US v. Leland Nielsen, III
Filing
UNPUBLISHED AUTHORED OPINION filed. Originating case number: 3:13-cr-00558-TLW-1 Copies to all parties and the district court/agency. [999746496].. [14-4650]
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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 14-4650
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff – Appellee,
v.
LELAND VICTOR NIELSEN, III,
Defendant – Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
South Carolina, at Columbia.
Terry L. Wooten, Chief District
Judge. (3:13-cr-00558-TLW-1)
Argued:
September 17, 2015
Before DUNCAN
Circuit Judge.
and
DIAZ,
Decided:
Circuit
Judges,
and
February 2, 2016
DAVIS,
Senior
Affirmed
in
part,
vacated
in
part,
and
remanded
with
instructions by unpublished opinion.
Senior Judge Davis wrote
the opinion, in which Judge Duncan and Judge Diaz joined.
ARGUED: Casper Fredric Marcinak, III, SMITH MOORE LEATHERWOOD,
LLP, Greenville, South Carolina, for Appellant.
James Hunter
May, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Columbia, South
Carolina, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: William N. Nettles, United
States Attorney, Julius N. Richardson, Assistant United States
Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Columbia, South
Carolina, for Appellee.
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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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DAVIS, Senior Circuit Judge:
This
case
arises
from
the
conviction
of
Leland
Victor
Nielsen, III, on four counts of aggravated sexual abuse of a
minor by force in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2241(a), (c) (2012),
and four counts of sexual abuse of a minor in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2243(a) (2012), based on the same conduct.
On appeal,
Nielsen
First,
presents
two
issues
for
our
review.
he
challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress
statements made to federal agents.
convictions are multiplicitous.
Second, he contends that his
For the reasons stated below,
we affirm the district court’s denial of Nielsen’s motion to
suppress but vacate his conviction and sentence on Counts 2, 4,
6,
and
8
for
sexual
abuse
of
a
minor
as
multiplicitous
in
violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
Consequently, affirming in part and vacating in part, we remand
the case for the entry of an amended judgment.
I.
A.
On May 22, 2013, the FBI received a report of potential
sexual assaults occurring at the Fort Jackson Army installation
in Columbia, South Carolina.
Twelve-year-old B.R. had told her
guidance counselor that she had been sexually assaulted by her
thirty-one-year-old uncle, Leland Nielsen, III, at her family’s
home on Fort Jackson.
Nielsen, who was married to the sister of
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B.R.’s mother, also lived in the home.
proceeded
to
the
Fort
Jackson
A team of FBI agents
residence
to
investigate
the
allegations.
Nielsen was not at the residence when the agents arrived,
but some family members were present and gave consent for the
agents
to
Nielsen’s
enter
the
house.
mother-in-law
to
Agent
call
Michael
Nielsen
and
home, but not to tell him the FBI was there.
Stansbury
ask
him
asked
to
come
Nielsen’s mother-
in-law called Nielsen and falsely told him that he needed to
come home due to a medical emergency involving his sister-inlaw.
Agent Robert Waizenhofer waited in front of the house for
Nielsen to arrive.
When Nielsen arrived, at approximately 8:00
p.m., Agent Waizenhofer approached him as he exited his car.
The two began speaking in the driveway.
Agent Waizenhofer had
not drawn his gun, and he was not wearing any FBI insignia.
He
told Nielsen that he was not in trouble and asked him about
B.R.’s allegations.
B.R.
near
the
Nielsen began admitting to sexual acts with
start
of
the
interview,
and
Agent
continued to question Nielsen to elicit details.
interview,
Agent
Waizenhofer
attempted
4
to
Waizenhofer
Throughout the
“empathize”
with
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J.A. 48. 1
Nielsen in an effort to open up conversation with him.
Agent Waizenhofer was later joined by Agent Stansbury, and
the agents took turns asking Nielsen questions.
during
the
interview,
Agent
Stansbury
aggressive in his questioning.
became
At some point
more
direct
or
It had become apparent to the
agents that B.R. had performed oral sex on Nielsen but Nielsen
had not expressly admitted this.
Agent Stansbury thus directly
questioned Nielsen on that point, stating “she sucked your dick.
Didn’t she?
She sucked your dick.”
J.A. 159.
At another point
during the interview, the agents sought help from Agent Craig
Janikowski, who was dressed in green FBI fatigues, after coming
to an “impasse” with Nielsen.
J.A. 44-45, 154-55.
No more than
three agents ever interviewed Nielsen at once, and one agent
generally led the questioning even when others were present.
At
some
point
during
his
interaction
with
the
agents,
Nielsen told them that he had post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) resulting from an accident at a chemical plant where he
was previously employed and that he was on medication to treat
the disorder.
While Nielsen ultimately admitted to engaging in
various sex acts with B.R., he indicated that his PTSD was to
blame for his conduct.
J.A. 42–44.
1
Citations to the “J.A.” are to the Joint Appendix filed by
the parties in this case.
5
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The
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entire
residence.
interview
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took
place
in
front
of
Nielsen’s
Throughout the interview, there were five or six
agents present at the residence.
Nielsen was not handcuffed or
physically restrained while agents spoke with him, and he was
able to move around the yard and driveway.
testified
that,
at
one
point,
Nielsen
Agent Waizenhofer
retrieved
water from his car during the interview.
a
bottle
J.A. 60–61.
of
Nielsen
was never told that he was free to terminate the interview and
leave, and he was not provided with Miranda warnings prior to
speaking
with
the
agents.
The
interview
lasted
until
approximately 11:00 p.m., when the agents placed Nielsen under
formal arrest.
B.
Nielsen was indicted on four counts of aggravated sexual
abuse of a minor by force under § 2241(a), (c) and four counts
of sexual abuse of a minor under § 2243(a) arising from four
sexual
encounters
between
pretrial
motion
to
interview
with
the
Nielsen
suppress
FBI,
and
B.R.
statements
which
the
Nielsen
he
made
district
filed
during
a
his
court
denied
jury
charge,
following a hearing.
The
Nielsen
case
proceeded
objected
to
to
a
trial.
portion
Before
of
the
the
district
court’s
instruction on the force element of the § 2241(a), (c) offenses.
The
instruction
permitted
the
government
6
to
prove
force
by
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inference based on a disparity in strength and coercive power
between the offender and the victim.
Nielsen argued that, under
the instruction, anyone who committed sexual abuse of a minor
under § 2243(a) would be inherently guilty of aggravated sexual
abuse under § 2241(a), (c).
The court overruled the objection
and instructed the jury accordingly.
The jury returned guilty verdicts on all counts.
Nielsen
raised his challenge to the force instruction again in a motion
for a new trial, which was denied.
The court sentenced Nielsen
on all eight convictions as follows: imprisonment for terms of
life as to each of the four § 2241(a), (c) counts and terms of
fifteen years as to each of the four § 2243(a) counts, with all
such
terms
to
run
concurrently;
and
supervised
release
for
concurrent terms of ten years for each count should Nielsen ever
be released.
The court also ordered Nielsen to pay a total of
$800 in special assessment fees based on the eight counts of
conviction.
Nielsen timely appealed.
II.
A.
Nielsen contends that the district court erred in denying
his motion to suppress the statements he made to federal agents
as described above.
been
suppressed
interrogation
He argues that his statements should have
because
without
the
they
occurred
warnings
7
during
required
under
a
custodial
Miranda
v.
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Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), and because his statements were
not voluntary.
We disagree.
We review the district court’s findings of fact on a motion
to
suppress
novo.
for
clear
error
and
its
legal
determinations
de
United States v. Hashime, 734 F.3d 278, 282 (4th Cir.
2013) (citation omitted).
When reviewing the denial of a motion
to suppress, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to
the government.
Id. (citation omitted).
The Fifth Amendment provides that “[n]o person . . . shall
be
compelled
himself.”
in
any
criminal
case
U.S. Const. amend. V.
to
be
a
witness
against
In Miranda, the Supreme Court
adopted a prophylactic rule that law enforcement must warn a
criminal
suspect
interrogation
right.
a
Miranda,
obtained
warning
as
of
from
is
a
certain
means
384
inadmissible
of
U.S.
custodial
in
rights
prior
protecting
at
444.
this
In
interrogation
the
to
a
custodial
constitutional
general,
without
prosecution’s
a
evidence
Miranda
case-in-chief.
United States v. Parker, 262 F.3d 415, 419 (4th Cir. 2001).
Absent formal arrest, Miranda warnings are required only
“where there has been such a restriction on a person’s freedom
as
to
render
him
‘in
custody.’”
Id.
Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495 (1977)).
(quoting
Oregon
v.
“An individual is in
custody for Miranda purposes when, under the totality of the
circumstances, ‘a suspect’s freedom of action is curtailed to a
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degree associated with formal arrest.’”
v.
McCarty,
objective,
468
U.S.
looking
420,
to
440
Id. (quoting Berkemer
whether
(1984)).
“‘a
This
reasonable
inquiry
man
in
is
the
suspect’s position would have understood his situation’ to be
one of custody.”
Hashime, 734 F.3d at 282 (citation omitted).
A number of factors are relevant to this inquiry, including “the
time, place and purpose of the encounter, the words used by the
officer, the officer’s tone of voice and general demeanor, the
presence of multiple officers, the potential display of a weapon
by
an
officer,
and
whether
there
was
any
between the officer and the defendant.”
omitted).
We
also
consider
an
physical
contact
Id. at 283 (citation
individual’s
isolation
and
separation from family, as well as any physical restrictions.
Id. (citations omitted).
Considering the totality of the circumstances, the facts
here do not demonstrate that Nielsen was in custody when he
spoke
with
federal
agents
on
May
22,
2013.
Nielsen
was
interviewed by agents at his residence rather than at a police
station or other law enforcement facility.
While this fact is
not determinative, we are generally less likely to regard an
interview conducted in a familiar setting like a suspect’s home
as a custodial interrogation.
See id. at 284.
Five or six
federal agents were present at the residence, but no more than
three agents interviewed Nielsen at a time.
9
Agent Waizenhofer,
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the agent who initiated contact with Nielsen, told Nielsen that
he was not in trouble and maintained an “empathetic” tone with
Nielsen throughout the interview.
The agents never drew their
weapons at any point during the interaction.
Nielsen was not
handcuffed or otherwise physically restrained, and he was able
to move around the yard and driveway.
Additionally, Nielsen
never asked to end the interview or to leave.
To be sure, some aspects of the agents’ interaction with
Nielsen are consistent with custody.
While the interview was
conducted at Nielsen’s residence, Nielsen knew that agents were
searching the house while others spoke with him outside.
separated
from
his
family.
hours, ending after dark.
became more aggressive.
The
interview
lasted
for
He was
three
At times, the agents’ questioning
And while Nielsen was not under arrest
and was free to terminate the interview, no one communicated
either of those facts to him.
Taken together, however, the circumstances do not reflect
the restriction of freedom associated with formal arrest.
While
several aspects of the interview favor a finding of custody, we
do
not
fault
outweighed
by
the
district
circumstances
court’s
that
conclusion
suggest
that
they
otherwise—the
are
small
number of agents at the residence, the lack of any physical
restraints on his movement and his ability to move around the
yard and driveway, and, at the start at least, the generally
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empathetic tone of the interview.
Nielsen’s interview was not
conducted in the sort of environment that we have previously
found consistent with custody.
See, e.g., Hashime, 734 F.3d at
281, 283–85 (finding three-hour interview of suspect in home to
be custodial interrogation when suspect was awakened at gunpoint
with fifteen to thirty officers present in the residence, was
not permitted to move unless guarded, and was isolated from his
family and questioned in a small storage room); United States v.
Colonna, 511 F.3d 431, 435–36 (4th Cir. 2007) (finding threehour interview to be custodial interrogation when suspect was
awakened at gunpoint with twenty-three officers present in the
residence, was guarded at all times, and was questioned in an
FBI vehicle).
It is possible that Nielsen did not feel, subjectively,
that he was free to terminate the encounter.
But our inquiry is
objective and not based on the suspect’s subjective feelings.
Hashime, 734 F.3d at 285.
a
suspect
carries
Any interview by law enforcement with
certain
“coercive
aspects”
due
to
the
heightened risk that the suspect will be arrested and charged.
Hargrove, 625 F.3d at 178.
We cannot conclude, however, that
Nielsen was in custody simply because he was approached by law
enforcement for questioning about the allegations made against
him.
See id.
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hold
that,
viewing
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the
evidence
in
the
light
most
favorable to the government, a reasonable person in Nielsen’s
position would not have understood his position to be one of
custody.
The
agents
were
not
required
to
recite
Nielsen’s
Miranda rights prior to the interview, and Nielsen’s statements
are
thus
not
subject
to
suppression
under
Miranda
and
its
progeny.
B.
Nielsen also argues that even apart from the requirements
of Miranda, his statements were not voluntary.
A statement is
involuntary under the Due Process Clause when it is “‘extracted
by . . . threats or violence’ or ‘obtained by . . . direct or
implied
promises’
influence.’”
or
‘the
exertion
of
.
.
.
improper
United States v. Ayesh, 702 F.3d 162, 168 (4th
Cir. 2012) (omissions in original) (quoting Hutto v. Ross, 429
U.S.
28,
30
(1976)).
The
relevant
inquiry
is
“whether
the
defendant’s will has been overborne or his capacity for selfdetermination
conduct.”
critically
impaired
because
of
coercive
police
United States v. Cristobal, 293 F.3d 134, 140 (4th
Cir. 2002) (citations omitted).
To make this determination, we
examine
circumstances,
the
totality
of
the
including
“the
characteristics of the defendant, the setting of the interview,
and the details of the interrogation.”
Id. (citation omitted).
Coercive police conduct is “a necessary predicate” to a finding
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that a suspect’s statements are involuntary.
Id. (citations
omitted).
To support his argument, Nielsen points to many of the same
aspects of his interview with the agents that he identified as
indicative
of
custody.
None
of
these
factors—the
sometimes
aggressive questioning of the agents, the length and location of
the
interview,
or
the
continuation
of
the
interview
after
Nielsen had confessed to the substance of the allegations—rise
to the level of coercive police conduct.
Nielsen can point to
no conduct by the agents that would constitute the types of
actions generally considered to be coercive under our case law,
such as threats or violence, lengthy marathon interrogations, or
extended isolation.
See United States v. Braxton, 112 F.3d 777,
784–85 (4th Cir. 1997) (en banc) (collecting cases).
Nielsen
taken
also
several
emphasizes
medications
that
the
he
morning
suffers
of
the
from
PTSD,
had
interview,
and
experienced anxiety during the interaction with the agents.
A
suspect’s mental condition, whether due to mental illness or
medication, is not, standing alone, sufficient to render that
suspect’s statements involuntary.
Cristobal, 293 F.3d at 141
(citing Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 164–65 (1986)).
And
even when taken together with the other circumstances of the
interview,
Nielsen’s
mental
condition
does
not
lead
to
the
conclusion that his “will [was] overborne or his capacity for
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self-determination
interrogation.
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critically
impaired”
during
Id. at 140 (citation omitted).
the
Accordingly, we
hold that the district court did not err in concluding that the
circumstances surrounding Nielsen’s interrogation comported with
due process.
III.
A.
Nielsen also challenges his convictions as multiplicitous.
He argues that Counts 1, 3, 5, and 7 of the indictment, charging
aggravated sexual abuse of a minor by force, and Counts 2, 4, 6,
and
8,
charging
sexual
abuse
of
a
minor,
are
multiplicitous
because the district court instructed the jury that it could
infer force to meet the elements of aggravated sexual abuse of a
minor
by
force
disproportionately
if
it
greater
found
strength
that
than
the
the
defendant
victim,
had
which,
Nielsen contends, will “inevitably” be the case in a child abuse
case given the disparity in age between defendant and victim.
Br.
Appellant
18.
We
agree
that
Nielsen’s
convictions
are
multiplicitous, though not for the reasons cited by Nielsen. 2
2
Because we resolve Nielsen’s multiplicity challenge on
other grounds, we need not address his argument concerning the
force instruction at length.
However, because Nielsen argues
that the alleged error in the force instruction entitles him to
a new trial rather than the usual remedy of vacating the
multiplicitous convictions, we note that the trial judge
properly instructed the jury in this regard, see United States
(Continued)
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Among the guarantees provided in the Double Jeopardy Clause
is protection against “the imposition of cumulative punishments
for the same offense in a single criminal trial.”
v.
Shrader,
omitted).
675
“The
F.3d
300,
legislature
313
(4th
remains
Cir.
free
United States
2012)
under
(citation
the
Double
Jeopardy Clause to define crimes and fix punishments; but once
the legislature has acted courts may not impose more than one
punishment for the same offense . . . .”
U.S.
161,
165
multiplicitous
counts.
1993)
(1977).
when
it
An
charges
Brown v. Ohio, 432
indictment
a
single
is
offense
improperly
in
several
United States v. Burns, 990 F.2d 1426, 1438 (4th Cir.
(citation
omitted).
“[R]eversal
is
warranted
if
the
defendant actually was convicted on multiplicitous counts and
subjected to multiple punishments.”
When
a
defendant
is
Id. (citation omitted).
convicted
of
violating
multiple
statutory provisions for a single act or transaction, we employ
the analysis set forth in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S.
299 (1932), to determine if the convictions offend the Double
Jeopardy Clause.
Under Blockburger, “the test to be applied to
determine whether there are two offenses or only one, is whether
v. Johnson, 492 F.3d 254, 258 (4th Cir. 2007) (collecting
cases), and that the government relied on proof of Nielsen’s
size and strength to establish the force element, not simply
B.R.’s age, see J.A. 647.
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each provision requires proof of an additional fact which the
other does not.”
United States v. Martin, 523 F.3d 281, 291
(4th Cir. 2008) (quoting Blockburger, 284 U.S. at 304).
Because
the Blockburger analysis is a “rule of statutory construction,”
it “should not be controlling where . . . there is a clear
indication of contrary legislative intent.”
United States v.
Allen, 13 F.3d 105, 108 (4th Cir. 1993) (omission in original)
(quoting Whalen v. United States, 445 U.S. 684, 691 (1980), and
Albernaz v. United States, 450 U.S. 333, 340 (1981)).
Under
Blockburger,
sexual
abuse
of
a
minor
is
a
lesser
included offense of aggravated sexual abuse of a minor by force.
Section 2243(a) proscribes sexual abuse of a minor:
Whoever, in the special maritime and territorial
jurisdiction of the United States . . . knowingly
engages in a sexual act with another person who-(1) has attained the age of 12 years but has not
attained the age of 16 years; and
(2) is at least four years younger than the person so
engaging;
or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title,
imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both.
Section 2241(a) proscribes aggravated sexual abuse by force or
threat:
Whoever, in the special maritime and territorial
jurisdiction of the United States . . . knowingly
causes another person to engage in a sexual act-(1) by using force against that other person; or
(2) by threatening or placing that other person in
fear that any person will be subjected to death,
serious bodily injury, or kidnapping;
or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title,
imprisoned for any term of years or life, or both.
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Section
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2241(c)
provides
for
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a
thirty-year
mandatory
minimum
sentence when the victim of aggravated sexual abuse is a minor,
including when the victim “has attained the age of 12 years but
has not attained the age of 16 years (and is at least 4 years
younger
than
[the
offender]).”
Because
§ 2241(c)
imposes
a
mandatory minimum penalty for aggravated sexual abuse by force
or threat when the victim is a minor, age of the victim is an
element
of
the
offense
that
must
be
submitted
to
the
jury.
Alleyne v. United States, 133 S.Ct. 2151, 2155 (2013).
As
the
government
concedes,
because
the
only
difference
between the two offenses is the additional requirement under
§ 2241(a)(1) that force be proved to establish aggravated sexual
abuse,
the
§ 2243(a)
offenses
are
merely
lesser
offenses of the greater § 2241(a), (c) offenses.
Appellee
1.
“It
has
long
been
understood
included
Suppl. Br.
that
separate
statutory crimes need not be identical either in constituent
elements or in actual proof in order to be the same within the
meaning of the constitutional prohibition.”
164
(citations
included
omitted).
offense
are
the
A
greater
“same”
Brown, 432 U.S. at
offense
offense
for
and
a
double
lesser
jeopardy
purposes because the lesser included offense “requires no proof
beyond
that
[offense].”
which
is
required
for
Id. at 168.
17
conviction
of
the
greater
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The
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government
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nonetheless
contends
that
Nielsen’s
convictions do not offend the Double Jeopardy Clause because
Congress intended to authorize separate punishments for sexual
abuse of a minor and aggravated sexual abuse of a minor by
force.
However, it can point to nothing in the legislative
history
of
either
statute
evincing
“a
clear
indication
of
contrary legislative intent” to impose multiple punishments for
the same offense.
Allen, 13 F.3d at 108 (quoting Albernaz, 450
U.S. at 340).
And the cases on which the government relies were
decided
on
prior
based
to
therefore
the
a
Blockburger
Supreme
inapposite.
See
of
the
decision
Court’s
analysis
in
Alleyne
United
States
v.
two
statutes
and
Rivera,
43
are
F.3d
1291, 1297 (9th Cir. 1995); United States v. Amos, 952 F.2d 992,
994 (8th Cir. 1991), abrogated on other grounds, United States
v.
Allery,
175
F.3d
610
Morsette,
858
F.
Supp.
therefore
see
no
reason
(8th
2d
Cir.
1049,
to
1999);
1052–53
deviate
from
United
(D.N.D.
the
States
2012).
result
of
v.
We
the
Blockburger analysis here.
Accordingly,
we
conclude
that
the
district
court
should
have merged the offenses so that Nielsen would have only been
convicted
of,
and
sentenced
for,
the
greater
§ 2241(a),
(c)
offense in connection with each of the four charged instances of
abuse.
See United States v. Jones, 204 F.3d 541, 544 (4th Cir.
2000) (citing Brown, 432 U.S. at 169) (holding that district
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court erred in imposing separate sentence for lesser included
offense).
In failing to do so, the district court erred.
B.
Nielsen, however, failed to preserve this issue for appeal.
While
Nielsen
apparent
until
argues
the
that
district
the
multiplicity
court
charged
error
the
was
not
jury
with
the
allegedly erroneous force instruction, the multiplicity error we
identify above was apparent on the face of the indictment, yet
was never raised before the district court.
Pursuant to the
version of Rule 12 in effect at the time of Nielsen’s trial,
Nielsen’s challenge to the indictment is waived because he did
not raise it in a pretrial motion, although “relief from the
waiver” may be granted “[f]or good cause.”
12(b)(3)(B), (e) (2011).
Fed. R. Crim. P.
Under the circumstances of this case,
where the error is so obvious that the government now concedes
that § 2243(a) is a lesser included offense of § 2241(a), (c)
under Blockburger and Nielsen attempted to raise a multiplicity
challenge during trial, we exercise our discretion to relieve
Nielsen of his waiver under Rule 12 and review the multiplicity
error discussed
above
under
plain
error
review.
See
United
States v. Bennafield, 287 F.3d 320, 322 (4th Cir. 2002) (citing
United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 731–32 (1993)).
Under plain error review, a defendant must demonstrate that
“an error occurred, that the error was plain, and that the error
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affected his substantial rights.”
at 732).
Id. (citing Olano, 507 U.S.
An error is plain if it is “clear” or “obvious,”
Olano, 507 U.S. at 734, and it affects substantial rights if it
prejudices the defendant, Bennafield, 287 F.3d at 322 (citing
United States v. Hastings, 134 F.3d 235, 240 (4th Cir. 1998)).
Correction of the error is at our discretion, which we exercise
only when the error “seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity
or public reputation of judicial proceedings.”
Olano, 507 U.S.
at 736 (citation omitted).
Nielsen’s
requirements.
multiplicitous
That
the
convictions
§ 2243(a)
and
satisfy
§ 2241(a),
(c)
these
counts
shared all elements besides force is clear and obvious from the
face
of
the
indictment
instructions to the jury.
and
from
the
district
court’s
The multiplicity error resulted in
Nielsen’s conviction and sentencing on eight counts instead of
four,
including
supervised
eight
release)
concurrent
and
terms
special
of
imprisonment
assessment
fees
on
(and
eight
convictions instead of four, and was therefore prejudicial to
him.
See United States v. Shorter, 328 F.3d 167, 173 (4th Cir.
2003) (discussing how even concurrent sentences on duplicative
convictions are improper); United States v. Leftenant, 341 F.3d
338, 348 (4th Cir. 2003) (vacating all but one of multiplicitous
sentences and special assessments).
error
“seriously
affect[s]
the
20
And finally, because the
fairness,
integrity
or
public
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reputation
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of
judicial
Pg: 21 of 22
proceedings,”
Olano,
507
U.S.
at
736
(citation omitted), we should exercise our discretion to correct
it.
When “a federal court exceeds its own authority by imposing
multiple punishments not authorized by Congress, it violates not
only the specific guarantee against double jeopardy, but also
the constitutional principle of separation of powers in a manner
that
trenches
Whalen,
445
convictions
particularly
U.S.
and
at
harshly
689.
The
sentences
in
on
individual
imposition
this
case
of
was
liberty.”
multiplicitous
therefore
plain
convictions
are
error.
C.
Having
concluded
that
Nielsen’s
multiplicitous and that the error was plain and is appropriate
for us to correct, we turn to the remedy.
multiplicitous
convictions
accordingly.
convictions
and
order
a
is
to
The usual remedy for
vacate
resentencing
of
the
offending
the
defendant
See United States v. Brown, 701 F.3d 120, 127–28
(4th Cir. 2012) (citing Ball v. United States, 470 U.S. 856, 865
(1985)).
Nielsen nonetheless argues that the multiplicity error
entitles him to a new trial because the jury “was prejudiced by
the Government’s ‘prolix pleading’ with regard to multiplicitous
charges implicating the same exact elements of proof.”
Suppl.
Br.
United
Appellant
7.
We
rejected
a
similar
argument
in
States v. Colton, 231 F.3d 890 (4th Cir. 2000), and do so again
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here.
Filed: 02/02/2016
Because
§ 2241(a),
(c)
the
same
offenses
Pg: 22 of 22
evidence
as
the
was
lesser
used
to
§ 2243(a)
prove
the
offenses,
Nielsen has suffered no cognizable prejudice from the jury’s
consideration of the multiplicitous counts.
See Colton, 231
F.3d at 910.
IV.
For
denial
the
of
reasons
the
motion
set
to
forth
above,
suppress
is
the
district
affirmed.
court’s
Nielsen’s
convictions and sentences on Counts 2, 4, 6, and 8 for sexual
abuse of a minor under § 2243(a) are vacated, and the case is
remanded for entry of an order dismissing Counts 2, 4, 6, and 8
of the indictment and issuance of an amended judgment consistent
with this opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART,
VACATED IN PART, AND
REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS
22
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