Khaled Asadi v. G.E. Energy (USA), L.L.C.

Filing

PUBLISHED OPINION FILED. [12-20522 Affirmed ] Judge: JWE , Judge: SAH , Judge: BAJ Mandate pull date is 08/07/2013 [12-20522]

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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
Fifth Circuit

FILED
No. 12-20522

July 17, 2013
Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk

KHALED ASADI,
Plaintiff–Appellant,
v.
G.E. ENERGY (USA), L.L.C.,
Defendant–Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas

Before ELROD and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges, and JACKSON, District
Judge.*
JENNIFER WALKER ELROD, Circuit Judge:
Plaintiff-Appellant Khaled Asadi (“Asadi”) filed a complaint alleging that
Defendant-Appellee G.E. Energy (USA), L.L.C. (“GE Energy”) violated the
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (“DoddFrank”), 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h) (the “whistleblower-protection provision”), by
terminating him after he made an internal report of a possible securities law
violation. The district court granted GE Energy’s motion to dismiss for failure
to state a claim. Because Asadi was not a “whistleblower” under Dodd-Frank,
we AFFIRM.
*

Chief Judge of the Middle District of Louisiana, sitting by designation.

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I.
In 2006, Asadi accepted GE Energy’s offer to serve as its Iraq Country
Executive and relocated to Amman, Jordan. At a meeting in 2010, while serving
in this capacity, Iraqi officials informed Asadi of their concern that GE Energy
hired a woman closely associated with a senior Iraqi official to curry favor with
that official in negotiating a lucrative joint venture agreement. Asadi, concerned
this alleged conduct violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”),
reported the issue to his supervisor and to the GE Energy ombudsperson for the
region. Shortly following these internal reports, Asadi received a “surprisingly
negative” performance review. GE Energy pressured him to step down from his
role as Iraq Country Executive and accept a reduced role in the region with
minimal responsibility. Asadi did not comply and, approximately one year after
he made the internal reports, GE Energy fired him.1
Asadi filed a complaint alleging that GE Energy violated Dodd-Frank’s
whistleblower-protection provision by terminating him following his internal
reports of the possible FCPA violation.2 GE Energy moved to dismiss Asadi’s
complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) on the basis that it failed to state a claim
because, inter alia, (1) Asadi does not qualify as a “whistleblower” under the
whistleblower-protection provision, and (2) the whistleblower-protection
provision does not apply extraterritorially. The district court dismissed Asadi’s
whistleblower-retaliation

claim

with

prejudice,

concluding

that

the

whistleblower-protection provision “does not extend to or protect Asadi’s
1

Asadi learned of his termination by an email that specified, in part: “GE is exercising
its right to terminate your employment as an at-will employee, as allowed under U.S. law and
as described in your expatriate assignment letter. As a U.S. based employee you will be
terminated in the U.S.”
2

Asadi later amended his complaint to include a breach-of-contract claim. After the
district court dismissed Asadi’s Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection claim, it declined to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Asadi’s breach-of-contract claim and dismissed it
without prejudice. Asadi has not challenged the district court’s dismissal of his breach-ofcontract claim on appeal.

2

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extraterritorial whistleblowing activity.” Having reached this conclusion, it
declined to decide whether Asadi qualified as a “whistleblower” under the
whistleblower-protection provision. Asadi filed a timely notice of appeal.
II.
We review de novo a district court order granting a Rule 12(b)(6) motion
to dismiss for failure to state a claim and may affirm on any basis supported by
the record. Torch Liquidating Trust ex rel. Bridge Assocs. v. Stockstill, 561 F.3d
377, 384 (5th Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). We “accept[] all well-pleaded facts
as true, viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” In re Katrina
Canal Breaches Litig., 495 F.3d 191, 205 (5th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation
marks omitted). The only issues on appeal are interpretations of Dodd-Frank,
which we review de novo. Rothe Dev., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 666 F.3d 336,
338 (5th Cir. 2011).
III.
When faced with questions of statutory construction, “we must first
determine whether the statutory text is plain and unambiguous” and, “[i]f it is,
we must apply the statute according to its terms.” Carcieri v. Salazar, 555 U.S.
379, 387 (2009) (citations omitted); see also BedRoc Ltd. v. United States, 541
U.S. 176, 183 (2004) (“The preeminent canon of statutory interpretation
requires us to ‘presume that [the] legislature says in a statute what it means
and means in a statute what it says there.’” (quoting Conn. Nat’l Bank v.
Germain, 503 U.S. 249, 253–54 (1992)).

“The plainness or ambiguity of

statutory language is determined by reference to the language itself, the specific
context in which that language is used, and the broader context of the statute
as a whole.” Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 341 (1997). If the
statutory text is unambiguous, our inquiry begins and ends with the text.
BedRoc Ltd., 541 U.S. at 183.
The parties’ arguments in this case implicate several additional principles
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of interpretation. In construing a statute, a court should give effect, if possible,
to every word and every provision Congress used. See, e.g., Duncan v. Walker,
533 U.S. 167, 174 (2001) (“[A] statute ought, upon the whole, to be so construed
that, if it can be prevented, no clause, sentence, or word shall be superfluous,
void, or insignificant” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). But see,
e.g., Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303, 325 (2009) (Alito, J., dissenting)
(“Like other canons, the antisuperfluousness canon is merely an interpretive
aid, not an absolute rule.” (citing Germain, 503 U.S. at 254)); United States v.
Monsanto, 491 U.S. 600, 611 (1989) (“We respect these [general canons of
statutory construction], and they are quite often useful in close cases, or when
statutory language is ambiguous. But we have observed before that such
interpretative canon[s are] not a license for the judiciary to rewrite language
enacted by the legislature.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).
Also, if possible, we interpret provisions of a statute in a manner that renders
them compatible, not contradictory. See FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco
Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 133 (2000) (“A court must . . . interpret the statute as a
symmetrical and coherent regulatory scheme, and fit, if possible, all parts into
an harmonious whole.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). With
these principles in mind, we turn to the question presented in this appeal.
IV.
Congress enacted Dodd-Frank in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis.
Section 922 of Dodd-Frank, as one component of the Act’s comprehensive reform
of the U.S. financial regulatory system, encourages individuals to provide
information relating to a violation of U.S. securities laws to the Securities and
Exchange Commission (“SEC” or “Commission”). Section 922, codified at 15
U.S.C. § 78u-6, encourages such disclosures through two related provisions that:
(1) require the SEC to pay significant monetary awards to individuals who
provide information to the SEC which leads to a successful enforcement action;
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and (2) create a private cause of action for certain individuals against employers
who retaliate against them for taking specified protected actions.3 We must
answer a relatively straightforward question relating to the latter provision in
this case: whether an individual who is not a “whistleblower” under the
statutory definition of that term in § 78u-6(a)(6) may, in some circumstances,
nevertheless seek relief under the whistleblower-protection provision. For the
reasons that follow, we hold that the plain language of the Dodd-Frank
whistleblower-protection provision creates a private cause of action only for
individuals who provide information relating to a violation of the securities laws
to the SEC. Because Asadi failed to do so, his whistleblower-protection claim
fails.
A.
We start and end our analysis with the text of the relevant
statute—15 U.S.C. § 78u-6. That section is titled “Securities whistleblower
incentives and protection” and contains ten subsections. The interplay between
two of these subsections—(a) and (h)—is the focus of the statutoryinterpretation question presented in this case.4

Subsection (a) provides

definitions for certain terms used throughout § 78u-6. Included in this list of
terms defined for purposes of § 78u-6 is “whistleblower.” Specifically, “[t]he
term ‘whistleblower’ means any individual who provides, or 2 or more
individuals acting jointly who provide, information relating to a violation of the
securities laws to the Commission, in a manner established, by rule or

3

For clarity, we refer to the award provision as the “whistleblower-incentive program,”
and the provision protecting whistleblowers from retaliation as the “whistleblower-protection
provision.”
4

The other subsections in § 78u-6 relate to the whistleblower-incentive program that
provides for monetary awards to whistleblowers if the information provided to the SEC leads
to a successful enforcement of a judicial or administrative action under the securities laws.
Also, subsection (j) provides the SEC with the authority to issue necessary or appropriate rules
and regulations that are consistent with the purposes of § 78u-6.

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regulation, by the Commission.”

§ 78u-6(a)(6) (emphasis added).

This

definition, standing alone, expressly and unambiguously requires that an
individual provide information to the SEC to qualify as a “whistleblower” for
purposes of § 78u-6. See, e.g., Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law:
The Interpretation of Legal Texts 226 (1st ed. 2012) (“When . . . a definitional
section says that a word ‘means’ something, the clear import is that this is its
only meaning.” (emphasis in original)).
Subsection

(h),

titled

“Protection

of

whistleblowers,”

provides

whistleblowers a private right of action against employers who take retaliatory
actions against the whistleblower for taking certain protected actions.
§ 78u-6(h). Subsection (h) includes three paragraphs. Only paragraph (1),
titled “Prohibition against retaliation,” is relevant to this appeal. Paragraph (1)
is divided into three subparagraphs. Subparagraph (A), the specific focus of this
appeal, provides in its entirety:
No employer may discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass,
directly or indirectly, or in any other manner discriminate against,
a whistleblower in the terms and conditions of employment because
of any lawful act done by the whistleblower—
(i) in providing information to the Commission in accordance with
this section;
(ii) in initiating, testifying in, or assisting in any investigation or
judicial or administrative action of the Commission based upon or
related to such information; or
(iii) in making disclosures that are required or protected under the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 7201 et seq.), the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.), including section
10A(m) of such Act (15 U.S.C. 78f(m)), section 1513(e) of Title 18,
and any other law, rule, or regulation subject to the jurisdiction of
the Commission.
§ 78u-6(h)(1)(A).
B.
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Asadi concedes that he is not a “whistleblower” as that term is defined in
section 78u-6(a)(6) because he did not provide any information to the SEC.
Asadi maintains, however, that the whistleblower-protection provision should
be construed to protect individuals who take actions that fall within section
78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) (i.e., the third category of protected activity), even if they do
not provide information to the SEC. He bases this construction of the statute on
a perceived conflict between the statutory definition of “whistleblower” in section
78u-6(a)(6) and the third category of protected activity, which does not
necessarily require disclosure of information to the SEC.5 Asadi has some case
law,6 as well as the SEC regulation on this issue, in his corner. Our examination
of the statutory language of Dodd-Frank, however, leads us to reject Asadi’s
construction of the whistleblower-protection provision. As explained below, the
5

Notably, however, Asadi does not maintain that the definition of “whistleblower” in
§ 78u-6(a)(6) is ambiguous. Similarly, he does not contend that the categories of lawful actions
by a whistleblower in § 78u-6(h)(1)(A) are ambiguous. Nevertheless, he asserts that
individuals who take actions that fall within the third category of lawful actions are protected,
whether or not they qualify as a “whistleblower” as defined in § 78u-6(a)(6).
6

District courts that have considered this question have concluded that the
whistleblower-protection provision, as enacted, is either conflicting or ambiguous. See, e.g.,
Kramer v. Trans–Lux Corp., No. 3:11CV1424 (SRU), 2012 WL 4444820, at *4 (D. Conn. Sept.
25, 2012); Nollner v. S. Baptist Convention, Inc., 852 F. Supp. 2d 986, 994 n.9 (M.D. Tenn.
2012); Egan v. TradingScreen, Inc., No. 10 Civ. 8202 (LBS), 2011 WL 1672066, at *4–5
(S.D.N.Y. May 4, 2011). For instance, in Egan, the court explained that “a literal reading of
the definition of the term ‘whistleblower’ in 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(a)(6), requiring reporting to the
SEC, would effectively invalidate § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii)’s protection of whistleblower disclosures
that do not require reporting to the SEC.” Egan, 2011 WL 1672066, at *4; see also Nollner,
852 F. Supp. 2d at 994 n.9 (approvingly citing Egan and explaining that “the plain terms of
anti-retaliation category (iii), which do not require reporting to the SEC, appear to conflict
with the [Dodd-Frank Act’s] definition of ‘whistleblower’ at § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii), which defines
a whistleblower as anyone who reports securities violations ‘to the Commission’” (emphasis
in original)). In Kramer, the district court focused on the same interplay between § 78u-6(a)(6)
and § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) and concluded that it was not “unambiguously clear that the DoddFrank Act’s retaliation provision only applies to those individuals who have provided
information relating to a securities violation to the Commission.” Kramer, 2012 WL 4444820,
at *4.
Each district court, after concluding that the statute was conflicting or ambiguous,
concluded that the Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection provision extends to protect certain
individuals who do not make disclosures to the SEC. See Nollner, 852 F. Supp. 2d at 994 n.9;
Kramer, 2012 WL 4444820, at *4–5; Egan, 2011 WL 1672066, at *4–5.

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perceived conflict between § 78u-6(a)(6) and § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) rests on a
misreading of the operative provisions of § 78u-6.
C.
Under Dodd-Frank’s plain language and structure, there is only one
category of whistleblowers: individuals who provide information relating to a
securities law violation to the SEC. The three categories listed in subparagraph
§ 78u-6(h)(1)(A) represent the protected activity in a whistleblower-protection
claim.

They do not, however, define which individuals qualify as

whistleblowers.
This construction of the whistleblower-protection provision follows
directly from the plain language of § 78u-6(h)(1)(A): “No employer may
discharge . . . or in any other

manner discriminate against, a

whistleblower . . . because of any lawful act done by the whistleblower” in
taking any of the three categories of protected actions. § 78u-6(h)(1)(A). This
statutory language clearly answers two questions: (1) who is protected; and
(2) what actions by protected individuals constitute protected activity. First,
and most critically to this appeal, the answer to the first question is “a
whistleblower.” See § 78u-6(h)(1)(A) (“No employer may discharge . . . a
whistleblower . . . .” (emphasis added)). Second, the answer to the latter
question is “any lawful act done by the whistleblower” that falls within one of
the three categories of action described in the statute. See id.
The statutory text describing these three categories of protected activity
is also unambiguous. The text of § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(i) protects whistleblowers
from employer retaliation for the action that made the individual a
whistleblower in the first instance, i.e., providing information relating to a
securities law violation to the SEC. § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(i) (“No employer may
discharge . . . a whistleblower . . . because of any lawful act done by the
whistleblower—(i) in providing information to the Commission in accordance

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with this section.”). The text of § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(ii) protects whistleblowers from
retaliation for their participation in the investigation, and possible judicial or
administrative action of the SEC, that follows on the heels of the information
initially provided to the SEC.7 § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(ii) (“No employer may discharge
. . . a whistleblower . . . because of any lawful act done by the whistleblower . . .
(ii) in initiating, testifying in, or assisting in any investigation or judicial or
administrative action of the Commission based upon or related to such
information.”).
Congress’s description of the final category of protected activity is
similarly plain and unambiguous. The text of § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) protects
whistleblowers from retaliation for making disclosures that are required or
protected under any law, rule, or regulation subject to the jurisdiction of the
SEC. § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) (“No employer may discharge . . . a whistleblower . . .
because of any lawful act done by the whistleblower . . . (iii) in making
disclosures that are required or protected under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
(15 U.S.C. 7201 et seq.), the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a et
seq.), including section 10A(m) of such Act (15 U.S.C. 78f(m)), section 1513(e)
of Title 18, and any other law, rule, or regulation subject to the jurisdiction of
the Commission.”).
Although Asadi does not contend that the language used in
§ 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) is, by itself, ambiguous, he maintains that it conflicts with
the definition of “whistleblower.” The basis for his contention is that an
individual can take actions falling within this category and, if he does not report

7

Section 78u-6 directly envisions information provided by “whistleblowers” to result
in an investigation and, if appropriate, the SEC’s initiation of a judicial or administrative
action, leading to the potential of monetary awards for the “whistleblower.” See § 78u-6(a),
(b). The inclusion of this category of protection from retaliation indicates that Congress
determined that protection from retaliation was appropriate not only for the initial disclosure
by the “whistleblower,” but also for the whistleblower’s continued participation in the
subsequent investigation and any resulting judicial or administrative actions.

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information to the SEC, fail to qualify as a “whistleblower” under § 78u-6(a)(6).
While it is correct that individuals may take protected activity yet still not
qualify

as a whistleblower, that practical result does not render

§ 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) conflicting or superfluous. As discussed below, under the
plain language and structure of Dodd-Frank, there are not conflicting
definitions of “whistleblower,” and § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) is not superfluous.
First, the definition of “whistleblower” and the third category of protected
activity do not conflict. Conflict would exist between these statutory provisions
only if we read the three categories of protected activity as additional
definitions of three types of whistleblowers. Under that reading—which, as
described above, the plain text of the statute does not support—individuals
could take actions falling within the third category of protected activity yet fail
to qualify under the more narrow definition of whistleblower.
The language and structure of the whistleblower-protection provision,
however, does not support Asadi’s construction. Importantly, the placement of
the three categories of protected activity in subsection (h) follows the phrase
“[n]o employer may discharge . . . or in any other manner discriminate against,
a whistleblower . . . because of any lawful act done by the whistleblower . . . .”
§ 78u-6(h)(1)(A) (emphasis added). The use of the term “whistleblower,” as
compared with terms such as “individual” or “employee,” is significant.8 If
Congress had selected the terms “individual” or “employee,” Asadi’s
construction of the whistleblower-protection statute would follow more
naturally because the use of such broader terms would indicate that Congress
8

We also note that the heading of subsection (h) is “[p]rotection of whistleblowers.”
§ 78u-6(h) (emphasis added). While this heading cannot limit the plain meaning of the text,
it lends support to the conclusion that the whistleblower-protection provision applies only to
those individuals who qualify as “whistleblowers” as defined in § 78u-6(a)(6). See Fla. Dep’t
of Revenue v. Piccadilly Cafeterias, Inc., 554 U.S. 33, 47 (2008) (“To be sure, a . . . heading
cannot substitute for the operative text of the statute. Nonetheless, statutory titles and
section headings are tools available for the resolution of a doubt about the meaning of a
statute.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)).

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intended any individual or employee—not just those individuals or employees
who qualify as a “whistleblower”—to be protected from retaliatory actions by
their employers.9 Congress, however, used the term “whistleblower” throughout
subsection (h) and, therefore, we must give that language effect.
Accordingly, § 78u-6(h)(1)(A) does not provide alternative definitions of
the term “whistleblower” for purposes of the whistleblower-protection provision.
Instead, the text of § 78u-6 clearly and unambiguously provides a single
definition of “whistleblower.” Therefore, the whistleblower-protection provision
does not contain conflicting definitions of “whistleblower.”
Second, the interplay between § 78u-6(a)(6) and § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) does
not render § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) superfluous. Importantly, the third category of
protected activity has effect even when we construe the protection from
retaliation under Dodd-Frank to apply only to individuals who qualify as
“whistleblowers” under the statutory definition of that term. Specifically, this
category protects whistleblowers from retaliation, based not on the individual’s
9

GE Energy maintains that the legislative history indicates that Congress specifically
rejected a broader description of individuals eligible to raise claims under the whistleblowerprotection provision. Specifically, GE Energy explains that the bill initially passed by the
House did not use the term “whistleblower” in describing the individuals protected from
employer retaliation; instead, it used the phrase “employee, contractor, or agent.” Wall Street
Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2009, H.R. 4173, 111th Cong. § 7203(g)(1)(A) (as
passed by House, Dec. 11, 2009) (“No employer may discharge . . . or in any other manner
discriminate against an employee, contractor, or agent . . . because of any lawful act done by
the employee, contractor, or agent in providing information to the Commission . . . .”). The
Senate’s subsequent version of the bill replaced the use of the phrase “employee, contractor,
or agent” with “whistleblower” and restructured the format of the provision to resemble the
enacted version. Restoring American Financial Stability Act of 2010, H.R. 4173, 111th Cong.
§ 922(h)(1)(A) (as passed by Senate, May 20, 2010). According to GE Energy, the enactment
of the Senate bill, which predicates eligibility for protection from employer retaliation on
qualifying as a “whistleblower,” demonstrates that Congress eventually rejected the broader
description of individuals eligible for protection used in the initial House bill.
We do not rely on this legislative history in our analysis of this case. See, e.g., Exxon
Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 568 (2005) (“[T]he authoritative statement
is the statutory text, not the legislative history or any other extrinsic material.”); Khalid v.
Holder, 655 F.3d 363, 371 (5th Cir. 2011) (declining to “recite legislative history given the
clarity of the statutory text” (quoting Freeman v. Quicken Loans, Inc., 626 F.3d 799, 804 n.9
(5th Cir. 2010)).

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disclosure of information to the SEC but, instead, on that individual’s other
possible required or protected disclosure(s). § 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii). An example
illustrates the effect of this third category of protected activity for
whistleblowers:
Assume a mid-level manager discovers a securities law violation. On the
day he makes this discovery, he immediately reports this securities law
violation (1) to his company’s chief executive officer (“CEO”) and (2) to the SEC.
Unfortunately for the mid-level manager, the CEO, who is not yet aware of the
disclosure to the SEC,10 immediately fires the mid-level manger. The mid-level
manager, clearly a “whistleblower” as defined in Dodd-Frank because he
provided information to the SEC relating to a securities law violation, would be
unable to prove that he was retaliated against because of the report to the SEC.
Accordingly, the first and second category of protected activity would not shield
this whistleblower from retaliation. The third category of protected activity,
however, protects the mid-level manager.

In this scenario, the internal

disclosure to the CEO, a person with supervisory authority over the mid-level
manager, is protected under 18 U.S.C. § 1514A, the anti-retaliation provision
enacted as part of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“the SOX anti-retaliation
provision”). Accordingly, even though the CEO was not aware of the report to
the SEC at the time he terminated the mid-level manager, the mid-level
manager can state a claim under the Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection
provision because he was a “whistleblower” and suffered retaliation based on

10

Under 17 C.F.R. § 240.21F-9(a), “[t]o be considered a whistleblower . . . , you must
submit your information about a possible securities law violation by either of these methods:
(1) Online, through the Commission’s Web site . . . ; or (2) By mailing or faxing a Form TCR
(Tip, Complaint or Referral) . . . to the SEC Office of the Whistleblower . . . .” Regardless of
which of these two methods a whistleblower utilizes to submit information to the SEC, the
whistleblower’s employer will not necessarily immediately be aware of the disclosure, unless
of course, the whistleblower informs her employer that she has made such a disclosure.

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his disclosure to the CEO, which was protected under SOX.11
As this example demonstrates, under the plain text of Dodd-Frank, the
third category of protected activity is not superfluous.

It protects those

individuals who qualify as whistleblowers from retaliation on the basis of other
required or protected disclosures. Accordingly, we decline to adopt Asadi’s
construction of the whistleblower-protection provision on the basis that
§ 78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) is superfluous.
Moreover, it is Asadi’s suggested construction of the whistleblowerprotection provision that arguably renders statutory text superfluous.
Specifically, Asadi’s suggested statutory construction would read the words “to
the Commission” out of the definition of “whistleblower” for purposes of the
whistleblower-protection provision. Construing the statute in this manner
would violate the surplusage canon, that every word is to be given effect. See,
e.g., TRW Inc. v. Andrews, 534 U.S. 19, 31 (2001) (“It is a cardinal principle of
statutory construction that a statute ought, upon the whole, to be so construed
that, if it can be prevented, no clause, sentence, or word shall be superfluous,
void, or insignificant.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted));
Duncan, 533 U.S. at 174. Accordingly, even if the whistleblower-protection
provision were ambiguous, we would be reluctant to read the provision as
suggested by Asadi because such a construction would treat “to the Commission”
as mere surplusage.
D.
Asadi’s construction of the whistleblower-protection provision is
problematic for another reason.

Specifically, construing the Dodd-Frank

whistleblower-protection provision to extend beyond the statutory definition of

11

In this scenario, the mid-level manager could also raise a claim under the SOX antiretaliation provision. The Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection provision, however, as
discussed infra, provides greater levels of protection. Accordingly, there is an incentive not
only to report such violations internally, but also to inform the SEC of the securities violation.

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“whistleblowers” renders the SOX anti-retaliation provision, for practical
purposes, moot.12 Such a construction has this impact because an individual who
makes a disclosure that is protected by the SOX anti-retaliation provision could
also bring a Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection claim on the basis that the
disclosure was protected by SOX. It is unlikely, however, that an individual
would choose to raise a SOX anti-retaliation claim instead of a Dodd-Frank
whistleblower-protection claim.
Three separate, but important, distinctions between the SOX antiretaliation and Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection claims lead to this
practical result.

First, the Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection provision

provides for greater monetary damages because it allows for recovery of two
times back pay, whereas the SOX anti-retaliation provision provides for only
back pay. Compare 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h)(1)(C), with 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(c)(2).
Second, individuals who bring a SOX anti-retaliation claim must first file a
complaint with the Secretary of Labor and, only if the Secretary of Labor has not
issued a final decision within 180 days, may then proceed to file a claim in a
United States district court. 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(b)(1). Alternatively, individuals
may bring a Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection claim without first filing their
claim with a federal agency. See 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h). Third, the applicable
statute of limitations is substantially longer for Dodd-Frank whistleblowerprotection claims. Compare 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h)(1)(B)(iii) (between six and ten
years after the violation occurs), with 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(b)(2)(D) (between 180
days after the violation occurs and 180 days after the employee becomes aware
of the violation).
12

Given the language in § 922 of Dodd-Frank, construing the whistleblower-protection
provision to have this impact is particularly odd. Specifically, § 922—which contains the
securities-whistleblower program—also amended the applicable statute of limitations for the
SOX anti-retaliation provision. Dodd-Frank § 922(b)(1) (amending 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(c)(2)).
Section 922 extends the statute of limitations for SOX anti-retaliation claims from 90 days
after an employer’s violation of the anti-retaliation provision to 180 days after such a violation
or 180 days after the date on which the employee becomes aware of the violation. Id.

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Accordingly, if we were to accept Asadi’s construction of the whistleblowerprotection provision, the SOX anti-retaliation provision, and most importantly,
its administrative scheme, for practical purposes, would be rendered moot.
E.
Based on our examination of the plain language and structure of the
whistleblower-protection provision, we conclude that the whistleblowerprotection provision unambiguously requires individuals to provide information
relating to a violation of the securities laws to the SEC to qualify for protection
from retaliation under § 78u-6(h).
V.
Finally, Asadi maintains that we should defer to the SEC’s recent
regulation construing the Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection provision.
Asadi correctly notes that the SEC’s final rule adopts his suggested construction
of the whistleblower-protection provision and expands the meaning of a
“whistleblower” beyond the statutory definition. The language of the regulation
provides:
(1) For purposes of the anti-retaliation protections afforded by
Section 21F(h)(1) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78u-6(h)(1)), you
are a whistleblower if:
(i) You possess a reasonable belief that the information you are
providing relates to a possible securities law violation (or, where
applicable, to a possible violation of the provisions set forth in 18
U.S.C. 1514A(a)) that has occurred, is ongoing, or is about to occur,
and;
(ii) You provide that information in a manner described in Section
21F(h)(1)(A) of the Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78u-6(h)(1)(A)).
17 C.F.R. § 240.21F-2(b)(1). Simply put, this regulation, instead of using the
statute’s definition of “whistleblower,” redefines “whistleblower” more broadly
by providing that an individual qualifies as a whistleblower even though he
never reports any information to the SEC, so long as he has undertaken the
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protected activity listed in 15 U.S.C. § 78u-6(h)(1)(A). See id. Moreover, the
regulation unquestionably defines whistleblower more broadly for the
prohibition against retaliation than it does for eligibility for an award. The
plain language of § 78u-6 does not support this distinction.
As discussed above, Congress defined “whistleblower” in § 78u-6(a)(6),
and did so unambiguously. Congress specified that a “whistleblower,” not
merely any individual, is protected from employer retaliation on the basis of the
whistleblower’s protected activities. The statute, therefore, clearly expresses
Congress’s intention to require individuals to report information to the SEC to
qualify as a whistleblower under Dodd-Frank. Because Congress has directly
addressed the precise question at issue, we must reject the SEC’s expansive
interpretation of the term “whistleblower” for purposes of the whistleblowerprotection provision. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467
U.S. 837, 842–44 (1984); id. at 842–43 (“If the intent of Congress is clear, that
is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency, must give effect to
the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress.”); see also Khalid, 655 F.3d
at 371 (“‘Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue,’ and thus
there is no room for the agency to impose its own answer to the question.”
(quoting Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842–44)).
Moreover,

the

SEC’s

regulations

concerning

whistleblower-protection provision are inconsistent.

the

Dodd-Frank

While 17 C.F.R.

§ 240.21F-2(b)(1) appears to adopt a broader definition of “whistleblower,” as
described above, 17 C.F.R. § 240.21F-9, which governs the procedures for
submitting original information to the SEC, explicitly requires that an
individual submit information about a possible securities law violation to the
SEC. Specifically, 17 C.F.R. § 240.21F-9 provides:
To be considered a whistleblower under Section 21F of the
Exchange Act (15 U.S.C. 78u-6(h)), you must submit your
information about a possible securities law violation by either of
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these methods:
(1) Online, through the Commission’s Web site . . . ; or
(2) By mailing or faxing a Form TCR (Tip, Complaint or Referral)
(referenced in § 249.1800 of this chapter) to the SEC Office of the
Whistleblower . . . .
Id. The SEC’s inconsistency in defining the term “whistleblower” for purposes
of the Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection provision does not strengthen
Asadi’s position that the SEC’s interpretation “reasonably effectuate[s]
Congress’s intent.” Texas v. United States, 497 F.3d 491, 506 (5th Cir. 2007).
VI.
We conclude that the plain language of § 78u-6 limits protection under
the Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection provision to those individuals who
provide “information relating to a violation of the securities laws” to the SEC.
§ 78u-6(a)(6). Asadi did not provide any information to the SEC; therefore, he
does not qualify as a “whistleblower.”13 Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district
court’s dismissal of Asadi’s Dodd-Frank whistleblower-protection claim.

13

Because Asadi’s claim fails on the basis that he is not a whistleblower, we need not
reach the remaining issues on appeal in this case. See, e.g., U.S. ex rel. Doe v. Dow Chem. Co.,
343 F.3d 325, 330 (5th Cir. 2003) (declining to address issues that were not necessary to affirm
the district court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss).

17