Mark Storey v. Douglas Vasbinder

Filing

OPINION and JUDGMENT filed: AFFIRMED, decision for publication pursuant to local rule 206. Cornelia G. Kennedy, Eric L. Clay (DISSENTING), Raymond M. Kethledge (AUTHORING), Circuit Judges.

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RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
File Name: 11a0268p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
_________________
X
No. 09-2301
v.
>
,
DOUGLAS VASBINDER,
Respondent-Appellee. N
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
No. 06-13194—John Corbett O’Meara, District Judge.

MARK E. STOREY,

Petitioner-Appellant,

Argued: January 13, 2011
Decided and Filed: September 16, 2011
Before: KENNEDY, CLAY, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
_________________
COUNSEL
ARGUED: Mary A. Owens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellant. John S. Pallas,
OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: Mary A. Owens, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellant. Brad
H. Beaver, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing,
Michigan, for Appellee.
KETHLEDGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which KENNEDY, J.,
joined. CLAY, J. (pp. 13–33), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
_________________
OPINION
_________________
KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Mark Storey’s principal argument in his federal
habeas petition is that he should get a new trial because his lawyer in his first trial was
ineffective. It is common ground in this case that Storey’s trial lawyer did a poor job.

1

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But the Supreme Court has gone out of its way to make clear that, in order to obtain a
new trial on ineffective-assistance grounds, the petitioner must do more than show that
he had a bad lawyer—even a really bad one. Instead, the petitioner must also show
prejudice, which means he must show a reasonable likelihood that his lawyer’s bad
performance made a difference in the outcome of his trial. The Court’s precedents make
clear that the former showing by no means leads inevitably to the latter.
Whether a petitioner can show prejudice depends in large part on the evidence
in the case. The evidence here included the testimony of three witnesses who testified
that, on separate occasions, Storey had boasted to them about killing Nathan Wilson.
There is little likelihood that even an effective defense lawyer could have overcome that
testimony, if indeed the trier of fact found it credible. The trial judge who watched each
of these witnesses testify specifically found their testimony to be credible on this point.
Another trial judge who watched two of these witnesses change their testimony, in a
hearing over a decade later, specifically found their recantations not to be credible. And
so, in the end, Storey’s petition asks us to set aside the credibility determinations of the
two judges who watched these witnesses testify first-hand, in favor of contrary
credibility determinations of our own. The record provides us with no basis to take that
extraordinary step in this case. We therefore affirm the district court’s denial of the writ.
I.
A.
Wilson worked at the Gold Mine, a Detroit gold and jewelry shop that also
reputedly did its share of fencing. A bulletproof plexiglass partition and a sliding-steel
door separated the customer counter from the employee-only area of the store. The
store’s inventory was displayed in a see-through case on the employee side of the
partition. A loaded .357 Magnum revolver typically rested in plain view on top of the
case.
Sometime between 2 and 3 p.m. on November 7, 1984, Wilson was found dead
in his chair behind the plexiglass at the shop. He had been shot three times in the back

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of the head. One shot was made with the gun pressed directly against his head. The
sliding steel door was open. About $10,000 worth of jewelry, $1,000 cash, and the .357
Magnum were missing from the store.
Mark Storey later admitted that he was in the employee-only area of the store
between approximately 1 and 2 p.m. on the day of the shooting. He said that Wilson let
him in, along with his friend Shawn Coats, so that Storey could sell some stolen jewelry
to the store. Storey and Coats smoked marijuana while they were back there.
About three weeks later, Storey tried to sell the store a gold necklace. The
store’s owner, James Floyd, recognized the necklace as one that had been stolen when
Wilson was murdered. The police investigated. Eventually, in connection with Wilson’s
killing, the State of Michigan charged Storey with first-degree murder and firearm
possession during a felony.
B.
Storey was just shy of 16 years old on the date of the murder, so the Wayne
County Probate Court’s Juvenile Division initially held jurisdiction over his case. But
that court waived jurisdiction at the State’s request, thereby sending the case to the
Michigan Recorder’s Court for Storey to be tried as an adult. Neither Storey’s counsel
at the time, nor his counsel at trial, Charles Campbell, appealed the waiver.
After a four-day bench trial in the Recorder’s Court, Judge James Chylinski
found Storey guilty beyond a reasonable doubt on both counts. He emphasized that “the
crux of the case” was whether three witnesses—Darin Henderson, David Kidd, and
William Walls—were credible when they testified that Storey had told them that he
killed Wilson. And Judge Chylinski found that each of these witnesses was credible
when he so testified. He sentenced Storey to life in prison, plus two years for the gun
charge. Storey appealed, claiming only that the evidence was insufficient to convict
him. The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s judgment, and the
Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal.

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Storey then pursued state collateral remedies. First he filed a petition for habeas
corpus in the Recorder’s Court, which Judge Chylinski denied in 1989. Five years later,
Storey filed a motion for relief from judgment in the same court, claiming for the first
time that his trial counsel had been ineffective, among other claims. He also moved for
an evidentiary hearing with respect to his ineffective-assistance claim. See generally
People v. Ginther, 212 N.W.2d 922 (Mich. 1973). By then Judge Harvey Tennen had
replaced Judge Chylinski. Judge Tennen granted the motion for a Ginther hearing, at
which a criminal-defense lawyer offered expert testimony that Campbell had done a poor
job before and during trial.
Judge Tennen thereafter ordered a new trial based on Campbell’s failure to
prepare adequately for trial and to obtain discovery regarding the State’s witnesses. But
the State appealed, and the Michigan Court of Appeals promptly remanded the case for
a determination as to whether Storey had shown cause for failing to present his
ineffective-assistance claim on direct appeal. On remand, Judge Tennen found that
Storey had not shown cause for that failure, so he vacated his earlier order and denied
Storey’s motion for a new trial.
Storey then filed two applications for leave to appeal to the Michigan Court of
Appeals. The first application included a claim that the Juvenile Division’s waiver of
jurisdiction had been procedurally defective. The Court of Appeals denied that
application in a stock order entered under Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D). The second
application included a claim that Campbell had been ineffective as a result of his failure
to challenge the juvenile-waiver order. In addition, that application challenged Judge
Tennen’s determination that Storey had not shown cause for his failure to present a claim
of ineffective assistance in his direct appeal. The Court of Appeals denied that
application for lack of merit. The Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal from
either denial.
In 1999, Storey filed a second motion for relief from judgment before the state
trial court. This motion included a new claim that two of the State’s witnesses at his
trial—Henderson and Kidd— had perjured themselves when they testified that Storey

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had told them he shot Wilson. Judge Tennen held another Ginther hearing with respect
to the motion. Although both Henderson and Kidd recanted their trial testimony during
the hearing, Judge Tennen found that neither recantation was credible. Judge Tennen
also held that Storey’s other claims were procedurally barred. He thus denied Storey’s
motion for a new trial. The Michigan Court of Appeals and Michigan Supreme Court
each denied leave to appeal.
C.
Storey turned finally to the federal courts. In 2001, he filed a federal habeas
petition comprising eight claims. In September 2003, the district court granted relief on
one of them: that Storey’s appellate counsel had been ineffective by failing to argue that
Campbell had been ineffective at trial. (The 2001 petition did not itself include,
however, a claim that Campbell had been ineffective.) As relief, the district court
ordered that Storey be granted a new direct appeal. The district court thereafter closed
the case without staying, dismissing, or otherwise taking any action with respect to
Storey’s other claims.
Per the district court’s order, the Michigan Court of Appeals granted Storey a
new appeal. Before proceeding with that appeal, however, Storey filed yet another
motion for a new trial before the trial court, again presenting his ineffective-assistance
and perjured-testimony claims.

Judge Michael Hathaway—who was by then

presiding—denied the motion, finding among other things that Judge Chylinski had been
better positioned than anyone to judge each witness’s credibility.
So Storey proceeded with his second direct appeal before the Michigan Court of
Appeals, raising ten claims. The court rejected all of them and affirmed the trial court’s
original judgment. The Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal.
Storey then returned to federal district court, filing a new habeas petition in 2006.
That petition included several claims that were in his 2001 petition, but four that were
not. One of the latter claims was that Campbell had been ineffective at trial. Based on
Storey’s inclusion of the new claims, however, the district court held in a June 2009

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order that Storey’s new petition was “second or successive” within the meaning of
28 U.S.C. § 2244(b). The district court gave Storey the choice of dropping the new
claims or seeking permission from us to file a second or successive petition. See
generally id. § 2244(b)(3).

Storey did neither, and instead filed a motion for

reconsideration. The district court granted the motion, reached the merits of Storey’s
claims, and—in an extensively reasoned opinion—rejected all of them. The court
therefore denied his petition, though it did grant a certificate of appealability as to each
of his claims.
This appeal followed.
II.
A.
A threshold question is whether Storey’s 2006 petition is “second or successive”
under § 2244(b) because it added claims not included in Storey’s 2001 petition. If it is,
we must order the petition dismissed because Storey did not obtain permission to file it.
See id.
Whether a petition (a term we use interchangeably with “application”) is “second
or successive” within the meaning of § 2244(b) does not depend merely on whether the
petitioner filed a prior application for habeas relief. The phrase is instead “a ‘term of art’
that is ‘given substance’ by the Supreme Court’s habeas cases.” In re Salem, 631 F.3d
809, 812 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 486 (2000)).
Accordingly, in a number of cases, the Court has held that an application was not second
or successive even though the petitioner had filed an earlier one. In Stewart v. MartinezVillareal, 523 U.S. 637 (1998), the petitioner filed a second petition that presented a
claim identical to one that had been included in an earlier petition. The claim had been
unripe when presented in the earlier petition. The Court treated the two petitions as
“only one application for habeas relief[.]” Id. at 643. In Panetti v. Quarterman, 551
U.S. 930 (2007), the Court held that an application that presented a claim that had not
been presented in an earlier application, but that would have been unripe if it had been

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presented then, was not second or successive. Id. at 945. In Magwood v. Patterson, 130
S. Ct. 2788 (2010), the Court made clear that an application challenging an earlier
criminal judgment did not count for purposes of determining whether a later application
challenging a new judgment in the same case was second or successive. Id. at 2797-98.
The posture of this case is somewhat different. In response to Storey’s 2001
petition, the district court ordered the Michigan courts to grant him a new direct appeal.
The Michigan courts did so, but ultimately affirmed the original judgment in his case.
Storey filed a second petition in 2006, which included some new claims that were
undisputedly ripe for inclusion in his earlier petition. The issue, then, is whether the fact
of Storey’s new appeal, standing alone, serves to “reset” the “counter” of his
applications to zero. In re Williams, 444 F.3d 233, 235 (4th Cir. 2006) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
There is a circuit split on this issue, though perhaps now a stale one. These cases
involve applications under both §§ 2254 and 2255, though courts do not distinguish
between those sections for purposes of the second-or-successive determination. See,
e.g., id. (“This court and others have repeatedly cited § 2254 and § 2255 interchangeably
in such circumstances”). Seven circuits—the Second, Third, Fourth, Seventh, Ninth,
Tenth, and Eleventh—hold that the tally of applications is reset to zero after the
petitioner concludes a direct appeal that was ordered in response to an earlier petition.
See Urinyi v. United States, 607 F.3d 318, 321 (2d Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (collecting
cases). In those cases, as in this one, the reason why the petitioner was granted a new
appeal is that his counsel was ineffective with respect to his first direct appeal; and these
courts reason that such a petitioner should be given the same clean slate with respect to
habeas review as a defendant whose counsel did not “bungle[]” his first direct appeal.
See, e.g., In re Goddard, 170 F.3d 435, 437 (4th Cir. 1999). The upshot of this rule is
that the petitioner can eventually seek habeas relief on all of the claims presented in his
remedial appeal, in which presumably he will have competent counsel. See, e.g., id. at
437 & n.1. (One important limitation on this rule, however, is that the petitioner cannot

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“resurrect” claims that the district court “denied on the merits” in his first petition. See
In re Williams, 444 F.3d at 236.)
Two circuits—the First and the Fifth—hold that a post-remedial-appeal petition
is second or successive if it includes claims that could have been included, but were not,
in the first petition. See United States v. Orozco-Ramirez, 211 F.3d 862, 870–71 (5th
Cir. 2000); Pratt v. United States, 129 F.3d 54, 61 (1st Cir. 1997). These courts invoke
what they call “the spirit of AEDPA’s restrictions[,]” and they reason that their rule
“serves the singularly salutary purpose of forcing federal habeas petitioners to think
through all potential post-conviction claims and to consolidate them for unitary
presentation to the district court” in the first petition filed. Pratt, 129 F.3d at 61; see
also Orozco-Ramirez, 211 F.3d at 870–71. To which one might respond that, in many
cases, the person doing the thinking is the petitioner himself.
We think there is a reason why no circuit has adopted the minority rule since
2000: namely, the Supreme Court’s decision the same year in Slack. Slack’s first
federal habeas petition included claims that had not been exhausted in state court. The
district court dismissed the petition without prejudice and Slack returned to state court
to exhaust those claims. He then filed in federal court a second petition that included
claims not included in his first petition. That petition, the district court and Ninth Circuit
held, was “second or successive” as a result of those claims. Slack, 529 U.S. at 479–80.
The Supreme Court reversed. As an initial matter, the Court noted that “preAEDPA law govern[ed]” that case, though it hastened to add that “we do not suggest the
definition of second or successive would be different under AEDPA.” Id. at 486. In any
event, what matters for our purposes was the reasoning of the Court’s decision:
The State contends that the prisoner, upon his return to federal court,
should be restricted to the claims made in his initial petition. Neither
Rose v. Lundy[, 455 U.S. 509 (1982)] nor Martinez-Villareal requires this
result, which would limit a prisoner to claims made in a pleading that is
often uncounseled, hand-written, and pending in federal court only until
the state identifies one unexhausted claim. The proposed rule would bar
the prisoner from raising nonfrivolous claims developed in the
subsequent state exhaustion proceedings contemplated by the Rose

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dismissal, even though a federal court had yet to review a single
constitutional claim.
Slack, 529 U.S. at 487.
This reasoning is virtually identical to that followed by the majority of circuits
with respect to the question presented here. And it effectively rejects the contrary
reasoning of the two circuits that follow the minority rule. It is true that, in these cases,
unlike Slack, the district court by definition has ruled on at least “a single constitutional
claim”: namely, whether the petitioner is entitled to a new direct appeal. Id. But we
think the rest of the quoted passage makes clear that, in these circumstances, the Court
would not want the petitioner to be “restricted to the claims made in his initial
petition[.]” Id. Instead, we think it clear enough that the petitioner should be able to
“rais[e] nonfrivolous claims developed in the subsequent” remedial appeal. Id.
So it ultimately does not matter what we think, as an original matter, of the
respective rationales offered by the majority and minority circuits for their rules. The
Supreme Court has told us what it thinks of those rationales. Thus we join the majority
of circuits, and hold that a petition filed after a remedial appeal, ordered in response to
an earlier petition, is not second or successive within the meaning of § 2244(b)—even
if it includes claims that could have been included, but were not, in the first petition.
Storey’s 2006 petition is not second and successive. We proceed to consider its
merits.
B.
1.
We first consider Storey’s claim that Campbell’s lack of preparation and
generally weak presentation at trial rendered him ineffective in the constitutional sense
of the term. The Michigan Court of Appeals rejected this claim on the merits. In doing
so, the court correctly recited the test for showing prejudice; but the court later
concluded that Storey had not shown prejudice because he had “not demonstrated that
the outcome of the trial would have been different” if Campbell had performed

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effectively. People v. Storey, No. 251271, 2005 WL 711756 (Mich. Ct. App. Mar. 29,
2005). We need not decide whether the latter statement—which is an arguably incorrect
statement of the Strickland standard for prejudice—requires us to review the state court’s
decision on this issue de novo rather than under the deferential standard set forth in
§ 2254(d). For Storey’s claim fails even under a de novo standard of review.
Strickland’s test for prejudice is a demanding one. “The likelihood of a different
result must be substantial, not just conceivable.” Richter, 131 S. Ct. at 792. So we turn
to the question whether the test is met here. Broadly stated, Storey’s argument is that,
absent Campbell’s failure to prepare for trial, obtain discovery, and uncover an alleged
deal between the prosecution and David Kidd, there was a reasonable likelihood that he
would have been acquitted. (Storey does not argue before us—and has never claimed
in his federal habeas petitions—that Campbell was ineffective as a result of his failure
to contest the juvenile-waiver order.)
We first take up the allegation regarding Kidd. “[T]he mere fact that a witness
desires or expects favorable treatment in return for his testimony is insufficient; there
must be some assurance or promise from the prosecution that gives rise to a mutual
understanding or tacit agreement.” Akrawi v. Booker, 572 F.3d 252, 262 (6th Cir. 2009)
(emphasis in original). Here, as the district court explained at considered length in its
opinion denying the writ, there simply is no evidence of any such agreement between the
prosecution and Kidd. All there is, rather, is Kidd’s own assertions years after the trial
that he “hoped” that he might get a shorter sentence for his own crimes if he testified
favorably for the prosecution in Storey’s trial. That is not proof of an “agreement[,]” id.,
and thus there is no basis to fault Campbell for failing to discover one.
That leaves Campbell’s failures to prepare for trial and to argue effectively once
he was there. Those failures are serious, but they are simply not enough to show
prejudice in this case, given the record before us. The evidence of Storey’s guilt
included the following: Storey’s own admission that he had entered the store’s
employee-only

area

shortly

before

Wilson

was

murdered;

Floyd’s

testimony—specifically found credible by Judge Chylinski—that Storey tried to sell

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back to Floyd a gold necklace stolen in the murder-robbery; and Henderson’s and Kidd’s
testimony that, before the murder, Storey had told each of them that it would be easy to
rob the Gold Mine by getting behind the partition and then shooting Wilson.
And finally there was the testimony of three witnesses—Henderson, Kidd, and
Walls—each of whom testified that Storey had told him, on separate occasions, that he
shot Wilson. The judge who observed that testimony found it credible, notwithstanding
Campbell’s extensive cross-examinations of these witnesses; and a second judge who
observed Henderson and Kidd change their stories years later found their recantations
incredible.

For good reason, we give “great deference” to those credibility

determinations. See Felkner v. Jackson, 131 S. Ct. 1305, 1307 (2011) (internal quotation
marks omitted); see also 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). Storey makes a number of assertions
about the motives of these witnesses and the extent to which the judges who assessed
their credibility were aware of them; but none of those assertions meaningfully
distinguish this case from the raft of habeas cases in which witnesses change their stories
years after the petitioner is sent to prison. We have no lawful basis—or inclination—to
displace the credibility findings of the trial judges who observed the testimony of these
witnesses first-hand. And that means that Storey cannot show prejudice as the Supreme
Court has defined the term. The Michigan Court of Appeals and the district court were
both correct to reject this claim.
2.
We make shorter work of Storey’s remaining claims. “The extent to which these
claims are procedurally defaulted is a nettlesome question; the extent to which they are
meritless, much less so.” Benton v. Booker, 403 F. App’x 984, 985 (6th Cir. 2010). So
we cut to the merits here.
Storey claims that his rights under various clauses of the Constitution were
violated by the prosecution’s non-disclosure of its alleged agreement with Kidd and by
the trial court’s failure to order disclosure of the agreement to Storey. Those claims fail
because there is no proof that any agreement existed in the first place. Storey next

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claims that the prosecution violated his Brady rights by failing to disclose testimony
from other cases in which, he says, Kidd falsely accused other defendants of murder.
That claim fails because “Brady does not apply when the information is available from
another source,” e.g., by “looking at public records.” Owens v. Guida, 549 F.3d 399,
418 (6th Cir. 2008).
Storey also claims that the judges who presided over his state collateral
proceedings violated his Sixth Amendment rights by making credibility determinations.
That claim fails because the writ’s scope does not extend to state collateral proceedings.
Cornwell v. Bradshaw, 559 F.3d 398, 411 (6th Cir. 2009). And we likewise cannot grant
relief on Storey’s claim that “the various errors that we have individually rejected [are],
in the aggregate, a constitutional violation.” Hoffner v. Bradshaw, 622 F.3d 487, 512-13
(6th Cir. 2010).
*

*

*

The district court’s judgment is affirmed.

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________________
DISSENT
________________
CLAY, Circuit Judge, dissenting. I respectfully dissent from the majority’s
decision to deny relief to Petitioner under the standards set forth by the Antiterrorism
and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Moreover, I am
unable to join the majority’s opinion because I believe that the majority has avoided
doing the difficult but necessary work required to reach its conclusions. Simply stated,
in its opinion, the majority’s approach has been to dispose of a case that requires a
rigorous application of the law to historical fact by failing to properly take account of
the law or the relevant facts.
Though the majority opinion devotes several pages to providing an analysis of
the bar on second or successive habeas petitions, only to conclude that this appeal is
clearly not barred under binding precedent, the majority spends just shy of two pages
outlining the facts of this Petitioner’s crime and the performance of this Petitioner’s
counsel. A mere two additional pages are devoted to an application of the law, which
is only skeletally outlined, although the Supreme Court has, in recent months, provided
this Court with a wealth of additional guidance directly addressing how we are to treat
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under AEDPA. See Cullen v. Pinholster, ___
U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 1388 (2011); Harrington v. Richter, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 770
(2011); Premo v. Moore, ___ U.S. ___, 131 S. Ct. 733 (2011).
Had the majority followed this guidance, or the guidance set forth over 25 years
ago in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), it may or may not have eventually
reached the conclusion that it reaches today. But it is not enough for the majority to
simply state that “Storey’s trial lawyer did a poor job,” (Maj. Op. at 1), but take the
analysis no further; to conclude that the Michigan Court of Appeals misstated the test
for showing prejudice, but stop there; or to acknowledge that Storey’s counsel failed to
appeal the waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction, and failed to “prepare for trial and to
argue effectively once he was there . . . failures [that] are serious,” (id. at 10), but dismiss

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these failures out of hand. Instead, having determined that the state court misinterpreted
and misapplied Strickland—a holding that necessitates also finding that the state court’s
analysis “involved an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law” under
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(i)—the majority was then required to review Storey’s claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel under the standard of review provided to this Court
through AEDPA, Strickland and its progeny. The majority has not met its obligation to
do so.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
I.

The Crime

At approximately 2:00 p.m. on November 7, 1984, Nathan Wilson (“Wilson”)
was found murdered at the Gold Mine store in Detroit. Wilson was a twenty-one year
old store clerk who had been working at the Gold Mine for a little over a year at the time
of his death. His primary responsibility at the Gold Mine was to buy and sell gold and
jewelry.
In 1984, the physical premises of the Gold Mine was set up in such a way that
store employees were separated from customers by a bulletproof plexiglass partition and
a sliding steel door. A display case of jewelry and gold was kept on the employee side
of the partition, but was fully visible from the customer side. All purchases were
conducted through a rotating transaction window and store policy prohibited employees
from allowing customers to enter the employee side of the establishment. The Gold
Mine also kept a .357 Magnum revolver prominently on view atop the display counter,
on the employee side of the partition, to discourage unruliness in the store. This set up
was necessary because, in addition to buying and selling gold to the general public, the
Gold Mine was also amenable to fencing stolen goods for local entrepreneurs.
By the age of fifteen, Petitioner Mark Storey (“Storey”) had already become one
such entrepreneur and was therefore a frequent visitor to the Gold Mine. Storey was, at
this time, associated with several other petty criminals in the neighborhood, including
Darin Henderson (“Henderson”), Anthony Witlow (“Witlow”), and Shawn Coats

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(“Coats”). The boys committed breaking and entering and other theft crimes throughout
the neighborhood. Because the boys went to the Gold Mine often, they were all familiar
with Wilson and the owner of the Gold Mine, James Floyd (“Floyd”). Storey’s
relationship with Wilson went beyond that of a customer—they were also friends.
On November 7, 1984, Wilson and Floyd arrived at the Gold Mine to open the
store at 10:00 a.m. As was customary, Floyd weighed and inventoried the gold on hand
for the day. He also provided Wilson with $1,000 in cash for the register and left the
.357 revolver on the counter. Floyd reported that the store had approximately 220 grams
of gold that day, which had a retail value of $10,000. After setting up the store, Floyd
left the Gold Mine.
Storey and Witlow arrived at the Gold Mine before 1:00 p.m.1 Although Storey
had recently been cut out of a full body cast after a month’s hospitalization and was still
walking with the assistance of a cane, he was apparently eager to get back into the
business of selling stolen property. He and Witlow had several stolen gold rings in their
possession. Evidence suggests that at some point during this visit, Wilson let Storey and
Witlow through the steel door to the employee side of the store.2 While on the employee
side, Storey and Witlow hung out with Wilson, smoked marijuana, and discussed the
price that Wilson would be willing to pay for the rings. Sometime between 12:30 and
1:15 p.m., Wilson called Floyd from the store to advise Floyd that Wilson would be
loaning ten dollars to Storey. Wilson was required to make such a call anytime he
wanted to remove money from the till that would not be reflected in the receipts. Storey
claimed that he also spoke to Floyd during this call; Floyd denied speaking directly with
Storey.

1

At trial, witnesses provided varying timelines for the period leading to the discovery of Wilson’s
body, but all report that the relevant events occurred between noon and 3:00 p.m.
2

Floyd testified that it was strictly against store policy for employees to let customers into the
employee section of the store and that Wilson would have been immediately fired if it had been discovered
that he was doing so. Nonetheless, testimony from several witnesses suggested that Wilson was not under
any threat or duress when he was seen talking with Storey and Witlow on the employee side of the
partition.

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Around this time, Dione McPherson (“McPherson”) entered the store to sell a
bracelet. McPherson testified to seeing two men behind the partition with Wilson,
smoking marijuana. McPherson later identified one of the men as Storey.
Sometime after McPherson left the Gold Mine, the building manager, James
Cassar (“Cassar”), and a plumber arrived at the store to repair a faucet in the employee
bathroom. Cassar testified to seeing Wilson on the employee side of the store with two
young black men. Cassar also said that one of the men was talking on the employee
telephone.
David Kidd (“Kidd”) also claimed to have gone to the Gold Mine that day to sell
stolen jewelry. He testified that while there he saw Storey behind the plexiglass with
Wilson, and saw Coats and Witlow in the customer area of the store.
At approximately 2:00 p.m., twin sisters Darlene and Marlene Holly (“Holly
sisters”) entered the store and discovered Wilson’s dead body. Wilson was found sitting,
slumped to the side, in a chair facing the plexiglass partition. In apparent panic and
confusion, the Holly sisters left the store and called Wilson’s mother, instead of calling
the police. After attempting to call the Gold Mine and receiving no answer, Wilson’s
mother called her brother, Dwayne Black (“Black”), and requested that he go to the store
to check on Wilson. When Black arrived at the Gold Mine, he saw a man, Roger
Solomon (“Solomon”) exit the store and flag down a passing police patrol car. Just
seconds before, Solomon had walked into the Gold Mine and discovered Wilson’s body.
Police entered the Gold Mine, secured the scene and commenced an
investigation. Floyd arrived at the store at approximately 3:00 p.m.; he testified that he
had been calling the store to talk to Wilson but could not get through. Because this was
unusual, Floyd had decided to go to the store to see if there was a problem.
Upon investigation, police discovered three sets of palm and fingerprints on the
employee side of the Gold Mine. One set, found on the telephone, was identified as
belonging to Storey. Another set, found on a soda bottle, was identified as belonging to
Coats. The third set could not be identified. Police also concluded that approximately

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200 grams of gold was missing,3 along with the $1,000 in cash and the revolver. A
medical examination later determined the cause of Wilson’s death to be three gunshot
wounds to the back of the head—two at indeterminate range and one in direct contact.
All three slugs were recovered and it was determined that the shots came from a .32
revolver.
Almost immediately after the murder, Floyd offered a $2,000 reward—later
increased to $3,000—for information leading to the prosecution of the person who killed
Wilson. In addition to telling people about the reward, Floyd also posted fliers on
Dexter Avenue and elsewhere in the neighborhood. It appears that Storey became a
suspect in the murder almost immediately, though it is unclear what caused this
heightened interest.
Floyd claimed that two weeks after the murder, Storey came to the Gold Mine
with at least Witlow, but possibly with another young man, to sell jewelry. At that time,
Floyd agreed to purchase a gold chain (the “distinctive gold chain”). Contrary to normal
practice, no receipt was given to Storey for the distinctive gold chain; the only receipt
given for the transaction was made out to Witlow. Floyd testified that he later
recognized the distinctive gold chain as one of the pieces that had been taken during the
robbery, because he had previously repaired the chain with an unusual silver clasp.
Upon making the discovery, Floyd called the police homicide investigator in charge of
the case, Officer Kramer. Officer Kramer and Floyd met the next day and the distinctive
gold chain was tagged as evidence. At trial, Storey claimed that Floyd fabricated the
whole incident and that he had never returned to the Gold Mine to sell jewelry after
Wilson’s murder.
Approximately six months after the murder, Storey and Henderson went to the
Gold Mine to talk to Floyd. Apparently there was “word on the street” that Storey was
involved in the murder and he wanted to clear his name with Floyd. During their
conversation Floyd told Storey that, while he did not necessarily believe that Storey
3

Another twenty grams was found strewn on the floor of the shop, apparently dropped in the
murderer’s haste to escape.

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committed the murder, he did believe that Storey was involved and knew the identity of
the killer. Floyd said that he also suspected that Henderson was involved in the murder.
Floyd then offered Storey the reward money for information, which Storey refused. This
conversation was all conducted within earshot of Henderson.
That day, Henderson wrote a letter to Floyd about Wilson’s murder, which he left
with one of the employees at the Gold Mine. The letter accused Witlow of killing
Wilson, and named Storey and Coats as, respectively, “inside man” and lookout. When
Floyd received the letter, he made arrangements to meet with Henderson to bring him
to the police precinct to make a statement, which they did the following day.
Henderson’s letter to Floyd was written immediately after Henderson, who had
been living with Storey at his parent’s home, discovered that Storey would soon be sent
to an in-patient drug rehabilitation program, which would necessitate Henderson finding
new accommodations. In the letter, Henderson stated that he needed money badly and
was desperate because he would soon be homeless. After Henderson gave his statement
to the police, Floyd paid him some amount of reward money, which may have been as
little as $120 and as much as $3,000.
In his official police statement, Henderson named Storey as Wilson’s murderer,
and Coats and Witlow as accomplices. Henderson also stated, for the first time, that he
personally witnessed the crime. At trial, Henderson testified that he was out that day
looking for Coats so that he could borrow money. When he rounded the corner of
Dexter Avenue, he saw Coats sitting on a cement planter outside of the Gold Mine.
Instead of approaching Coats, Henderson stated that he continued to walk down the
block, past Coats, on the opposite side of the street. He then stopped “right across the
street” from Coats, near the intersection of Elmhurst Street, and began watching Coats.
At no point did Coats notice Henderson, although Henderson was apparently standing
in unobstructed view. Henderson testified that he could see Witlow and Storey inside
the Gold Mine, through the glass door. According to Henderson, after a couple of
minutes Coats looked around and then started to walk away. Directly thereafter,
Henderson heard two gunshots and then saw Witlow and Storey exit the Gold Mine

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empty handed. Witlow and Storey met with Coats at the corner, and they all began
running down an alley that cut through to Tuxedo Street. Henderson testified that he
saw them running when he “peeked down Tuxedo,” a block away from where he
claimed to be standing. Henderson testified that there was nothing “peculiar or . . .
different than normal in the way [any of the boys] walk[ed].”
Henderson also reported that Storey had confessed the murder to him three
months after it occurred, stating, “I killed Nate. So what? F–k them.” He further
testified that Storey told him before the murder that “Nate could be had.”
Two other witnesses testified against Storey at trial. William Walls (“Walls”)
claimed that Storey came to his house several months after Wilson’s murder and
confessed to killing someone in a robbery. Walls testified that he did not report the
confession to the police because he did not know who Storey claimed to have killed until
Walls’ sister, who worked for Floyd, linked Storey’s confession with Wilson’s murder.
Walls made a statement to police to this effect more than a year after the murder. Walls
was brought to the police station by Floyd.
Kidd also testified at trial. He recounted that sometime in 1985 Storey and Kidd
found themselves housed together in a youth detention facility. Kidd claimed that he
took the opportunity to ask Storey if he had killed Wilson, and that Storey admitted the
killing. Kidd also testified that Storey told him, before the murder, that Wilson could
be an easy target for robbery.
Before his arrest, Storey gave a statement to police in which he admitted to being
in the Gold Mine on November 7, 1984, and being on the employee side of the store
smoking marijuana with Wilson and Coats. Storey claimed that Wilson often let him
behind the partition, because they were friends, and also because Storey liked to see the
weight reading on the scale when he was selling a piece of gold.4 Storey denied having
anything to do with the murder and also denied confessing to anyone.

4

Storey’s initial police statement was taken approximately one week after the murder.

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The Trial

On May 16, 1986, attorney Charles Campbell was retained to represent Storey
at trial. Campbell was the second attorney retained by Storey and was the attorney of
record for the trial.5 At the time that he retained Campbell, Storey was a sixteen year
old with a ninth grade education and no resources sufficient to hire another attorney. (R.
27-18: Ginther Hr’g Tr. at 12–13.)
Campbell began making “missteps” from the very outset of the case. At the
preliminary stage, Campbell waived trial by jury. While there is some indication that
Storey agreed to this waiver, the ability of an uneducated teenager to provide knowing
and voluntary consent to such a waiver, especially in a prosecution almost solely reliant
upon eyewitness testimony, is debatable. See Adams v. United States ex rel. McCann,
317 U.S. 269, 278 (1942) (“[W]hether or not there is an intelligent, competent,
self-protecting waiver of jury trial by an accused must depend upon the unique
circumstances of each case.”). Campbell also failed to challenge the jurisdiction of the
Recorder’s Court, even though there appears to have been a question of whether the
order issued by the juvenile court judge waiving jurisdiction was facially defective.6
The trial began with the prosecution’s opening statement. Campbell then stood
to present the defendant’s statement, which precipitated the following exchange:
[COUNSEL]: Your honor, this young man, with his mother, talked to
police and was given his rights et cetera, and this young man admitted—
STATE: Objection. Hearsay.
COURT: Well, it is hearsay, unless you put your client on the stand.
[COUNSEL]: We are—well, I am not sure that we are.
COURT: You might be better off reserving your opening statement until
you decide whether you are—
[COUNSEL]: I will come back to that in a minute, maybe.

5

It appears that the first attorney retained by Storey was suspended from the bar before his trial
began. (R. 27-18: Ginther Hr’g Tr. at 10–11.)
6

Storey was fifteen years old at the time of the crime and seventeen years old at the time of trial.
Under Michigan law, jurisdiction of his case initially rested in the juvenile division, but could be waived.
See Mich. Comp. Laws § 712A.4.

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(R. 27-2: Tr. at 12–13.)
Seemingly flustered, Campbell continued with an extremely brief and incoherent
opening statement, to which the State entered objections at multiple points. For instance,
in response to the prosecution’s objection to Campbell raising the outcome of the
criminal cases against Storey’s alleged accomplices, Campbell responded,
I don’t know what the law—I do know what the law is vaguely in this
area, but it seems to me that fairness, whatever seems to be common
sense, will eventually be the law, and our case may be different. I am not
prepared to argue that point right now.
(Id. at 15.) In response to an arguably rhetorical question from the court regarding
whether the determination of other courts should be binding in Storey’s trial, Campbell
responded: “I’m not sure. I haven’t thought that through, but I hope to.” (Id. at 14.) At
the conclusion of Campbell’s opening, the trial court stated that it was having difficulty
understanding the nature of the defense being presented, and attempted, to little avail,
to gain clarification from Campbell.
Campbell’s performance continued to underwhelm. Campbell did not cross
examine the first six witnesses called to the stand by the State, which included Wilson’s
mother, who testified to the time of the discovery of Wilson’s body; Dwayne Black, who
testified both to the timeline of discovery of the body and the actions of the first police
officers on scene; Marlene Holly, whose testimony was not entirely consistent with that
of her sister, Darlene; Officer Bobby Bukines, who testified to police procedures at the
scene, establishing all of them as proper, and to the state of the Gold Mine at the time
of the arrival of the police; Roger Solomon, who testified to finding Wilson’s body and
to the state of the Gold Mine; and Officer Kenneth Day, who testified to the evidence
of robbery (and who took Henderson’s official police statement, though he was not
questioned about it on the stand). Campbell did, briefly and perfunctorily, question the
medical examiner, who testified to the cause of death, about puncture wounds found on

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Wilson’s body, which were explained to be post-mortem.7 He also asked Darlene Holly,
who testified to the state of Wilson’s body and events leading up to the discovery,
whether she “was looking at a clock and noting . . . times,” although he never raised any
argument about the discrepancies in the timelines provided by witnesses. (R. 27-3: Tr.
at 41.)
Campbell stipulated to the admission of the following evidence: the identification
of the bullet slugs, including type and match; approximately two dozen photographs and
a police sketch of the crime scene; and the finger and palm print evidence and their
identification as belonging to Coats and Storey. The only materials that Campbell
independently entered into evidence were several photographs of the Gold Mine, taken
with a Polaroid instant camera by Storey’s mother more than a year after the crime, from
an unestablished perspective, and at a different time of day than the murder.
Campbell stipulated to the testimony of the following witnesses: Thomas Brown,
who accompanied Cassar to the Gold Mine to fix the plumbing; Dr. Russanw, the
medical examiner who performed Wilson’s autopsy; Sergeant Eggers, one of the first
responding officers on scene; Sergeant Kimball, who “took an exculpatory statement
from the Defendant that [the State chose] not introduce into evidence,” (R. 27-3: Tr. at
57.); Stephen Yakimovich and Paul Kulesa, the evidence technicians on the case; and
Russell Morgan, the fingerprint expert. Perhaps most importantly, after mistakenly
failing to subpoena him, Campbell waived the testimony of Officer Kramer, the witness
who was the keystone of his “defense theory,” who he argued colluded with Floyd in
furtherance of inducing Henderson and Kidd to falsely identify Storey as the gunman.
While Campbell admitted that he had been provided with discovery obtained by
Storey’s prior attorney, at various points during the trial Campbell requested to be given
discovery that he had not yet seen, including the pivotal letter that Henderson wrote to
Floyd, which Campbell did not request until he was in the middle of his cross

7

At sentencing, Campbell attempted to enter evidence regarding the audibility of gunshots and
the muffling of sound made by contact wounds, issues on which he failed to question either the medical
examiners or police investigators during trial. (R. 27-22: Tr. at 457.)

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examination of Floyd. (R. 27-4: Tr. at 121–23.) Soon thereafter, Campbell requested
discovery of police notes on the transaction regarding the distinctive gold chain. (Id. at
125.) Because it was apparent to the court that Campbell had failed to review the
discovery material in advance of trial and was unfamiliar with the evidence provided
during discovery, halfway through the trial the court assigned attorney Mark Hall to
Campbell to oversee discovery review and adjourned the trial for a day to allow time for
Hall to assist Campbell. (R. 27-7: Tr. at 181–84.)
During cross-examination of Henderson, Campbell requested a recess to “prepare
his thoughts,” although the court explicitly cautioned him that doing so would mean that
Henderson (who was still on the stand) and Kidd (who had yet to testify) would be
placed in the same private holding room. (R. 27-7: Tr. at 240.) Despite this warning,
Campbell took the recess, allowing the two witnesses unsupervised time together, which
is particularly troubling because the substance of Campbell’s defense theory seemed to
be that Henderson and Kidd, along with Walls, were colluding to frame Storey in order
to earn a reward from Floyd. (R. 27-6: Tr at 190.)
Finally, and inexplicably, at no time during trial did Campbell raise the
possibility that, even if Storey may have been at the scene of the crime, he may not have
been the murderer or been aware that Wilson was in danger.8
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review the legal conclusions underlying a district court’s denial of a petition
for habeas corpus de novo and review its factual findings for clear error. Smith v.
Mitchell, 567 F.3d 246, 255 (6th Cir. 2009). Our review of a petition for a writ of habeas
corpus based on ineffective assistance of counsel is guided by AEDPA and the
framework set forth by Strickland v. Washington. “The standards created by Strickland
and § 2254(d) are both highly deferential, and when the two apply in tandem, review is

8

Less significant breaches of professional standards are also evident in the trial transcript,
including the fact that Campbell apparently spent a fair amount of the trial pacing, making other distracting
movements, and being generally disruptive and unprofessional. At certain points, he also apparently raised
his voice in an effort to intimidate counsel for the State. (R. 27-6: Tr. at 193; R. 27-7: Tr. at 259.)

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doubly so.” Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 788 (internal citations and quotation marks
omitted).
I.

AEDPA Deference

AEDPA permits a federal court to grant habeas relief only where a state court’s
adjudication on the merits:
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state
court proceeding.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). A decision is contrary to clearly established federal law when “the
state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the [Supreme] Court on a
question of law” or “confronts facts that are materially indistinguishable from a relevant
Supreme Court precedent,” but reaches a contrary decision. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S.
362, 405 (2000). Under § 2254(d)(2), “even if reasonable minds reviewing the record
might disagree about the finding in question, on habeas review that does not suffice to
supersede the trial court’s determination,” unless that determination is unreasonable.
Wood v. Allen, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S. Ct. 841, 849 (2010) (internal citations, quotation
marks and alterations omitted).
“[R]eview under § 2254(d)(1) focuses on what a state court knew and did.”
Cullen, 131 S. Ct. at 1399. Therefore, this Court may only look to the record as it was
developed before the state court. We may not issue the writ upon a mere determination
that the “relevant state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously
or incorrectly;” instead, we must find the state court’s application of the law objectively
unreasonable. Williams, 529 U.S. at 411. “AEDPA thus imposes a highly deferential
standard for evaluating state-court rulings, and demands that state-court decisions be
given the benefit of the doubt.” Renico v. Lett, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S. Ct. 1855, 1862
(2010).

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Strickland Framework

Ineffective assistance of counsel claims are governed by the framework of
Strickland v. Washington:
First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient.
This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel
was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed by the Sixth
Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel’s
errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial
whose result is reliable.
466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
Under the first prong of the analysis, review of counsel’s performance is based
on an “objective standard of reasonableness,” and measured against “prevailing
professional norms.” Rickman v. Bell, 131 F.3d 1150, 1154 (6th Cir. 1997) (citing
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688). These professional norms are judged by reference to the
time of representation, and cannot be based on hindsight. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at
689 (stating that “a fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be
made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of
counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective
at the time.”). The burden lies with the petitioner to “identify the acts or omissions of
counsel that are alleged not to have been the result of reasonable professional judgment.”
Id. at 690.
As the Supreme Court has recently reiterated:
To establish deficient performance, a person challenging a conviction
must show that ‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness.’ A court considering a claim of ineffective assistance
must apply a ‘strong presumption’ that counsel’s representation was
within the ‘wide range’ of reasonable professional assistance.
Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 787 (internal citations omitted)

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In order to satisfy the second prong of the Strickland inquiry, a petitioner need
not prove to a certainty that but for counsel’s deficiencies he would have been acquitted,
but instead, “must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
In determining whether there exists a reasonable probability that counsel’s
deficient performance prejudiced the defendant, this Court may “examine the combined
effect of all acts of counsel found to be constitutionally deficient, in light of the totality
of the evidence in the case.” Mackey v. Russell, 148 F. App’x 355, 364 (6th Cir. 2005)
(citing Blackburn v. Foltz, 828 F.2d 1177, 1186 (6th Cir. 1987)).
ANALYSIS
Under AEDPA-guided review of ineffective assistance of counsel claims, “[t]he
pivotal question is whether the state court’s application of the Strickland standard was
unreasonable. This is different from asking whether defense counsel’s performance fell
below Strickland’s standard.” Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 785. As recognized by the
majority, the Michigan state court unreasonably formulated and applied the prejudice
prong of Strickland. Under the proper prejudice analysis, it is highly unlikely that a
fairminded jurist would disagree that Campbell’s performance prejudiced Storey.
Furthermore, a thorough review of the record compels the conclusion that Campbell’s
performance was deficient, and fell below all prevailing professional standards. See
Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510 (2003). Because Campbell’s performance was clearly
deficient and prejudicial, and because the state court unreasonably interpreted and
applied Strickland to the facts then before it when finding otherwise, the issuance of the
writ is appropriate in this case.

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Deficient Performance

As Storey argued before the Michigan Court of Appeals, he claims in his habeas
petition that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to prepare adequately for trial,
including failing to obtain proper discovery, failing to adduce information about
agreements between Kidd and the State in exchange for Kidd’s testimony, failing to
uncover evidence of Kidd’s prior false murder accusations, and failing to uncover
evidence of Henderson receiving a reward for providing testimony. For the purposes of
our review, “the question is not whether counsel’s actions were reasonable. The
question is whether there is any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland’s
deferential standard.” Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 788.
The Michigan Court of Appeals, in the final state court adjudication of the case,
made no finding as to whether Campbell’s performance fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness, as required for relief under Strickland. Instead, the state court
proceeded on the presumption that Campbell’s performance was deficient, but found that
each instance of alleged deficient performance, examined in isolation, constituted
harmless error. Therefore, the state court held that Storey failed to demonstrate
prejudice. People v. Storey, No. 251271, 2005 WL 711756, at *1–4 (Mich. Ct. App.
Mar. 29, 2005).
Though the state court failed to reach a holding on deficient performance, there
is no reasonable argument to be made that counsel satisfied the Strickland standard. A
reasonable application of Strickland reveals that Campbell was constitutionally deficient
in the quality of representation provided and that his performance fell far below all
prevailing professional standards. It is undisputed that Campbell failed to review
discovery and to prepare for trial. There is no scenario under which a complete failure
to investigate a case or to review available discovery can be assumed to be reasoned trial
strategy or otherwise excused. See Wiggins, 539 U.S. 510. “[W]e focus on whether the
investigation supporting counsel’s decision not to introduce mitigating evidence of
Wiggins’ background was itself reasonable.” Id. at 523.

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In Strickland, the Court outlined the parameters of what it described as
“counsel’s duty to investigate”:
[S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts
relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable; and strategic
choices made after less than complete investigation are reasonable
precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the
limitations on investigation. In other words, counsel has a duty to make
reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes
particular investigations unnecessary.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690–91 (emphasis added). Under this standard, counsel is
required to conduct investigation at least to the extent necessary to determine that no
further investigation is necessary. It does not allow counsel to fail to conduct any
investigation at all. See Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362 (2000).
In this case, Campbell spoke with Storey only once before trial9, reviewed no
discovery or potential evidence, and interviewed and subpoenaed no witnesses (with the
exception of Storey’s mother) in preparation for trial. Though Campbell was apparently
provided access to some (or perhaps all) of the discovery material prior to the
commencement of the trial, it is clear that Campbell did not review any discovery before
the trial began. (R. 27-5: Tr. 181–82.) Campbell also failed to consult with Storey’s
prior attorney, who had submitted the discovery request on Storey’s behalf.
Even though Campbell’s defense theory, inasmuch as there was a defense theory,
hinged on witness misidentification (or framing by witnesses), Campbell never reviewed
the letter that Henderson, the only “eyewitness” to the crime, wrote to Floyd.
Importantly, in that letter Henderson accused Witlow of committing the murder.
Furthermore, Campbell did not review the evidence surrounding the distinctive
gold chain until cross-examination of Floyd was almost complete. Aside from the
fingerprint evidence, which placed Storey at the scene before the murder, the distinctive
gold chain was the only physical evidence linking Storey to the crime.

9

Storey claims that Campbell spoke with him only once before trial, during which time they
discussed payment, but did not discuss a theory of defense. (R. 27-18: Ginther Hr’g Tr. at 9–10.)

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Campbell also performed no investigation regarding Floyd’s cash payments to
various prosecution witnesses and Floyd’s personal connections to other witnesses,
including Kidd and Walls. Campbell performed no discovery regarding the role that
Officer Kramer played in the “frame job” that he accused Kramer of perpetrating against
Storey, and then proceeded to waive Officer Kramer’s testimony at trial because he
neglected to subpoena him. (R. 27-10, 11: Tr. 314–15, 359–63.)
At trial, Campbell did not question Floyd about, or attempt to impeach him on,
his previous statements that he believed that Henderson was involved in the murder,
including in his sworn testimony at Storey’s preliminary hearing. (R. 37-3: Tr. at 30.)
Campbell did not conduct investigation or discovery or put witnesses on the
stand adequate to establish that Storey was walking with a limp and the assistance of a
cane on the day of the murder and was incapable of running, though evidence in the
record supports this conclusion. The only witness that Campbell put on to this effect
was Storey’s mother, who was not qualified to establish Storey’s medical condition.
Notably, Campbell was required to recall Ruth Storey to the stand in order to elicit
testimony about Storey’s medical condition, because he “forgot” to enter into evidence
the photographs that she had taken of Storey. (R. 27-11: Tr. at 363–67.) Incredibly,
Campbell also stated during trial, in response to a question from the court, that he was
unsure of whether Storey was still wearing a cast at the time of the murder. (R. 27-1: Tr.
at 16.)
Campbell additionally presented no evidence to suggest that either Witlow or
Coats—both of whom were identified as being at the Gold Mine at the same time as
Storey and behind the customer partition—may have committed the murder. Nor did he
endeavor, at any time during the trial, to raise the question of their culpability at all,
despite the fact that both Henderson and Floyd had, at different times, identified Witlow
as the person who they believed committed the murder.

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Finally, Campbell failed to challenge the jurisdictional waiver from the juvenile
10

court , which may have been facially defective11, and at any rate was substantively
challengeable. While we cannot know whether such a challenge would have been
successful, it is difficult to imagine an objectively reasonable strategy by Campbell in
leaving unchallenged the decision to conduct a bench trial for a fifteen year old
defendant in an adult court of limited felony jurisdiction, where adjudication before a
juvenile court may have been available. It is even more difficult to find that approach
reasonable when questions had already been raised, by Storey’s prior attorney,
concerning the facial validity of the waiver.
In short, Campbell subpoenaed no relevant witnesses, offered no alternate theory
of the crime, put forward no coherent defense theory, challenged none of the
prosecution’s evidence and presented no pertinent defense evidence. And Campbell
failed to do all these things on the heels of conducting no investigation and reviewing
no discovery prior to trial. The state court’s determination that such a performance by
Campbell met prevailing professional standards of representation was unreasonable, as
the evidence before it of Campbell’s lack of reasonable baseline investigation was
abundant and uncontroverted.
II.

Prejudice

Though the Michigan Court of Appeals identified Strickland as the correct
governing legal standard, it erroneously formulated the prejudice prong by holding that
Strickland requires a showing that, “but for counsel’s error . . . the trial court would have
acquitted defendant of the charges.” Storey, 2005 WL 711756, at *2. As the majority
10

The majority contends that Storey fails to specifically argue that Campbell was ineffective as
a result of his failure to contest the juvenile court waiver. However, because of the sheer number and
pervasiveness of Campbell’s legal errors and omissions, it would have been impossible, and even
unnecessary, for Storey to enumerate each and every instance of Campbell’s deficient representation.
11

In People v. Dunbar, the Michigan Supreme Court held that a juvenile court, in waiving its
jurisdiction, must make “findings, based upon substantial evidence and upon thorough investigation, [that]
show either that the juvenile is not amenable to treatment, or, that despite his potential for treatment, the
nature of his difficulty is likely to render him dangerous to the public, if released at age nineteen, or to
disrupt the rehabilitation of other children in the program prior to his release.” 377 N.W.2d 262, 387
(Mich. 1985) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). No such findings were made by the juvenile
court in Storey’s initial waiver.

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concedes, such an interpretation is patently incorrect and an objectively unreasonable
application of federal law. Strickland does not require a certainty of acquittal absent
deficient representation—instead it explicitly states that the defendant “need not show
that counsel’s deficient conduct more likely than not altered the outcome in the
case”—but instead requires “a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693.
“If the state-court decision ‘identifies the correct governing legal principle’ in
existence at the time, a federal court must assess whether the decision ‘unreasonably
applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.’” Cullen, 131 S. Ct. 1399
(quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 405).

Here, because the state court completely

misapprehended the Strickland standard, it also misapplied the standard to the facts of
the case. A proper application of Strickland in this case leads to the conclusion that
Storey was prejudiced by Campbell’s deficient performance.
The Supreme Court recently held:
In assessing prejudice under Strickland, the question is not whether a
court can be certain counsel’s performance had no effect on the outcome
or whether it is possible a reasonable doubt might have been established
if counsel acted differently. Instead, Strickland asks whether it is
“reasonably likely” the result would have been different. . . . The
likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just conceivable.
Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 791–92 (internal citations omitted).
Because the state court misapprehended the prejudice inquiry, we are left with
the question of whether there is any reasonable analysis under which the state court
could have found, under a correct application of Strickland, that Campbell’s performance
did not prejudice Storey. In finding that there was no prejudice, both the district court
and the state court largely relied upon the fact that, though Campbell admittedly did not
review any discovery until late in the trial, Campbell did, eventually, obtain most (if not
all) relevant evidence. See Storey, 2005 WL 711756, at *3–4.

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This fact is insufficient to render Campbell’s deficient performance nonprejudicial. Because Campbell had not seen several critical pieces of discovery before
the case began, he was woefully unprepared for the trial, which clearly resulted in an
inadequately conceptualized trial strategy and a completely absent defense theory. This
result is illustrated in the trial court’s repeated entreaties for Campbell to clarify his
defense theory, which began as early as Campbell’s opening statement, and proceeded
through Campbell’s attempts to introduce innocence evidence at sentencing.
The trial court’s assurance—which was heavily relied upon by the Michigan
Court of Appeals—that it knew “what to disregard and what to take into consideration,”
also fails to offset the prejudice caused by Campbell’s performance. See Storey, 2005
WL 711756, at *2. The trial court, as finder of fact, may have been capable of
disregarding irrelevant evidence placed before it, but it was totally incapable of
considering evidence that Campbell neglected to find, review or present. And, with the
exception of Storey’s own testimony and his mother’s Polaroid pictures, Campbell
neglected to present any evidence at all. Such a performance falls far below the level
of subjecting the “prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing.” United States
v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659 (1984).
Even if Campbell had conducted a reasonable investigation and still determined
that Storey had no viable defense, once “the decision to stand trial has been made,
counsel must hold the prosecution to its heavy burden of proof beyond reasonable
doubt.” Id. at 657 n.19. A decision to present no defense on the facts of this
case—where the physical evidence was weak and eyewitness testimony was plagued by
credibility issues—would have been an incorrect decision, but if made after full
investigation, may not have been a decision rising to the level of ineffective assistance
of counsel. But having performed no investigation and subpoenaed no witnesses,
Campbell was completely unable to meet even the baseline requirement of holding the
prosecution to its burden of presenting evidence of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Had Campbell investigated and presented evidence that star eyewitness
Henderson had previously identified Witlow as the murderer; that Floyd had offered and

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paid out a reward for information; or even that Storey had been injured and was using
a cane when the single witness testified to seeing him run from the scene of the crime,
there is a substantial likelihood that the result of the proceedings would have been
different.
Finally, the fact that Campbell, having done no investigation, failed to challenge
the juvenile court waiver, either procedurally or substantively, supports the conclusion
that Campbell’s failure to perform as required resulted in prejudice to Storey. In
Recorder’s Court, Storey was exposed to a possible life sentence of imprisonment in
adult prison. Had jurisdiction remained with the juvenile court, Storey would have been
subject to a maximum detention until the age of nineteen. See Mich. Comp. Laws
§ 712A.18c; see also People v. Hana, 504 N.W.2d 166 (Mich. 1993) (discussing juvenile
waiver in Michigan).
CONCLUSION
To find that Campbell’s actions in this case, which were so extreme, pass the test
set forth in Strickland, is to strip Strickland of all real meaning. If there is one thing that
we must know, it is that counsel cannot simply show up on the day of a murder trial,
uninformed and unprepared, and make no argument and present no evidence in defense
of his client. And that is precisely what counsel in this case did. For these reasons, I
believe that a proper application of AEDPA to this case compels us to grant the writ, and
I respectfully dissent.