
Chief
Judge,
and
NIEMEYER
and
KING,
Circuit
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Willie Williams, Appellant Pro Se. John Adrian Gibney, Jr., Thomas Douglas Lane, THOMPSON MCMULLAN PC, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellees.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM: Willie Williams, a Virginia prisoner, appeals the
district court's grant of summary judgment to Vincent Collier, Delvin Jackson, and Challoughlczilczise Randle on Williams's 42 U.S.C. § 1983 as (2006) well claims as the for various Eighth Amendment of
violations,
dismissal
with
prejudice
Williams's claims against "Officer Crowin."
On appeal, Williams
reiterates the merits of his claims, argues that the district court erred in denying his motions for discovery and appointment of counsel, and contends that Crowin was improperly dismissed from the complaint. in this Williams also requests that the counsel facts be and
appointed arguments judgment
Court. in their
Appellees
reassert motions For the
stated before
respective court.
for
summary that
the
district
reasons
follow, we vacate in part, affirm in part, remand for further proceedings, and authorize the court to reconsider the issue of appointing counsel. We review a district court's order granting summary judgment de novo and view the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. 165, 167 (4th Cir. 2009). Rowzie v. Allstate Ins. Co., 556 F.3d Summary judgment is appropriate when
no genuine issue of material fact exists and the moving party is "entitled to judgment as a matter of law." 56(c). Fed. R. Civ. P.
Summary judgment will be granted unless a reasonable 2
jury
could
return
a
verdict
for
the
nonmoving
party
on
the
evidence presented. 242, 247-48 (1986).
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
A party cannot create a genuine issue of material fact through speculation or a compilation of inferences. Johnson, 532 F.3d 291, 297 (4th Cir. 2008). Emmett v.
However, "[i]t is
not our job to weigh the evidence, to count how many affidavits favor the plaintiff and how many oppose him, or to disregard stories that seem hard to believe." 90, 95 (4th Cir. 1991). Gray v. Spillman, 925 F.2d Instead, such credibility Id.; see
determinations are within the province of the jury. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. Moreover, before summary judgment may
properly
be
entered, the nonmoving party "must be afforded both notice that the motion is pending and an adequate opportunity to respond." Portland Retail Druggists Ass'n v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan, 662 F.2d 641, 645 (9th Cir. 1981). Implicit in such an
"opportunity to respond is the requirement that sufficient time be afforded for discovery necessary to develop facts essential to justify a party's opposition to the motion." quotation Accordingly, nonmoving marks, "summary has alterations judgment not had and [must] the Id. (internal omitted). where the
citations be refused to
party
opportunity
discover
3
information that is essential to his opposition." U.S. at 250 n.5. To Eighth make out a claim of excessive show that pain (1986).
Anderson, 477
force the and
under
the
Amendment,
Williams and U.S.
must
Defendants suffering."
"inflicted Whitley v.
unnecessary Albers, 475
wanton 312, 320
This
question
turns on "whether force was applied in a good faith effort to maintain or restore discipline or maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm." quotation inquiry marks and citation omitted). of "whether Id. at 320-21 (internal The the excessive prison force
requires
evaluation
official
acted with a sufficiently culpable state of mind (subjective component) inflicted and on whether inmate the was deprivation sufficiently suffered serious or injury
the
(objective
component)." 1996).
Williams v. Benjamin, 77 F.3d 756, 761 (4th Cir.
When determining the subjective component, we consider
"such factors as the need for the application of force, the relationship between the need and the amount of force that was used, and the extent of injury inflicted." 321 (internal quotation marks, Whitley, 475 U.S. at and citation
alterations
omitted). "[A]bsent the most extraordinary circumstances, a
plaintiff cannot prevail on an Eighth Amendment excessive force claim if his injury is de minimis." 4 Norman v. Taylor, 25 F.3d
1259,
1263
(4th
Cir.
1994)
(en
banc).
Extraordinary
circumstances are present when "the force used [is] of a sort repugnant to the conscience of mankind . . . or the pain itself [is] such that it can properly be said to constitute more than de minimis injury." and citation Id. at 1263 n.4 (internal quotation marks Otherwise, in determining whether
omitted).
injuries are de minimis, we generally consider the following: the context in which the injuries were sustained; whether the inmate sought medical care; whether the injuries were documented in medical records; and whether the documented injuries are
consistent with the application of the amount of force necessary under the particular circumstances. See generally Taylor v.
McDuffie, 155 F.3d 479, 484-85 (4th Cir. 1998). It is clear from the record that genuine issues of material fact exist regarding both the necessity of the force used by Collier against Williams and the extent of Williams's injuries. Though some of Williams's averments -- that he was
calm while being escorted to administrative segregation and that Collier's actions were an unprovoked attack -- may strain
credulity, we are not in a position "to disregard stories that seem hard to believe." sought Gray, 925 F.2d in at 95. to Moreover, prove his
Williams
repeatedly
discovery
order
allegations, but was denied it by the district court.
Williams
contended that the incident in question occurred directly in 5
front of a mounted camera and that pictures of the incident were held by the jail. these photographs. Williams filed repeated motions to secure However, rather than addressing these
motions on their merits, the district court denied them, stating that "it [was] premature to allow discovery before ruling on the pending Motion for Summary Judgment filed by defendants." a conclusion was in error. (noting that summary Such
See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250 n.5 may only be granted where
judgment
nonmoving party had opportunity for discovery). Similarly, genuine issues of material fact exist Though
regarding the extent of injuries suffered by Williams.
the evidence submitted by the Defendants indicates that Williams suffered a minor cut over his eye, Williams avers that he now suffers from permanent nerve damage to his right eye. While a
small cut would certainly be considered a de minimis injury, therefore barring Williams's recovery, permanent nerve damage
may not be.
Cf. Taylor, 155 F.3d at 484-85.
However, because
the district court denied Williams's motions seeking discovery of his medical records, Williams is forced to rely solely on his own affidavits as proof of his injury. As stated before, it is
not the province of the trial court at summary judgment to make such determinations of credibility. See Gray, 925 F.2d at 95.
Accordingly, as genuine issues of material fact exist regarding both the force used by Collier and the extent of Williams's 6
injuries,
and
Williams
was
not
given
an
opportunity
for
discovery, the district court erred in granting summary judgment on this claim. for Collier Therefore, the order granting summary judgment and Jackson is vacated, and we remand for
appropriate discovery and for such other proceedings as may be warranted, with authorization for the district court to
reconsider its denial of the appointment of counsel. Our review of the record indicates that the district court did not err in granting summary judgment for Lieutenant Randle on Williams's chair. behavior claim arising of out fact of time spent in a
restraint Williams's
Though while
issues in
may
exist chair,
regarding Williams
the
restraint
failed to present evidence of a sufficiently serious injury or deprivation to survive summary judgment. To the extent Williams
raises an excessive force claim, the court correctly determined that Williams "failed to establish that he suffered anything more than a de minimis injury as the result of his restraint." To the extent Williams raised a more general Eighth Amendment claim, we observe that a prisoner's exposure to human waste may give rise to an Eighth Amendment violation. See, e.g., DeSpain
v. Uphoff, 264 F.3d 965, 974-75 (10th Cir. 2001) (collecting cases). Williams failed, however, to demonstrate an "extreme See
deprivation" sufficient to constitute such a violation.
Williams, 77 F.3d at 761 (recognizing that meeting objective 7
component of excessive force claim -- that deprivation suffered or injury inflicted was "sufficiently serious" -- "is less
demanding than that necessary for [a] conditions-of-confinement" claim). Thus, the court did not err in granting summary
judgment to Randle on this issue. Williams dismissal with next challenges of his the district court's The
prejudice
claims
against
Crowin.
record is unclear when Officer Crowin was added as a defendant. He was mentioned once in the complaint, as the officer Williams requested to release him from the restraint chair, but was never named as a defendant or mentioned in the amended complaint,
filed in response to the district court's order that Williams "particularize and amend his complaint . . . by (i) naming every person he wishes to include as a defendant." As Williams failed
to include Crowin in this amended complaint, failed to allege facts sufficient to state a constitutional claim against him, and failed to effect service of the amended complaint upon him, we find that the district court did not err in dismissing any claims against him with prejudice. We also authorize the court, on remand, to reconsider appointing counsel to represent Williams for discovery and other proceedings. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1) (providing that
district court "may request an attorney to represent any person unable to afford counsel"). Williams's obligations on remand 8
will
likely
involve
complex
issues,
including
discovery
and
review of medical records, securing expert testimony, and the nuances of Eighth Amendment jurisprudence -- all difficult to address and properly present without the aid of counsel. Whisenant (directing v. Yuam, 739 F.2d to 160, 163-64 (4th Cir. for See 1984) se
district
court
appoint
counsel
pro
plaintiff in § 1983 action because "exceptional circumstances" were present and plaintiff was "relatively uneducated generally and totally uneducated in legal matters"), abrogated in part by, Mallard v. United States Dist. Court, 490 U.S. 296 (1989);
Gordon v. Leeke, 574 F.2d 1147, 1153 (4th Cir. 1978) (observing that district court should appoint counsel if "a pro se litigant has colorable claim but lacks the capacity to present it"); see also McEachin v. McGuinnis, 357 F.3d 197, 205 (2d Cir. 2004) (instructing district court to consider appointing counsel on remand to represent pro se plaintiff when action "may present complex legal issues"). We accordingly vacate the district court's orders
granting summary judgment to Collier and Jackson and denying Williams's motions for discovery of photographs and medical
records, affirm the remainder of the district court's orders, and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Because we remand for further proceedings, we deny as
moot Williams's motion in this Court for appointment of counsel. 9
We
dispense
with
oral
argument
because
the
facts
and
legal
contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the court, and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED IN PART, VACATED IN PART, AND REMANDED
10
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