Sara Fox v. Leland Volunteer Fire/Rescue
Filing
UNPUBLISHED PER CURIAM OPINION filed. Originating case number: 7:12-cv-00354-FL Copies to all parties and the district court/agency. [999813454].. [15-1364]
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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 15-1364
SARA L. FOX,
Plaintiff - Appellant,
v.
LELAND VOLUNTEER FIRE/RESCUE DEPARTMENT, INC.; JOHN GRIMES,
in his individual and official capacities as Chief of the
Department,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of North Carolina, at Wilmington. Louise W. Flanagan,
District Judge. (7:12-cv-00354-FL)
Argued:
March 21, 2016
Decided:
May 5, 2016
Before AGEE and THACKER, Circuit Judges, and Henry E. HUDSON,
United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Virginia, sitting by designation.
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded by unpublished
per curiam opinion.
ARGUED:
Sara
Lyn
Faulman,
WOODLEY
&
MCGILLIVARY,
LLP,
Washington, D.C., for Appellant.
Paul H. Derrick, DERRICK LAW
GROUP, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Thomas
A. Woodley, WOODLEY & MCGILLIVARY, LLP, Washington, D.C., for
Appellant.
Melody J. Jolly, CRANFILL SUMNER & HARTZOG LLP,
Wilmington, North Carolina, for Appellees.
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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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PER CURIAM:
Until
her
termination
on
January
5,
2011,
Sara
L.
Fox
(“Fox”) was a lieutenant with the Leland Volunteer Fire/Rescue
Department
(“the
Carolina.
The
Department”)
Department
in
is
Brunswick
staffed
by
County,
North
nineteen
career
firefighters and approximately eighty-five other individuals who
serve on a volunteer basis.
Fox was the first female career
employee to be promoted to the position of lieutenant.
In that
capacity, she served as a shift supervisor overseeing not only
firefighting
operations,
but
also
training
and
administrative
duties.
In her complaint, Fox alleges that during her service as a
shift supervisor, she was subjected to continuous condescending
and
disrespectful
behavior
from
her
male
subordinates.
The
persistent hostility, she contends, resulted in a hostile work
environment, which she attributes to her gender.
She further
alleges that she was subsequently terminated in retaliation for
filing complaints about her workplace treatment.
Fox named both
the Department and its Chief, John Grimes (“Chief Grimes”), as
defendants.
Finding that Fox failed to either forecast evidence linking
the alleged hostile work environment to her sex, or demonstrate
that the true motivation for her termination was retaliation,
the district court granted the Defendants’ motion for summary
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judgment
as
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to
the
hostile
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work
environment
and
retaliatory
discharge claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act; her
claim for retaliation for speaking out about her alleged sexual
harassment as a matter of public concern, in violation of the
First
Amendment;
and
her
claim
of
violations
of
the
Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
While we agree that Fox’s evidence fails, as a matter of
law, to support her hostile work environment, First Amendment,
and Equal Protection claims, we vacate and remand as to Fox’s
claim of retaliatory discharge, in violation of Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act.
The
Chief
Department
Grimes
serves
oversees
five
the
counties
in
Department’s
North
Carolina.
operations.
The
Department is governed by a seven person board of directors, of
which
Chief
Grimes
is
not
a
member.
The
chain
of
command
consists of Chief Grimes, an assistant chief, two captains, and
eight lieutenants.
firefighters.
Four of the eight lieutenants are career
Each lieutenant supervises a shift of paid and
volunteer employees.
Fox
began
her
firefighter/paramedic.
career
After
in
her
July
first
year
2008
of
as
a
service,
following a competitive application process, she was promoted to
lieutenant and placed in charge of “D” shift, which, according
to the record, had a reputation for being dysfunctional.
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From the inception of her command, she experienced what she
describes
as
disparate
subordinates.
treatment
and
harassment
from
her
This included declining to eat food which she
purchased and prepared at her own expense, ignoring her attempts
to organize or facilitate training, and leaving the fire station
without
her
permission.
subordinates,
the
disrespectful.
relief
The
Fox
maintained
supervisors,
relief
shift
that
were
her
immediate
impertinent
supervisors,
in
her
and
view,
avoided interaction with her and refused to perform tasks she
assigned.
They
also
complained
to
her
superiors
about
her
leadership.
Fox contends that Chief Grimes treated her differently from
her male counterparts.
to
the
lieutenant’s
following
her
For example, she was not provided access
computer
promotion,
was
for
approximately
required
to
one
complete
month
tasks
not
required of male lieutenants, and was not permitted to give her
subordinate firefighters their performance evaluations, unlike
other lieutenants.
In June 2010, approximately one year after her promotion to
lieutenant, Fox received a negative performance evaluation, as a
result
period.
of
which
she
was
placed
on
a
ninety-day
probationary
The evaluation noted that she had failed to meet four
training goals identified in her 2009 evaluation, missed several
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staff
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meetings,
and
was
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ineffective
in
communicating
with
members of her shift.
In
December
2010,
Chief
Grimes
met
with
Fox
to
discuss
continuing reports from firefighters on her shift concerning her
leadership
and
performance.
Chief
Grimes
remarked
that
her
subordinates were “throwing [her] under the bus” and that she
“must feel like [she] was in a hostile working environment.”
(J.A. at 709 (alterations in original).)
During the meeting,
Chief Grimes offered suggestions about how she could improve her
effectiveness as a leader and assured her that she was not being
considered for termination.
Contrary to this representation,
Chief Grimes and his wife, who was a member of the board of
directors of the Department, represented, after this lawsuit was
initiated,
that
they
were
privately
considering
Fox’s
termination around the time of this December meeting.
Fox did not mention to Chief Grimes at the December 2010
meeting
the
experiencing
following
harassing
from
that
discrimination
unanswered.
formal
her
and
discourteous
subordinates
meeting,
complaints
to
and
behavior
peers.
she
submitted
Chief
Grimes.
In
she
the
three
All
was
month
formal
three
were
At that point, Fox engaged an attorney to file a
complaint
of
gender
discrimination
Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”).
6
with
the
Equal
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On January 2, 2011, Fox disclosed to a female co-worker
that she had consulted with an attorney about filing an EEOC
complaint.
That same day, the co-worker notified Chief Grimes
of her conversation with Fox, including hiring of legal counsel.
Chief Grimes promptly recommended to the board of directors that
Fox be terminated.
terminated
Two days later, on January 5, 2011, Fox was
for
insubordination,
her
poor
work
performance,
unwillingness
and
purported
to
accept
management’s
suggestions for improvement.
By
Memorandum
Opinion
and
accompanying
Order
entered
March 10, 2015, the district court granted Defendants’ motion
for summary judgment as to all counts. 1
The district court found
Fox’s evidence of a sexually-hostile work environment inadequate
to demonstrate that it was both objectively and subjectively
offensive.
(J.A. at 729−31.) The court acknowledged that while
objective hostility is “quintessentially a question of fact, in
certain circumstances summary judgment is appropriate to avoid
creat[ing] a ‘general civility code’ in the workplace.”
at
729
(alteration
in
original)
1
(internal
citations
(J.A.
omitted)
Defendants contend that the district court lacked subject
matter jurisdiction to entertain Plaintiff’s Title VII claim
because it was not included in her original EEOC complaint. The
district court concluded that it was a “close call,” and the
original allegations were sufficient to encompass the Title VII
claim. (J.A. at 727.)
We find no reason to question the
district court’s conclusion.
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(quoting Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75,
81 (1998); Mosby-Grant v. City of Hagerstown, 630 F.3d 326, 335
(4th
Cir.
2010)).)
The
district
court
concluded
that
the
offensive conduct alleged by Fox was insufficient to alter the
conditions of her employment as required by Oncale.
(J.A. at
729.) 2
With
respect
to
Fox’s
retaliation
claims,
the
district
court found the evidence insufficient to show that Defendants’
true motive in terminating her was retaliation.
(J.A. at 731.)
A grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo by this
Court.
Desmond v. PNGI Charles Town Gaming, L.L.C., 630 F.3d
351, 354 (4th Cir. 2011).
We are required to view the facts and
all justifiable inferences arising therefrom in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party in order to determine whether
“there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Woollard v.
Gallagher, 712 F.3d 865, 873 (4th Cir. 2013) (quoting Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(a)).
A dispute is genuine if “a reasonable jury
2
In noting the scant evidence of sexual hostility, the
district court identified only two relevant events -- the fact
that a firefighter referred to a coworker as a “hooker” and a
comment by a relief supervisor that Fox was only promoted
because of her gender.
Relying on Faragher v. City of Boca
Raton, 524 U.S. 775 (1998), the district court found these
comments to be neither severe nor pervasive enough to warrant
relief. (J.A. at 730−31.) We agree.
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could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”
Dulaney v.
Packaging Corp. of Am., 673 F.3d 323, 330 (4th Cir. 2012).
A
fact is material if it “might affect the outcome of the suit
under the governing law.”
Henry v. Purnell, 652 F.3d 524, 548
(4th Cir. 2011) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477
U.S. 242, 248 (1986)).
Turning
first
evidence
in
suffered
from
environment,
the
a
in
to
Fox’s
record
to
gender-based
support
discriminatorily
violation
of
claims,
her
we
contention
find
that
no
she
hostile
or
abusive
VII.
Her
subordinates’
Title
work
conduct was discourteous, insubordinate, and perhaps at times
boorish,
but
not
demonstrative
of
sexual
animus.
As
Judge
Wilkinson noted in EEOC v. Sunbelt Rentals, Inc.:
Workplaces are not always harmonious locales, and even
incidents that would objectively give rise to bruised
or wounded feelings will not on that account satisfy
the severe or pervasive standard.
Some rolling with
the punches is a fact of workplace life.
Thus,
complaints
premised on
nothing
more
than
“rude
treatment by [coworkers],” . . . are not actionable
under Title VII.
521
F.3d
306,
315–16
(4th
Cir.
2008)
(first
alteration
in
original) (internal citations omitted).
A similar analysis supports the conclusion that Fox failed
to
show
an
actionable
claim
for
a
violation
of
the
Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which is also
enforced through 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
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With
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respect
retaliation
for
to
her
Fox’s
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claim
complaints
that
to
she
Chief
was
discharged
Grimes
of
rude
in
and
insubordinate behavior by her subordinates, these claims largely
depend
on
circumstantial
evidence.
Therefore,
the
district
court conducted its analysis under the burden-shifting framework
articulated in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792
(1973).
Under this three-tiered analytical framework, a plaintiff
must initially demonstrate a prima facie case of retaliation.
This requires proof (1) that she engaged in protected activity;
(2) that her employer took an adverse employment action; and (3)
that a but-for causal connection existed between the protected
activity and the asserted adverse action.
See Univ. of Tex. Sw.
Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 2517, 2532–33
(2013); Foster v. Univ. of Md.−E. Shore, 787 F.3d 243, 250 (4th
Cir. 2015).
If a plaintiff succeeds in this threshold showing,
the defendant is afforded an opportunity to produce evidence of
“a
legitimate,
nondiscriminatory
employment action.”
reason
for
the
adverse
Hill v. Lockheed Martin Logistics Mgmt.,
Inc., 354 F.3d 277, 285 (4th Cir. 2014) (en banc).
If the
employer makes this showing, plaintiff may rebut such evidence
by demonstrating that the employer’s purported non-retaliatory
reasons
“were
not
its
true
reasons,
10
but
were
a
pretext
for
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discrimination.”
Id.
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(quoting
Reeves
v.
Sanderson
Plumbing
Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 143 (2000)).
In
the
arguendo,
immediate
that
Fox
case,
could
the
establish
district
a
prima
court
facie
assumed,
case,
but
concluded that Fox’s “retaliation claim fails because she cannot
demonstrate
that
retaliation.”
her
termination
(J.A. at 732.)
was
truly
motivated
by
Viewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to Fox, we cannot agree that there is no genuine
dispute
of
material
Fox’s termination.
fact
with
respect
to
the
motivation
for
The record reveals conflicting evidence as
to the timing of Chief Grimes’ decision to terminate Fox in
close proximity to learning of her complaint to the EEOC.
The
evidence of Fox’s alleged insubordination during her December 1,
2010 meeting with Chief Grimes is also less than clear.
When
questioned in their depositions about the December 1 meeting,
both
Chief
Grimes
and
the
assistant
chief
declined
to
characterize her deportment as insubordinate.
As this Court noted in EEOC v. Sears Roebuck & Co., a
different
explanation
for
termination,
at
different
times, is “in and of itself, probative of pretext.”
243 F.3d
846, 852–53 (4th Cir. 2001).
only
when
different
an
employer
times,
inconsistent.
but
This inference can be drawn not
provides
also
provided
when
different
the
explanations
explanations
at
appear
Thurman v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 90 F.3d
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1160, 1167 (6th Cir. 1996).
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This Court will therefore vacate
the district court’s award of summary judgment on Fox’s claim
for retaliation under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq, and
remand for further proceedings on this claim.
A
related
strand
of
Fox’s
retaliation
claim
is
Fox’s
contention that her unlawful discharge also violated her First
Amendment right as a public employee to speak on a matter of
public
concern.
This
claim
was
summarily
district court without substantive explanation.
rejected
by
the
First Amendment
retaliation claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 are reviewed
under
a
different
under Title VII.
analytical
framework
than
those
prosecuted
Campbell v. Galloway, 483 F.3d 258, 270 (4th
Cir. 2007).
A
public
employee’s
speech
is
constitutionally
protected
only when it addresses a matter of public concern, as opposed to
a matter of personal interest.
Kirby v. City of Elizabeth City,
388 F.3d 440, 448 (4th Cir. 2004).
“Speech involves a matter of
public concern when it involves an issue of social, political,
or
other
interest
to
a
community.”
Id.
at
Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, 146 (1983).
446;
see
also,
Whether speech
addresses a matter of public concern is a question of law for
the court.
Urofsky v. Gilmore, 216 F.3d 401, 406 (4th Cir.
2000).
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It is well-established in this circuit that “we may affirm
[a] dismissal by the district court upon the basis of any ground
supported by the record even if it is not the basis relied upon
by the district court.”
Ostrzenski v. Seigel, 177 F.3d 245, 253
(4th Cir. 1999); see also, Hutto v. S.C. Ret. Sys., 773 F.3d
536, 549–50 (4th Cir. 2014).
We
are
not
convinced
that
Fox’s
discussions
with
Chief
Grimes concerning personal employment issues rise to the level
of a matter of public concern.
The district court properly
granted summary judgment on Fox’s First Amendment retaliation
claim.
This
Court
will
therefore
affirm
the
district
court’s
dismissal of the hostile work environment claim under Title VII,
her Equal Protection claim and First Amendment claim brought
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and vacate the lower court’s dismissal
of the Title VII retaliation claim and remand that claim for
further proceedings.
AFFIRMED IN PART,
VACATED IN PART,
AND REMANDED
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