Robert Reynolds v. Douglas Middleton
Filing
PUBLISHED AUTHORED OPINION filed. Originating case number: 3:12-cv-00779-JAG. [999533954]. [13-2389]
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PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 13-2389
ROBERT S. REYNOLDS,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
DOUGLAS A. MIDDLETON,
Defendant - Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Virginia, at Richmond.
John A. Gibney, Jr.,
District Judge. (3:12-cv-00779-JAG)
Argued:
October 28, 2014
Decided:
February 24, 2015
Before TRAXLER, Chief Judge, DIAZ, Circuit Judge, and DAVIS,
Senior Circuit Judge.
Vacated and remanded by published opinion. Chief Judge Traxler
wrote the opinion, in which Judge Diaz and Senior Judge Davis
joined.
ARGUED: Brian Timothy Burgess, GOODWIN PROCTER LLP, Washington,
D.C., for Appellant. Andrew Ramsey Newby, OFFICE OF THE COUNTY
ATTORNEY, Henrico, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: William M.
Jay, Washington, D.C., Kevin P. Martin, GOODWIN PROCTER LLP,
Boston, Massachusetts, for Appellant. Joseph P. Rapisarda, Jr.,
Lee Ann Anderson, COUNTY OF HENRICO, Henrico, Virginia, for
Appellee.
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TRAXLER, Chief Judge:
Robert
soliciting
Reynolds
donations
brought
an
action
Henrico
County
is
in
homeless
Henrico
raising
ordinance
County roadways.
supports
County,
First
that
and
Virginia.
Amendment
prohibits
himself
by
Reynolds
challenges
solicitation
to
a
within
The district court granted summary judgment in
favor of the County, and Reynolds appeals.
For the reasons that
follow, we vacate the grant of summary judgment and remand for
further proceedings.
I.
Prior
to
2012,
prohibited
those
ordinance
defined
Henrico
“standing”
to
County
in
include
the
had
County
an
ordinance
roadways,
medians,
from
which
that
the
distributing
handbills, soliciting contributions, or selling merchandise to
car drivers or passengers.
Roadway solicitors got around the
ordinance by soliciting funds while sitting in the medians.
Police Chief Douglas Middleton, the named defendant, urged
the Henrico County Board of Supervisors to consider amending the
ordinance to prohibit all roadway solicitation while standing or
sitting.
At a public hearing on the issue, Middleton stated
that the number of people soliciting while sitting in medians
had
increased
“[i]n
the
past
few
years
and
particularly
the
current year,” J.A. 63, and that this increase had led to an
increased
number
of
complaints
2
from
citizens.
Middleton
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explained
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that
he
believed
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soliciting
from
the
median
was
dangerous to the solicitors and to drivers and that prohibiting
median-solicitation
would
make
the
roads
safer.
Middleton
stated that “as chief of police I cannot ignore the increasingly
present danger that the current activities are creating, [and] I
would rather proceed to avoid a tragedy, and I am responding to
that in a proactive manner as opposed to being reactive.”
J.A.
64.
Middleton did not consult traffic-safety or other experts
before
seeking
the
changes
to
the
ordinance,
but
based
his
proposal on his opinion that it is unsafe to solicit “in the
highway,”
an
observations,
opinion
the
that
credible
he
based
reports
of
on
other
his
“personal
law-enforcement
officers and citizens, and [his] experience as a law-enforcement
officer for over 40 years.”
J.A. 60.
Middleton did not give
any specific examples of accidents or other problems caused by
median-solicitors
in
his
deposition
testimony
or
in
his
statements at the public hearing.
The County Attorney’s Office prepared a report addressing
solicitation on County highways.
had
been
County
an
“increased
highways,
presence
especially
in
The report stated that there
of
[roadway
the
medians
solicitors]
of
in
numerous
intersections in the West End of the County,” J.A. 29, and that
“[n]umerous complaints have been received from County citizens
3
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over
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the
report,
past
police
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several
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months,”
received
“97
J.A.
calls
30.
for
According
service
to
the
concerning
panhandling” in 2011 and received 93 such calls in the first 8
months of 2012.
in
the
record
J.A. 31.
of
actual
There is no other empirical evidence
problems
caused
by
panhandling
or
soliciting from medians.
The Board of Supervisors agreed with Middleton and voted to
amend the ordinance.
The amended version of the ordinance (the
“Amended Ordinance”) provides as follows:
Sec.
22–195.
Distributing
handbills,
soliciting
contributions or selling merchandise or services in
highway.
(a) It shall be unlawful for any person while in the
highway to:
(1) Distribute handbills, leaflets, bulletins,
literature, advertisements or similar material to the
drivers of motor vehicles or passengers therein on
highways located within the county.
(2) Solicit contributions of any nature from the
drivers of motor vehicles or passengers therein on
highways located within the county.
(3) Sell or attempt to sell merchandise or
services
to
the
drivers
of
motor
vehicles
or
passengers therein on highways located within in the
county.
(b) For purposes of this section, the term “highway”
means the entire width of a road or street that is
improved, designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular
travel and the shoulder, the median, and the area
between the travel lane and the back of the curb.
4
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J.A.
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16.
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Given
the
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definition
of
“highway,”
the
Amended
Ordinance prohibits a homeless person from sitting (or standing)
in a median with a sign asking for donations or offering to work
in
exchange
for
food,
but
it
permits,
for
example,
campaign
workers with signs urging drivers to vote for their candidate to
gather
in
the
medians.
Solicitation
and
other
activities
prohibited on the highways and medians remain permissible on
County sidewalks, which are not included in the definition of
“highway.”
Acting pro se, Reynolds brought this action challenging the
Amended Ordinance on First Amendment grounds.
County cross-moved for summary judgment.
Reynolds and the
The district court
denied Reynolds’ motion and granted the County’s.
recognized
that
streets
and
medians
are
The court
traditional
public
forums, but the court nonetheless upheld the Amended Ordinance
as
a
content-neutral
and
narrowly
manner restriction on speech.
tailored
time,
place,
and
This appeal followed.
II.
There is no question that panhandling and solicitation of
charitable contributions are protected speech.
See Clatterbuck
v. City of Charlottesville, 708 F.3d 549, 553 (4th Cir. 2013).
There is likewise no question that public streets and medians
qualify
as
“traditional
public
forum[s].”
Id.
at
555;
see
Warren v. Fairfax Cnty, 196 F.3d 186, 196 (4th Cir. 1999) (en
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banc) (“Median strips, like sidewalks, are integral parts of the
public
thoroughfares
that
constitute
the
traditional
public
fora.”).
The government’s power to regulate speech in a traditional
public forum is “limited, though not foreclosed.”
708
F.3d
at
555.
Content-neutral
time,
place,
Clatterbuck,
and
manner
regulations of speech in traditional public forums are subject
to intermediate scrutiny – that is, the restrictions must be
“narrowly tailored to serve a significant government interest
and
leave
open
ample
alternative
channels
of
communication.”
Id.; see Ross v. Early, 746 F.3d 546, 552-53 (4th Cir.), cert.
denied, 135 S. Ct. 183 (2014).
narrowly
tailored
if
it
A content-neutral regulation is
does
not
“burden
substantially
more
speech than is necessary to further the government’s legitimate
interests.”
McCullen v. Coakley, 134 S. Ct. 2518, 2535 (2014)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
To be valid, the regulation
“need not be the least restrictive or least intrusive means of
serving the government’s interests.
But the government still
may not regulate expression in such a manner that a substantial
portion of the burden on speech does not serve to advance its
goals.”
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Reynolds,
district
now
court’s
represented
decision
by
upholding
counsel,
the
challenges
Amended
the
Ordinance.
Reynolds argues that the County bears the burden of proof and
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that the County’s evidence was insufficient to establish that
the Amended Ordinance is narrowly tailored or that it leaves
open ample alternative channels of communication. 1
III.
We begin with the burden of proof.
claims
suppression
of
speech
under
“[W]here a plaintiff
the
First
Amendment,
the
plaintiff bears the initial burden of proving that speech was
restricted by the governmental action in question.”
Lim v. City
of Long Beach, 217 F.3d 1050, 1054 n.4 (9th Cir. 2000); see
American Legion Post 7 v. City of Durham, 239 F.3d 601, 606 (4th
Cir.
2001)
First
(threshold
Amendment
scrutiny
burdens speech).
the
burden
determination
is
triggering
whether
application
challenged
of
regulation
After the plaintiff makes his initial showing,
then
falls
on
the
government
constitutionality of the speech restriction.
to
prove
the
See McCullen, 134
S. Ct. at 2540 (“To meet the requirement of narrow tailoring,
the
government
must
demonstrate
1
[that
the
speech
restriction
Reynolds expressly does not challenge the district court’s
determination that the Amended Ordinance is content- neutral,
and we therefore do not consider that issue.
We note that the
Supreme Court recently heard argument in a case involving the
content-neutrality of a town ordinance regulating temporary
signs.
See Reed v. Town of Gilbert, S. Ct. Docket No. 13-502
(argued Jan. 12, 2015).
In the event the Supreme Court’s
decision in Reed undermines the district court’s analysis of the
neutrality issue, the district court on remand will be free to
reconsider the issue.
See, e.g., TFWS, Inc. v. Franchot, 572
F.3d 186, 191 (4th Cir. 2009) (noting exception to the law-ofthe-case doctrine for change in controlling legal authority).
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meets the relevant requirements].” (emphasis added)); see also
Edenfield
v.
Fane,
507
U.S.
761,
770
(1993)
(“It
is
well
established that the party seeking to uphold a restriction on
commercial
speech
carries
the
burden
of
justifying
it.”
(internal quotation marks and alteration omitted)).
Here, Reynolds made the necessary threshold showing.
As
discussed, solicitation of charitable contributions is speech,
and Reynolds alleged in his verified complaint that the Amended
Ordinance inhibits his ability to collect donations by requiring
him to move to locations where it is more difficult for drivers
to make contributions. 2
See Williams v. Griffin, 952 F.2d 820,
823 (4th Cir. 1991) (verified complaint “is the equivalent of an
opposing
affidavit
for
summary
judgment
purposes,
when
the
allegations contained therein are based on personal knowledge”).
The County was therefore obligated to prove that the Amended
Ordinance
is
narrowly
tailored
to
further
a
significant
government interest and that it leaves open ample alternative
channels of communication.
The more difficult issue -- and the issue on which this
appeal turns -- is determining precisely what the County must
present in order to carry its burden of proof.
2
The County
As Reynolds explained in his complaint, “forcing him out
of the roadway results in the drivers[’] inability to hand him
money because they cannot reach across the passenger seat and
usually several more feet into Reynolds’ hand.” J.A. 9.
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contends that intermediate scrutiny “does not always require an
evidentiary showing,” Brief of Respondent at 20, and that it is
entitled to rely on common sense and logic, as well case law and
the
experience
of
other
jurisdictions,
when
defending
the
Amended Ordinance.
The
County’s
precedent.
formulation
certainly
finds
support
in
our
We have not required an evidentiary record to uphold
a speech regulation that is materially indistinguishable from
one that has been found constitutional by this court or the
Supreme Court.
See Wag More Dogs, LLC v. Cozart, 680 F.3d 359,
365 n.3 (4th Cir. 2012) (“[C]onsistent with over thirty years of
case
law
from
defendant]
has
the
Supreme
Court
and
established
that
the
our
court,
Sign
[the
County
Ordinance
passes
constitutional muster under the rubric of intermediate scrutiny.
It need not reinvent the wheel by coming forward with voluminous
evidence
justifying
a
regulation
upheld several times over.”). 3
of
the
type
that
has
been
Likewise, we generally have not
3
Unlike the sign and billboard regulation in Wag More Dogs,
however, the Amended Ordinance is not one of a type that has
consistently been found constitutional. Courts have struck down
some solicitation bans and upheld others, with the outcome
turning on the details and wording of the various regulations
(such as whether the ban applied to medians) as well as the
evidentiary record developed by the parties. See, e.g., Comite
de Jornaleros de Redondo Beach v. City of Redondo Beach, 657
F.3d 936, 949 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (striking down ordinance
banning solicitation of employment or contributions from all
city streets and medians in part because the City introduced
(Continued)
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required
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the
government
to
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present
evidence
to
show
the
existence of a significant governmental interest; common sense
and the holdings of prior cases have been found sufficient to
establish, for example, that the government has a significant
interest in public safety.
See Ross, 746 F.3d at 555; American
Legion Post 7, 239 F.3d at 609; cf. United States v. Chapman,
666 F.3d 220, 226-27 (4th Cir. 2012) (recognizing that “common
sense and case law” can establish the existence of governmental
interest
in
Second
Amendment
case
subject
to
intermediate
scrutiny).
As to the other narrow-tailoring requirements, our cases
have
not
been
entirely
clear
about
present in order to carry its burden.
what
the
government
must
For example, we have held
that intermediate scrutiny “requires the government to produce
evidence
that
a
challenged
regulation
materially
advances
an
important or substantial interest by redressing past harms or
preventing future ones.”
F.3d
507,
515
(4th
Giovani Carandola, Ltd. v. Bason, 303
Cir.
2002)
(emphasis
added;
internal
evidence of traffic problems as to a few major streets and
medians but “offered no evidence to justify extending its
solicitation ban throughout the City in such a sweeping
manner”); Int’l Soc. for Krishna Consciousness of New Orleans,
Inc. v. City of Baton Rouge, 876 F.2d 494, 498 (5th Cir. 1989)
(discussing evidence presented at trial when upholding ordinance
prohibiting solicitation of employment, business or charitable
contributions from occupants of vehicles on street (defined to
include medians)).
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quotation marks omitted).
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We have explained that although the
government need not “present a panoply of empirical evidence in
order to satisfy this standard, it must nonetheless make some
evidentiary showing that the recited harms are real, not merely
conjectural,
and
that
the
[challenged
regulation]
these harms in a direct and material way.”
556
(emphasis
alteration
added;
citations,
omitted).
While
internal
these
alleviates
Ross, 746 F.3d at
quotation
cases
seem
to
marks
and
insist
on
evidence, we have in some cases nonetheless relied on things
other
than
objective
evidence
when
determining
that
speech
restrictions advanced the government’s asserted interest.
See,
e.g., Ross, 746 F.3d at 556 (relying on “appeals to common sense
and
logic”
(internal
quotation
marks
omitted));
Educational
Media Co. at Va. Tech., Inc. v. Swecker, 602 F.3d 583, 589 (4th
Cir. 2010) (relying on “history, consensus, and common sense”).
In our view, however, the Supreme Court’s recent decision
in McCullen v. Coakley clarifies what is necessary to carry the
government’s
burden
of
proof
under
intermediate
scrutiny.
McCullen involved a First Amendment challenge to a Massachusetts
buffer-zone statute that prohibited standing on a “public way or
sidewalk
within
abortion clinic.
trial
on
statute,
35
the
of
an
entrance
or
driveway”
McCullen, 134 S. Ct. at 2525.
stipulated
and
feet
facts,
First
the
Circuit
11
district
affirmed.
an
After a bench
court
The
of
upheld
Supreme
the
Court
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applied intermediate scrutiny – the same standard we apply in
this case – and reversed.
As
to
whether
governmental
the
interest,
recognizing
the
the
legitimacy
statute
Court
of
furthered
referred
the
to
a
significant
prior
government’s
case
law
interests
in
public safety and the unobstructed use of roadways and sidewalks
and then stated, without reference to any evidence presented at
trial, that “[t]he buffer zones clearly serve these interests.”
Id. at 2535.
not
narrowly
The Court nonetheless held that the statute was
tailored
because
it
burdened
substantially
speech than necessary to serve those interests.
the
Commonwealth’s
narrow-tailoring
more
In rejecting
arguments,
the
Court
repeatedly grounded its conclusions on the absence of evidence
supporting
the
Commonwealth’s
arguments.
See
id.
at
2539
(“Respondents point us to no evidence that individuals regularly
gather
at
other
clinics,
or
at
other
times
in
Boston,
in
sufficiently large groups to obstruct access.”); id. (rejecting
State’s argument that enforcing existing laws would not prevent
the
safety
and
congestion
problems
addressed
by
the
statute
because the Commonwealth did not identify “a single prosecution
brought under those laws within at least the last 17 years” and
therefore “has not shown that it seriously undertook to address
the problem with less intrusive tools readily available to it”);
id.
at
2540
(“Given
the
vital
12
First
Amendment
interests
at
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stake, it is not enough for Massachusetts simply to say that
other approaches have not worked.”).
We
draw
McCullen.
several
lessons
from
the
Court’s
decision
in
First, the Court’s discussion of whether the statute
furthered an important governmental interest confirms that the
existence
of
a
governmental
reference to case law.
interest
may
be
See id. at 2535.
established
by
Second, the Court’s
flat declaration that “[t]he buffer zones clearly serve these
interests,” id., indicates that objective evidence is not always
required
to
show
that
government’s interests. 4
Commonwealth’s
intermediate
a
speech
furthers
the
Finally, the Court’s rejection of the
narrow-tailoring
scrutiny
restriction
does
arguments
indeed
makes
require
it
the
clear
that
government
to
present actual evidence supporting its assertion that a speech
restriction
does
not
burden
substantially
more
speech
than
necessary; argument unsupported by the evidence will not suffice
to
carry
the
government’s
burden.
4
With
these
principles
in
In McCullen, the relationship between the government’s
asserted interest and the challenged statute was obvious -- the
Commonwealth was concerned about congestion around abortion
clinics obstructing traffic and preventing access to the
clinics, and the statute prohibited people from gathering in
roadways
around
abortion
clinics.
In
cases
where
the
relationship is not so obvious, we do not believe that McCullen
would relieve the government of its obligation to present
evidence showing that the speech regulation furthers its
asserted interests.
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mind, we turn now to Reynolds’ substantive challenges to the
Amended Ordinance.
IV.
Reynolds argues the County failed to prove that the Amended
Ordinance
is
narrowly
tailored
to
serve
a
significant
governmental interest.
A.
The County contends that the solicitation activities that
the Amended Ordinance prohibits can obstruct traffic and are
dangerous to drivers and solicitors alike, and that the Amended
Ordinance
furthers
the
County’s
unobstructed use of its highways.
that
the
County’s
substantial.
legitimacy
of
asserted
interests
in
safety
and
Reynolds does not dispute
interests
are
legitimate
and
See McCullen, 134 S. Ct. at 2535 (recognizing “the
the
government’s
interests
in
ensuring
public
safety and order [and] promoting the free flow of traffic on
streets” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Brown v. Town of
Cary, 706 F.3d 294, 305 (4th Cir. 2013) (“It is beyond dispute
that the Town’s stated interests in promoting aesthetics and
traffic safety are substantial.”).
Instead, Reynolds contends
that the County’s evidence was insufficient to establish that
the roadway-solicitation prohibited by the Amended Ordinance is
dangerous or that the Amended Ordinance actually furthers the
County’s asserted interests.
We disagree.
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Under
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intermediate
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scrutiny,
the
County
is
required
to
demonstrate that the Amended Ordinance “materially advances an
important or substantial interest by redressing past harms or
preventing
future
ones.”
quotation marks omitted).
Ross,
increasing
number
of
746
F.3d
at
556
(internal
Chief Middleton testified about the
people
soliciting
contributions
from
intersections, “many” of which are very busy, J.A. 102, and he
described potential dangers associated with that activity, see
J.A. 105 (noting that roadway solicitors might “misjudge the
traffic and step out in front of a car” and that an inattentive
driver might “run up onto the curb”).
Even without evidence of
injuries or accidents involving roadway solicitors, we believe
the County’s evidence, particularly when it is considered along
with a healthy dose of common sense, is sufficient to establish
that roadway solicitation is generally dangerous.
F.3d
at
556
(explaining
that
the
government
See Ross, 746
“is
entitled
to
advance its interests by arguments based on appeals to common
sense and logic” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
And once we accept that roadway solicitation is dangerous,
then
it
is
apparent
that
County’s safety interests.
that
the
interests
furthered
Amended
as
it
the
obvious
Massachusetts’
Ordinance
furthers
the
Indeed, we believe it is as obvious
Ordinance
was
Amended
furthers
that
safety
15
the
the
County’s
statute
interests,
as
in
safety
McCullen
both
move
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pedestrians out of roadways and away from traffic.
While the
record in this case does not establish how many people solicit
from the roadways or how many use the roadways for purposes
permitted
by
the
Amended
Ordinance,
it
does
establish
that
roadway solicitors had increased to a number sufficient to worry
a
law-enforcement
prompt
hundreds
officer
of
with
40
citizen
years’
experience
complaints.
and
Under
to
these
circumstances, common sense and logic compel the conclusion that
by
removing
solicitors
from
County
roadways,
the
Amended
Ordinance reduces the number of people engaging in a dangerous
activity and thus furthers the County’s safety interest in a
direct and material way.
B.
In
interest,
addition
a
substantially
to
narrowly
more
furthering
tailored
speech
than
a
regulation
is
government’s legitimate interests.”
2535
(internal
quotation
marks
significant
“must
necessary
to
governmental
not
burden
further
the
McCullen, 134 S. Ct. at
omitted).
As
noted,
the
regulation need not be the least restrictive means available,
“[b]ut the government still may not regulate expression in such
a manner that a substantial portion of the burden on speech does
not serve to advance its goals.”
omitted).
16
Id. (internal quotation marks
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Reynolds contends that if the County has established any
safety interest at all, that interest is limited to particularly
busy
intersections,
focused.
in
an
where
Chief
Middleton’s
concerns
were
See J.A. 101 (“I think any time you have individuals
intersection,
particularly
busy
intersections,
that
there’s a public safety concern.”); J.A. 102 (“[W]ith traffic as
busy as it is in many of these intersections, and the volume
that was there, I was as concerned for the individuals that were
soliciting as I was for the drivers.”).
Reynolds thus argues
that the Amended Ordinance burdens more speech than necessary
because it bans solicitation not just on the busiest or most
dangerous
roads
and
intersections,
but
on
all
roadways
and
medians in the County, without regard to whether solicitation
could
be
Chicago,
safely
310
F.3d
conducted
1029,
there.
1040
(7th
See
Cir.
Weinberg
2002)
v.
(“The
City
of
concerns
behind . . . the ordinance were to alleviate sidewalk congestion
[around the United Center]. . . . [W]e cannot see how this can
justify a restriction which prevents a peddler from selling his
wares
in
large
parking
lots,
less
congested
walkways,
or
sidewalks in less proximity to the United Center.”).
Reynolds also contends that the Amended Ordinance burdens
more speech than necessary because the County has other, less
restrictive means available to further its asserted interest.
According
to
Reynolds,
the
County
17
could
achieve
its
safety
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Pg: 18 of 23
interest by enforcing existing traffic laws -- such as those
governing
like
--
jaywalking,
against
any
obstructing
roadway
traffic,
solicitors
traffic or otherwise cause problems.
loitering,
who
in
and
fact
the
obstruct
The County presented no
evidence demonstrating why these alternatives would not serve
its safety interest as effectively as the Amended Ordinance, and
Reynolds
therefore
argues
that
the
district
court
erred
in
finding the Amended Ordinance narrowly tailored.
Preliminarily, we note that the Amended Ordinance burdens a
wide range of protected speech.
See Watchtower Bible & Tract
Soc. of N.Y., Inc. v. Village of Stratton, 536 U.S. 150, 165
(2002)
(explaining
speech
covered
appropriate
by
that
courts
the
balance
must
ordinance
between
the
consider
and
“the
whether
affected
amount
there
speech
is
and
of
an
the
governmental interests that the ordinance purports to serve”).
The Amended Ordinance prohibits all forms of leafletting, which
is one of the most important forms of political speech, see
McCullen, 134 S. Ct. at 2536 (“[H]anding out leaflets in the
advocacy of a politically controversial viewpoint is the essence
of First Amendment expression; no form of speech is entitled to
greater
and
constitutional
alteration
contribution,
protection.”
omitted)),
whether
as
well
political
or
(internal
as
18
soliciting
charitable,
attempting to sell goods or services.
quotation
or
any
marks
kind
of
selling
or
All of this speech is
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Pg: 19 of 23
constitutionally protected, and it is all prohibited.
Indeed,
the only thing the Amended Ordinance prohibits is speech; no
portion of it is addressed to pure conduct, such as blocking
traffic.
Despite the broad swath of speech prohibited by the Amended
Ordinance, the County insists the Amended Ordinance is narrowly
tailored because it prohibits only the most dangerous kind of
roadway
speech
invites
physical
vehicles.”
that
the
necessary
identified
–
“transactional”
interaction
speech
between
Brief of Respondent at 34.
Amended
Ordinance
“because
by
the
it
only
County
does
not
pedestrians
the
“necessarily
and
motor
The County thus asserts
burden
eliminates
–
that
the
more
speech
precise
disruption
transactional speech in the middle of the highway.”
problem
caused
Id.
than
by
In the
County’s view, the dangers of roadway solicitation are the same
on busy roads and quiet back roads.
Because the danger is
present on all roads, the County contends that it is appropriate
for the Amended Ordinance to apply to all county roads.
While the County’s arguments are not without some appeal,
they are essentially the same arguments made in McCullen, and
they fail here for the same reason they failed in McCullen –
lack of evidentiary support.
The Amended Ordinance applies to
all County roads, regardless of location or traffic volume, and
includes all medians, even wide medians and those beside traffic
19
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Filed: 02/24/2015
and
signs.
lights
roadside
stop
leafletting
activities
however,
would
county.
the
at
busy
Ordinance
thus
solicitation,
be
established,
solicitation
The
and
not
Pg: 20 of 23
dangerous.
at
most,
even
The
a
intersections
prohibits
where
County’s
problem
in
the
those
evidence,
with
west
all
end
roadway
of
the
Given the absence of evidence of a county-wide problem,
county-wide
sweep
of
the
Amended
Ordinance
burdens
more
speech than necessary, just as the statute in McCullen -- a
statewide statute aimed at a problem in one location -- burdened
more speech than necessary.
See McCullen, 134 S. Ct. at 2539
(“Respondents point us to no evidence that individuals regularly
gather
at
other
clinics,
or
at
other
times
in
sufficiently large groups to obstruct access.
Boston,
in
For a problem
shown to arise only once a week in one city at one clinic,
creating
35–foot
buffer
zones
at
every
clinic
across
the
Commonwealth is hardly a narrowly tailored solution.”).
The
County
also
asserts
that
the
Amended
Ordinance
is
narrowly tailored because other, less speech-restrictive methods
–
specifically,
ineffective
to
the
prior
control
the
versions
problem.
of
the
As
Ordinance
to
the
–
were
other
laws
identified by Reynolds, the County argues those laws “are no
substitute
for
the
direct
fit
of
the
[Amended]
Ordinance.
Solicitors are not loitering, and those camped out in medians
20
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Pg: 21 of 23
are not jaywalking, and yet they may still cause the disruption
identified by the County.”
Brief of Respondent at 42.
As the Court explained in McCullen, however, the burden of
proving narrow tailoring requires the County to prove that it
actually tried other methods to address the problem.
“Given the
vital First Amendment interests at stake, it is not enough for
[the government] simply to say that other approaches have not
worked.”
McCullen, 134 S. Ct. at 2540.
Instead, the government
must “show[] that it seriously undertook to address the problem
with less intrusive tools readily available to it,” id. at 2539
(emphasis added), and must “demonstrate that [such] alternative
measures . . . would fail to achieve the government’s interests,
not
simply
that
the
(emphasis added).
evidence
showing
chosen
route
is
easier,”
id.
at
2540
In this case, the County simply presented no
that
it
ever
tried
to
use
alternatives to address its safety concerns.
the
available
That is, there is
no evidence that the County ever tried to improve safety by
prosecuting
any
roadway
solicitors
who
actually
obstructed
traffic, or that it ever even considered prohibiting roadway
solicitation only at those locations where it could not be done
safely.
Without
such
evidence,
the
County
cannot
carry
its
burden of demonstrating that the Amended Ordinance is narrowly
tailored.
enforcing
See
id.
existing
at
laws
2539
(rejecting
would
21
not
State’s
prevent
argument
the
safety
that
and
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Pg: 22 of 23
congestion problems addressed by the buffer-zone law because the
State did not identify “a single prosecution brought under those
laws within at least the last 17 years”).
The district court
therefore erred by finding County’s evidence sufficient to show
narrow tailoring.
V.
Although
failed
to
we
have
establish
concluded
that
the
that
Amended
the
County’s
Ordinance
was
evidence
narrowly
tailored, we believe the proper course is to vacate and remand.
Our analysis in this case was driven by the Supreme Court’s
decision
in
McCullen,
which
was
court’s ruling in this case.
issued
after
the
district
As we have explained, McCullen
clarified the law governing the evidentiary showing required of
a governmental entity seeking to uphold a speech restriction
under intermediate scrutiny.
McCullen’s
guidance
at
the
Because the parties did not have
time
they
prepared
their
cross-
motions for summary judgment, we believe the County should have
an
opportunity
to
gather
and
satisfy McCullen’s standard.
present
evidence
sufficient
to
Accordingly, we hereby vacate the
district court’s order granting summary judgment to the County
22
Appeal: 13-2389
and
Doc: 35
remand
for
Filed: 02/24/2015
further
factual
Pg: 23 of 23
development
and
additional
proceedings as may be required. 5
VACATED AND REMANDED
5
Because the evidence does not establish that the Amended
Ordinance is narrowly tailored, we are not required to consider
whether the Ordinance leaves open ample alternate channels of
communication.
See McCullen v. Coakley, 134 S. Ct. 2518, 2540
n.9 (2014). Nonetheless, because the issue will likely arise on
remand, we briefly address it.
The “available alternatives need not be the speaker’s first
or best choice or provide the same audience or impact for the
speech.”
Ross v. Early, 746 F.3d 546, 559 (4th Cir.), cert.
denied, 135 S. Ct. 183 (2014).
Nonetheless, the alternatives
must be adequate.
See Members of City Council of L.A. v.
Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 812 (1984) (“While the
First Amendment does not guarantee the right to employ every
conceivable method of communication at all times and in all
places, a restriction on expressive activity may be invalid if
the remaining modes of communication are inadequate.” (citation
omitted)). The district court noted that the Amended Ordinance
permits leafletting and solicitation on sidewalks and along the
side of the street and concluded that these alternatives were
sufficient as a matter of law.
As indicated in his verified
complaint, however, Reynolds’ target audience is drivers, and
medians offer the most effective way to reach drivers.
As
Reynolds explains, “medians – which are isolated from other
pedestrians, parked cars, and other obstacles that limit
visibility, and which can be seen by vehicles in two-way traffic
– offer unique benefits to speakers seeking to disseminate their
views.”
Brief of Appellant at 50.
While there is no question
that alternative channels of communication exist, Reynolds’
evidence raises a question of fact about the adequacy of those
alternatives.
See Weinberg v. City of Chicago, 310 F.3d 1029,
1041 (7th Cir. 2002) (“[T]he simple fact that Weinberg is
permitted to communicate his message elsewhere does not end our
analysis if the intended message is rendered useless or is
seriously burdened.”).
Because there are genuine questions of
material fact, summary judgment was inappropriate.
23
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