US v. Pablo Ramirez-Alaniz
Filing
UNPUBLISHED AUTHORED OPINION filed. Originating case number: 5:14-hc-02159-BR Copies to all parties and the district court/agency. [999741427].. [15-6003]
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UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 15-6003
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Petitioner - Appellee,
v.
PABLO RAMIREZ-ALANIZ,
Respondent - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of North Carolina, at Raleigh.
W. Earl Britt, Senior
District Judge. (5:14-hc-02159-BR)
Argued:
December 9, 2015
Decided:
January 26, 2016
Before NIEMEYER, DUNCAN, and AGEE, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished opinion.
Judge Niemeyer
opinion, in which Judge Duncan and Judge Agee joined.
wrote
the
ARGUED: Joseph Bart Gilbert, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC
DEFENDER, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant.
Robert J.
Dodson, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Raleigh, North
Carolina, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: Thomas P. McNamara, Federal
Public Defender, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Raleigh,
North Carolina, for Appellant. Thomas G. Walker, United States
Attorney, Jennifer P. May-Parker, Jennifer D. Dannels, Assistant
United States Attorneys, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee.
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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:
The
district
court
committed
Pablo
Ramirez-Alaniz,
a
Mexican national who had been charged with illegally reentering
the United States following deportation, to the custody and care
of the Attorney General pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 4246.
The court
found that Ramirez-Alaniz, who was being detained at the Federal
Medical Center in Butner, North Carolina (“FMC Butner”), for a
mental
health
evaluation
following
his
illegal
reentry,
was
“suffering from a mental disease or defect as a result of which
his release [-- whether in the United States or Mexico --] would
create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or
serious damage to the property of another.”
Ramirez-Alaniz now challenges this civil commitment order,
arguing that because he would be deported to Mexico if released,
the district court’s finding of risk of danger to other persons
or
property
would
apply
to
persons
and
property
giving improper extraterritorial effect to § 4246.
in
Mexico,
He notes
that “the dangerousness prong [of § 4246] applies [solely] to
effects within the United States, because the legislation fails
to
clearly
application.”
indicate
that
Congress
intended
extraterritorial
(Emphasis added).
We conclude, however, that because the district court found
that Ramirez-Alaniz’s release would also pose a risk of danger
to persons or property in the United States, we need not reach
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whether
§
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4246
applies
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extraterritorially.
Accordingly,
we
affirm, albeit on reasoning different from that given by the
district court.
I
In
Oregon
January
to
charges
apartment,
resisting
2011,
the
an
for
to
pleaded
discharging
firearm
Oregon
months’ imprisonment.
medication
Ramirez-Alaniz
relating
pointing
arrest,
after
at
state
a
another
court
guilty
firearm
in
in
his
individual,
and
sentenced
him
to
30
During his incarceration, he was given
mental
health
issues.
Thereafter,
he
was
deported to Mexico and prohibited from reentering the United
States.
About
two
weeks
later,
however,
on
December
6,
2012,
Ramirez-Alaniz was detained by border patrol agents in Arizona
and
charged
with
illegal
reentry
following
violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2).
Alaniz
exhibited
inappropriate
poor
and
administration of medication.
staff
psychiatrist
adjustment,
noncompliance
sexually
with
the
As these conditions escalated, a
recommended
psychiatric hospital.
in
While detained, Ramirez-
institutional
behavior,
deportation,
his
transfer
to
an
inpatient
The district court in Arizona ordered
that Ramirez-Alaniz be evaluated for competency restoration and
treatment
under
18
U.S.C.
§
4241
4
and,
if
he
could
not
be
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restored to competency, that Ramirez-Alaniz remain hospitalized
and undergo a dangerousness evaluation, pursuant to 18 U.S.C.
§§ 4246 and 4248.
Accordingly, Ramirez-Alaniz was transferred
to FMC Butner for evaluation and treatment.
A
panel
of
mental
health
evaluators
at
FMC
Butner
determined that Ramirez-Alaniz was incapable of proceeding with
the pending criminal case in the District of Arizona and that
his competency was unlikely to be restored in the foreseeable
future due to cognitive limitations.
In a subsequent forensic
evaluation completed in June 2014, the FMC Butner medical staff
concluded
that
Ramirez-Alaniz
was
suffering
from
“a
mental
disease or defect as a result of which his release would create
a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious
damage to the property of others.”
On
receipt
initiated
Mental
the
of
§ 4246(a),
this
present
Disease
District
of
or
proceeding
Defect
and
Carolina
North
and
forensic
on
the
commitment hearing.
evaluation,
by
filing
a
Dangerousness
July
district
court
22,
the
government
Certificate
in
2014,
the
see
thereafter
18
of
Eastern
U.S.C.
conducted
a
During the hearing, the court considered
forensic reports and testimony from Dr. Carlton Pyant, a staff
psychologist
at
FMC
Butner,
and
Dr.
Katayoun
Tabrizi,
a
psychiatrist appointed by the court, both of whom had evaluated
Ramirez-Alaniz.
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Dr.
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Pyant
diagnosed
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Ramirez-Alaniz
as
suffering
from
schizophrenia, an unspecified neurodevelopmental disorder, and
an
alcohol
receiving
“poor
use
disorder.
treatment
impulse
at
Dr.
FMC
control”;
Pyant
Butner,
he
was
noted
that
prior
Ramirez-Alaniz
“sexually
had
to
shown
provocative
and
dangerous”; “his speech was disorganized”; “his judgment [was]
poor”;
he
substance
was
abuse;
himself.”
been
“hearing
and
voices”;
he
was
he
engaged
“essentially
in
significant
unable
to
control
Dr. Pyant reported, however, that Ramirez-Alaniz had
compliant
with
the
administration
of
medication
in
the
structured environment of FMC Butner and, with medication, had
demonstrated “some insight into his behavior.”
For example,
Ramirez-Alaniz told Dr. Pyant that the medication had helped to
“stop the voices” and prevent “sexual thoughts.”
Dr. Pyant also
noted that, with medication, Ramirez-Alaniz had been respectful
of
the
rights
cooperative
opinion
of
with
that
others,
staff.
had
a
positive
Nonetheless,
Ramirez-Alaniz
would
attitude,
Dr.
not
Pyant
and
was
continue
was
of
the
with
his
medications if released because he had made statements to that
effect and because he had “minimal to no social support” in the
United
States
to
ensure
medication
provide
necessary
compliance.”
“ongoing
Dr.
Pyant
supervision
also
noted
to
that
Ramirez-Alaniz was unable to provide a realistic plan “to locate
appropriate
aftercare
resources.”
6
Accordingly,
he
concluded
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that Ramirez-Alaniz, if released, would pose a substantial risk
of
bodily
injury
to
other
persons
or
serious
damage
to
the
property of other persons.
Similarly,
schizophrenia,
disorder.
Dr.
an
She
Tabrizi
alcohol
also
diagnosed
use
made
intellectual disability.
Ramirez-Alaniz
disorder,
a
and
provisional
a
with
cocaine
diagnosis
use
of
an
She noted indicia of cognitive delays,
such as observations that Ramirez-Alaniz was unable to recall a
total of three words after the passing of five minutes, that he
could not state the current month, and that he could not perform
simple
arithmetic.
She
also
noted
several
factors
that
increased Ramirez-Alaniz’s risk for future violence, including a
psychotic
mental
health
illness;
a
history
of
firearm
possession, resisting arrest, drug use, and alcohol addiction;
and social obstacles, including unemployment and lack of social
support in the United States.
Ramirez-Alaniz
had
only
one
She emphasized, however, that
documented
episode
of
dangerous
behavior in the five years during which he lived in the United
States and that he had responded well to medication.
that,
with
medication,
Ramirez-Alaniz
was
She noted
respectful,
cooperative, and had a good sense of humor when she interviewed
him.
Ultimately, Dr. Tabrizi concluded that Ramirez-Alaniz’s
“release
back
to
Arizona
for
deportation
would
not
create
a
substantial risk of bodily injury or damage to the property of
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another in the United States,” but this conclusion was based
primarily
on
her
assumption
that
Ramirez-Alaniz
would
be
deported to Mexico and, pending deportation, would remain in
custody.
try
to
While Dr. Tabrizi recognized that Ramirez-Alaniz might
reenter
discounted
this
the
United
States
risk
because
of
likelihood of” his reentry.
Ramirez-Alaniz
were
to
be
after
“the
deportation,
uncertainty
she
about
the
She recognized, however, that if
released
into
a
“community
in
the
United States on his own,” a problem would exist with “his being
able to access mental health treatment and get his medications.”
Accordingly,
Alaniz
would
she
agreed
meet
that
the
in
criteria
that
circumstance,
Ramirez-
for
civil
commitment
under
Ramirez-Alaniz
also
testified.
He
§ 4246.
At
the
hearing,
expressed his willingness to receive medication to treat his
mental illness and stated, in view of his potential deportation,
that he wished to return to Mexico “as soon as possible.”
He
“promised” that, if deported, he would not return to the United
States without permission.
In argument to the district court, counsel for RamirezAlaniz stated his firm conviction that, if released, RamirezAlaniz would be deported to Mexico “forthwith,” noting that it
would be “preposterous” to assume that the government would not
deport him inasmuch as he is “exactly the kind of person who
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will
be
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processed
for
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deportation.”
Consequently,
counsel
argued that Ramirez-Alaniz would not pose a risk to persons or
property in the United States.
that
immediate
deportation
The government argued, however,
was
not
a
sure
thing,
as
no
Immigration and Customs Enforcement detainer was then pending.
After receiving supplemental briefing on whether the reach of
§ 4246 should be limited to persons and property in the United
States, the district court concluded that § 4246 means “that a
person should be civilly committed if he suffers from a mental
disease or defect as a result of which his release would create
a
substantial
regardless
of
risk
of
(Emphasis added).
injury
citizenship
their
bodily
or
to
another
geographic
person,
location.”
The court then found, by clear and convincing
evidence, that “[w]hether [Ramirez-Alaniz] is released in the
United States or his native Mexico, his release would pose a
high
risk
of
dangerousness
cognitive deficits.”
given
his
(Emphasis added).
psychotic
disorder
and
Accordingly, the court
ordered that Ramirez-Alaniz be committed to the custody and care
of the Attorney General.
Following
district
court
the
in
district
Arizona
against
Ramirez-Alaniz.
order,
no
detainer,
court’s
dismissed
Therefore,
criminal
9
commitment
the
criminal
following
proceeding,
the
or
order,
the
indictment
commitment
deportation
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proceeding was -- nor currently is -- pending against RamirezAlaniz.
From the district court’s civil commitment order, RamirezAlaniz
filed
this
appeal,
contending
that
§
4246
is
not
implicated by his circumstances because, if released, he would
be immediately deported to Mexico and § 4246 applies only to
protect persons and property in the United States.
He argues
that the district court erred in construing § 4246 to include
any risk to persons or property in Mexico.
II
Section 4246 of Title 18 provides that when the director of
a hospital facility “certifies” that a person in the custody of
the Bureau of Prisons or the Attorney General “suffer[s] from a
mental disease or defect” that would pose a “substantial risk”
of bodily injury to persons or serious damage to property, he
must, in the absence of suitable arrangements for state custody,
file the certificate in the district court where the person is
in custody, thus commencing a civil commitment proceeding.
U.S.C. § 4246(a).
18
Upon notice to the person and the government,
the district court must then conduct a hearing to determine the
risk of the person’s danger to other persons and property.
§ 4246(a), (c).
Id.
If the court finds “by clear and convincing
evidence that the person is presently suffering from a mental
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disease or defect as a result of which his release would create
a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious
damage to property of another,” the court must commit the person
to the custody of the Attorney General.
In
this
case,
Ramirez-Alaniz
Id. § 4246(d).
does
not
challenge
the
district court’s finding that he would pose a substantial risk
of
bodily
injury
to
another’s property.
another
person
or
serious
damage
to
Rather, he argues that § 4246 should not be
applied to commit him because he will be deported to Mexico and
the risk which the court found will be relevant only to persons
and property in Mexico, not to persons or property in the United
States.
Consequently,
finding
that
whether
he
is
he
reasons,
Ramirez-Alaniz
“released
in
posed
the
the
a
district
risk
United
of
States
court,
in
dangerousness
or
his
native
Mexico,” erred in construing § 4246 to cover effects in Mexico.
(Emphasis added).
Stated otherwise, Ramirez-Alaniz argues that
the district court erred when it applied § 4246 to persons and
property “anywhere in the world,” thus failing to recognize the
general presumption against the extraterritorial application of
statutes
absent
a
clear
congressional
expression
of
such
application.
The
promptly
government
deported,
argues
§
4246
that
even
“provides
if
for
Ramirez-Alaniz
civil
is
commitment
regardless of the at-risk person’s citizenship or geographical
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location.”
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It also argues that Ramirez-Alaniz’s deportation is
not certain and that, if released, Ramirez-Alaniz would pose a
risk to persons and property in the United States.
Finally, the
government
were
argues
that
even
if
Ramirez-Alaniz
to
be
deported, his possible reentry would pose a substantial risk of
danger to persons or property in the United States given his
“history of illegally reentering” the country.
While Ramirez-Alaniz focuses his argument on the effect of
his conduct in Mexico, based on his assumption that if released,
he
would
be
deported
to
Mexico
immediately,
the
argument
overlooks the fact that if released, Ramirez-Alaniz would, based
on the record before us, be released into the United States.
There
is
no
proceeding
or
detainer
pending
against
Ramirez-
Alaniz that would preclude his presence in the United States
upon release.
And Ramirez-Alaniz has provided no factual basis
upon which to conclude that the district court’s finding that
his release would pose a high risk of dangerousness “[w]hether
he is released in the United States or his native Mexico” was
clearly erroneous.
Alaniz’s
release
(Emphasis added).
would
pose
a
risk
Thus, because Ramirezof
danger
to
persons
or
property in the United States, we need not address his argument
that § 4246 does not apply extraterritorially.
Ramirez-Alaniz also contends that even if his release would
pose some risk of danger to persons or property in the United
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States, allowing a court in the United States to civilly commit
foreign nationals, such as him, who face possible deportation
would effectively commit such persons to “serve de facto life
sentences at the expense of American taxpayers.”
reading
“absurd
§
4246
to
result”
permit
and
these
would
life
raise
He argues that
sentences
“serious
would
be
an
constitutional
questions.”
We find this argument beset by speculation and hyperbole.
Section 4246 itself provides numerous avenues by which RamirezAlaniz
can
be
§ 4246(d)(2),
released
(e),
(g).
after
commitment.
In
addition,
See
18
U.S.C.
Ramirez-Alaniz
has
challenged neither the government’s statement at the commitment
hearing that it was exploring informal processes to move him to
Mexico
nor
the
government’s
statement
in
its
brief
that
Immigration and Customs Enforcement “still has the option to
initiate deportation proceedings against him” even now that he
is civilly committed.
As to his concern regarding “constitutional problems raised
by
the
district
court’s
decision,”
we
recognize
that
“civil
commitment for any purpose constitutes a significant deprivation
of liberty that requires due process protection.”
Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 425 (1979).
argue
that
hearing.
he
was
denied
due
Addington v.
But Ramirez-Alaniz does not
process
through
the
commitment
And whether due process would be denied with respect
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to any future effort by him to obtain release can, at this time,
only be speculative.
At bottom, we affirm the civil commitment order based on
the
district
court’s
finding
of
risk
of
harm
in
the
United
States, without determining whether 18 U.S.C. § 4246 extends to
risks that Ramirez-Alaniz’s release might also pose outside the
United States.
AFFIRMED
14
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