Gary Otte v. Mark Houk

Filing

OPINION and JUDGMENT filed: AFFIRMED, decision for publication pursuant to local rule 206. Danny J. Boggs (AUTHORING), R. Guy Cole, Jr. (DISSENTING), John M. Rogers, Circuit Judges.

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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
File Name: 11a0216p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
_________________
X
No. 08-3247
v.
>
,
MARK C. HOUK, Warden,
Respondent-Appellee. N
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
No. 06-01698—Patricia A. Gaughan, District Judge.

GARY OTTE,

Petitioner-Appellant,

Argued: January 13, 2011
Decided and Filed: August 12, 2011
Before: BOGGS, COLE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Joseph E. Wilhelm, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER’S OFFICE,
Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Morgan Arnett Linn, OFFICE OF THE OHIO
ATTORNEY GENERAL, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Joseph E.
Wilhelm, FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER’S OFFICE, Cleveland, Ohio, Jennifer Ann
Prillo, OHIO PUBLIC DEFENDER’S OFFICE, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. Sarah
L. Leatherman, OFFICE OF THE OHIO ATTORNEY GENERAL, Columbus, Ohio, for
Appellee.
BOGGS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROGERS, J., joined.
COLE, J. (pp. 18-20), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.

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_________________
OPINION
_________________
BOGGS, Circuit Judge. Gary Otte is an Ohio prisoner on death row. He appeals
the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus, which was filed
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. A certificate of appealability was issued for three claims:
1) whether Otte’s waiver of his right to a jury trial was voluntary, knowing, and
intelligent; 2) whether Otte’s counsel provided ineffective assistance at the penalty phase
of his case; and 3) whether Otte’s confession should have been suppressed because the
waiver of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), was invalid. We
affirm the district court’s decision to deny the petition.
I
In September 1992, a three-judge panel found Otte guilty of the murders of
Sharon Kostura and Robert Wasikowski. The Ohio Supreme Court summarized the
facts:
On February 11, 1992, Otte stole his grandfather’s red 1962
Chevrolet Impala and .22 revolver and left Terre Haute, Indiana. He also
stole two credit cards belonging to his uncle and aunt. Otte arrived in
Parma, Ohio, the next day and tried to use the stolen cards in local stores,
but they were confiscated.
Otte next drove to see his friend Mike Carroll (“Carroll”). Carroll
lived with his fiancee and Jerry “J.J.” Cline (“J.J.”) in the Pleasant Lake
apartment complex in Parma.
After that Otte drove to Gypsy and Rob’s, a Cleveland bar, where
he found J.J. Otte asked J.J. “if he was still robbing people.” J.J. said he
planned to “hit” two people at Pleasant Lake. One was a woman in her
thirties with a Visa gold card; she lived alone “one building over” from
J.J. and Carroll. The other was “an old man that lives diagonally from
[Carroll’s] apartment that is a drunk and has lots of money.”
That evening, Otte returned to Pleasant Lake alone. He went to
Carroll’s apartment, but nobody was home. He then knocked on the door
of Mary Ann Campangna (“Campangna”), who lived next to Carroll and
across the hall from Robert Wasikowski. Otte claimed his car had

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overheated, said he was looking for Carroll, and asked for oil.
Campangna told him she didn't have any, and Otte left.
Otte saw Wasikowski drive into the parking lot and thought that
“that was the man” J.J. had described. Otte came out and asked
Wasikowski for some oil, telling him the same story about his car
overheating. As they spoke, Otte noticed that Wasikowski had been
drinking. Wasikowski drove Otte to a gas station to buy oil.
When they returned, Otte asked to use Wasikowski’s phone; after
some hesitation, Wasikowski agreed. Otte followed Wasikowski into his
apartment. Looking through her peephole, Campangna found this “very
strange,” so she continued to watch Wasikowski's door. Six or seven
minutes later, Campangna heard “a very loud crack, cracking sound.”
Inside the apartment, Otte pretended to make a phone call, then
“tried to stall for time.” Finally, Wasikowski asked Otte to leave. Otte
went to the door, opened it, then slammed it shut and drew a gun.
Wasikowski offered Otte $10 from his pocket. Otte pulled the trigger
anyway, but the gun wouldn’t fire. Wasikowski asked, “[I]t isn't loaded,
is it[?]” Otte then fired the gun at Wasikowski’s head. This time, it went
off. Wasikowski fell to the floor, gasping and begging for help. Otte
found this “the most horrible sight that I have ever seen”; nonetheless, he
turned up the volume on the TV and went through Wasikowski’s pants
pocket, took out his wallet and took his cash, about $413. Otte searched
for more money, but found only some fifty-cent pieces in the bedroom.
He considered shooting himself, “but something told me not to,” so he
stole the fifty-cent pieces and left through the sliding glass patio door.
Otte then returned to Gypsy and Rob’s, where he paid an $80
debt, played pool, drank, and took drugs. At 2:30 a.m., he left the bar,
but continued to “party” until 10:00 or 10:30 a.m., when he checked into
a hotel and slept until 5:00 p.m.
When Wasikowski failed to report for work on February 13, his
employer called the Parma police. An officer entered the apartment and
found Wasikowski dead. Robert Challener, the chief deputy county
coroner, later performed an autopsy. He found that Wasikowski died
from a gunshot to the head fired from less than two feet away.
Meanwhile, Parma police investigated the murder. Capt. Joseph
Bistricky (“Bistricky”) interviewed Mary Ann Campangna, who
described the man she had seen as “a white male, early 20's, six feet, thin
to medium build, with blondish-brown hair, and a mustache.” She
suggested that Mike Carroll might know him.
Around 1:30 p.m., Bistricky interviewed Carroll, who said he
knew the person Campangna had seen; his name was Gary, he was from
Indiana, and he was driving his grandfather’s car, a red 1962 Impala in
good condition. Carroll’s description of “Gary” matched Campangna’s.
Carroll promised to call police if he found out more about Gary’s identity

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or location. Later that day Carroll told the police Gary would be at
Gypsy and Rob’s around 7:30 p.m.
On the evening of February 13, Otte went back to Pleasant Lake
to rob Sharon Kostura. Otte knocked on her door; when she answered,
he drew a .22 revolver and shoved his way in. He closed and locked the
door. Kostura screamed and Otte shot her in the head. He stole about
$45 from her purse, took her car keys and checkbook, and left through
the patio door. Police later found Otte’s fingerprint on that door.
After dinner, Otte returned to Gypsy and Rob’s. He left with
Carroll, J.J., and someone known as “Buster.” They “smoked dope” in
the Impala, then visited someone called “Patty.” After leaving Patty’s
house, Otte dropped off J.J. and Buster near the bar.
Otte then drove past several police officers near Gypsy and
Rob’s. Because Carroll had told Capt. Bistricky that Otte would be at the
bar that night, the officers were waiting for Otte. They pulled him over
and ordered him to shut off the engine and throw out the keys. Carroll
told the officers, “The guns are in the trunk.” Officers opened the trunk
and found a .22 caliber revolver and a .25 caliber semi-automatic pistol.
The officers began an inventory search of the car but because of bad
weather and a gathering crowd, Bistricky ordered the car towed, and the
search was completed at the police garage.
In the glove compartment, police found Kostura’s checkbook, a
set of Hyundai car keys, and a box of .22 caliber live shells. In the
passenger compartment, they found ammunition for the .25 caliber gun
and a pillow with a red stain. A detective documented the items found
on an inventory form.
Because Kostura had not reported her checkbook stolen, officers
went to her apartment, where they found her still alive. Kostura was
taken to the hospital and lived eight days, until February 21. Dr.
Challener found that the gunshot wound to her head killed her.
Det. John Bomba interrogated Otte within an hour of his arrest on
February 13. Otte denied going to the Pleasant Lake Apartments on
February 12 or 13. He claimed he had no idea how Kostura’s checkbook
got into the car and “never even saw the guns until the police said they
were in the trunk.”
On the afternoon of February 14, Det. Robert DeSimone
interrogated Otte. Otte confessed to shooting and robbing Wasikowski
and Kostura. On February 16, Otte signed a confession. On February
20, Otte asked to speak with DeSimone; he corrected part of his February
16 statement and answered questions.
State v. Otte, 660 N.E.2d 711, 715-16 (Ohio 1996).

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Otte was indicted for aggravated murder as to each victim. He filed a motion to
suppress his confession, but it was denied after a hearing. After waiving his right to a
jury trial, Otte was tried and convicted by a three-judge panel. At the penalty phase,
Otte presented Dr. Sandra McPherson, who testified about Otte’s childhood troubles
fitting in, his depression and early drug use, as well as his success within very structured
environments. Otte’s parents also gave testimony about their son’s troubles growing up,
and Otte himself gave an unsworn statement. After considering this mitigation evidence,
the panel nonetheless imposed a death sentence.
Otte filed a timely direct appeal to the Eighth District Court of Appeals, which
affirmed the trial court’s convictions and death sentence. State v. Otte, No. 64617, 1994
WL 590556 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 27, 1994). Otte appealed that decision to the Ohio
Supreme Court, which also affirmed. Otte, 660 N.E.2d 711. He next filed a petition for
a writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court, but it was denied in October
1996. Otte v. Ohio, 519 U.S. 836 (1996). While his appeals were pending, Otte also
sought post-conviction relief in the Ohio trial court, in which he raised all of the claims
now before us. The post-conviction court denied relief and Otte appealed in July 1999.
The Eighth District Court of Appeals eventually remanded in part for the trial court to
conduct an evidentiary hearing on some of Otte’s claims. State v. Otte, No. 76726, 2001
WL 69139 (Ohio Ct. App. Jan. 25, 2001). At the hearing, new evidence was presented
with regard to the claims now before us. Nonetheless, the trial court once again denied
relief and the Eighth District Court of Appeals affirmed in January 2005. State v. Otte,
No. 84455, 2005 WL 77071 (Ohio Ct. App. Jan. 13, 2005). The Ohio Supreme Court
declined to hear the case, State v. Otte, 830 N.E.2d 1169 (Ohio 2005), and the United
States Supreme Court denied Otte’s petition for a writ of certiorari, Otte v. Ohio, 546
U.S. 1099 (2006).
Having exhausted his state court remedies, Otte next sought a writ of habeas
corpus from the federal district court. The district court denied the petition, Otte v.
Houk, No. 1:06CV1698, 2008 WL 408525 (N.D. Ohio Feb. 12, 2008), but a certificate
of appealability was granted for the three issues before us: 1) whether Otte’s waiver of

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his right to a jury trial was voluntary, knowing, and intelligent; 2) whether Otte’s counsel
provided ineffective assistance during the penalty phase; and 3) whether Otte’s
confession should have been suppressed because his Miranda waiver was invalid. All
of these claims were adjudicated on the merits in state court. We now affirm.
II
“We review a district court’s denial of a petition for writ of habeas corpus
de novo.” Tibbetts v. Bradshaw, 633 F.3d 436, 441 (6th Cir. 2011). Because Otte filed
this petition after the effective date of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
of 1996 (“AEDPA”), we are bound by its strictures. We may not grant habeas relief on
any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in state court unless the adjudication:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State
court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A decision is “contrary to” clearly established federal law when
“the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by [the Supreme] Court
on a question of law or if the state court decides a case differently than [the Supreme]
Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S.
362, 412-13 (2000). A state court’s adjudication only results in an “unreasonable
application” of clearly established federal law when “the state court identifies the correct
governing legal principle from [the Supreme] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies
that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id. at 413. This is a difficult standard
for any petitioner to meet. Indeed, the Supreme Court has been increasingly vigorous
in enforcing AEDPA’s standards. See, e.g., Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1398
(2011) (holding that AEDPA limits a federal habeas court to the record before the state
court where a claim has been adjudicated on the merits by the state court). It is not
enough for us to determine that the state court’s determination is incorrect; to grant the
writ under this clause, we must hold that the state court’s determination is unreasonable.

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Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 473 (2007). This is a “substantially higher
threshold.” Ibid. To warrant AEDPA deference, a state court’s “decision on the merits”
does not have to give any explanation for its result, Harrington v. Richter, 131 S. Ct.
770, 784 (2011), nor does it need to cite the relevant Supreme Court cases, as long as
“neither the reasoning nor the result of the state-court decision contradicts them,” Early
v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3, 8 (2002) (per curiam). In addition, the state court’s findings of
fact are presumed correct and can be rebutted only when the petitioner presents clear and
convincing evidence to the contrary. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).
In deciding whether a state’s decision is contrary to or an unreasonable
application of Supreme Court precedent, we look to Supreme Court cases already
decided at the time the state court made its decision. Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63,
71-72 (2003). We look to our own decisions “to the extent [they] have already reviewed
and interpreted the relevant Supreme Court case law to determine whether a legal
principle or right had been clearly established by the Supreme Court.” Landrum v.
Mitchell, 625 F.3d 905, 914 (6th Cir. 2010) (alterations in original).
A. Jury waiver
In his first claim for relief, Otte argues that he could not make a voluntary,
knowing, and intelligent waiver of his right to a jury trial because the jail doctor put him
on the drug Mellaril. Mellaril is an anti-psychotic medication, but it was given to Otte
to help him sleep. At the state’s post-conviction evidentiary hearing, Otte presented the
expert testimony of pharmacologist Dr. Richard Nockowitz, who opined that Otte was
suffering side effects from Mellaril that would have left him without the cognitive
capacity to waive his rights. Otte’s mother also testified that one of Otte’s two attorneys
(who was deceased by the post-conviction hearing) told her that Otte had not wanted to
waive the jury trial. The state called Dr. McPherson, who testified that she had not been
concerned about Otte’s capacity, as well as Dr. Shin Lee, the prescribing physician, who
testified that Otte was oriented to the “three spheres” of time, place, and the person to
whom he was speaking. The state also called psychiatrist Dr. Phillip Resnick, who
testified that there was no indication that Otte was incompetent at the time of his waiver.

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Because the right to a jury trial is fundamental, a waiver of that right must be
voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. Haliym v. Mitchell, 492 F.3d 680, 698 (6th Cir.
2007) (citing Duncan v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 149 (1968); Brady v. United States,
397 U.S. 742, 748 (1970)). A petitioner bears the burden of proving that his waiver was
not, in fact, voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. Ibid. A colloquy between the court and
the defendant is not constitutionally required, although it is advised. Ibid. “[T]he
dispositive inquiry is whether the defendant understood that the choice confronting him
was, on the one hand, to be judged by a group of people from the community, and on the
other hand, to have his guilt or innocence determined by a judge.” Jells v. Mitchell, 538
F.3d 478, 510 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The Ohio Court of Appeals, after reviewing the above testimony adduced at the
post-conviction evidentiary hearing, held for the state. The court appeared to credit
Dr. Resnick’s conclusion that it was significant that Otte was able to testify coherently
and in great detail at a suppression hearing held on the same day that he waived his right
to a jury trial. The court also noted that Dr. Resnick was a qualified expert, and that the
trial court had exercised its discretion to credit his testimony over Dr. Nockowitz’s. Otte
now claims that these factual determinations were unreasonable in light of
Dr. Nockowitz’s testimony.
We cannot agree. Dr. Nockowitz stated that Otte suffered from the side-effect
of akathisia, a condition characterized by restlessness and anxiety. He stated that
Mellaril can block acetylcholine, thereby causing delirium and confusion. He cited
Otte’s constipation as evidence that he was suffering from the side effects of Mellaril.
However, after reviewing Otte’s records, Dr. Resnick disagreed with that diagnosis. In
his opinion, Otte’s clear and articulate testimony at the suppression hearing showed that,
although Mellaril can cause cognitive side effects, there was no evidence that Otte was
actually suffering from any impairment to such a degree that his waiver would be
invalid. Otte’s restlessness, he opined, was not caused by the medication, because he
had exploded in a violent rage several days before beginning the treatment. Dr. Resnick
also testified that in his experience prescribing Mellaril to his patients, it was possible

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that Otte could have suffered some of the side effects (such as constipation) without
experiencing all of them (such as cognitive impairment). It appears that both experts
were well qualifed to give testimony and butted heads over largely overlapping issues.
Even if we were to believe Dr. Nockowitz’s testimony, Otte has failed to show that the
state court’s factual determination was unreasonable. “For a federal habeas court to
overturn a state court’s credibility judgments, the state court’s error must be stark and
clear.” Larry v. Branker, 552 F.3d 356, 370 (4th Cir. 2009). This is not such a case.
B. Ineffective assistance of counsel
Not every bad lawyer violates the Constitution. For counsel’s performance to
be deemed ineffective, it must be objectively deficient and cause prejudice to the
defendant. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). To establish prejudice,
“[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Id. at 694.
In his second claim, Otte argues that his counsel provided constitutionally
ineffective assistance during mitigation. This claim is divided into two subparts:
1) counsel were ineffective for failing to request a substance abuse expert; 2) counsel
were ineffective for failing to present mitigating evidence from Otte’s upbringing.
1. Substance abuse expert
Otte argues that his counsel were ineffective for failing to retain a substance
abuse expert who could testify as to Otte’s alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine dependence.
In the state’s post-conviction evidentiary hearing, Otte presented the testimony of
Dr. Smith, who was just such an expert. Dr. Smith testified that people under the
influence are more likely to be impulsive and make bad decisions. Otte claims that
someone like Dr. Smith could have “put these uncharacteristic acts into context and
given the sentencing panel some explanation for the offenses.” Appellant’s Br. 57.

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As a general matter, counsel’s failure to make a reasonable investigation of a
defendant’s history and present this evidence at mitigation can constitute ineffective
assistance. Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 522-23 (2003). Otte points to no case,
however, in which the failure to retain a substance abuse expert has been grounds for
granting habeas relief. As the Wiggins court noted, “Strickland does not require counsel
to investigate every conceivable line of mitigating evidence no matter how unlikely the
effort would be to assist the defendant at sentencing.” Id. at 533. After reviewing
Dr. Smith’s testimony, the Ohio Court of Appeals held that Otte was not prejudiced by
the lack of a substance abuse expert because evidence of his long history of drug abuse
was introduced by Dr. McPherson and Ohio law gives little weight to alcoholism and
drug addiction in sentencing.
We have rejected many claims of this type before. In Clark v. Mitchell, 425 F.3d
270 (6th Cir. 2005), the petitioner’s counsel called an expert at mitigation who testified
that Clark was a drug addict and his “need for drug money had a contributing effect to
Clark’s crimes.” 425 F.3d at 275. Before this court, Clark argued that his counsel
should have retained a pharmacologist who could have testified in greater detail as to the
effects of his drug addiction. We refused to find the state court’s decision unreasonable
because the expert actually called at mitigation “addressed Clark’s drug addiction and
its effect on his criminal conduct.” Id. at 285. In White v. Mitchell, 431 F.3d 517, 530
(6th Cir. 2005), we rejected an ineffective assistance claim de novo that was premised
on counsel’s failure to retain “experts to explain the effect of intoxication on White at
the time of the crime.” In that case, we held that the evidence would have been
cumulative because the jury was aware that White had been drinking and another expert
testified about the effects of alcohol on White’s mood and behavior. Most recently, in
Tibbetts, 633 F.3d at 443, we rejected the petitioner’s argument of ineffective assistance
for failure to present a pharmacologist because the expert who actually testified
mentioned that “Tibbetts’ use of drugs and alcohol was an explosion waiting to happen,
and that Tibbetts was unable to control his rage response while intoxicated.”

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Otte’s case is not meaningfully distinguishable from these. During the penalty
phase, Dr. McPherson testified as to Otte’s drug and alcohol dependence from a young
age, as well as the effects that drug and alcohol use might have had on him. She stated
that Otte’s life was “primarily related around the use of drugs and alcohol . . . .
Periodically people support themselves in this kind of situation, not only by acts of theft
or anti-social behavior, but they also sell drugs to get money.” She also testified that
Otte “had a pretty heavy crack cocaine habit, which are [sic] not only expensive, but also
extremely damaging as to how they [a]ffect psychological functioning.” She testified
that “the first thing that the alcohol drugs [sic] knock out is the control system.” She
also gave her opinion that the drugs and alcohol made Otte more likely to commit
crimes. (“If he is clean, sober, he is not likely to do this.”). It was very well established
that Otte had been drinking and consuming drugs around the time of the murders.
Considering the entirety of Dr. McPherson’s testimony, then, we do not see how a
substance abuse expert could have affected the panel’s decision to impose a death
sentence. Because such testimony would have been largely cumulative, Otte cannot
establish that he was prejudiced, and this claim fails.
2. Other evidence of Otte’s upbringing
Otte also argues that his counsel were constitutionally ineffective for failing to
present witnesses as to Otte’s upbringing. Otte’s attorneys, Patrick D’Angelo and
Granville Bradley, hired mitigation specialist Pat Snyder to investigate Otte’s history.
Snyder traveled to Otte’s childhood home of Terre Haute, Indiana, where she identified
a number of people who might testify on Otte’s behalf. On appeal, Otte points
specifically to three witnesses. Sharon Joslin was Otte’s second- and fifth-grade teacher,
and described him as a “very sad little boy” who had trouble fitting in. Julia Bonham
was Otte’s fourth-grade teacher; she echoed Joslin’s recollection that Otte had trouble
being accepted by the other children. Bonham stated that even though Otte was
frequently bullied, he did not fight back. Finally, Katherine Hoffman was a drugprogram administrator who could have testified about Otte’s trouble fitting in with his
family and his success at the Gibault School, a structured detention facility for children.

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Otte also argues that his counsel were constitutionally ineffective by failing to present
his school records, which indicated that Otte did very poorly and was referred for
psychological testing, and which contained a notation that Otte was “seriously
emotionally handicapped.”
The Ohio Court of Appeals rejected this claim based largely on the postconviction testimony of Otte’s lead attorney, D’Angelo, who claimed that he made a
tactical decision not to use these materials because they were a “double-edged sword.”
In his words, “you can try to make a sympathetic case, but at the same time it cuts the
other way because it shows someone that’s kind of cold blooded and getting worse and
dangerous and people were predicting certain things and, lo[] and behold, look what
happened here.” After considering this testimony, the Ohio Court of Appeals held that
counsels’ tactical decision not to use the Snyder materials was not unreasonable.
Strickland warns that “strategic choices made after thorough investigation of law
and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable,” 466 U.S. at 690,
and D’Angelo was adamant that his mitigation choices were indeed strategic. He
testified that he looked over the Snyder materials, discussed them with Snyder, and
ultimately decided that they would not be helpful. Otte seeks to show that the state
court’s decision to credit D’Angelo’s testimony was an unreasonable determination of
the facts. Although Otte points to a number of inconsistencies in D’Angelo’s testimony,
this is hardly surprising considering that more than ten years separated Otte’s trial and
the post-conviction hearing. Further, D’Angelo’s testimony freely admits his limited
recollection of many aspects of the case, but becomes very lucid with regard to his
struggle deciding whether to use the Snyder materials. Thus, we cannot say that
D’Angelo’s misstatements render the state court’s decision to credit his testimony an
unreasonable determination of the facts.
It was also reasonable for the state court to credit D’Angelo’s stated rationale for
declining to present the Terre Haute witnesses. D’Angelo claimed that the information
presented could have hurt Otte overall because it showed an escalating criminality that
dated from his childhood. Otte responds that most of the information was presented by

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Dr. McPherson’s testimony anyway, and this explanation is therefore preposterous. We
disagree.
The proposed testimony of Joslin and Bonham covered largely the same themes:
that Otte was a sad and isolated, but affectionate, child. Joslin was adamant that Otte
was not aggressive or a bully, but mentioned that he had stopped trying to buy the
affection of his peers and was missing more school by the time she taught him in fifth
grade. Bonham testified that Otte “was not a discipline problem to me. But because of
his difficulties socially, I was concerned about that.” She also noted that his learning
difficulties were not the worst in the class, which could have undermined the narrative
of Otte’s difficult childhood. Otte’s actual school records would not have added much
to all of this testimony, but could also have indicated a steady decline. McPherson’s
testimony was similar in that it included Otte’s troubles at school and the fact that he was
singled out and bullied by other children. Because her testimony was more limited in
scope, however, it did not lend itself to the uncomfortable inference D’Angelo wanted
to avoid; namely, that everyone around Otte perceived him as getting steadily more
criminal and detached.
The post-conviction testimony of Katherine Hoffman, the drug-program
administrator, was an extensive narrative on Otte’s drug use and his inability to fit into
society. Among other things, she noted that Otte had been referred to an at-risk program
because of “just a general sense that there were problems everywhere,” and seemed
incapable of making any lasting progress: “[W]e would have some big intervention
session, and I would feel like we had made some inroads . . . . And it seemed like we’d
go away from there with great expectation, and then things never seemed to work for
very long.” After Otte left the Gibault School, Hoffman’s testimony was that “I had this
young man that I . . . felt was just falling through the cracks, and it didn’t seem like we
could get him to a place that he needed to be, and I was so worried about what was going
to happen.” Dr. McPherson, on the other hand, presented all of the information that was
helpful—that he was addicted to drugs, referred to social programs, did very well at the
Gibault School, and was transferred out of it through no fault of his own—but with

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significantly less detail regarding Otte’s repeated failure to fit into society or the kind
of lifelong downward spiral that might make Otte’s fate seem inevitable.
No one can know what evidence would have moved the panel to impose life on
Otte instead of death. We might even agree with Otte that Hoffman and his teachers
could have been helpful—they may have had more of a humanizing effect than the
testimony of Dr. McPherson. But determining the optimal mitigation strategy is not our
job. The question before us is narrow: was the state court’s decision to credit
D’Angelo’s testimony and reasoning an unreasonable determination of the facts? The
answer to that question is no. His inconsistencies were not sufficient to undermine his
testimony that he agonized over what mitigation materials to present. His rationale for
not presenting the materials is consistent with some of the damaging elements that
Hoffman, Joslin, and Bonham might have introduced. The Ohio appeals court’s
application of Strickland was therefore not unreasonable.
C. Miranda waiver
Finally, Otte contends that he lacked the ability to give a valid waiver of his
privilege against self-incrimination under Miranda because he was suffering from the
effects of drug and alcohol withdrawal. He was hospitalized for psychiatric evaluation
on the evening of February 13, 1992, and hospitalized again for substance withdrawal
in the early morning hours of February 15, 1992, only a few hours after he had given his
first confession to the police. He further maintains that when he signed his written
confession on February 16, 1992, he was not given Librium, a medication that had been
prescribed to alleviate his alcohol-withdrawal symptoms.
The Fifth Amendment provides that “[n]o person . . . shall be compelled in any
criminal case to be a witness against himself.” In Miranda, 384 U.S. at 460–61, the
Supreme Court held that this right against self-incrimination “is fully applicable during
a period of custodial interrogation.” In determining whether a waiver of this right is
valid, we must determine whether it was made “voluntarily, knowingly, and
intelligently.” Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986).

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The inquiry has two distinct dimensions. First, the relinquishment of the
right must have been voluntary in the sense that it was the product of a
free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or
deception. Second, the waiver must have been made with a full
awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the
consequences of the decision to abandon it. Only if the “totality of the
circumstances surrounding the interrogation” reveal both an uncoerced
choice and the requisite level of comprehension may a court properly
conclude that the Miranda rights have been waived.
Ibid. (internal citations omitted). We must make these determinations on “the particular
facts and circumstances surrounding th[e] case, including the background, experience,
and conduct of the accused.” North Carolina v. Butler, 441 U.S. 369, 374-75. We have
held that “while our primary focus must remain on what the interrogating officers could
have concluded about [a defendant]’s ability to understand the warnings, we may
consider later-developed evidence of a defendant’s actual mental ability to understand
the warnings at the time of the interrogation.” Garner v. Mitchell, 557 F.3d 257, 263
(6th Cir. 2009) (en banc).
Otte now argues that the Ohio courts’ application of Supreme Court precedent
was unreasonable because the Ohio appeals court said that a showing of police coercion
was necessary to invalidate a Miranda waiver, State v. Otte, No. 84455, 2005 WL
77071, at *6 (Ohio App. Ct. Jan. 13, 2005), because its factual conclusion that Otte was
not impaired was also unreasonable, and because Otte’s confession was the product of
police overreaching. We disagree.
The premise of Otte’s first argument is that a court must inquire into the
defendant’s state of mind to determine whether a waiver is knowing and intelligent. We
held en banc that the inquiry should be primarily on how the police officers perceived
the defendant, Garner, 557 F.3d at 262-63. In any event, Otte’s argument fails because
both the post-conviction trial court and the Ohio Court of Appeals performed the correct
analysis by examining evidence of Otte’s subjective mental state during the relevant time
period in determining whether the confession was valid. J.A.14-17; Otte, 2005 WL
77071, at *6-7. Thus, they necessarily considered whether his confession was “knowing
and intelligent,” as opposed to merely “voluntary.” Accordingly, we reject the notion

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that the state courts improperly required only a lack of coercion. In practice, the analysis
of the state courts did not contradict the clearly established law of Moran.
As for the conclusions that Otte’s waiver was valid because Otte understood his
rights and the police did not engage in any overreaching tactics, we cannot say that these
determinations are unreasonable. At the post-conviction evidentiary hearing, Otte
introduced the expert testimony of Dr. Smith that Otte was suffering from drug and
alcohol withdrawal at the time of his waivers, and therefore he was not able to make the
waivers knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Smith testified that in his experience,
people suffering from withdrawal of this type are very susceptible to pressure. The state
introduced the testimony of Dr. Resnick, who concluded that Otte’s waiver was
voluntary, knowing, and intelligent because there was no evidence that Otte was
experiencing what were only possible effects of withdrawal. Dr. Resnick found it
significant that the officers did not notice any problematic symptoms and that Otte’s
signature showed no signs of shakiness. In this duel between experts, the state court
chose to credit Dr. Resnick. Otte has offered little more than competing testimony to
show that Dr. Resnick’s opinions were unsound. As we noted earlier, the state court’s
decision to credit one expert over another is entitled to great deference. Otte also
appeared to admit in the suppression hearing that he understood the waiver at the time
he signed it.1 Therefore, it was not unreasonable for the state court to conclude that Otte
knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights.
As to the issue of voluntariness, the Ohio appeals court (on post-conviction
review) looked to the previous decision of the Ohio Supreme Court (on direct review),
which also rejected this claim. Otte, 660 N.E.2d at 718-19. In doing so, both courts
relied upon the suppression hearing testimony of the interrogating officers. Detective
Bomba, who interviewed Otte on February 13, testified that Otte did not appear to be
under the influence of any substances. Detective DeSimone questioned Otte on
February 14, and testified that Otte seemed composed and showed no physical symptoms
1

On cross-examination, Otte was asked, “[a]nd you signed your name and put yes, that you
understood your rights, is that correct?” He responded, “Yes.” The attorney then asked, “[a]nd was that
true at the time?” Otte responded, “Yes.”

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of drug effects. Otte’s own testimony was that after DeSimone read Otte his Miranda
rights, Otte indicated that he understood them and waived them. Otte claimed that
DeSimone told him he could avoid the death penalty by confessing, but DeSimone
denied making any such promise. DeSimone also testified that Otte appeared unaffected
when he gave his written waiver and confession on February 16. The Ohio appeals court
also emphasized Otte’s own testimony that he confessed because he felt bad. (Attorney:
“Why did you make these admissions to Detective DeSimone?” Otte: “Well, first of all
I felt bad.”). J.A. 147–48; Otte, 660 N.E.2d at 719. True, Otte points to some
implausible elements in the officers’ testimony. The most notable of these is Detective
DeSimone’s testimony that he was only indirectly aware that Otte—undoubtedly a highprofile suspect—had been sent to the hospital to be checked out. Otte also introduced
booking sheets at his post-conviction hearing, which show that he was questioned on
more occasions than the officers claimed (although the state offered evidence that
booking sheets can over-represent the number of actual interviews). These arguments
are far too speculative. Mindful of our deferential review, we conclude that Otte’s
evidence is insufficient to render the state court’s decision unreasonable.
III
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Otte’s
petition for habeas corpus.

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_________________
DISSENT
_________________
COLE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. Because I believe the state court’s resolution
of Otte’s Miranda claim was contrary to clearly established federal law, and that the
claim is meritorious on de novo review, I respectfully dissent.
The state court ran afoul of the “contrary to” clause of § 2254(d)(1) by analyzing
Otte’s claim in a way that contradicts Miranda. See Dyer v. Bowlen, 465 F.3d 280, 288
(6th Cir. 2006) (reviewing claim de novo after finding that the analytic approach taken
by the state court conflicted with clearly established federal law). Looking, as we must,
to clearly established Supreme Court precedent, the state court was flat wrong to say that
“evidence of police coercion” is required both to find that a Miranda waiver was
involuntary and that it was not knowing and intelligent; it compounded the error by
cabining its analysis in this incorrect framework. State v. Otte, No. 84455, 2005 WL
77071, at *1, *6 (Ohio App. Ct. 2005).
True, Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157 (1986), held that “coercive police
activity is a necessary predicate to the finding that a confession is not ‘voluntary.’” Id.
at 167. But this holding did not extend to the “knowing and intelligent” inquiry, and
indeed could not have, because the Connelly petitioner conceded that his waiver was
knowing and intelligent; his challenge was to voluntariness only. See id. at 161-62.
Thus, clearly established Supreme Court precedent teaches that a court may find that
Miranda rights were properly waived when both of two distinct inquires are resolved in
favor of the government, the first being the voluntariness question covered by Connelly.
The second requires a finding that the waiver was made “with a full awareness of both
the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon
it.” Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986). “Only if the totality of the
circumstances surrounding the interrogation reveal both an uncoerced choice and the
requisite level of comprehension may a court properly conclude that the Miranda rights
have been waived.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Consequently, if a petitioner

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establishes that either of these commands were not met, habeas relief is proper. See
Smith v. Mitchell, 567 F.3d 246, 257 (6th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he question of whether a
Miranda waiver was knowing and intelligent is a separate question.”). Because the state
court adjudication reveals that this standard was not followed, we must review Otte’s
Miranda claim de novo. See Dyer, 465 F.3d at 288.
Unbound by the strong deference required by AEDPA, we must grant the writ.
Otte’s low IQ, side effects from alcohol withdrawal and his severe depression combined
over multiple days of interrogation to prevent him from knowingly waiving his Miranda
rights. The validity of Otte’s waiver turns on the totality of “the particular facts and
circumstances surrounding [Otte’s] case, including [his] background, experience, and
conduct.” Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 482 (1981) (quoting Johnson v. Zerbst,
304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938)); see also Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707, 725 (1979).
Relevant to the inquiry, among other things, are “age, experience, education, background
. . . intelligence” and cognitive capacity to understand “the nature of his Fifth
Amendment rights, and the consequences of waiving those rights.” Fare, 442 U.S. at
725.
The totality of the circumstances shows that Otte’s capacity was so diminished
that he could not knowingly and intelligently execute a waiver. Otte was an alcoholic
and drug abuser who drank an excessive amount of alcohol daily, and consumed
marijuana and crack cocaine. The police arrested Otte at a bar the evening of
February 13, 1992 after he had consumed beer and a large quantity of bourbon. He was
interrogated for ninety minutes that night, but did not confess. After the interrogation
he was sent to the hospital for a psychiatric evaluation in the early morning hours of
February 14th. At 4:00 p.m. that day, he was questioned again by the police and
confessed to the murders for the first time. That evening he was taken to the hospital
again. The intake notes from his hospital admission stated that Otte was shaking
uncontrollably as a consequence of alcohol withdrawal and was treated with Libirium,
a drug that reduces some of the symptoms of withdrawal, but also has sedative effects.
Otte’s expert testified that alcohol withdrawal causes serious discomfort which impairs

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cognitive functioning. Though the State’s expert disagreed with the conclusion of Otte’s
expert he conceded that alcohol withdrawal was a very dangerous and potentially lifethreatening medical condition. On the 16th, Otte waived his Miranda rights again, but
remained significantly impaired because he did not receive his prescribed dose of
Libirium that day. He created a noose a few days later and was sent to the hospital for
a suicide attempt or suicidal ideation.
These psycho-chemical reactions would diminish anyone’s capacity to
effectively engage in the higher-order mental processing required to waive a
constitutional right. But Otte’s below-average IQ left him with less capacity to spare.
The effects of drugs, withdrawal, depression, and exhaustion on Otte’s alreadydiminished cognitive abilities were far too serious for me to agree with my colleagues
that Otte’s waiver was knowing and intelligent.
To the extent that the officer’s impression of Otte’s acuity is relevant to the
inquiry, the record convincingly establishes that the officer’s knew of Otte’s diminished
capacity. Otte went back and forth to the hospital on multiple occasions to receive
treatment for withdrawal as well as a psychiatric evaluation. It strains credulity too
much to say that the officers knew nothing of this parade of red flags. As for the
conclusion of the state’s expert, its reliance on the officers’ incredible testimony, renders
it unreliable.
For these reasons I would REVERSE the decision of the district court and
GRANT Otte’s petition.