Adam McCoy, et al v. Board of Education, Columbus C, et al

Filing

OPINION filed : AFFIRMED, decision not for publication. Boyce F. Martin , Jr., Circuit Judge; Eugene E. Siler , Jr., Circuit Judge and Bernice Bouie Donald, Circuit Judge (AUTHORING).

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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 13a0164n.06

FILED

No. 12-3040

Feb 13, 2013

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

ADAM McCOY and ROBIN McCOY,
individually and on behalf of John Doe, a minor,

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Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
BOARD OF EDUCATION, COLUMBUS CITY
SCHOOLS; COLUMBUS LOCAL SCHOOL
DISTRICT; GENE T. HARRIS, Superintendent;
DORA KUNZ, Program Manager,
Defendants-Appellees.
and
GARY A. STROUP, et al.,
Defendants.

ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF
OHIO

OPINION

Before: MARTIN, SILER, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.
BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. This case arises from the tragic molestation
of a fourth-grade student by his teacher in the illusory safety of the classroom. As unfortunate as the
facts of this case may be, we discern no reason under federal or state law to impute liability to the
defendants. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the decision of the district court.
I.

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Gary Stroup was a fourth-grade teacher employed by Columbus City Schools. In 1999, while
serving as a teacher at Hudson Elementary School, Stroup was engaged in an incident where he
kicked a female student in her buttocks. Soon thereafter, Stroup was involved in another incident
where a student tripped over a tub and Stroup grabbed the student’s arm. Upon investigating the two
incidents, John Tornes, the Director of Certificated Personnel, issued a formal letter in which he
directed Stroup “to ensure [he] never place[s] [his] hands on or become[s] physical with students as
a matter of direction or discipline.”
In 2000, another instance of impropriety was alleged against Stroup in which a student
claimed that Stroup had pinched students’ chests and posteriors. The incident was reported to the
principal, who believed that “conferencing with Mr. Stroup [did] not encourage correction or [a]
change [in] his behavior,” recommending “stronger discipline [sic] action” as a result. In response,
Stroup contended that his actions were in response to various behavioral problems of the students.
Tornes issued yet another letter of direction, expressly instructing Stroup “never to touch or pat the
behind of a student[,] . . . [or] to squeeze student[s’] shoulders . . . to be careful of frontal hugs . . .
[and] never to pinch a student.”
Stroup transferred to Winterset Elementary School for the 2000-2001 academic year. During
the 2003-2004 school year, a student alleged that Stroup touched his thigh. The matter was referred
to Dora Kunz, Winterset’s principal. Stroup explained that he accidentally touched the student’s leg
in an attempt to steady himself while rising from the classroom floor after assisting the student with
his work. All parties involved were satisfied with this explanation and the assurance that the contact

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was non-sexual. Kunz referred the matter to Tornes, who opted not to proceed because the
allegations of impropriety could not be fully substantiated.
The incident was revisited when the same student, in writing an unrelated apology letter to
Kunz, reasserted that Stroup had touched him in “public” areas. Stroup, in response, expressed his
displeasure “about the nonsense from earlier in [the] year” to which the student was referring. Kunz
later departed from Winterset, with Theresa Tracy (née Sadek) succeeding her as principal. Tracy
had no knowledge of this incident.
In the spring of 2005, the unfortunate sequence of events leading to this litigation arose. A
Winterset student reported that both she and the plaintiff of the present case, John Doe, had been
touched by Stroup. The student asserted that Stroup had touched Doe on at least five occasions in
the classroom. Stroup summoned Doe to review his work and, in doing so, planted his hand down
Doe’s pants and fondled his genitals. Doe did not return to Winterset after these accusations were
made.
An investigation by law enforcement and child services revealed that other students had been
victims of Stroup’s misconduct. This led to a fifteen-count indictment against Stroup for gross
sexual imposition in violation of section 2907.05 of the Ohio Revised Code. Stroup entered an
Alford plea1 for two counts and was sentenced to ten years’ incarceration, surrendering his teacher’s
license in the process.

1

See generally North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970).
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Doe, through his parents (“the McCoys”), filed suit against the Columbus City Schools’
Board of Education, the School District, Gene Harris (the current superintendent), Dora Kunz, and
Gary Stroup, alleging violations of substantive due process, Title IX, and related state tort law
claims.2 Upon completion of discovery, the Board and Kunz filed motions for summary judgment;
in response, the McCoys cross-filed a motion for partial summary judgment. The McCoys also filed
a motion for leave to amend the complaint to add Tornes as a defendant.
The magistrate judge denied the motion for leave to amend, noting that the deadline for such
motions under the pretrial scheduling order had long passed. In doing so, the court highlighted that
“[p]laintiffs knew more than two months before the deadline for motions to amend that Mr. Tornes
was a person of responsibility involved in the underlying incident. His deposition . . . was taken
three months before the filing of [the McCoys’] motion for leave to amend.” The McCoys filed a
motion for reconsideration, which the district court denied.
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants. On the state law
claims, the court concluded that the defendants were entitled to judgment as a matter of law because
of statutorily-provided immunity. The court also rejected the argument that Kunz was not entitled
to immunity because she acted in a wanton or reckless manner, explaining that “no reasonable juror
could conclude that her actions were done with knowledge or reason to know of facts that would lead
a reasonable person to believe that the conduct created an unnecessary risk of harm.” As for the

2

For ease of reference, we collectively refer to the Board, School District, and Superintendent
as “the Board,” unless noted otherwise. Kunz and Stroup are separately represented, and will be
denoted accordingly.
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McCoys’ § 1983 claims, the district court held that the superintendent’s context-based approach was
not “tantamount to a custom or policy of deliberate indifference.” With respect to Kunz, the court
concluded that “there was no pattern of abuse or notable indication of a risk of abuse”; thus, no §
1983 liability could attach. Finally, the court dismissed the McCoys’ Title IX claim because there
was no evidence that the Board “had the requisite knowledge or acted unreasonably to incur
liability.” Accordingly, except for the Stroup claims, the case was dismissed in its entirety on
summary judgment. The McCoys timely appealed.
II.
We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Chen v. Dow Chem. Co.,
580 F.3d 394, 400 (6th Cir. 2009). Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 56(a). The moving party bears the burden of proving its entitlement to summary judgment.
Rosebrough v. Buckeye Valley High Sch., 690 F.3d 427, 430 (6th Cir. 2012). In deciding the
summary judgment motion, the district court assesses “whether the evidence presents a sufficient
disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail
as a matter of law.” Wexler v. White’s Fine Furniture, Inc., 317 F.3d 564, 570 (6th Cir. 2003) (en
banc) (citation omitted). All facts are viewed and all reasonable inferences are drawn in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475
U.S. 574, 587 (1986).
Because the McCoys’ Title IX claim shares the overlapping component of deliberate
indifference with their § 1983 claims, we begin with Title IX. The statute provides that “[n]o person
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. . . shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial
assistance.” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a) (2006). The duty not to discriminate on the basis of sex extends
to include teacher-on-student sexual harassment. Williams ex rel. Hart v. Paint Valley Local Sch.
Dist., 400 F.3d 360, 366 (6th Cir. 2005). If a plaintiff proves that (1) a school district had actual
notice of the sexual harassment; and (2) exhibited deliberate indifference in light of such notice, a
school district may be held liable for damages. Id.
Even assuming that the McCoys could satisfy the actual notice prong of the Title IX inquiry,
they have failed to prove the school board’s deliberate indifference. Deliberate indifference can be
found in cases where officials of a recipient entity with authority to take corrective action, having
been advised of a Title IX violation, decide not to remedy the violation. See Gebser v. Lago Vista
Indep. Sch. Dist., 524 U.S. 274, 290-91 (1998). Put differently, deliberate indifference arises when
“school officials are aware of the misconduct but do nothing to stop it, despite [the school district’s]
ability to exercise control over the situation.” Horner v. Ky. High Sch. Athletic Assn., 206 F.3d 685,
692 (6th Cir. 2000). The recipient entity’s response to the harassment must be clearly unreasonable
in light of the known circumstances to be actionable under Title IX. Davis v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of
Educ., 526 U.S. 629, 648 (1999). “[T]he deliberate indifference must, at a minimum, ‘cause
[students] to undergo harassment or ‘make them liable or vulnerable’ to it.” Id. at 644.
A failure to take any disciplinary action despite reports of repeated sexual harassment rises
to the level of deliberate indifference. See id. at 654 (noting that a school board may have exhibited
deliberate indifference because no attempt at investigating or ameliorating the harassment took
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place). In less obvious cases, the proportionality of the school’s response in light of available
information lies at the heart of the indifference analysis. See id. at 648 (“School administrators will
continue to enjoy the flexibility they require so long as funding recipients are deemed ‘deliberately
indifferent’ to acts of . . . harassment only when the recipient’s response to the harassment or lack
thereof is clearly unreasonable in light of the known circumstances.”) (emphasis added).
Two of our cases illustrate the relationship between school officials’ level of knowledge and
the reasonableness of their actions. In Patterson v. Hudson Area Schools, 551 F.3d 438 (6th Cir.
2009), a school district was made aware of pervasive verbal and physical student-on-student
harassment that took place over the span of four years. School officials, cognizant of the escalating
harassment, responded mostly by verbally reprimanding the harassing students. Id. at 448. These
reprimands, while effective in admonishing a particular harassing student, failed to stop the systemic
harassment of the targeted student. See id. Aggravating the indifference was the fact that the school
district had once successfully combated the harassment at a systemic level, but later made a
conscious decision not to continue with such an effective system. Id. at 448-49. In light of the
school district’s failure to employ more effective methods in light of increasing degrees of
harassment and its own awareness that its measures were ineffective, we concluded that the
continued employment of such ineffective methods in light of increasingly severe harassment
provided a genuine issue of material fact as to the school district’s deliberate indifference. See id.
at 450.
Similarly, in Vance v. Spencer County Public School District, 231 F.3d 253 (6th Cir. 2000),
a female student was repeatedly exposed to verbal and physical harassment that increased in severity,
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culminating in an attempted sexual assault and repeated sexual propositions by fellow students. Id.
at 256-57. An investigation never occurred; instead, a teacher spoke with the students implicated
in the harassment, including the victim-plaintiff. Id. at 262. We determined that inaction in these
circumstances reflected a deliberate indifference. Id.
In contrast to these two cases, the nature and severity of Stroup’s misconduct was not as
apparent to school officials. Even assuming that the sequence of events provided actual notice to
the district and its officials, the propriety of the district’s response is measured by the known
circumstances—i.e., there is a connection between what school officials know and whether their
response is clearly unreasonable. Here, the known circumstances were sparse; prior to Doe’s
allegations, the school was made aware of several instances of physical contact that were ostensibly
non-sexual but could have served as potential indicia for sexual malfeasance. Confronting these
facts, the school district conducted an informal investigation in each instance, responding with either
a directive to Stroup not to engage in physical contact or no action if the investigation was
inconclusive.
In hindsight, the school district could certainly have done more. But this is not the standard
by which we impose liability. Rather, we look to whether the school district’s actions were clearly
unreasonable so as to rise to the level of deliberate indifference. See Davis, 526 U.S. at 648. Given
the close call as to the nature of the allegations previously made against Stroup, it was not clearly
unreasonable for the school district to have issued letters directing Stroup not to engage in such
physical contact. Had there been a more discernible and explicit form of sexual harassment, in the
form of verbal or physical sexual contact, the district’s decision to repeat its measures may have
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constituted deliberate indifference. Without more, however, the McCoys’ Title IX claim fails under
the summary judgment standard.
III.
For the same reason, the McCoys’ § 1983 claims must also fail. Section 1983 permits a
person deprived of “any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws,”
under the color of “any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State,” to seek
redress. In this case, however, the statute does not provide a valid basis for seeking redress against
the school board or the individually-named defendants.
A.
We first examine the McCoys’ municipal liability claim. To determine its validity, we look
to (1) whether the plaintiff has asserted that he has been deprived of a constitutional right; and (2)
whether the municipal educational entity is responsible for that violation. Doe v. Claiborne Cnty.,
103 F.3d 495, 505-06 (6th Cir. 1996). In Doe, we held that “a schoolchild’s right to personal
security and to bodily integrity manifestly embraces the right to be free from sexual abuse at the
hands of a public school employee.” Id. at 506. In the present case, none of the Appellees contest
the conclusion that Doe’s injuries would constitute a deprivation of a constitutional right. Therefore,
for municipal liability purposes, the remaining inquiry is whether the Board is responsible for that
violation. See id. at 507.
A school board “cannot be found liable unless the plaintiff can establish that an officially
executed policy, or the toleration of a custom within the school district, leads to, causes, or results
in the deprivation of a constitutionally protected right.” Id. “A ‘custom’ for purposes of Monell
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liability must ‘be so permanent and well settled as to constitute a custom or usage with the force of
law.’” Id. (quoting Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978)). Liability cannot be
imposed under a respondeat superior theory; rather, a plaintiff must show that the board itself is the
wrongdoer. Id.
To establish liability on a theory of inaction, as the McCoys do, the plaintiffs must establish:
(1) the existence of a clear and persistent pattern of sexual abuse by school
employees;
(2) notice or constructive notice on the part of the School Board;
(3) the School Board’s tacit approval of the unconstitutional conduct, such that their
deliberate indifference in their failure to act can be said to amount to an official
policy of inaction; and
(4) that the School Board’s custom was the “moving force” or direct causal link in
the constitutional deprivation.
Id. The absence of deliberate indifference pursuant to a Title IX claim is fatal to a companion
municipal liability claim made under § 1983. See Henderson v. Walled Lake Consol. Schs., 469 F.3d
479, 492 (6th Cir. 2006). That absence is dispositive here. As with their Title IX claim, the McCoys
cannot demonstrate that the district’s policy of inaction rose to the level of deliberate indifference.
Accordingly, they cannot prevail on their municipal liability claim.
In truth, little in the record on appeal is devoted to developing and synthesizing the municipal
liability claim. The bulk of the McCoys’ briefs on appeal is devoted to Tornes’ and Kunz’s
individual inactions and inadequacies. The best synthesis of their municipal liability claim, however,
comes from the McCoys’ motion for partial summary judgment:

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CCS employees and agents were given no direction as to what conduct to watch out
for, when and how to report allegations of abuse, how to conduct a proper
investigation, how to document and file relevant facts, how to communicate essential
knowledge both between school administrators . . . and CCS administrators, or how
to utilize disciplinary procedures in a manner that would not only respect faculty due
process considerations but would protect student victims. . . .
In other words, the McCoys’ § 1983 claim against the Board is that the Board had no policy, leaving
individual complaints to be dealt with contextually per an administrator’s discretion. While the
McCoys attempt to classify this as an official policy of inaction, the mere showing of the absence
of a policy is insufficient: the McCoys must also prove that the need to act was obvious and that the
Board’s decision not to have a policy in place was a conscious one. See id. Having failed to
demonstrate both, the McCoys have no valid basis for asserting a § 1983 claim against the Board.
The McCoys also argue that the aggregate of instances in which an individual supervisor
(e.g., Kunz or Tornes) failed to further investigate a reported incident collectively constitutes an
official policy of inaction that reflected the Board’s conscious decision to be deliberately indifferent.
Even if it were true that these supervisors were recklessly passive and reckless in their failure to
probe further into the allegations against Stroup, their collective failure to act was not a Monell
custom in the sense that there was no conscious act on the part of the school board to deliberately
engage in a course of action or inaction in light of Stroup’s unconstitutional conduct. See Doe, 103
F.3d at 508. Therefore, the district court properly dismissed the McCoys’ § 1983 claims against the
Board.
B.

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We turn next to the individual capacity claims. Qualified immunity protects government
officials performing discretionary functions from liability so long as their conduct does not amount
to a violation of clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person
would have known. Andrews v. Hickman Cnty., 700 F.3d 845, 853 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing Harlow
v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). To ascertain whether a district court’s decision concerning
qualified immunity was properly decided, we proceed as follows:
First, we determine whether, based upon the applicable law, the facts viewed in the
light most favorable to the plaintiff show that a constitutional violation has occurred.
Second, we consider whether the violation involved a clearly established
constitutional right of which a reasonable person would have known. Third, we
determine whether the plaintiff has offered sufficient evidence “to indicate that what
the official allegedly did was objectively unreasonable in light of the clearly
established constitutional rights.”
Holzemer v. City of Memphis, 621 F.3d 512, 519 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Feathers v. Aey, 319 F.3d
843, 848 (6th Cir. 2003)). This is not, however, a mandatory sequence of analysis. See Pearson v.
Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009).
As noted above, a schoolchild’s right to be free from sexual abuse is clearly established.
Therefore, the only remaining inquiries are whether Harris’ and Kunz’s actions violated this longestablished right, and whether there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate that their actions were
objectively unreasonable.
From the outset, we hold that Superintendent Harris is not liable under a theory of
supervisory liability, contrary to the McCoys’ allegation. For such liability to attach, the official in
question must “encourage[] the specific incident of misconduct or in some other way directly
participate[] in it.” See Doe, 103 F.3d at 513. This must be tantamount to tacit authorization of the
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abuse. Id. As Superintendent Harris was not in her present position at the time the prior misconduct
occurred, we cannot conclude that she is liable under a supervisory liability theory.
This leaves Kunz. In considering whether her actions (or lack thereof) violated Doe’s rights,
we must be mindful that the alleged deprivation must occur under the color of state law to constitute
a cognizable violation. See id. at 511. Section 1983's color of law component requires that the
individual be empowered with some legal obligation to act, either by statute or by judicial
implication. See id. at 512. “If state law does not impose a duty to take action, ‘there is no conduit
through which an exercise of state power can be said to have caused the constitutional injury.’” Id.
This is where the McCoys’ claim against Kunz falls short. Ohio law requires teachers, school
employees, and other school authorities to immediately report knowledge or a suspicion that a child
under the age of eighteen “has suffered or faces a threat of suffering any physical or mental wound,
injury, disability, or condition of a nature that reasonably indicates abuse or neglect of the child.”
Ohio Rev. Code § 2151.421(A)(1)(a) (2012). This standard, however, is a subjective one. Kraynak
v. Youngstown City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 889 N.E.2d 528, 531 (Ohio 2008). Nothing in the record
suggests that Kunz had substantiated knowledge or suspicion as to any sexual misconduct by Stroup.
While the incident concerning Stroup’s touching of a student’s thigh provided some scintilla of the
potential for abuse, it appears her informal investigation extinguished any doubts in Kunz’s mind
as to the nature of the contact, thus eliminating the need to report such contact. Under the subjective
standard, Kunz had no duty to report and thus did not act under the color of state law.
Relatedly, we note the absence of evidence demonstrating a strong likelihood that Stroup
would attempt to sexually abuse other students. See Doe, 103 F.3d at 513. Plainly stated, Kunz did
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not have much information to work with; the thigh-grabbing incident was resolved as non-sexual
accidental contact. However sloppy, reckless, or neglectful Kunz’s investigation and subsequent
failure to follow up may have been, that alone is insufficient for § 1983 liability—the law requires
deliberate indifference. See id. Hence, the district court properly granted summary judgment in
favor of Kunz and Harris.
IV.
The McCoys also appeal the district court’s decision to dismiss their negligence and
recklessness claims on grounds of the statutory immunity accorded by Ohio law. In doing so, they
assert that public policy compels an abrogation of immunity in instances where school authorities
fail to report “prior incidents that allowed the offending teacher to maintain the contact needed to
serially abuse.”
Whatever the wisdom of the McCoys’ policy arguments may be, the reality is that Ohio law
provides no valid basis for us to deprive the Appellees of state law immunity. Section 2744.02 of
the Ohio Revised Code provides that “a political subdivision is not liable in damages in a civil action
for injury, death, or loss to person or property allegedly caused by any act or omission of the political
subdivision or an employee of the political subdivision in connection with a governmental or
proprietary function.” School districts and the public education provided by such systems are
considered political subdivisions and governmental functions, respectively. See Ohio Rev. Code §§
2744.01(C)(2)(c), 2744.01(F).
The statute also provides exceptions to immunity. See, e.g., id. § 2744.02(B). One such
exception is for instances in which Ohio law statutorily imposes civil liability on the political
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subdivision. Id. § 2744.02(B)(5). But that exception does not apply here. Section 2151.421, which
codifies the reporting requirements for school authorities, does not expressly impose civil liability
that fits within the parameters of section 2744.02(B)(5). The newly-added section 2151.421(M),
which would otherwise allow for the imposition of civil liability, was enacted too late to apply to the
facts of the present case. See Roe v. Planned Parenthood S.W. Ohio Region, 912 N.E.2d 61, 69
(Ohio 2009) (“[Section 2151.421(M)] affects a substantive right, and its retroactive application
would violate due process.”).
The McCoys argue that the cumulative effect of the prior events entitle the McCoys to rely
on the earlier iteration of section 2744.02(B)(5), which excepted immunity in cases where there was
any liability, either criminal or civil. In the spirit of the legislative desire to protect children from
abuse, the McCoys posit that an exception for immunity as to the state law claims should be found.
As the district court properly noted, the appropriate audience for such an argument is “the
Ohio General Assembly and not this Court.” Lacking any guidance from the Ohio legislature and
courts as to the wisdom of the McCoys’ public policy arguments, we decline to conclude that public
policy compels us to deprive the Appellees of immunity.
V.
Finally, we address an ancillary procedural argument. The McCoys assert an unusual
conditional claim on appeal with respect to the district court’s denial of their motion to amend: if
we hold that the McCoys have no genuine dispute of material fact to survive summary judgment
without Tornes as a defendant, then the district court’s denial of their motion to amend their
complaint to include him was an abuse of discretion that unduly prejudiced their claim. The
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condition, however, is unnecessary. Regardless of whether Tornes is a party to the suit, the McCoys’
claims cannot survive the summary judgment standard.
A district court’s denial of a motion to amend the pleadings is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. Rose v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., 203 F.3d 417, 420 (6th Cir. 2000). An abuse
of discretion only arises if the decision leaves this court with a “definite and firm conviction that the
trial court committed a clear error of judgment.” Hall v. Liberty Life Assurance Co. of Boston, 595
F.3d 270, 275 (6th Cir. 2010).
Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure allows amendment of a pleading once as a
matter of course. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1). Beyond that, a party may amend a pleading with either
leave of court or the opposing party’s written consent. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Courts are
encouraged to give leave “when justice so requires.” Id. In determining whether a district court
properly decided a motion for leave to amend the pleadings, we consider factors including “undue
delay in filing, lack of notice to the opposing party, bad faith by the moving party, repeated failure
to cure deficiencies by previous amendments, undue prejudice to the opposing party, and futility of
amendment.” Wade v. Knoxville Utils. Bd., 259 F.3d 452, 458-59 (6th Cir. 2001). “When
amendment is sought at a late stage in the litigation, there is an increased burden to show
justification for failing to move earlier.” Id.
The McCoys demonstrate none of the relevant factors in support of their argument. Their
sole basis of claiming error is the fact that they were not aware of the full extent of Tornes’
knowledge and authority until discovery was complete. As the district court noted, however, the
McCoys were cognizant of Tornes’ role in handling the allegations of abuse more than two months
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prior to the deadline for filing all motions to amend under the pretrial scheduling order. The
pleading standards allow for Tornes to be included as a defendant so long as the McCoys had
sufficient facts that “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face” and sufficient to “raise a right
to relief above the speculative level.” See Handy-Clay v. City of Memphis, 695 F.3d 531, 538 (6th
Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). While the McCoys contend that they were unaware of the full extent
of Tornes’ involvement until after the conclusion of discovery, the pleading standards do not require
such exactitude. With little to excuse the tardiness of their amendment, we conclude that the district
court did not abuse its discretion in denying the McCoys’ motion for leave to amend the pleadings.
VI.
For these reasons, the decision of the district court is AFFIRMED.

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