Del Webb Communities, Inc. v. Roger Carlson
Filing
PUBLISHED AUTHORED OPINION filed. Originating case number: 9:14-cv-01877-SB. [999782579]. [15-1385]
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PUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 15-1385
DELL WEBB COMMUNITIES, INC.; PULTEGROUP, INC.,
Petitioners - Appellants,
v.
ROGER F. CARLSON; MARY JO CARLSON,
Respondents - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of
South Carolina, at Beaufort.
Solomon Blatt, Jr., Senior
District Judge. (9:14−cv−01877−SB)
Argued:
December 9, 2015
Decided:
March 28, 2016
Before TRAXLER, Chief Judge, GREGORY and DIAZ, Circuit Judges.
Reversed, vacated, and remanded by published opinion. Judge Diaz
wrote the opinion, in which Chief Judge Traxler and Judge
Gregory joined.
ARGUED: Robert Leon Widener, MCNAIR LAW FIRM, P.A., Columbia,
South Carolina, for Appellants.
Michael S. Seekings, LEATH
BOUCH
&
SEEKINGS,
LLP,
Charleston,
South
Carolina,
for
Appellees.
ON BRIEF: A. Victor Rawl, Jr., Henry W. Frampton,
IV, MCNAIR LAW FIRM, P.A., Charleston, South Carolina, for
Appellants.
William Jefferson Leath, Jr., LEATH BOUCH &
SEEKINGS, LLP, Charleston, South Carolina; Phillip W. Segui,
Jr., Amanda Morgan Blundy, SEGUI LAW FIRM, PC, Mount Pleasant,
South Carolina, for Appellees.
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DIAZ, Circuit Judge:
Roger and Mary Jo Carlson signed a sales agreement with
PulteGroup, Inc. and its subsidiary Del Webb Communities, Inc.
(together, “Pulte”) for the purchase of a lot and construction
of
a
home
in
Hilton
Head,
South
Carolina.
contained an arbitration clause.
The
agreement
This appeal stems from the
Carlsons’ attempt to arbitrate class-action claims against Pulte
under the agreement, and Pulte’s efforts to limit arbitration to
the claims between the three parties.
The district court held
that the availability of class arbitration under an arbitration
agreement is a procedural question for the arbitrator to decide,
rather than a question for the court.
Because
the
primary
goal
in
enforcing
an
arbitration
agreement is to discern and honor party intent, and because of
the
fundamental
differences
between
bilateral
and
class
arbitration—which change the nature of arbitration altogether—we
hold
that
whether
parties
agree
gateway question for the court.
district
court’s
summary
judgment,
petition,
determine
and
order
vacate
remand
whether
denying
the
the
the
case
to
2
arbitration
is
a
Accordingly, we reverse the
Pulte’s
judgment
for
arbitration
arbitration.
class
the
motion
for
partial
dismissing
Pulte’s
district
clause
court
permits
to
class
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I.
The relevant facts are not in dispute.
The Carlsons signed
the sales agreement at issue in March of 2002.
Section 4.3 of
the agreement contains an arbitration clause that, in relevant
part, states:
Any controversy or claim arising out of or
relating to this Agreement or Your purchase
of the Property shall be finally settled by
arbitration . . . .
After Closing, every controversy or claim
arising
out
of
or
relating
to
this
Agreement, or the breach thereof shall be
settled by binding arbitration as provided
by the South Carolina Uniform Arbitration
Act. . . .
The
rules
of
the
American
Arbitration Association (AAA), published for
construction industry arbitrations, shall
govern the arbitration proceeding and the
method of appointment of the arbitrator.
. . . .
Any party to this Agreement may bring
action . . . to compel arbitration . . . .
J.A. 34–35.
In
September
2008,
the
Carlsons
filed
suit
in
South
Carolina state court against Pulte and two other parties.
complaint
raised
several
construction defects.
claims,
all
regarding
The
alleged
The Carlsons later moved to amend their
complaint to add class-action allegations because their lawsuit
was one of approximately 140 like cases pending against Pulte.
The state court granted the motion over Pulte’s objection.
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Pulte then moved to dismiss the amended complaint, or in
the
alternative,
Carlsons’ claims.
to
compel
bilateral
arbitration
of
the
The state court denied both motions, but the
South Carolina Court of Appeals reversed, finding the Carlsons’
claims subject to arbitration under the sales agreement with
Pulte.
Carlson v. S.C. State Plastering, LLC, 743 S.E.2d 868,
875 (S.C. Ct. App. 2013).
The Carlsons subsequently filed a demand for arbitration
with the American Arbitration Association (AAA).
Their demand
sought class arbitration and class certification, and set the
claim
amount
certified.”
at
$75,000
J.A. 86.
“until
such
time
as
the
Class
is
The class size, as identified in the
demand for arbitration and attached amended complaint, accounts
for approximately 2,000 homes—significantly more than the 140 or
so similar claims pending against Pulte when the Carlsons moved
to proceed as a class.
On May 6, 2014, the AAA manager held a conference call with
the Carlsons and Pulte.
During the call, the manager notified
the parties that the arbitrator would decide whether the sales
agreement permits class arbitration.
Three days later, Pulte filed in federal court a Petition
and Complaint to Compel Bilateral Arbitration (“Petition”) under
§ 4 of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.
As relevant here, Pulte argued that whether the sales agreement
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authorizes class arbitration is a question of arbitrability for
the
court
to
arbitrator.
determine—not
Pulte
sought
a
a
procedural
declaratory
question
for
that
judgment
the
the
parties did not agree to class arbitration.
Between May 2014 and March 2015, the parties filed several
motions
in
the
district
court,
including
Pulte’s
motion
partial summary judgment that is the subject of this appeal.
the
meantime,
the
arbitrator
ruled
that
the
sales
for
In
agreement
authorized class arbitration, but he stayed the matter for the
resolution of the federal litigation.
district
court
and
this
court
Subsequent motions in the
resulted
in
a
stay
of
the
arbitration proceedings pending this appeal.
The district court denied Pulte’s partial summary judgment
motion
and
dismissed
the
Petition.
Court’s
plurality
decision
Bazzle,
539
444
U.S.
in
Relying
on
the
Greentree
and
(2003),
Financial
court’s
this
Supreme
Corp.
v.
unpublished
decision in Davis v. ECPI College of Technology, L.C., 227 F.
App’x 250 (4th Cir. 2007), the court reasoned that whether the
arbitration
contract
clause
permits
interpretation
class
issue,
arbitration
and
because
is
the
a
simple
question
“concerns the procedural arbitration mechanisms available to the
Carlsons,”
the
threshold
inquiry
arbitrator rather than for the court.
is
a
question
for
Del Webb Cmtys., Inc. v.
Carlson, No. 9:14-cv-01877-SB, at 7 (D.S.C. Mar. 25, 2015).
5
the
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This appeal followed.
II.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de
novo.
Thompson v. Aluminum Co. of Am., 276 F.3d 651, 656 (4th
Cir. 2002).
A.
We turn first to the Carlsons’ contention that we should
dismiss
the
appeal—and
that
the
district
court
should
have
dismissed the Petition—for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
The Carlsons first challenge Pulte’s assertion of diversity
jurisdiction,
requirement
contending
is
not
met
geographically diverse.
that
and
the
that
amount-in-controversy
the
parties
are
not
We, however, are satisfied that the
district court had diversity jurisdiction. 1
“In considering a
suit
of
to
amount
compel
may
be
arbitration,
determined
by
the
question
reference
to
resulting from the requested arbitration.”
the
jurisdictional
possible
award
Delta Fin. Corp. v.
Paul D. Comanduras & Assocs., 973 F.2d 301, 304 (4th Cir. 1992).
The
Carlsons’
amended
complaint
and
demand
for
arbitration,
together, provide that the value of their individual claim is
1
The Carlsons complain (incorrectly) that the district
court never explained why it had jurisdiction over the Petition.
During a hearing on July 8, 2014, the district court denied the
Carlsons’ motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction and
explained the grounds for its ruling.
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$75,000,
plus
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treble
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damages
satisfies the statutory floor.
and
attorneys’
fees,
which
See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a); Francis
v. Allstate Ins. Co., 709 F.3d 362, 368 (4th Cir. 2013) (stating
that
attorneys’
calculation
when
fees
count
the
towards
contract
the
provides
amount-in-controversy
for
them);
J.A.
40
(providing in sales agreement that award of attorneys’ fees goes
to the prevailing party).
Moreover, the parties are completely
diverse, as the Carlsons are South Carolina citizens, and the
Pulte parties are Michigan and Arizona citizens.
See 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332(a)(1); Home Buyers Warranty Corp. v. Hanna, 750 F.3d 427,
433 (4th Cir. 2014).
The Carlsons, however, resist this conclusion on the ground
that South Carolina State Plastering, LLC (“SCSP”), a defendant
named in the original state court complaint, is a South Carolina
citizen.
But SCSP is not a party to the federal proceedings,
and its citizenship is therefore irrelevant.
Further, SCSP did
not agree to arbitrate with the Carlsons and is not a party to
the underlying arbitration.
See Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v.
Mercury
U.S.
Constr.
Corp.,
460
1,
20
(1983)
(calling
for
piecemeal resolution in different forums of a dispute when the
plaintiff has an arbitration agreement with some defendants and
not others because “an arbitration agreement must be enforced
notwithstanding the presence of other persons who are parties to
the underlying dispute but not to the arbitration agreement”).
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We also conclude that the district court had jurisdiction
under
the
Class
Action
Fairness
Act
of
2005
(CAFA),
which
provides that a district court has original jurisdiction over
class
actions
with
an
amount
in
controversy
greater
than
$5,000,000 and in which “any member of a class of plaintiffs is
a citizen of a State different from any defendant.”
§ 1332(d)(2)(A).
28 U.S.C.
To determine federal jurisdiction over an FAA
§ 4 petition, the court “may ‘look through’ [the] petition to
determine whether it is predicated on an action that ‘arises
under’ federal law.”
(2009)
(determining
arbitration
of
Vaden v. Discover Bank, 556 U.S. 49, 62
jurisdiction
class-action
over
claims);
a
see
petition
also
9
to
compel
U.S.C.
§ 4
(providing that a petition to compel arbitration is proper in
federal
court
when
the
court
“would
have
jurisdiction
under
title 28 . . . of a suit arising out of the controversy between
the parties”).
Jurisdiction under CAFA, then, depends on the underlying
substantive controversy—here, the putative class action.
“looking
through”
jurisdiction
would
Pulte’s
be
FAA
proper.
petition,
Vaden,
556
we
find
U.S.
at
And in
federal
62.
As
discussed, Pulte and the Carlsons are completely diverse, and
the Carlsons have made class-action allegations. 2
2
Although Pulte
Again relying on SCSP’s South Carolina citizenship, the
Carlsons urge that the district court should have dismissed the
Petition under an exception to CAFA, which requires district
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arbitration,
the
substantive
matter
currently in arbitration has an amount in controversy exceeding
$5,000,000:
the
amended
complaint
attached
to
the
Carlsons’
demand for arbitration alleged claims “encompass[ing] thousands
of houses,” and the demand for arbitration valued the Carlsons’
claim alone at $75,000, J.A. 4.
Next, the Carlsons assert that the Rooker–Feldman doctrine
precludes
federal
jurisdiction
over
the
matter
because
the
issues presented in the Petition and on appeal were decided by
the state courts.
Under Rooker–Feldman, only the U.S. Supreme
Court may review state court final judgments; a federal district
court has no such authority.
D.C. Ct. of App. v. Feldman, 460
U.S. 462, 482 (1983); Rooker v. Fid. Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413,
416 (1923).
But the Supreme Court has since clarified—after we
and
of
several
our
sister
circuits
interpreted
the
Rooker–
Feldman doctrine broadly—that the doctrine “applies only when
the loser in state court files suit in federal district court
seeking
redress
for
an
court’s decision itself.”
injury
allegedly
caused
by
the
state
Davani v. Va. Dep’t of Transp., 434
F.3d 712, 713 (4th Cir. 2006) (citing Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi
Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280 (2005)).
Here, Pulte is not
courts to decline to exercise jurisdiction over a class action
“in which . . . at least [one] defendant is a defendant . . .
who is a citizen of the State in which the action was originally
filed
[i.e.,
South
Carolina].”
28
U.S.C.
§ 1332(d)(4)(A)(i)(II)(cc). As discussed, SCSP’s citizenship is
immaterial to the underlying arbitration.
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the state-court loser; when Pulte moved to compel arbitration in
state court, the motion was ultimately granted.
Moreover, the
Petition does not challenge the state court decision.
it
disputes
the
availability
of
class
arbitration
Rather,
under
the
sales agreement and the proper forum for deciding that issue,
questions that were never litigated in the state court. 3
Last,
federal
the
Carlsons
subject-matter
argue
that
jurisdiction
Pulte
through
cannot
the
establish
FAA.
Pulte,
however, has never contended that the district court had federal
question jurisdiction based on the FAA, acknowledging, as it
must, that the FAA “does not create any independent federalquestion
jurisdiction”
but
rather
only
permits
the
federal
district court to compel arbitration when the court “would have
jurisdiction over a suit on the underlying dispute,” through
“diversity
of
citizenship
or
some
other
independent
basis.”
Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 25 n.32.
At
oral
argument,
the
Carlsons
pressed
the
purported
jurisdictional defect, arguing for the first time that Pulte is
not
an
provides
aggrieved
a
remedy
party
only
under
where
the
a
FAA
party
because
is
the
“aggrieved
statute
by
the
alleged failure, neglect, or refusal of another to arbitrate
3
We reject the Carlsons’ assertion that these questions
were decided by the South Carolina Court of Appeals. That court
found that the claims alleged by the Carlsons in their complaint
should be arbitrated, but it said nothing about the issue of
class-wide arbitration.
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under a written agreement for arbitration.”
9 U.S.C. § 4.
The
Carlsons’ contention, however, does not implicate the district
court’s subject-matter jurisdiction.
Rather, it is a question
of statutory standing, Discover Bank v. Vaden, 489 F.3d 594, 607
n.20 (4th Cir. 2007), overruled on other grounds by 556 U.S. 49
(2009), which the Carlsons waived by failing to raise the point
in the district court, see, e.g., Merrimon v. Unum Life Ins. Co.
of Am., 758 F.3d 46, 53 n.3 (1st Cir. 2014) (“[A]rguments based
on statutory standing, unlike arguments based on constitutional
standing, are waivable.”).
In any case, Pulte has statutory standing.
‘primary’
purpose
of
the
FAA
is
to
The “central or
ensure
that
‘private
agreements to arbitrate are enforced according to their terms,’”
and a party may not be forced to submit to class arbitration
absent
express
agreement.
Stolt-Nielsen
S.A.
v.
AnimalFeeds
Int’l Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 682, 684 (2010) (quoting Volt Info.
Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior Univ.,
489
U.S.
468,
479
(1989)).
Here,
Pulte
is
sufficiently
aggrieved under § 4 by the alleged refusal of the Carlsons to
arbitrate bilaterally, as required under the written agreement.
Cf. Puleo v. Chase Bank USA, N.A., 605 F.3d 172, 181 (3d Cir.
2010)
(en
banc)
(rejecting
appellants’
non-arbitrability
argument that they “are amenable to arbitration in the abstract”
because “a district court does not issue an order compelling
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arbitration
‘confers
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in
only
“arbitration
the
abstract[;
the
right
proceed
in
to
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r]ather, . . .
obtain
the
an
manner
§ 4
order
of
the
directing
provided
for
in
FAA
that
[the
parties’] agreement”’” (alteration in original) (quoting Volt,
489 U.S. at 475)).
Accordingly, we deny the Carlsons’ request that we dismiss
the appeal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
B.
The
summary
district
court
judgment,
denied
concluding
Pulte’s
that
the
motion
for
partial
inquiry—whether
an
arbitration clause permits class arbitration—is procedural and
therefore for the arbitrator.
We disagree and hold that whether
an arbitration clause permits class arbitration is a gateway
question of arbitrability for the court.
Under
the
FAA,
arbitration
agreements
are
“valid,
irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at
law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.”
9 U.S.C.
§ 2.
favoring
Despite
this
“liberal . . . .
federal
policy
arbitration,” Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 24, the FAA seeks to
enforce arbitration agreements “in the manner provided for in
such agreement,” § 4; see Stolt-Nielsen, 559 U.S. at 682.
The Supreme Court has reiterated the contractual nature of
arbitration
agreements,
careful
to
avoid
forcing
parties
to
resolve their disputes through means not intended at the time of
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contract
(“[T]he
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formation.
FAA
imposes
E.g.,
certain
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Stolt-Nielsen,
rules
of
559
U.S.
fundamental
at
681
importance,
including the basic precept that arbitration ‘is a matter of
consent,
not
coercion.’”
(quoting
Volt,
489
U.S.
at
479));
Howsam v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 537 U.S. 79, 83 (2002)
(“[A]rbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot be
required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not
agreed so to submit.” (quoting United Steelworkers of Am. v.
Warrior
&
Gulf
Nav.
Co.,
363
U.S.
574,
582
(1960)));
First
Options of Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 945 (1995) (“[A]
party
can
be
forced
to
arbitrate
only
those
issues
it
specifically has agreed to submit to arbitration . . . .”).
Advancing the prioritization of party intent in arbitration
agreements, the Supreme Court has identified two categories of
threshold questions—procedural questions for the arbitrator, and
questions of arbitrability for the court.
at 83–84.
See Howsam, 537 U.S.
Procedural questions arise once the obligation to
arbitrate a matter is established, and may include such issues
as
the
application
of
statutes
requirements, laches, and estoppel.
of
limitations,
notice
See id. at 85; see also
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. Livingston, 376 U.S. 543, 557 (1964)
(“Once it is determined . . . that the parties are obligated to
submit
the
subject
matter
of
a
dispute
to
arbitration,
‘procedural’ questions which grow out of the dispute and bear on
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its final disposition should be left to the arbitrator.”).
The
Court has explained that these are questions for the arbitrator
not
only
because
the
“parties
would
likely
expect
that
an
arbitrator would decide [them],” Howsam, 537 U.S. at 84, but
also because the questions do not present any legal challenge to
the
arbitrator’s
underlying
power,
see
AT&T
Techs.,
Inc.
v.
Commc’ns Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648–49 (1986); United
Steelworkers, 363 U.S. at 582–83.
Questions
something
of
else
arbitrability,
entirely.
When
on
the
the
other
answer
to
hand,
a
are
question
“determine[s] whether the underlying controversy will proceed to
arbitration
on
the
merits,”
that
question
necessarily
falls
within the “narrow circumstance[s]” of arbitrable issues for the
court to decide.
Center,
W.,
Inc.
(“‘[Q]uestion[s]
regarding
the
Howsam, 537 U.S. at 83; see also Rent-A-
of
v.
Jackson,
561
arbitrability’
existence
of
a
U.S.
thus
legally
63,
include
binding
78
(2010)
questions
and
valid
arbitration agreement, as well as questions regarding the scope
of a concededly binding arbitration agreement.” (alterations in
original)).
The Supreme Court has not conclusively told us who gets to
decide
whether
an
arbitration
agreement
provides
for
arbitration, but the Court has provided some guidance.
class
First,
although a plurality of the Court in Green Tree Financial Corp.
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v. Bazzle found that the issue was a procedural one for the
arbitrator, 539 U.S. at 452–53, the Court’s treatment of Bazzle
in
subsequent
decisions
has
effectively
disavowed
that
rationale, see Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, 133 S. Ct.
2064, 2068 & n.2 (2013) (explaining the high bar for overturning
an arbitrator’s decision on the grounds that he exceeded his
powers, but stating, “We would face a different issue if [the
petitioner]
had
argued
below
that
the
availability
of
arbitration is a so-called ‘question of arbitrability.’
questions . . .
are
presumptively
for
courts
to
class
Those
decide.”);
Stolt-Nielsen, 559 U.S. at 680 (“Unfortunately, the opinions in
Bazzle appear to have baffled the parties in this case . . . .
[T]he
parties
appear
to
have
believed
that
the
judgment
in
Bazzle requires an arbitrator, not a court, to decide whether a
contract permits class arbitration.
plurality
decided
that
question.”
In fact, however, only the
(emphasis
added)
(citation
omitted)).
Second, the Court over several decades has crafted legal
rules regarding
the
interpretation
of
arbitration
agreements,
which, together, demonstrate that the issue presented here is
one of arbitrability.
To begin with, it is well established
that whether the parties have submitted a particular dispute to
arbitration is “undeniably an issue for judicial determination[]
[u]nless
the
parties
clearly
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AT&T Techs., 475 U.S. at 649; see also John Wiley,
376 U.S. at 547 (“[W]hether or not [a party] [i]s bound to
arbitrate, as well as what issues it must arbitrate, is a matter
to be determined by the Court on the basis of the contract
entered into by the parties.” (quoting Atkinson v. Sinclair Ref.
Co., 370 U.S. 238, 241 (1962))).
In
First
Options
of
Chicago,
Inc.
v.
Kaplan,
the
Court
extended this rule to the determination of who has the primary
power—the arbitrator or the court—to decide whether the parties
delegated a question of arbitrability to arbitration, stating
that “[c]ourts
arbitrate
should
not
arbitrability”
evidence.”
assume
absent
that
the
“‘clea[r]
parties
and
agreed
to
unmistakabl[e]’
514 U.S. at 944 (alterations in original) (quoting
AT&T Techs., 475 U.S. at 649).
The
Court
International
in
Corp.
Stolt-Nielsen
took
its
S.A.
refusal
to
v.
AnimalFeeds
“‘force
unwilling
parties to arbitrate’ contrary to their expectations” one step
further.
945).
559 U.S. at 686 (quoting First Options, 514 U.S. at
There, it announced a rule for determining whether an
arbitration
agreement
found
“class-action
that
permits
class
arbitration.
arbitration
changes
The
the
Court
nature
of
arbitration to such a degree that it cannot be presumed the
parties
consented
to
it
by
disputes to an arbitrator.”
simply
agreeing
Id. at 685.
16
to
submit
their
Rather, the Court held
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that parties cannot be forced to arbitrate on a class-wide basis
absent “a contractual basis for concluding that the party agreed
to do so.”
Id. at 684.
The evolution of the Court’s cases are but a short step
away from the conclusion that whether an arbitration agreement
authorizes
class
arbitration
presents
a
question
as
to
arbitrator’s inherent power, which requires judicial review.
that
regard,
the
Court
has
highlighted
the
the
In
significant
distinctions between class and bilateral arbitration, and these
fundamental
differences
confirm
that
whether
an
agreement
authorizes the former is a question of arbitrability.
When parties agree to forgo their right to litigate in the
courts and in favor of private dispute resolution, they expect
the
benefits
procedural
flowing
from
formalities,
confidentiality,
greater
that
lower
efficiency,
and—for the most part—finality.
decision:
costs,
specialized
less
rigorous
privacy
and
adjudicators,
These benefits, however, are
dramatically upended in class arbitration, which brings with it
higher risks for defendants.
See Stolt-Nielsen, 559 U.S. at
686–87 (contrasting the high stakes of class-action arbitration
with its limited scope of judicial review).
In litigation, certification decisions may be appealed on
both an interlocutory basis and after a final judgment, and the
appellate court reviews questions of law de novo and factual
17
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findings for clear error.
Pg: 18 of 23
E.g., Teamsters Local 445 Freight
Div. Pension Fund v. Bombardier Inc., 546 F.3d 196, 201 (2d Cir.
2008).
The
FAA,
however,
provides
vacating an arbitration award.
very
limited
grounds
for
See 9 U.S.C. § 10 (providing
grounds, such as: an award “procured by corruption, fraud, or
undue means;” and when the arbitrator evidences “partiality or
corruption,” is “guilty of misconduct” or “other misbehavior”
that prejudices the party’s rights, or “exceed[s] [his or her]
powers”).
A reviewing court’s ability to modify or correct an
award is similarly cabined.
been
interpreted
to
See 9 U.S.C. § 11.
prohibit
parties
expanding the scope of judicial review.
And the FAA has
from
contractually
See Hall St. Assocs.,
L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576 (2008).
As
a
result,
arbitration
“[t]he
“makes
uncorrected.”
350 (2011).
it
absence
more
of
likely
multilayered
that
review”
errors
will
in
go
AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333,
This is a cost that “[d]efendants are willing to
accept” in bilateral arbitration “since [the errors’] impact is
limited
to
outweighed
the
by
size
savings
of
individual
from
avoiding
disputes,
the
and
courts.”
presumably
Id.
But
“bet[ting] the company” without effective judicial review is a
cost
of
accept.
class
arbitration
that
Id. at 351.
18
defendants
would
not
lightly
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Moreover, in bilateral arbitration, the lack of rigorous
procedural rules greatly increases the speed and lowers the cost
of the dispute resolution, but in class arbitration, procedural
formality is required, reducing—or eliminating altogether—these
advantages.
before
This
is
because
the
on
the
merits,
whether
ruling
whether
the
named
parties
arbitrator
satisfy
to
must
determine,
certify
mandatory
the
class,
standards
of
representation and commonality, how discovery will function, and
how to bind absent class members.
49.
the
Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 348–
In turn, costs and time increase.
average
bilateral
arbitration
See id. (finding that
begun
between
January
and
August 2007 reached a final disposition in four-to-six months,
whereas none of the class arbitrations initiated as of September
2009 had resulted in a final merits award, and the average time
from
filing
to
resolution—through
settlement,
withdrawal,
or
dismissal, not judgment on the merits—was 630 days).
It is not surprising then that those circuit courts to have
considered the question have concluded that, “unless the parties
clearly
and
unmistakably
provide
otherwise,”
whether
an
arbitration agreement permits class arbitration is a question of
arbitrability
LexisNexis
2013)
for
Div.
(quoting
v.
the
court.
Crockett,
Howsam,
537
Reed
734
U.S.
Elsevier,
F.3d
at
594,
83)
Inc.
597–99
(reasoning
ex
rel.
(6th
Cir.
that
the
Supreme Court “has given every indication, short of an outright
19
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holding, that classwide arbitrability is a gateway question” for
the
court,
and
observations
of
focusing
the
on
Stolt-Nielsen
fundamental
differences
and
Concepcion’s
between
bilateral
and class arbitration); see also Opalinski v. Robert Half Int’l
Inc., 761 F.3d 326, 331–34, 335-36 (3d Cir. 2014) (finding that
the Supreme Court had “cast doubt” on the Bazzle plurality, and
that
an
implicates
agreement’s
both
authorization
whose
claims
and
of
the
class
type
of
arbitration
controversy
an
arbitrator may resolve).
Leaving the question of class arbitration for the court
also
flows
logically
from
our
own
cases.
In
Central
West
Virginia Energy, Inc. v. Bayer Cropscience LP, for example, we
stated (albeit in dicta) that “consent to class arbitration did
not fall within [the] category of ‘procedural’ questions . . . .
because the class-action construct wreaks ‘fundamental changes’
on the ‘nature of arbitration.’”
645 F.3d 267, 274–75 (4th Cir.
2011) (quoting Stolt-Nielsen, 559 U.S. at 685–86).
Since then,
at least two district judges in this circuit have held that
whether an agreement permits class arbitration is a question of
arbitrability for the court.
See Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC v.
Suppa,
861
Turner,
91
F.
No.
Supp.
3d
5:14CV97,
853,
slip.
op.
2015).
20
(N.D.W.
at
*7
Va.
2015);
(N.D.W.
Va.
Bird
v.
Sept.
1,
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A review of the kinds of disputes we have found to be
procedural in nature shows that our decision today aligns with
circuit precedent.
(whether
an
E.g., Bayer Cropscience, 645 F.3d at 274
arbitration
panel
in
Richmond,
Virginia,
or
in
Charleston, West Virginia, should resolve the dispute); Dockser
v. Schwartzberg, 433 F.3d 421 (4th Cir. 2006) (the question of
the number of arbitrators); Durham Cty. v. Richards & Assocs.,
742 F.2d 811 (4th Cir. 1984) (limitations period expressed in
arbitration agreement raised as defense to arbitration); In re
Mercury Constr. Corp., 656 F.2d 933 (4th Cir. 1981) (en banc)
(whether untimeliness, waiver, or laches were for the arbitrator
or court’s determination), aff’d sub nom. Moses H. Cone Mem’l
Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1.
Most
notably,
these
decisions
do
not
challenge
the
underlying agreement to submit the dispute to arbitration.
See
Marrowbone Dev. Co. v. Dist. 17, United Mine Workers of Am., 147
F.3d 296, 300 (4th Cir. 1998) (“[T]he court decides, as issues
of contract law, the threshold questions of whether a party is
contractually bound to arbitrate and whether, if so bound, the
arbitration
provision’s
arbitrable.”).
arbitrability
scope
makes
the
issue
in
dispute
Further, we have made clear that the scope of
itself
arbitrator to decide.
is
not
an
issue
presumptively
for
the
See Va. Carolina Tools, Inc. v. Int’l
Tool Supply, Inc., 984 F.2d 113, 117 (4th Cir. 1993) (finding
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both that “except as clearly and unmistakably indicated in their
contract, the parties d[o] not intend to commit the very issue
of the scope of arbitrability itself to arbitration,” and that
“the
typical,
broad
arbitration
clause”
does
not
meet
that
standard).
In reaching its contrary result, the district court relied
on
our
unpublished
decision
in
Davis
v.
ECPI
College
Technology, L.C., 227 F. App’x 250 (4th Cir. 2007).
found
that
“[t]he
question
of
‘what
kind
of
of
There, we
arbitration
proceedings’ are required under the arbitration clause is not a
gateway issue for a court to decide.”
Id. at 253.
But Davis
was decided before Stolt-Nielsen, Concepcion, and Oxford Health
Plans, and relied exclusively on the plurality in Bazzle.
Given
the thin reed that is now Bazzle, we decline to follow our
unpublished precedent.
III.
In this case, the parties did not unmistakably provide that
the arbitrator would decide whether their agreement authorizes
class arbitration.
In fact, the sales agreement says nothing at
all about the subject.
concluding
arbitrator.
that
the
Accordingly, the district court erred in
question
was
a
procedural
one
for
the
We therefore reverse the district court’s order
denying Pulte’s motion for partial summary judgment, vacate the
22
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judgment
Filed: 03/28/2016
dismissing
proceedings.
On
the
remand,
Pg: 23 of 23
Petition,
the
and
district
remand
court
for
shall
further
determine
whether the parties agreed to class arbitration.
REVERSED, VACATED, AND REMANDED
23
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