Town & Country Salida, Inc. v. Dealer Computer Services, Inc.

Filing

OPINION: the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED, decision not for publication. Damon J. Keith, Circuit Judge; R. Guy Cole , Jr., Circuit Judge and John M. Rogers, Circuit Judge, AUTHORING.

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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 13a0347n.06
No. 12-1850

FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

Apr 09, 2013

TOWN & COUNTRY SALIDA, INC.,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
DEALER COMPUTER SERVICES, INC.,
Defendant-Appellant.

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DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

ON APPEAL FROM THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE EASTERN
DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

BEFORE: KEITH, COLE, and ROGERS, Circuit Judges.
ROGERS, Circuit Judge. A contract with an arbitration clause referred to certain parties,
including an entity called “Town & Country Auto.” An arbitral panel resolving a payment dispute
determined that this referred to a particular car dealership, Town & Country Salida, Inc., and entered
an award against it. In the district court below, Town & Country Salida, Inc., sought to vacate or
modify the arbitral award on the ground that Town & Country Salida, Inc., was not an entity referred
to or bound by the contract containing the arbitration clause. The district court, without deferring
to the arbitrators’ determination that Town & Country Salida, Inc. was in fact a party to the contract,
proceeded to find that it was not. Because the district court’s factual determination in this respect
was not clearly erroneous, we have no basis to reverse the district court’s partial vacatur of the
arbitral award so as not to apply to Town & Country Salida, Inc.

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Defendant-appellant Dealer Computer Services, Inc. (“DCS”)—a company that provides and
services computer hardware and software for car dealerships—entered into a series of agreements
with car dealerships in Colorado owned by J. Michael Goodart. The original 1995 agreement
between DCS and Gunnison Ford, Inc. included an arbitration provision. Through a series of
assignments, Town & Country Autoplex-Gunnison, Inc. (“T&C Gunnison”) became a party to the
agreement in 2001.
A February 2003 amendment to the contract included a reference not only to T&C Gunnison,
but also to “Town & Country Auto” (“‘T&C Auto’”), a dealership with a different billingidentification number. Contract Amendment Number 37, ¶ 3, provided that “DCS agrees to grant
a 100% discount on the Total Initial License Fees . . . when licensed by Dealer at Town & Country
Autoplex-Gunnison (806295) and Town & Country Auto (A06295) . . . .” See Appl. and Mot. to
Vacate Arbitration Award Ex. B-2. Goodart signed this amendment as president of T&C Gunnison.
Throughout the rest of the agreement, the only other reference to “T&C Auto” is an amendment
which acknowledges that DCS temporarily installed some equipment at “T&C Auto.”
There are two provisions in the agreement that are relevant to the legal duties of dealerships
affiliated with T&C Gunnison. The software-license terms of the original 1995 agreement
contemplate that affiliated companies at other locations may use the software, but that such
dealerships must agree in writing to be bound by the agreement and that T&C Gunnison guarantees
the affiliated dealership’s performance:
Dealer may use the Licensed Software for the internal requirements of an
affiliated company at another location by paying an additional initial Software
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License Fee and an additional Application Consulting Service Fee in the amounts
specified in Schedule D for each Application Program so utilized. Dealer’s
“affiliated companies” shall mean corporations or entities in which Dealer owns at
least a majority of the outstanding capital stock or equity interest and which have
agreed, in writing, to be bound by the terms of this Agreement and for which Dealer
guarantees the performance thereof.
Appl. and Mot. to Vacate Arbitration Award Ex. B-1, Agreement, § 5(A). Contract Amendment
Number 37, which first referred to “T&C Auto,” also contains a similar provision that purports to
create joint and several liability for related dealerships:
The parties acknowledge and agree that each individual dealership location that
Licenses Application Programs under this Agreement is jointly and severally liable
for the entire contractual obligation. Dealer represents that the person executing the
Amendment on behalf of Dealer is authorized to bind Dealer and each dealership
location to this [acknowledgment] of joint and several liability, and that no further
signatures are required.
Appl. and Mot. to Vacate Arbitration Award Ex. B-2, Contract Amendment No. 37, ¶ 61. At no
point did Goodart explicitly agree to anything as a signatory for “T&C Auto.”
There is a factual dispute about which dealership received services from DCS following this
agreement. Goodart owns and operates two Town & Country dealerships in Salida, Colorado: Town
& Country Salida, Inc. (“T&C Salida”) and Town & Country C.G., Inc. (“T&C C.G.”).1 Both are
on the same road, with T&C Salida located at 1520 East Highway 50 and T&C C.G. located at 943
East Highway 50. Without citing facts in the record, DCS alleges that it provided services to the
plaintiff-appellee in this case, T&C Salida. T&C Salida, on the other hand, points to affidavits by

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At oral argument, DCS agreed that Goodart has two dealerships in Salida. See Oral Arg.
at 8:40–9:15. The court understands this as a withdrawal of DCS’s previous argument that T&C
C.G. is located in Alamosa, Colorado.
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Goodart which say that DCS provided services to another entity, T&C C.G., and that “T&C Auto”
is not T&C Salida. See Mot. for Leave to File Sur-Reply Ex. 1, Supp. Aff. of Michael Goodart Feb.
21, 2012, ¶ 4 (“[T&C C.G.], a separate corporate entity which is located in Salida at 943 E. Highway
50, did receive services from [DCS].”); T&C Salida’s Resp. to DCS’ Mot. to Confirm Arbitration
Award Ex. H, Aff. of Michael Goodart, Jan. 31, 2012, ¶ 3 (“‘[T&C Auto]’ is not a former name,
assumed name, or trade name of [T&C Salida].”).
The current dispute began in 2008 when, apparently due to economic difficulties, T&C
Gunnison stopped paying DCS. On March 26, 2009, DCS filed a demand for arbitration with the
American Arbitration Association. This demand was directed only to T&C Gunnison. An August
18, 2010 prehearing order by the arbitrators reflects that T&C Gunnison was being represented by
counsel, but there is no mention of Goodart’s other entities.
On February 1, 2011, DCS amended its demand for arbitration to add “T&C Auto” as a party
to the proceedings. This amended demand was served on T&C Gunnison’s counsel of record. On
March 21, 2011, James Blume, a lawyer with the same firm that was representing T&C Gunnison,
responded to this demand by objecting on behalf of “T&C Auto” to the arbitration in its entirety and
reserving the right to have the issue of arbitrability determined by a court.
On August 12, 2011, DCS made the first filing in the record that links “T&C Auto” to T&C
Salida. In its prehearing brief to the arbitrators, DCS repeatedly refers to “Town & Country Auto
a/k/a Town & Country Salida, Inc.” See T&C Salida’s Resp. to DCS’ Mot. to Confirm Arbitration

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Award Ex. F, DCS’ Pre-Hearing Br., 1, ¶¶ 8, 19. However, it does not appear that DCS provided
any evidence that “T&C Auto” was the same entity as T&C Salida.
On October 3, 2011, the arbitrators conducted the final arbitration hearing. DCS appeared
and presented evidence. No representatives from any of Goodart’s entities attended. On November
18, 2011, the arbitrators issued an award in favor of DCS. In this award, the arbitrators identified
T&C Salida as an alias of “T&C Auto,” which they considered to be a party to the contract and the
arbitration proceedings.
T&C Salida subsequently filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District
of Michigan seeking to vacate or modify the arbitration award pursuant to the Federal Arbitration
Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 10(a)(4), 11(b). T&C Salida argued that it was never a party to the contract and
claimed that “T&C Auto” is “not a former name, assumed name or trade name” of T&C Salida and
that DCS never provided goods or services to T&C Salida. See Appl. and Mot. to Vacate Arbitration
Award, ¶¶ 12–13. In response, DCS filed an answer and a cross-motion to confirm the arbitration
award. This motion added T&C Gunnison as a third-party defendant. On March 26, 2012, DCS
requested that the clerk enter default judgment against T&C Gunnison, and the clerk did so the
following day.
The district court vacated the arbitration award insofar as it bound T&C Salida. The district
court found that there was not sufficient evidence to conclude that “T&C Auto” was T&C Salida,
and therefore there was no agreement compelling T&C Salida to arbitrate the dispute. The district
court also found that despite the arbitrators’ references to T&C Salida, there was no evidence that

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T&C Salida acquiesced in the arbitration. The district court said that even if there was some activity
on the part of “T&C Auto” and this dealership was in Salida, this did not necessarily mean that this
activity was by T&C Salida. In support of this finding, the district court noted that Goodart testified
that T&C C.G. was in Salida, received services, and employed Dave Bratton as the general
manager—a fact relevant because DCS provided the district court with letters addressed to Dave
Bratton as general manager of “T&C Auto.”2 In addition, the district court cited a newspaper article
submitted by DCS, which stated that Goodart had two dealerships in Salida. The district court,
however, stopped short of finding that “T&C Auto” was T&C C.G. See Town & Country Salida,
Inc. v. Dealer Computer Servs., Inc., No. 11-15430, 2012 WL 1964106, at *5–11 (E.D. Mich. May
31, 2012). DCS appeals from this judgment.
On the record, the district court did not clearly err in finding that T&C Salida was not bound
to arbitrate by the agreement between DCS and T&C Gunnison. Because T&C Salida did not agree
to arbitration, the arbitrators had no authority to issue an award against T&C Salida.
If, as it appears, “T&C Auto” referred to an entity other than T&C Gunnison, it could
plausibly refer to either T&C Salida or T&C C.G. DCS argues that “T&C Auto” refers to T&C

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Although the district court did not acknowledge so, the letters involving Dave Bratton
introduce further ambiguity about which Salida dealership was “T&C Auto.” The four letters from
2003 are addressed to Dave Bratton at “T&C Auto” but the inside address used is 1520 East
Highway 50. 1520 East Highway 50 is the address that T&C Salida identifies as its address rather
than the 943 East Highway 50 address that Goodart says is the location of T&C C.G. This suggests
that either DCS had the wrong address for Dave Bratton’s place of work, or Dave Bratton was
actually working at T&C Salida.
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Salida, while T&C Salida, on the other hand, suggests the possibility (but carefully does not admit)
that “T&C Auto” is T&C C.G.
It was not clear error for the district court to find that there was not sufficient evidence to
establish that “T&C Auto” was T&C Salida. The district court based its finding in part on Goodart’s
affidavit, which plainly stated that “[T&C Auto] is not a former name, assumed name, or trade name
of [T&C Salida].” T&C Salida, 2012 WL 1964106, at *7 (quoting T&C Salida’s Resp. to DCS’
Mot. to Confirm Arbitration Award Ex. H, Aff. of Michael Goodart, Jan. 31, 2012, ¶ 3). DCS does
not point to anything in the record that contradicts Goodart’s affidavit. Even if DCS provided
services to a dealership owned by Goodart in Salida, Colorado, this does not necessarily mean that
T&C Salida is “T&C Auto” because, as the district court recognized, Goodart had two dealerships
in Salida. Although the correspondence between DCS and Dave Bratton, ostensibly T&C C.G.’s
general manager, used T&C Salida’s address, the letters may have reflected DCS’s confusion rather
than T&C Salida’s receipt of services. See supra, n.2. Strongly supporting the district court’s
factual determination is the statement in Goodart’s affidavit that services were supplied to 943 East
Highway 50, the address of T&C C.G.
It is true that T&C Salida, owned by Goodart, could have made things much clearer in the
court below, and here, by taking a straightforward position on what entity was referred to as “T&C
Auto.” T&C Salida did not do so, apparently with a view toward preserving an argument that T&C
C.G. is also not bound by the DCS contract. In any event, the affidavit evidence that T&C Salida
was not serviced by DCS, and that T&C C.G. was so serviced, could certainly be credited as

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weightier evidence than the addresses in the DCS-Bratton letters. The district court thus did not
clearly err in finding that “T&C Auto” was not T&C Salida.
Neither party sought a jury trial of any disputed factual issues, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 38(d), and
neither party argues, assuming that the district court had factual issues to resolve independently of
the arbitrators’ findings, that we should review such independent factual determinations other than
under a deferential “clearly erroneous” standard. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(6); First Options of Chi.,
Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 947–48 (1995); Uhl v. Komatsu Forklift Co., Ltd., 512 F.3d 294, 303
(6th Cir. 2008).
DCS does argue that the district court erred in deciding the question of whether T&C Salida
was “T&C Auto” without deferring to the arbitrators’ finding that it was. This argument is without
merit. Where arbitrators allegedly “exceeded their powers,” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4), or “awarded upon
a matter not submitted to them,” 9 U.S.C. § 11(b), due to the absence of a party’s consent, courts
need not defer to the arbitrators, because if a party did not agree to arbitration, the arbitrators have
no authority to issue an award.
It is well settled in both commercial and labor cases that whether parties have agreed
to submit a particular dispute to arbitration is typically an issue for judicial
determination. It is similarly well settled that where the dispute at issue concerns
contract formation, the dispute is generally for courts to decide.
Granite Rock Co. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 130 S. Ct. 2847, 2850–51 (2010) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted).
DCS argues that Equitable Resources v. United Steel, 621 F.3d 538, 545–49 (6th Cir. 2010),
controls this case and requires this court to treat the interpretation of “T&C Auto” as a typical
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instance of an arbitrator’s interpretation of a contract, entitling the arbitrator’s conclusion to
deference. Equitable does not control this case because Equitable voluntarily submitted to
arbitration before the arbitrator engaged in any interpretation. See id. at 541. Equitable could
perhaps affect this case if T&C Salida had clearly submitted to arbitration and an arbitrator had
found that T&C Salida was in fact “T&C Auto.” But this is not what happened; Equitable clearly
consented to arbitration prior to the arbitrator’s interpretation of the contract. When an arbitrator
finds consent to arbitration based on the arbitrator’s findings of facts or interpretation of a contract,
these findings and interpretations are not accorded deference when a party challenges the arbitrator’s
authority. Indeed, a court must find “clear and unmistakable evidence” that the parties agreed to
arbitrate the issue of arbitrability. First Options, 514 U.S. at 944.
Moreover, the district court properly found that T&C Salida was not bound to arbitrate as a
nonsignatory to the contract. DCS argues two of the theories that this court has acknowledged under
“ordinary contract and agency principles,” to provide a basis for binding a nonsignatory to an
arbitration agreement: agency and estoppel. See Javitch v. First Union Secs., 315 F.3d 619, 629 (6th
Cir. 2003) (citing Thomson-CSF v. Am. Arbitration Ass’n, 64 F.3d 773, 776 (2d Cir. 1995)). Neither
provides a basis in this case to require T&C Salida to arbitrate.
First, when Goodart agreed to Contract Amendment Number 37, there is no indication that
Goodart was acting as the agent of T&C Salida. DCS proffers two theories about Goodart’s role:
either Goodart acted as president of T&C Gunnison, which was somehow an agent of T&C Salida,
or Goodart acted as president of T&C Salida and thus was an agent of T&C Salida. DCS argues that

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T&C Salida was in either event an undisclosed principal, and accordingly, DCS can hold it to
account for its agent’s actions.
As a factual matter, there is no basis to argue that Goodart—either as president of T&C
Gunnison or as president of T&C Salida—acted on behalf of T&C Salida. The contract refers to
“T&C Auto” and, as the district court found, this was not T&C Salida. While both Michigan and
Colorado agency law allow for undisclosed principals to be liable in contract to those who contract
with their agents, see Timmerman v. Bultman, 220 N.W. 754, 755 (Mich. 1928); McCreery v.
Morrison, 105 P. 876, 877 (Colo. 1909), the question of whether an agent was acting on behalf of
a principal is generally a factual question. See, e.g., Lenart v. Ragsdale, 385 N.W.2d 282, 284
(Mich. Ct. App. 1986); Socomet, Inc. v. City of Detroit, 190 N.W.2d 551, 554 (Mich. Ct. App.
1971); McCreery, 105 P. at 877. In the absence of evidence that Goodart in either alleged capacity
was acting on behalf of T&C Salida, the district court did not clearly err in finding otherwise.
While this factual finding dooms DCS’s agency argument, there are also strong policy
arguments against accepting DCS’s broad view of principal liability. DCS’s argument would create
widespread alternative liability when any individual who happens to serve as a corporate officer of
multiple corporations signs a contract. While this would create problems for the corporations, it
would also leave third parties contracting with such individuals unsure with which corporations they
have formed a contractual relation. DCS’s agency argument fails.
Second, DCS’s estoppel argument also does not warrant reversal. DCS argues that T&C
Salida received the benefits of the contract for five years and is thus estopped from disavowing the

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arbitration provision. However, as T&C Salida points out, DCS did not raise its estoppel argument
before the district court and it is therefore waived. Moreover, DCS cites no evidence that it provided
T&C Salida with benefits for five years. In fact, there is evidence in the record that directly
contradicts DCS’s assertion. See Mot. for Leave to File Sur-Reply Ex. 1, Supp. Aff. of Michael
Goodart Feb. 21, 2012, ¶ 2 (“[T&C Salida] never received services from [DCS].”).
DCS also argues that the district court erred in finding that T&C Salida did not receive notice
of the arbitration proceedings. However, even if T&C Salida properly received notice, the more
important point is that T&C Salida did not consent to arbitration and cannot be bound as a
nonsignatory. DCS does not explain what difference notice would make, so DCS’s notice argument
does not warrant reversal.
We need not address the cases relied upon by DCS dealing with whether an arbitral decision
may be challenged as a manifest disregard of the law. Although the district court referred to the
manifest disregard standard, see T&C Salida, 2012 WL 1964106, at *7, the reference was not
necessary to the district court’s analysis, and we need not rely upon it. The district court’s judgment
is best understood as arising under the statutory bases for challenging arbitration awards.
Neither party challenges the district court’s action in partially vacating the award while
leaving the award against T&C Gunnison in place. Accordingly, we do not address the concern
mentioned by the district court that a partial vacatur—as opposed to a modification—may not be
proper under the Federal Arbitration Act.

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Finally, we acknowledge DCS’s general concern that because the principal of all the similarly
named T&C’s is Goodart, DCS is the victim of some “shell game.” But the law respects the separate
nature of different corporations, and a business wanting to rely on a contract with other businesses
is well-advised to ensure that the contract clearly indicates who the contracting parties are. The
creditors and equity holders of T&C Salida should not be harmed because Goodart has a similarly
named business down the highway and has been less than eager to admit that he or T&C C.G. owes
DCS. Moreover, our opinion in no way addresses DCS’s ability to recover from T&C Gunnison,
against which DCS has an arbitral award, or from T&C C.G., which is not a party to this appeal, and
which did receive services from DCS according to Goodart’s affidavit.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

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