Ghazanfar Qureshi, et al v. Eric Holder, Jr., et al
Filing
PUBLISHED OPINION FILED. [11-30047 Affirmed ] Judge: JES , Judge: RHB , Judge: FPB Mandate pull date is 01/19/2012 [11-30047]
Case: 11-30047
Document: 00511677139
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Date Filed: 11/28/2011
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
Fifth Circuit
FILED
No. 11-30047
November 28, 2011
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
GHAZANFAR HUSSEIN QURESHI; KAUSER BIBI QURESHI;
NAILA GHANZAFAR QURESHI; NAUREEN GHANZAFAR QURESHI;
FAIZA GHANZAFAR QURESHI; MUSTANSAR GHANZAFAR QURESHI;
BUSHRA GHANZAFAR QURESHI; AHTZAAZ GHANZAFAR QURESHI,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
versus
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., U.S. Attorney General;
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,
Janet Napolitano, Secretary;
U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND IMMIGRATION SERVICES,
Alejandro Mayorkas, Director;
MARIE HUMMERT, Director, USCIS Houston Asylum Center,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
Before SMITH, BARKSDALE, and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:
The Qureshis were originally granted asylum from Pakistan because of
Mr. Qureshi’s support for the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front. Later, the U.S.
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Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) decided to terminate the Qureshis’ asylum based on that same support, applying the “persecutor bar” to Mr.
Qureshi. When removal proceedings ensued, the Qureshis sued USCIS to challenge its application of the bar. The district court granted USCIS’s motion to
dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction on the ground that the termination
was not a final agency action. Because we agree that termination of asylum does
not consummate agency action and thus is not final, we affirm.
I.
The undisputed facts are that Ghazanfar Qureshi is a citizen of Pakistan
who entered the United States and applied for asylum in 1999, claiming that he
suffered persecution from his membership in the Jammu Kashmir Liberation
Front (“JKLF”). The application was granted in 2000, followed by derivative
asylum for his wife and children.
In January 2009, Qureshi received from USCIS a notice of intent to terminate asylum status that stated that he may not have been eligible for asylum,
because his contributions to JKLF and participation in its activities “potentially”
constituted persecution of others on account of a protected characteristic under
8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(A)(i). At his termination hearing, Qureshi stated that he
became the Secretary General of JKLF for the Mirpur District in 1991, donated
money to the group, and arranged public protests. He asserted that he was not
aware of any violent activities of JKLF and did not communicate with its
members outside his district.
In March, USCIS issued to Mr. Qureshi a notice of termination of asylum
status1 because a preponderance of the evidence indicated that he had “participated in the persecution of another person on account of that person’s national-
1
USCIS later issued a slightly revised version.
2
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ity and political opinion” as an “active and prominent member” of JKLF. Qureshi
and his family were placed in removal proceedings, and their employment
authorization was terminated.
In June 2010, the Qureshis sued the defendants (collectively, “USCIS”),
claiming that termination of their asylum status, without a showing by specific
evidence that Mr. Qureshi was a persecutor, violated the Constitution, multiple
statutes, and federal regulations. The district court granted USCIS’s motion to
dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, reasoning that the termination
was not a final agency action, because the Qureshis could renew their asylum
claim in removal proceedings and because the termination decision was subject
to administrative and judicial review. The Qureshis appeal.
II.
A.
This court reviews de novo a dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Ramming v.
United States, 281 F.3d 158, 161 (5th Cir. 2001). A grant of asylum does not convey a right to remain permanently in the United States. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c)(2).
An asylum officer may terminate asylum if the alien was not eligible for asylum
when it was granted. Id.; see also 8 C.F.R. § 208.24(a)(1), (2). Under the “persecutor bar,” an alien who “ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated
in the persecution of any person on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion” is not eligible for asylum. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(A)(i).
USCIS is authorized to terminate asylum previously granted under its
own jurisdiction in two ways. It may terminate asylum itself through a multistep process, consisting of a notice of intent to terminate, a termination hearing
(where the alien may present evidence in support of asylum), and, if applicable,
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written notice of termination of asylum status and any accompanying employment authorization. 8 C.F.R. § 208.24(c). Alternatively, USCIS may give an
immigration judge (“IJ”) jurisdiction to terminate asylum by serving the alien
with a notice of intent to terminate with or after a notice to appear—the document that initiates removal proceedings. § 208.24(f).
In either event, USCIS must initiate removal proceedings before an IJ
after every asylum termination, unless removal proceedings have already commenced. § 208.24(e). The ex-asylee is entitled to contest the charges of removability before the IJ. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(4). Should the IJ find him removable,
the alien may appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) and again
contest his removability. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(b)(3), (9).
Neither the IJ nor the BIA has authority to review USCIS’s decision to
terminate asylum. Bhargava v. Att’y Gen. of the U.S., 611 F.3d 168, 170-71 (3d
Cir. 2010). But if the BIA upholds the final order of removal, the ex-asylee may
then appeal to the appropriate circuit court to review “constitutional claims or
questions of law” underlying the final order of removal, including direct legal
challenges to USCIS’s original termination decision.2
While directly contesting his removability, an ex-asylee may also re-apply
for asylum during his removal proceeding.3 Aliens in removal proceedings who
make a new asylum application are entitled to a full evidentiary hearing on the
application. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(4). They also shoulder the applicant’s eviden-
2
See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D); Alvarado de Rodriguez v. Holder, 585 F.3d 227, 233-34
(5th Cir. 2009); Rodriguez-Castro v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 316, 319 (5th Cir. 2005).
3
See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1) (“Any alien who is physically present in the United States
. . . irrespective of such alien’s status, may apply for asylum in accordance with this section
. . . .”); see also Silwany-Rodriguez v. INS, 975 F.2d 1157, 1161 (5th Cir. 1992) (citing Matter
of B-, 20 I.&N. Dec. 427 (BIA 1991) (holding that an asylum application in a removal proceeding is considered a new application)); Singh v. Chertoff, No. C 05-1454 MHP, 2005 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 47500, at *18-19 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 24, 2005) (“[A]ny alien whose asylum status is terminated has the opportunity to reapply for asylum . . . .”).
4
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tiary burden anew, however, see § 1158(b)(1)(B), whereas in termination proceedings USCIS has the burden of proof, 8 C.F.R. § 208.24(c), (f).
B.
Under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), “final agency action for
which there is no other adequate remedy in a court [is] subject to judicial
review.”4 “If there is no final agency action, a federal court lacks subject matter
jurisdiction.”5
In general, for agency action to be deemed final, it “must mark the consummation of the agency’s decision-making process” and “must be [action] by
which rights or obligations have been determined or from which legal consequences will flow.”6 In evaluating whether a challenged agency action meets
these two conditions, this court is guided by the Supreme Court’s interpretation
of the APA’s finality requirement as “flexible” and “pragmatic.” Abbott Labs. v.
Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 149-50 (1967).7
Under a flexible, pragmatic reading, termination of asylum cannot be
viewed as a “consummation” of agency decisionmaking. Instead, it represents
only an intermediate step in a multi-stage administrative process, succeeded (or
4
5 U.S.C. § 704. The same section also recognizes “[a]gency action made reviewable
by statute,” but no such statute applies here.
5
Peoples Nat’l Bank v. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency of the U.S., 362 F.3d
333, 336 (5th Cir. 2004) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
6
Id. at 337 (citations omitted).
7
In addition to the two-pronged test used here, this court has also restated the
Supreme Court’s “pragmatic” interpretation of the APA’s finality requirement as a multi-factor
test, including: “(1) the legal and practical effect of the agency action; (2) the definitiveness of
the ruling; (3) the availability of an administrative solution; (4) the likelihood of unnecessary
review; and (5) the need for effective enforcement of the Act.” Am. Airlines, Inc. v. Herman,
176 F.3d 283, 291 (5th Cir. 1999) (citing Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Standard Oil Co. of Calif., 449
U.S. 232, 242-43 (1980)).
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accompanied) by removal proceedings before an IJ and intra-agency appeal to
the BIA.
Termination of asylum automatically triggers another stage of decisionmaking, the removal proceeding. Pending removal proceedings make termination an intermediate, nonfinal action, because “when removal proceedings are
pending, further administrative relief is available.” Cabaccang v. USCIS, 627
F.3d 1313, 1317 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). Even if the IJ and BIA lack
jurisdiction to review asylum termination decisions, they both retain the power
to halt removal proceedings altogether, either by an alien’s successful contest to
removability via 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(4) or by a successful new asylum application
via 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1).
The Qureshis can point to only two published district court opinions to
support their contention that USCIS’s termination of their asylum constitutes
final agency action. In one case,8 the court, based on its reading of 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.24(e), found termination of asylum distinct enough from removal to conclude that termination was not merely an intermediate step in a larger process.
That regulation states: “When an alien’s asylum status or withholding of
removal or deportation is terminated under this section, the Service shall initiate removal proceedings, as appropriate, if the alien is not already in exclusion,
deportation, or removal proceedings.” Id. (emphasis added). The court read “as
appropriate” to “suggest[] that there may be circumstances where an action to
remove an alien does not follow necessarily from the termination of the alien’s
asylum status.”9 But in context, the language of § 208.24(e) indicates that
removal proceedings must follow all terminations of asylum. “As appropriate”
8
Singh v. Bardini, No. C-09-3382 EMC, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3824 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 19,
2010) (magistrate judge), followed by 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 55706 (N.D. Cal. Jun. 7, 2010)
(magistrate judge).
9
Singh v. Bardini, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 3824, at *15.
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merely refers to a circumstance in which removal proceedings were already
pending at the time an IJ terminates asylum. See § 208.24(f).
In Singh v. USCIS, No. 10 C 8288, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 42019 (N.D. Ill.
Apr. 19, 2011), the court held that USCIS’s termination of the plaintiff’s asylum
status constituted final agency action. Specifically, termination consummated
agency decisionmaking when it increased the evidentiary burden on the plaintiff
in applying for asylum anew.10
The burden-shifting occasioned by termination of asylum, however, does
not consummate agency decisionmaking. Evidentiary burdens serve to inform
a factfinder’s decisions, especially where parties have failed to produce adequate
evidence. Although burdens sometimes dictate an agency’s eventual decision,
that decision is not consummated until it is actually made.
In summary, termination of asylum does not “mark the consummation” of
a decisionmaking process. Accordingly, it is not final agency action, so the Qureshis’ challenge is premature.11 The judgment of dismissal is AFFIRMED.
10
Id. at *10-11. As explained in part I, an alien in a removal proceeding who makes a
new asylum application is entitled to a full evidentiary hearing on the application, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229a(b)(4), but he also shoulders the applicant’s evidentiary burden anew, see § 1158(b)(1)(B), whereas in termination proceedings USCIS has the burden of proof, 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.24(c), (f).
11
Because termination of asylum does not satisfy the consummation condition, termination would not be final agency action even if it did satisfy the legal-consequences condition.
Accordingly, we decline to address whether burden-shifting or loss of employment authorization is a significant legal consequence. We also decline to address the government’s other
arguments.
7
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