Charles Dise v. Express Marine, Incorporated
Filing
UNPUBLISHED AUTHORED OPINION filed. Originating case number: 1:07-cv-01893-CCB Copies to all parties and the district court/agency. [998724841].. [10-1721]
Appeal: 10-1721
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Date Filed: 11/17/2011
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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 10-1721
CHARLES H. DISE,
Plaintiff – Appellant,
v.
EXPRESS MARINE, INCORPORATED,
Defendant - Appellee,
and
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA MEDICAL CENTER; JUVONDAS SHUNTA
HODGE, M.D.; AMIN FRONTAN, M.D.; J. DOE # 1; J. DOE # 2; J.
DOE # 3; J. DOE # 4; J. DOE # 5,
Defendants.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
Maryland, at Baltimore.
Catherine C. Blake, District Judge.
(1:07-cv-01893-CCB)
Argued:
September 21, 2011
Decided:
November 17, 2011
Before WILKINSON, MOTZ, and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Davis wrote the opinion,
in which Judge Wilkinson and Judge Motz joined.
ARGUED: David W. Skeen, WRIGHT, CONSTABLE & SKEEN, LLP,
Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant.
JoAnne Zawitoski, SEMMES,
BOWEN & SEMMES, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF:
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Meighan Griffin Burton, WRIGHT, CONSTABLE & SKEEN, LLP,
Baltimore, Maryland; Lawrence A. Melfa, BUTLER, MELFA & TAYLOR,
PA, Towson, Maryland, for Appellant.
Alexander M. Giles,
SEMMES, BOWEN & SEMMES, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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DAVIS, Circuit Judge:
Appellant
Charles
H.
Dise
(“Dise”)
filed
this
maritime
action to recover for injuries he sustained when a skiff piloted
by him and owned by his employer, Appellee Express Marine, Inc.
(“EMI”),
allided
allegedly
with
negligent
a
bridge
medical
piling,
and
treatment
he
as
a
result
received
at
of
the
University of South Alabama Medical Center (“USA Medical”) in
the wake of the allision. Dise asserted claims for negligence
and vicarious liability under the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. app. §
688(a) (recodified at 46 U.S.C. § 30104), and unseaworthiness
under the general maritime law. EMI counterclaimed to recover
for property damage to its skiff. The district court granted
summary
judgment
unseaworthiness
in
favor
claims,
of
EMI
and
on
on
Dise’s
EMI’s
Jones
property
Act
and
damage
counterclaim. We affirm.
I.
A.
At the time of the relevant events, Dise was a Maryland
resident employed by EMI as an assistant engineer on the Tug
BALTIMORE.
EMI
is
a
New
Jersey
corporation
engaged
in
the
business of towing barges and commodities from various East and
Gulf
Coast
2003.
In
locations.
April
2005,
Dise
EMI
began
working
assigned
Dise
3
for
to
EMI
work
in
on
October
the
Tug
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BALTIMORE as an assistant engineer. His duties included standing
watch in the engine room during specified shifts.
During July 2005, the Tug BALTIMORE was assisting with the
loading of a barge near Mobile, Alabama. Around the time of
Dise’s assignment to the Tug BALTIMORE, EMI purchased a 14-foot
Boston
Whaler
readings
on
(“the
the
skiff”)
barge
for
the
associated
purpose
with
the
of
taking
Tug
draft
BALTIMORE. 1
According to First Mate Douglas Covil, prior to the date of the
accident, July 19, 2005, the skiff had been used only for taking
draft readings. After the accident, the skiff was also used to
transport groceries and supplies to and from the tug.
On the evening of July 19, 2005, the Tug BALTIMORE and the
associated barge were docked at a terminal on Three Mile Creek
in
Mobile,
onboard
the
Alabama.
Tug
In
addition
BALTIMORE
to
included
Dise,
Captain
the
crew
Michael
members
Daniels,
First Mate Covil, Chief Engineer Sammy Edwards, Bargeman Jerry
Harper, Assistant Bargeman George Greggs, and the cook, Otis
Foster. Just before midnight, Daniels asked Greggs to take draft
1
“Draft” is “the depth of water required to float a
vessel,” and “draft marks” are “the Arabic numerals on both
sides of the bow and stern of a vessel to show the ship’s
draft.” Thompson Lenfestey & Tom Lenfestey, The Sailor’s
Illustrated Dictionary 142-43 (Globe Pequot ed., 2001). In the
context of this case, taking “draft readings” consists of
recording the draft marks at the waterline on the barge being
towed by the Tug BALTIMORE. See J.A. 128-30.
4
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readings from the adjoining barge using the skiff. Daniels also
instructed Greggs to deliver a radio to Harper on the barge.
Although
Greggs
had
never
operated
the
skiff
prior
to
that
night, both Daniels and Covil had used the skiff to take draft
readings
on
numerous
occasions.
In
his
deposition,
Daniels
testified that he had taken the skiff out earlier that very
evening
to
measure
the
drafts.
Neither
party
testified
to
experiencing any problems with the skiff.
Dise was present when Daniels ordered Greggs to take the
draft readings. Dise asked Daniels for permission to drive the
skiff while Greggs took the draft readings. According to the
testimony of Daniels, which was corroborated by Covil, Daniels
replied to Dise with something along the lines of, “it d[oes]n’t
take two people to read drafts.” J.A. 55, 71. After Daniels left
the galley, however, Dise informed Covil that he was planning to
accompany Greggs, and Covil did not explicitly tell him not to
follow through on that plan.
Dise
and
Greggs
met
on
the
deck
a
few
minutes
later,
boarded the skiff, and proceeded to the barge to take the draft
readings. Dise operated the skiff, while Greggs sat toward its
bow. Once they had acquired the initial draft readings, Dise and
Greggs decided to pilot the boat down Three Mile Creek. Dise
testified that it was Greggs’s idea to take the skiff downriver
to see a ship moored nearby, while Greggs testified that Dise
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wanted “to run the boat to see how it operated,” J.A. 174. It is
undisputed that Dise was at the helm of the skiff during the
entire incident.
Dise steered the skiff downriver toward the moored ship,
passing under a railroad bridge along the way. Shortly after
passing under the bridge, a call came in to the skiff to take a
second
set
of
draft
readings
because,
according
to
Greggs,
Harper had noticed a “discrepancy” and so wanted a new set of
readings taken. J.A. 175. Dise testified that he heard the word
“emergency” over the call, immediately turned the boat upriver,
and accelerated on a course toward the barge. J.A. 325. In his
deposition testimony, Dise claimed the fastest he drove the boat
was 17 or 18 knots, short of full throttle. However, in his
diary entry made after that night, he described the speed of the
skiff
as
“full
speed
ahead.”
See
J.A.
151-53.
Greggs
also
testified that, when Dise turned the boat around, “he opened up
the boat full throttle,” which Greggs ascertained because he
could see that the throttle was all the way forward. J.A. 602.
Dise claims that when he turned the skiff around, he was
blinded by lights on the ship ahead of him and could not clearly
see
the
bridge,
so
he
asked
Greggs
to
shine
the
skiff’s
spotlight, which he had been using to take the draft readings,
on the bridge. When Greggs did not respond, however, Dise did
not slow down or await Greggs’s compliance; indeed, Dise recalls
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“spe[eding]
up
Date Filed: 11/17/2011
a
little
bit
more”
Page: 7 of 29
at
that
point.
J.A.
328.
Shortly thereafter, the skiff crashed into one of the bridge’s
bulkheads,
and
Dise
and
Greggs
were
thrown
into
the
water,
suffering injuries to their extremities. According to Dise, he
could
not
make
out
the
contours
of
the
bridge
without
the
spotlight illuminating it. Greggs testified that it was a clear
night, he could clearly see the bridge and its bulkheads up
until the moment of impact, and he yelled to Dise to slow down
just before the crash.
After the allision, Dise and Greggs managed to hold onto
the skiff and get to the shore of Three Mile Creek. Once ashore,
Dise located a watchman on the railroad bridge who called 911.
An ambulance responded to the scene and took Dise and Greggs to
USA Medical in Mobile, Alabama. Upon learning of the accident,
EMI
dispatched
Mobile
to
Keith
oversee
Kirkeide,
Dise’s
a
medical
company
care.
representative,
EMI
paid
all
of
to
the
medical expenses that Dise incurred while at USA Medical, which
included treatment of a major injury to his left leg.
USA
Medical
discharged
Dise
on
July
23,
2005,
at
which
point he boarded a flight to travel to Baltimore. During the
course of the flight, Dise became severely ill. An ambulance was
called and transported Dise to St. Agnes Hospital immediately
upon his arrival in Baltimore. Doctors at St. Agnes Hospital
discovered
that
Dise’s
leg
wound
7
had
a
severe
bacterial
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infection
Date Filed: 11/17/2011
requiring
an
Page: 8 of 29
immediate
operation
treatment. As a result, St. Agnes Hospital
and
extensive
transferred Dise to
the University of Maryland Shock Trauma Center the next day for
additional treatment. Over the next two years, Dise underwent
multiple surgeries in an attempt to restore function to his leg.
He
reached
maximum
medical
improvement
on
January
31,
2008,
though he has permanent injuries to his leg. Dise did not return
to work for EMI after the accident.
B.
Dise filed suit in the district court on July 17, 2007,
seeking damages under the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. app. § 688(a),
and
various
maritime
doctrines.
The
complaint
alleged
five
counts: (1) negligence under the Jones Act; (2) unseaworthiness
under the general maritime law; (3) vicarious liability under
the
Jones
maintenance
Act
and
for
negligent
cure;
and
provision
(5)
unpaid
of
medical
wages.
EMI
care;
(4)
denied
all
liability and counterclaimed for recoupment of maintenance and
cure payments made to Dise, indemnification for payments made to
Greggs, and reimbursement for repairs to EMI’s skiff following
the accident.
After
the
close
of
discovery,
the
parties
filed
cross-
motions for summary judgment. EMI moved for summary judgment or
partial summary judgment as to all claims in the complaint on
the basis that each of Dise’s causes of action lacked merit. In
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the alternative, EMI sought summary judgment on its affirmative
defense that it was entitled to exoneration or limitation of
liability to the value of the skiff at the time of the accident.
Dise
moved
for
summary
judgment
on
his
vicarious
liability
claim, the entirety of EMI’s counterclaim, and EMI’s affirmative
defenses.
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of EMI
as to all five counts in Dise’s complaint, and denied Dise’s
cross-motion
for
summary
judgment
on
his
vicarious
liability
claim. Dise v. Express Marine, Inc., 651 F. Supp. 2d 457, 471
(D. Md. 2009). The district court granted summary judgment in
favor
of
Dise
on
EMI’s
counterclaims
seeking
recoupment
of
maintenance and cure and indemnification for payments made to
Greggs.
judgment
Id.
on
Rather
its
than
ruling
counterclaim
on
for
EMI’s
damage
motion
to
the
for
summary
skiff,
the
district court instructed EMI to advise the court within ten
days if it still wished to pursue the counterclaim in light of
the court’s other summary judgment rulings. Id. In response, EMI
timely moved for summary judgment to resolve its sole remaining
claim. Dise opposed the motion. On June 2, 2010, the district
court granted summary judgment in favor of EMI on its claim for
damages to the skiff. Dise v. Express Marine, Inc., 714 F. Supp.
2d 558, 562 (D. Md. 2010). Dise timely filed the instant appeal.
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II.
Dise appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment
in favor of EMI on his claims for negligence under the Jones
Act,
unseaworthiness
under
the
general
maritime
law,
and
vicarious liability under the Jones Act for negligent provision
of medical care, as well as EMI’s counterclaim for damage to the
skiff. We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment
de novo. See Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth. v. Potomac Inv.
Props., Inc., 476 F.3d 231, 234 (4th Cir. 2007).
A.
The Jones Act provides a cause of action in negligence for
“any seaman who shall suffer personal injury in the course of
his employment,” 46 U.S.C. app. § 688(a), and incorporates by
reference the judicially-developed doctrine of liability under
the Federal Employer’s Liability Act (“FELA”), 45 U.S.C. § 51 et
seq.,
thereby
according
seamen
rights
parallel
to
those
of
railway employees. Kernan v. American Dredging Co., 355 U.S.
426, 439 (1958); Hernandez v. Trawler Miss Vertie Mae, 187 F.3d
423, 436 (4th Cir. 1999); see also 46 U.S.C. app. § 688(a)
(providing that “all statutes of the United States modifying or
extending the common-law right or remedy in cases of personal
injury to railway employees shall apply” to a seaman’s Jones Act
action). FELA provides in relevant part that railway employees
enjoy a right of recovery for injury or death resulting in whole
10
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or
Document: 38
in
part
employers’
from
Date Filed: 11/17/2011
the
officers,
negligence
agents,
of
or
Page: 11 of 29
their
employer
employees.
their
U.S.C.
45
or
§ 51.
Accordingly, to prevail on a negligence claim under the Jones
Act, a seaman must show: “(1) personal injury in the course of
his employment; (2) negligence by his employer or an officer,
agent, or employee of his employer; and (3) causation to the
extent that his employer’s negligence was the cause ‘in whole or
in part’ of his injury.” Hernandez, 187 F.3d at 436.
To
further
eliminated
the
several
traditionally
humanitarian
purpose
common-law
tort
restricted
recovery
by
of
FELA,
defenses
injured
Congress
that
workers.
had
Consol.
Rail Corp. v. Gottshall, 512 U.S. 532, 542 (1994). Specifically,
FELA
abolishes
the
common
law
fellow-servant
rule
and
the
assumption of risk defense, rejects the doctrine of contributory
negligence
in
favor
of
comparative
negligence,
and
prohibits
employers from contractually exempting themselves from FELA. Id.
at 542-43; see also 45 U.S.C. §§ 51, 53-55. The Supreme Court
liberally construes FELA, but “has cautioned that . . . FELA,
and derivatively the Jones Act, is not to be interpreted as a
workers’
compensation
statute
and
that
unmodified
negligence
principles are to be applied as informed by the common law.”
Hernandez, 187 F.3d at 436-37 (citing Gottshall, 512 U.S. at
543-44)). In sum, “in establishing a Jones Act claim based on
negligence, the elements of duty, breach, and injury draw on
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common law principles; the element of causation is relaxed; and
common
law
defenses
are
modified
or
abolished.”
Id.
at
437
(citations omitted).
In order to establish negligence, a seaman-plaintiff in a
Jones Act action must prove by a preponderance of the evidence
that
his
employer
breached
a
duty
to
protect
him
against
a
foreseeable risk of harm. Martin v. Harris, 560 F.3d 210, 216
(4th
Cir.
2009)
(citing
Hernandez,
187
F.3d
at
436).
A
shipowner-employer’s duty under the Jones Act is to provide a
seaman-employee with a reasonably safe place to work. Id. at 216
(internal
citations
and
quotation
marks
omitted).
This
duty
extends from the vessel to the shore, provided the seaman is
acting in the course of his employment. 2 Id. (citing O’Donnell v.
Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co., 318 U.S. 36, 39 (1943)). Turning
to the sufficiency of the evidence in this case, the question is
whether the evidence before the district court on EMI’s motion
for summary judgment, when viewed in the light most favorable to
Dise, rose above the level of mere speculation and conjecture,
2
The district court, having determined that EMI was not
negligent, “assumed without deciding” that Dise was acting in
the course of employment at the time of the accident. Dise, 651
F. Supp. 2d at 465. We note that the parties disagree as to the
scope of this standard, but we likewise find that Dise has
failed to establish a genuine dispute of material fact as to
EMI’s negligence, and that EMI is therefore entitled to judgment
as a matter of law. Accordingly, like the district court, we do
not reach the issue of whether Dise was acting “in the course of
employment” at the time of the accident.
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to the point where a factfinder could reasonably find that the
risk of harm posed was reasonably foreseeable.
Dise argues on appeal that the evidence establishes genuine
disputes of material fact with respect to several theories of
negligence, including: (1) EMI’s poor training and instruction
of Greggs; (2) the absence of written or verbal guidelines for
use of the skiff; (3) Greggs’s failure to shine the spotlight;
and
(4)
argues
defective
that
negligence
applied
an
the
was
steering
district
the
“sole
erroneous
of
the
court,
in
proximate
causation
skiff.
In
finding
cause”
standard.
addition,
that
of
The
the
Dise
Dise’s
own
accident,
district
court
addressed each of Dise’s theories of negligence in turn and,
finding no genuine disputes of material fact, concluded that EMI
was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Having had the
benefit
of
oral
argument
and
having
carefully
reviewed
the
briefs, record, and controlling legal authorities, we reach the
same conclusion. Accordingly, as to Dise’s Jones Act negligence
claim,
we
affirm
on
the
basis
of
the
district
court’s
well
reasoned opinion. 3 See Dise, 651 F. Supp. 2d 457.
3
Given that Dise bears the burden of proof on all elements
of his Jones Act negligence claim, the absence of evidence that
EMI breached a duty to Dise is dispositive, irrespective of the
Jones Act causation standard applied by the district court.
Consequently, we do not reach Dise’s causation argument.
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B.
Dise’s unseaworthiness claim is separate and distinct from
his negligence claim. See Usner v. Luckenbach Overseas Corp.,
400 U.S. 494, 498 (1971). General maritime law imposes a duty
upon shipowners to provide seaworthy vessels, that is, vessels
reasonably
fit
for
their
intended
use.
Mitchell
v.
Trawler
Racer, Inc., 362 U.S. 539, 550 (1960). This duty extends to the
vessel itself, its equipment, and its crew. It is an absolute
duty requiring no knowledge on the part of the shipowner and
exists independently of the duty to exercise reasonable care
under the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. app. § 688(a). Id. at 548-49. In
order to prevail on a claim for unseaworthiness, a plaintiff
must demonstrate that “the unseaworthy condition of the vessel
was
the
proximate
or
direct
and
substantial
cause
of
the
seaman’s injuries.” Hernandez, 187 F.3d at 439 (citing Gosnell
v. Sea-Land Serv., Inc., 782 F.2d 464, 467 (4th Cir. 1986)).
Thus, the “causation burden is more demanding than the one the
plaintiff
undertakes
under
the
Jones
Act.”
Id.
(internal
quotation marks and citations omitted).
Dise argues that “the defective steering of the skiff as
well as a poorly trained and instructed fellow crewman, Greggs,
with regard to use of the skiff, are unseaworthy conditions.”
Appellant’s Br. 16. As set forth supra, however, Dise has failed
to present sufficient evidence to establish a material dispute
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of fact as to whether Greggs was qualified to operate the skiff
or
whether
the
steering
was
defective.
Regardless,
it
is
undisputed that the intended use of the skiff, which was new
when delivered to the Tug BALTIMORE only a few months prior to
the
accident,
Defective
was
steering
to
at
take
high
draft
speed,
readings
even
if
from
the
proved,
barge.
would
not
render the skiff unfit for this use as draft readings are not,
and indeed cannot be, taken at high speed. In addition, even if
Dise were able to show that deficiencies in the crew and the
vessel created an unseaworthy condition, he still must identify
admissible facts sufficient to demonstrate that one of these
conditions was the “proximate or direct and substantial cause”
of his injury. We agree with the district court’s conclusion
that neither was. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s
grant
of
summary
judgment
in
favor
of
EMI
on
Dise’s
unseaworthiness claim.
C.
The admiralty law doctrine of maintenance and cure imposes
upon a seaman’s employer a non-waivable and non-delegable duty
to
provide
food,
lodging,
and
medical
treatment
to
a
seaman
injured in the course of employment. 5 Robert Force & Martin J.
Norris, Law of Seamen § 26-1 (5th ed. 2003); see also De Zon v.
Am. Pres. Lines, 318 U.S. 660, 667 (1943). A sick or injured
seaman
has
a
cause
of
action
15
under
the
Jones
Act
for
his
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Page: 16 of 29
employer’s wrongful failure to provide proper medical attention.
De Zon, 318 U.S. at 667. Because the Jones Act incorporates the
principles of FELA, 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq., which renders an
employer
liable
for
injuries
negligently
inflicted
by
its
“officers, agents, or employees,” a shipowner can violate its
duty to provide prompt and adequate medical care in two ways:
“directly, such as when the shipowner fails to get a crewman to
a
doctor
when
it
is
reasonably
necessary
and
the
ship
is
reasonably able to do so; and vicariously, when the shipowner
selects a doctor who acts negligently.” Olsen v. Am. Steamship
Co., 176 F.3d 891, 896 (6th Cir. 1999). Dise raises only the
latter type of claim, arguing that EMI is vicariously liable for
the allegedly negligent provision of medical care by USA Medical
providers Drs. Juvondas Shunta Hodge and Amin Frontan following
the accident.
The
district
court
granted
EMI’s
motion
for
summary
judgment and denied Dise’s motion for summary judgment on his
claim alleging vicarious liability under the Jones Act. Dise,
651 F. Supp. 2d at 469. As a preliminary matter, the district
court determined that “in order to be vicariously liable for the
medical malpractice of a treating physician, the shipowner must
take
some
physician.”
affirmative
Id.
at
468.
act
in
Noting
selecting
that
the
or
agency
engaging
standard
the
is
relaxed under the Jones Act, the district court nevertheless
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concluded
that
Date Filed: 11/17/2011
Dise
had
failed
Page: 17 of 29
to
present
evidence
of
an
affirmative act on the part of EMI sufficient to give rise to an
agency relationship with the USA Medical providers as a matter
of law. Id. at 469.
Dise
argues
on
appeal
that
the
district
court’s
agency
analysis is inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s decisions in
Sinkler v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Co., 356 U.S. 326 (1958),
and Hopson, et al. v. Texaco, Inc., 383 U.S. 262 (1966), which
he avers establish that agency should be interpreted broadly in
the
Jones
delegable
Act
context
duty
to
consistent
provide
cure.
with
In
the
the
employer’s
non-
alternative,
Dise
contends that even if an affirmative act by EMI is a necessary
predicate
to
an
agency
relationship
with
the
USA
Medical
providers, the district court erred in finding that the evidence
does not establish such a relationship.
EMI’s vicarious liability for the alleged negligence of the
USA Medical providers turns upon the scope of “agency” in the
Jones Act context. The case law is instructive with regard to
these
parameters.
The
Supreme
Court
has
held
that
when
a
railroad employee’s injury is caused in whole or in part by the
fault
of
activities
others
of
his
performing,
employer,
under
such
contract,
others
are
operational
“agents
of
the
employer within the meaning of . . . FELA.” Sinkler, 356 U.S. at
331-32. The same standard applies in the Jones Act context. See
17
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Fitzgerald v. A.L. Burbank & Co., 451 F.2d 670, 680 (2d Cir.
1971) (applying Sinkler in a Jones Act case). Accordingly, for
example, where a ship carries an onboard physician employed by
the ship, vicarious liability attaches to the shipowner for the
physician’s negligence. De Zon, 318 U.S. at 668. Courts have
also consistently held that an agency relationship exists when a
shipowner engages the services of an on-shore physician. See,
e.g., Olsen, 176 F.3d at 895-96 (“[T]he shipowner is liable for
the negligence of an on-shore physician that it hires to treat
its
crewman.”)
Sambula,
405
(collecting
cases);
F.2d
299
291,
Cent.
(5th
Gulf
Cir.
S.S.
1968)
Corp.
v.
(shipowner
vicariously liable where its agent brought an injured seaman to
physician
injury).
who
misdiagnosed
Liability
does
and
not
mistreated
attach,
plaintiff’s
however,
when
a
eye
seaman
selects his own physician. See Joiner v. Diamond M Drilling Co.,
688 F.2d 256, 262 n.9 (5th Cir. 1982) (“[W]e can find no case
holding a shipowner vicariously liable for the negligence of an
onshore
physician
selected
by
the
injured
seaman
himself.”).
Similarly, the Seventh Circuit has held that when an employer
merely
refers
a
seaman
to
a
negligent
medical
provider,
the
provider is “neither [an] employee[] of the defendant nor acting
on behalf of [the defendant], thus eliminating any basis for
vicarious liability.” Greenwell v. Aztar Indiana Gaming Corp.,
268 F.3d 486, 489,
492-93 (7th Cir. 2011).
18
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Consistent
Date Filed: 11/17/2011
with
Dise’s
Page: 19 of 29
argument,
the
Supreme
Court
has
advised that “an accommodating scope must be given to the word
‘agents’
to
give
vitality
liability
of
carriers
to
Sinkler,
356
U.S.
330-31.
at
to
their
the
standard
workers
Even
governing
injured
given
this
on
the
relaxed
the
job.”
agency
standard, however, the district court properly determined that,
based upon the case law, an agency relationship giving rise to
vicarious
liability
under
the
Jones
Act
requires
“some
affirmative act [on the part of the shipowner] in selecting or
engaging” an on-shore medical provider. Dise, 651 F. Supp. 2d at
468.
Relying primarily upon Sinkler and Hopson, Dise argues that
a
shipowner’s
treatment
vicarious
arises
from
liability
its
for
non-delegable
negligent
duty
to
medical
provide
maintenance and cure, rather than from any affirmative act taken
in selecting the provider. Neither case supports his position,
however.
In
Sinkler,
the
Supreme
Court
held
that
when
an
employee’s injury was caused by the fault of others performing,
under
contract,
operational
activities
of
the
employer,
such
others were “agents” of the employer within the meaning of FELA.
356 U.S. at 331-32. In Hopson, the Supreme Court applied Sinkler
in a Jones Act case to find that a shipowner who had a duty to
bring an incapacitated seaman before the U.S. Consul prior to
discharge in a foreign port, and who selected a taxi service to
19
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transport the seaman, as it had done many times before, bore the
responsibility for the negligence of the driver it chose. 383
U.S. at 264. Both cases support the principle that, because a
seaman’s employer is under an absolute duty to provide medical
treatment
to
a
sick
or
injured
seaman,
medical
personnel
selected by it to render that treatment are deemed to be engaged
in the ship’s business as “agents” despite the fact that the
practitioner
may
be
an
independent
contractor
or
completely
unrelated to the ship. However, these cases do not establish
that every provider of medical services to a sick or injured
seaman
is
automatically
deemed
an
agent
of
the
shipowner
by
virtue of the shipowner’s duty to provide maintenance and cure. 4
In order to survive summary judgment, Dise must present
evidence establishing, at minimum, a genuine dispute of material
fact with respect to whether EMI took some affirmative act to
select or otherwise engage the USA Medical providers. Dise does
4
The circuit and district court cases Dise cites as support
are similarly inapposite. See De Centeno v. Gulf Fleet Crews,
Inc., 798 F.2d 138 (5th Cir. 1986) (shipowner liable where
vessel’s agent arranged for seaman to see local physician who
negligently failed to recognize signs of diabetes and therefore
failed to order blood test, where proper diagnosis could have
avoided diabetic coma and death); Fitzgerald, 451 F.2d 670 (2d
Cir. 1971) (shipowner liable for negligence of doctor it
selects);
Sambula,
405
F.2d
291
(shipowner
liable
for
negligently
selecting
general
practitioner,
rather
than
ophthalmologist, who misdiagnosed and mistreated plaintiff’s
eye).
20
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not dispute that there is no evidence in the record that EMI
affirmatively engaged the USA Medical providers to treat him,
but
instead
argues
that
EMI
constructively
selected
the
USA
Medical providers by instituting a written emergency response
policy that instructs employees to “call 911 first.” See J.A.
722.
Although
it
is
a
close
question,
we
conclude
that
the
existence of the “call 911 first” policy alone is insufficient
as a matter of law to demonstrate that EMI selected or otherwise
engaged USA Medical and its providers in particular. Instituting
such a policy is essentially the equivalent of providing each
employee with a list of every medical provider in the region.
Such an act does not indicate that the employer selected or
engaged any particular provider.
Dise also contends that EMI acquiesced in USA Medical’s
treatment of him by paying for his care and not moving him to a
different facility, thereby establishing an agency relationship.
EMI was required to pay Dise’s medical expenses in order to
satisfy
its
non-delegable
duty
to
provide
cure,
and
did
not
select or engage USA Medical in doing so. EMI’s failure to move
Dise to another hospital is also insufficient as a matter of law
to
establish
that
EMI
selected
or
otherwise
affirmatively
engaged USA Medical. Thus, we affirm the district court’s grant
of
summary
judgment
in
favor
of
EMI
vicarious liability under the Jones Act.
21
on
Dise’s
claim
for
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Page: 22 of 29
D.
We
turn,
finally,
to
the
district
court’s
award
of
affirmative relief to EMI. Dise argues that EMI may not assert
its property damage counterclaim because the Jones Act prohibits
counterclaims by employer-shipowners against employee-seamen, as
such actions are incompatible with the principles of maritime
law. The district court acknowledged that neither the Supreme
Court nor this court has directly addressed this question, but
reasoned
applied
that
“the
FELA
to
consistency
Jones
Act
with
cases
which
and
these
permitted
courts
have
counterclaims
under FELA weighs in favor of permitting EMI’s counterclaim.”
Dise, 714 F. Supp. 2d at 560. Consequently, the district court
granted EMI’s motion for summary judgment on its counterclaim
for
damages
to
the
skiff
in
the
amount
of
$3,254.96,
the
undisputed cost of repairs. Id. at 562.
In
reaching
this
result,
the
district
court
relied
primarily upon this court’s decision in Cavanaugh v. W. Md. Ry.
Co., 729 F.2d 289, 294 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 872
(1984),
which
held
that
FELA
does
not
prohibit
employer
counterclaims against employees in the railroad context, and a
subsequent Fifth Circuit decision which held, largely based upon
Cavanaugh,
that
the
Jones
Act
does
not
bar
employer
counterclaims in the maritime context, Withhart v. Otto Candies,
L.L.C.,
431
F.3d
840
(5th
Cir.
22
2005).
Id.
at
560-61.
Dise
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contends that Cavanaugh and Withhart were incorrectly decided,
and argues in the alternative that even if we extend Cavanaugh
to this context, considerations unique to the maritime context
militate against extending our decision in that case to Jones
Act actions, as the Fifth Circuit did in Withhart. Although we
recognize
that
did
Cavanaugh
not
squarely
address
the
issue
before us in the instant maritime case, we decline to so readily
discount its relevance given that the Jones Act incorporates the
judicially-developed doctrine of liability under FELA.
In
Cavanaugh,
we
held
that
FELA
neither
explicitly
nor
implicitly proscribes the filing of a counterclaim by a railroad
in a FELA case to recover for property damages sustained by
reason of the sole negligence of a plaintiff-employee. 729 F.2d
at 294. We noted that if the railroad-employer were denied the
right
to
assert
property
FELA
employee’s
a
suit,
the
damage
counterclaim
counterclaim
compulsory
during
the
requirement
under Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(a) would prohibit the employer from
later
bringing
employee
absolute
negligence.
rejected
the
Id.
the
at
claim,
thereby
immunity
from
291.
contention
Turning
that
unfairly
any
to
Sections
the
5
affording
the
liability
for
his
statute
itself,
we
and
10
of
FELA,
45
U.S.C. §§ 55 & 60, implicitly bar employer counterclaims against
employees. Id.
23
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Section
5
of
Date Filed: 11/17/2011
FELA
provides
Page: 24 of 29
that
“any
contract,
rule,
regulation, or device whatsoever, the purpose or intent of which
shall be to enable any common carrier to exempt itself from any
liability created by this act, shall to that extent be void . .
.”
45
U.S.C.
§ 55.
Section
10
similarly
provides
that
“any
contract, rule, regulation, or device whatsoever, the purpose,
intent or effect of which shall be to prevent employees of any
common carrier from furnishing voluntary information to a person
in interest as to the facts incident to the injury or death of
any employee, shall be void . . .” 45 U.S.C. § 60. We reasoned
that Section 5 clearly defines “device” as having the purpose of
exempting the common carrier from liability, and an employer
negligence counterclaim does not exempt the common carrier from
liability; therefore, an employer negligence counterclaim is not
a prohibited device under Section 5. Cavanaugh, 729 F.2d at 29192. With respect to Section 10, we found that “there is no
authority
for
the
assumption
that
the
possibility
of
a
counterclaim being filed creates an unfair advantage in favor of
the defendant or improperly coerces or intimidates the injured
party from seeking redress for his injuries . . . The same
argument
could
be
advanced
against
the
admissibility
of
a
counterclaim in any tort action.” Id. at 293. 5
5
We note that our reasoning in Cavanaugh has not gone
(Continued)
24
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The
Date Filed: 11/17/2011
and
that
holding
First
Eighth
employer
Page: 25 of 29
Circuits
property
have
followed
damage
Cavanaugh,
counterclaims
are
actionable under FELA. See Sprague v. Boston & Maine Corp., 769
F.2d 26, 29 (1st Cir. 1985); Nordgren v. Burlington Northern
R.R.
Co.,
101
F.3d
1246,
1253
(8th
Cir.
1996).
The
Eighth
Circuit held that employer property damage counterclaims are not
“devices” under Section 5 and 10 of FELA because the suits do
not absolve the employers of liability. Nordgren, 101 F.3d at
1251.
Interpreting
Sections
preceding
5
and
the
10,
the
the
phrase,
phrase
“any
Eighth
Circuit
namely
device
looked
“contract,”
whatsoever”
to
the
“rule,”
in
terms
and
“regulation,” and determined that because they refer to legal
instruments that railroads attempt to use to evade liability,
unquestioned. Dissenting from the divided panel’s majority
opinion in Cavanaugh, Judge Hall argued that the majority
construed Sections 5 and 10 too narrowly. 729 F.2d at 295.
According to the dissent, the counterclaim at issue was “a
‘device’ calculated to intimidate and exert economic pressure on
the employee, to curtail and chill his rights, and ultimately to
exempt the railroads from liability under the FELA.” Id. at 296.
The dissent further found that the counterclaim violated Section
10 insofar as it “would prevent employees from voluntarily
furnishing
information
regarding
the
extent
of
their
negligence.” Id. In Stack v. Chi., Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pac.
R.R., 615 P.2d 457 (Wash. 1980), the Washington Supreme Court
similarly found that employer negligence counterclaims violate
Section 5 of FELA because such suits limit employer liability,
as employees would then be reluctant to file FELA actions, id.
at 459. In Yoch v. Burlington N. R.R., 608 F. Supp. 597, 598 (D.
Colo. 1985), the Colorado federal district court adopted Stack’s
rationale in holding that FELA prohibits employer negligence
countersuits.
25
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the term “devices” should be viewed in the same context. Id. at
1250-51. Therefore, according to the Nordgren court, “any device
whatsoever” is simply a catchall phrase “referring only to any
other creative agreement or arrangements the railroad might come
up with to exempt itself from liability,” and does not include
employers’ negligence countersuits. Id.
In Withhart, the Fifth Circuit considered as a matter of
first
impression
in
the
federal
courts
of
appeals
whether
a
shipowner-employer in a Jones Act action may assert negligence
and indemnity claims against its seaman-employee for property
damage allegedly caused by the employee’s negligence. 431 F.3d
at 840. Relying largely upon Cavanaugh, the court held that “no
statutory authority in FELA, and consequently, in the Jones Act,
prohibits a shipowner-employer from pursuing a claim against its
negligent seaman-employee for property damage.” Id. at 845. The
Withhart court noted that negligence was an actionable wrong
under maritime law prior to enactment of the Jones Act, 431 F.3d
at 842 (internal citation omitted), and reasoned that permitting
employer counterclaims would not exempt employers from liability
or unfairly prejudice employees, id. at 844. The Witthart court
concluded
that
allowing
an
employer
counterclaim
would
not
narrow the remedies available to employees under the Jones Act.
Id. at 845.
26
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Consistent with the district court’s analysis, the extant
authority weighs in favor of allowing EMI’s counterclaim based
upon the particular facts of this case. EMI’s counterclaim for
damage
to
its
skiff
does
not
act
as
a
liability-exempting
“device” of the sort prohibited by FELA, 45 U.S.C. §§ 55 and 60.
EMI
sought
to
limit
its
liability
to
$7,945.00
under
the
Limitation of Liability Act, 46 U.S.C. §§ 30501, et seq., which
so far as bears on this case limits a shipowner’s liability to
the value of the ship, 46 U.S.C. § 30505(a), but counterclaimed
for
the
lesser
amount
of
$3,254.96,
the
undisputed
cost
of
repairs. In addition, we have found that EMI was not negligent
to
any
extent,
so
its
property
damage
counterclaim
does
not
serve as a set off to liability. For these reasons, we affirm
the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of EMI
on its counterclaim for property damage to the skiff. We leave
for
another
damage
day,
however,
counterclaims
by
the
question
of
shipowner-employers
whether
against
property
negligent
seaman-employees are actionable in every Jones Act case. 6
6
Notably, in a decision postdating the district court’s
order granting summary judgment in this case, the Seventh
Circuit held that “combining a property-damage counterclaim with
a limitation of liability in order to wipe out a substantial
personal injury claim under the Jones Act is a liabilityexempting device forbidden by the Act.” Deering v. Nat’l Maint.
& Repair, Inc., 673 F.3d 1039, 1048 (7th Cir. 2010) (Posner,
J.). We have no occasion in the case at hand to examine Deering.
27
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III.
For the reasons set forth, we are persuaded, as was the
district
court,
establish
a
that
genuine
the
evidence
dispute
of
in
the
material
record
fact
fails
as
to
to
EMI’s
negligence or its vicarious liability for the alleged negligence
of the USA Medical providers. In order to establish an agency
relationship for the purposes of vicarious liability in a Jones
Act
action,
the
seaman-employee
must
demonstrate
some
affirmative act on the part of a shipowner-employer in selecting
or otherwise engaging the negligent medical provider. Thus, we
affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor
of
EMI
on
Dise’s
unseaworthiness
failed
to
Jones
claim
Act
under
establish
that
claims.
the
With
general
either
the
respect
maritime
skiff
or
to
his
law,
Dise
the
crew
constitutes an unseaworthy condition. Accordingly, we affirm the
district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of EMI on
the unseaworthiness claim.
Finally, while neither this court nor the Supreme Court has
decided
whether
employer
actionable
in
Jones
concluding
that
Act
EMI’s
liability-exempting
property
counterclaims
we
have
no
counterclaim
does
not
device
cases,
damage
under
the
particular
hesitation
serve
facts
as
of
are
in
a
the
instant case, and we apply the rule supported by the weight of
authority
favoring
allowance
of
28
EMI’s
counterclaim.
Thus,
we
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affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on EMI’s
counterclaim for damage to the skiff. We acknowledge, however,
that under circumstances not present in the case before us, some
employer
property
damage
counterclaims
may
be
impermissible
under the FELA, Jones Act, and general remedial principles of
maritime law. See Deering v. Nat’l Maint. & Repair, Inc., 673
F.3d 1039 (7th Cir. 2010).
AFFIRMED
29
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