Trung Hoang v. Eric Holder, Jr.

Filing

FILED OPINION (BETTY BINNS FLETCHER, FERDINAND F. FERNANDEZ and JAY S. BYBEE) GRANTED; REMANDED. Judge: BBF Authoring, Judge: JSB Dissenting. FILED AND ENTERED JUDGMENT. [7754637]

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FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT



TRUNG THANH HOANG,
Petitioner,
ERIC H. HOLDER
General,

v.
JR., Attorney
Respondent.




No. 09-72954
Agency No.
A074-465-074
OPINION

On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted
November 3, 2010—Seattle, Washington
Filed May 17, 2011
Before: Betty B. Fletcher, Ferdinand F. Fernandez, and
Jay S. Bybee, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge B. Fletcher;
Dissent by Judge Bybee

6507

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COUNSEL
Scott Allen Marks, Law Offices of Scott A. Marks, Seattle,
Washington, and Matthew Weber, Miami, Florida, for the
petitioner.
Allison Frayer and Zoe Jaye Heller, United States Department
of Justice, Office of Immigration Litigation, Washington,
D.C., for the respondent.

OPINION
B. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge:
Petitioner, Trung Thanh Hoang, seeks review of the Board
of Immigration Appeals’s (BIA’s) decision affirming an
Immigration Judge’s (IJ’s) order of removal. This case
requires us to determine whether petitioner’s state misdemeanor conviction for rendering criminal assistance is a crime
related to obstruction of justice and thus constitutes an aggravated felony under Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)
§ 101(a)(43)(S), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(S). We have jurisdiction to determine as a matter of law whether petitioner has
been convicted of an aggravated felony. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(a)(2)(D); Madujano-Real v. Mukasey, 526 F.3d 585,
588 (9th Cir. 2008). Because the BIA conducted an independent review, we review the BIA’s decision rather than the

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IJ’s. Vasquez v. Holder, 602 F.3d 1003, 1009 (9th Cir. 2010).
We grant the petition.
I.
Hoang is a native and citizen of Vietnam who was admitted
to the United States as a refugee in 1994. He became a lawful
permanent resident in 1997. In 2000, Hoang pleaded guilty to
rendering criminal assistance in the second degree, a misdemeanor in violation of Washington Revised Code § 9A.76.080.1
Hoang’s plea agreement admits that he “[d]id unlawfully render criminal assistance to a person who has committed a class
B Felony (Drive by shooting) by providing such person transportation.” Hoang was sentenced to one year imprisonment
and discharged in October 2002.
In 2006, Hoang’s application to become a naturalized U.S.
citizen was denied on account of his 2000 conviction. On
October 9, 2007, the INS charged Hoang with being removable as an aggravated felon who had committed a crime of
obstruction of justice (as defined by 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(43)(S)). After a hearing, the IJ issued a written
decision sustaining the charge and ordered Hoang removed to
Vietnam. Hoang timely appealed.
On August 31, 2009, in an unpublished, one-member order,
the BIA upheld the IJ’s decision. The BIA reasoned that
because (1) the elements of Washington Revised Code
§ 9A.76.080 are the same as the elements of the federal accessory after the fact statute; and (2) In Re Batista-Hernandez, 21
I. & N. Dec. 955 (1997) (en banc), held that federal accessory
after the fact is a crime related to obstruction of justice; then
(3) rendering criminal assistance in violation of § 9A.76.080
1

Washington Revised Code § 9A.76.080 provides, in relevant part: “A
person is guilty of rendering criminal assistance in the second degree if he
or she renders criminal assistance to a person who has committed or is
being sought for a class B or class C felony.”

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is a crime related to obstruction of justice. The BIA rejected
Hoang’s claim that his crime was not a categorical match for
the definition of the generic obstruction of justice crime provided in In Re Espinoza-Gonzalez, 22 I. & N. Dec. 889 (1999)
(en banc). The BIA stated that in Espinoza-Gonzalez, the BIA
“reaffirmed rather than overruled” Batista-Hernandez. This
petition followed.
II.
The INA defines the term “aggravated felony” to include,
as relevant here, “an offense related to obstruction of justice”
for which the term of imprisonment is at least one year.2 INA
§ 101(a)(43)(S), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(S). To determine
whether rendering criminal assistance constitutes obstruction
of justice within the meaning of § 1101(a)(43)(S), we first
apply the categorical approach set forth in Taylor v. United
States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990).
Under the categorical approach, we compare “the elements
of the statute of conviction with the federal definition of the
crime to determine whether conduct proscribed by the [state]
statute is broader than the generic federal definition.” Fregozo
v. Holder, 576 F.3d 1030, 1035 (9th Cir. 2009) (alteration and
citation omitted). To determine the elements of a federal
generic crime, we must first consider whether Congress provided any specific guidance. Estrada-Espinoza v. Mukasey,
546 F.3d 1147, 1152 (9th Cir. 2008). Though the United
States criminal code includes a chapter entitled “Obstruction
of Justice,” 18 U.S.C. §§ 1501-1521, it does not clearly set
forth the elements of a generic federal obstruction of justice
crime;3 nor does § 1101(a)(43)(S) provide a generic definition. Renteria-Morales v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 1076, 1086 (9th
2
Hoang does not contest on appeal that he was sentenced to at least one
year of imprisonment.
3
We are aware that the Third Circuit recently held that the phrase “a
crime relating to obstruction of justice” is unambiguous as used in the
INA, and thus did not defer to the BIA’s interpretation of that term. Denis
v. Attorney Gen. of the U.S., 633 F.3d 201, 209 (3d. Cir. 2011) (“Title 18
of the U.S. Code contains a list of crimes entitled ‘obstruction of justice,’
permitting [the courts] to easily determine the types of conduct Congress
intended the phrase to encompass.”)

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Cir. 2008). Consequently, we must determine whether the
agency charged with implementing the INA has defined the
term. Id. We defer to the BIA’s reasonable interpretations of
ambiguous terms in the INA. See id. (citing Chevron, U.S.A.
Inc., v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 476 U.S. 837, 843
(1984)).
A.
[1] In Espinoza-Gonzalez, 22 I. & N. Dec. 889, the BIA
defined the term obstruction of justice for the purposes of the
INA. The issue in Espinoza-Gonzalez was whether the alien’s
conviction for misprision of a felony, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 4,4 was a crime related to obstruction of justice. 22
I. & N. Dec. at 889-90. The BIA looked to the chapter of the
federal criminal code entitled “Obstruction of Justice” to
guide its interpretation of the term.5 Id. at 891-94. It concluded that “[i]n general, the obstruction of justice offenses
listed in 18 U.S.C. §§ 1501-1518 have as an element interference with the proceedings of a tribunal or require an intent to
4

The federal criminal code defines misprision of a felony as follows:
Whoever, having knowledge of the actual commission of a felony
cognizable by a court of the United States, conceals and does not
as soon as possible make known the same to some judge or other
person in civil or military authority under the United States, shall
be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than three years,
or both.

18 U.S.C. § 4.
5
Two years after Espinoza-Gonzalez, the BIA reaffirmed that the term
obstruction of justice is to be defined by reference to the federal criminal
code. It stated:
In [Espinoza-Gonzalez], we discussed how the term “an offense
relating to obstruction of justice” was to be treated for immigration purposes. We concluded that misprision of a felony was not
an offense relating to obstruction of justice because it lacked the
essential elements that were included in the federal obstruction of
justice crimes enumerated in 18 U.S.C. §§ 1501-1518.
In re Martinez-Recinos, 23 I. & N. Dec. 175, 176-77 (2001).

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harm or retaliate against others who cooperate in the process
of justice or might otherwise so cooperate.” Id. at 891. The
BIA emphasized that:
Congress did not adopt a generic descriptive phrase
such as “obstructing justice” or “obstruct justice,”
but chose instead a term of art utilized in the United
States Code to designate a specific list of crimes. It
employed that term in conjunction with other crimes
(e.g., perjury and bribery) that also are clearly associated with the affirmative obstruction of a proceeding or investigation. We do not believe that every
offense that, by its nature, would tend to “obstruct
justice” is an offense that should be properly classified as “obstruction of justice.”
Id. at 893-94 (emphasis added). The BIA noted that the
Supreme Court has interpreted the term “obstruction of justice” narrowly. Id. at 892-93 (citing United States v. Aguilar,
515 U.S. 593, 598-99 (1995) (holding that making false statements to an FBI agent was not obstruction of justice absent
evidence that the declarant knew the statements would be provided to a grant jury)). Misprison of a felony, the BIA concluded, was not categorically obstruction of justice because it
“lacks the critical element of an affirmative and intentional
attempt, motivated by specific intent, to interfere with the process of justice.” Id. at 894.
[2] We have twice afforded Chevron deference to
Espinoza-Gonzales. In Renteria-Morales v. Mukasey, 551
F.3d 1076, 1086 (9th Cir. 2008), we held that EspinozaGonzalez “articulated both an actus reus and mens rea element of the generic definition of [obstruction of justice]
crimes for purposes of § 1101(a)(43)(S).” We described the
actus reus as “either active interference with proceedings of
a tribunal or investigation, or action or threat of action against
those who would cooperate with the process of justice;” and
the mens rea as “specific intent to interfere with the process

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of justice.” Id. at 1086 (quoting Espinoza-Gonzalez, 22 I. &
N. Dec. at 892-93).6 We concluded that Espinoza-Gonzalez
represented a reasonable construction of § 1101(a)(43)(S)
because it “deriv[ed] the definition of ‘obstruction of justice’
for purposes of § 1101(a)(43)(S) from the body of federal
statutes imposing criminal penalties on obstruction-of-justice
offenses.” Id.; see also Salazar-Luviano v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d
857, 861-62 (9th Cir. 2008) (deferring to Espinoza-Gonzalez
and analyzing whether petitioner’s offense was related to any
of the provisions in the federal criminal code chapter entitled
“Obstruction of Justice”). In light of our precedent, we look
to Espinoza-Gonzalez to supply the definition of the generic
federal obstruction of justice offense.
B.
“After determining the elements of the generic crime listed
in § 1101(a)(43)(S), we next identify the elements of the specific crime of conviction.” Salazar-Luviano, 551 F.3d at 860.
“We do not defer to the BIA’s interpretations of state law or
provisions of the federal criminal code, and instead must
review de novo whether the specific crime of conviction
meets the INA’s definition of an aggravated felony.” Id. at
860-61 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “If the
statute of conviction criminalizes conduct that would not satisfy the federal definition of the crime at issue, then the conviction does not qualify as a predicate offense under the
categorical approach.” Fregozo, 576 F.3d at 1035 (quoting
Quintero-Salazar v. Keisler, 506 F.3d 688, 692 (9th Cir.
2007)) (alteration omitted).
6

We disagree with the dissent’s conclusion that this opinion newly interprets Espinoza-Gonzalez. See Dissent at 6527 (“[The majority] applies its
own interpretation of the standard articulated by the BIA in EspinozaGonzalez.”). Our discussion of the actus reus and mens rea elements of the
generic obstruction of justice crime is taken directly from the BIA’s discussion in Espinoza-Gonzalez and our binding, precedential decisions in
Renteria-Morales v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 1076, 1086 (9th Cir. 2008), and
Salazar-Luviano v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 857, 860 (9th Cir. 2008).

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Washington Revised Code § 9A.76.050 defines rendering
criminal assistance for the purposes of § 9A.76.080. It states
that a person renders criminal assistance if:
[W]ith intent to prevent, hinder, or delay the apprehension or prosecution of another person he knows
has committed a crime or juvenile offense or is being
sought by law enforcement officials for the commission of a crime or juvenile offense he:
(1) Harbors or conceals such person; or
(2) Warns such person of impending discovery or apprehension; or
(3) Provides such person with money,
transportation, disguise, or other means of
avoiding discovery or apprehension; or
(4) Prevents or obstructs, by use of force,
deception, or threat, anyone from performing an act that might aid in the discovery or
apprehension of such person; or
(5) Conceals, alters, or destroys any physical evidence that might aid in the discovery
or apprehension of such person; or
(6) Provides such person with a weapon.
WASH. REV. CODE § 9A.76.050.
[3] By the statute’s plain language, rendering criminal
assistance in violation of Washington law has three elements.
Defendant must (1) have the “intent to prevent, hinder or
delay the apprehension or prosecution of another person”; (2)
“know the person has committed a crime or juvenile offense
or is being sought by law enforcement officials for the com-

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mission of a crime or juvenile offense”; and (3) commit one
of the statutorily enumerated acts, including, as relevant here,
providing transportation to the offender.
[4] Washington Revised Code § 9A.76.080 criminalizes
conduct falling outside the bounds of the generic federal
obstruction of justice crime as defined by Espinoza-Gonzalez
because it does not require that defendant commit an act
involving “either active interference with proceedings of a tribunal or investigation, or action or threat of action against
those who would cooperate with the process of justice.” 22 I.
& N. Dec. at 893 (emphasis added). In Salazar-Luviano, we
held that an individual cannot actively interfere with the proceedings of a tribunal or investigation unless, at the time of
defendant’s act, such a proceeding was pending. 551 F.3d at
862-63; see also Aguilar, 515 U.S. at 597-98. SalazarLuviano considered whether escape from custody, as criminalized by 18 U.S.C. § 751, was an offense relating to
obstruction of justice. We concluded that:
Because a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 751 does not
require the existence of a pending judicial proceeding, much less knowledge of or specific intent to
obstruct such a proceeding, one could violate § 751
while serving a sentence in federal prison after the
conclusion of all judicial proceedings, for example,
or (as here) while in detention before the commencement of any judicial proceedings.
551 F.3d at 862-63. We acknowledged that the Government
was “probably correct” that an escape from custody “impedes
the prospective judicial or tribunal process,” but held that was
insufficient, under the BIA’s narrow interpretation of the term
obstruction of justice, to bring petitioner’s crime within the
meaning of § 1101(a)(43)(S). 551 F.3d at 863 (emphasis
added).
[5] This case is analogous to Salazar-Luviano. A defendant
could be convicted of rendering criminal assistance in viola-

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tion of Washington law if he provided transportation to an
individual he knows is subject to a pending investigation or
proceeding—but he could also be convicted if he provides
transportation to an individual he knows has committed a
crime, before any investigation or judicial proceeding has
begun. The state statute of conviction is divisible, and a conviction for misdemeanor rendering criminal assistance does
not necessarily require the defendant to have provided transportation to an individual who had committed and was being
sought for a crime. Providing transportation to an individual
who has committed a crime may “impede[ ] the prospective
judicial process,” Salazar-Luviano, 551 F.3d at 863, and it is
certainly criminal. But that is insufficient to make it obstruction of justice. Espinoza-Gonzalez, 22 I. & N. Dec. at 893-94.
Because Washington Revised Code § 9A.76.080 does not
require the necessary actus reus, a violation of that statute is
not categorically obstruction of justice.
C.
The BIA’s decision in Batista-Hernandez, 21 I. & N. Dec.
955, does not compel a different conclusion. BatistaHernandez (decided two years before Espinoza-Gonzalez)
considered whether an immigrant who was convicted as an
accessory after the fact pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3 was removable because he had committed a crime relating to obstruction
of justice.7 21 I. & N. Dec. at 961.
Batista-Hernandez’s discussion of 18 U.S.C. § 3 and
obstruction of justice is cursory. It states, in its entirety:
18 U.S.C. § 3 clearly relates to obstruction of justice.
In so finding, we note that the wording of 18 U.S.C.
7

18 U.S.C. § 3 provides that “[w]hoever, knowing that an offense
against the United States has been committed, receives, relieves, comforts
or assists the offender in order to hinder or prevent his apprehension, trial
or punishment” is subject to imprisonment.

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§ 3 itself indicates its relation to obstruction of justice, for the statute criminalizes actions knowingly
taken to “hinder or prevent (another’s) apprehension,
trial or punishment.” Moreover, as the D.C. Circuit
stated in United States v. Barlow, [470 F.2d 1245,
1253-54 (D.C. Cir. 1972)], the nature of being an
accessory after the fact lies essentially in obstructing
justice and preventing the arrest of the offender.[8]
This case law lends further support to our conclusion
that the respondent’s crime meets the definition of an
obstruction of justice offense.”
21 I. & N. Dec. at 961.
While we defer to the BIA’s definitions of ambiguous
terms in the INA, we do not defer to the BIA’s every conclusion that a particular crime is a removable offense. See, e.g.,
Renteria-Morales, 551 F.3d at 1081 (“We view de novo
whether the specific crime of conviction meets the INA’s definition of an aggravated felony.”); Mandujano-Real, 526 F.3d
at 588-89 (“The answer to [the] question [of whether petitioner’s conviction is an aggravated felony] lies in interpretation
8

United States v. Barlow, 470 F.2d 1245, 1253-54 (D.C. Cir. 1972)
noted:
The gist of being an accessory after the fact lies essentially in
obstructing justice by rendering assistance to hinder or prevent
the arrest of the offender after he has committed the crime. Evidence of this offense is most frequently found in acts which harbor, protect and conceal the individual criminal such as by
driving him away after he commits a murder. The very definition
of the crime also requires that the felony not be in progress when
the assistance is rendered because then he who renders assistance
would aid in the commission of the offense and be guilty as a
principal. That is precisely the situation we have here.
470 F.2d at 1253-54. When the quoted language from Barlow is read in
context, it establishes nothing more than the fact that one cannot be convicted as an accessory after the fact for assistance rendered during the
commission of a crime.

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of an Oregon criminal statute: this is a matter that is not committed to the BIA’s expertise. Accordingly, we owe no deference to the BIA’s resolution of this question on appeal.”). To
determine whether a state or federal conviction constitutes a
removable offense, the BIA undertakes a two-part inquiry.
First, the BIA must determine the elements of the state or federal conviction. Fregozo, 576 F.3d at 1034 (citing MarmolejoCampos v. Holder, 558 F.3d 903, 907 (9th Cir. 2009) (en
banc)). As the BIA has no statutory expertise in such matters,
“we review de novo its determination of the elements of the
offense for which the petitioner was convicted.” Fregozo, 576
F.3d at 1034. Second, the BIA must “construe the INA by
defining a particular removable offense and applying that definition to a petitioner’s state conviction.” Id. We defer to the
BIA’s determinations on the second question to the extent that
the BIA’s interpretation is reasonable and precedential. Id. at
1034-35.
Thus, Batista-Hernandez is relevant to the categorical analysis in this case only to the extent it defines obstruction of justice and applies that definition to the identified elements of 18
U.S.C. § 3. Batista-Hernandez does neither. It merely concludes that violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3 is obstruction of justice
without defining the ambiguous term, identifying the elements
of the statute of conviction, or applying a definition of
obstruction of justice to the statute. See 21 I. & N. Dec. at
961. Accordingly, we do not defer to Batista-Hernandez.
In this case, the BIA was correct that Espinoza-Gonzalez,
which defined the generic obstruction of justice crime, did not
overrule Batista-Hernandez.9 Espinoza-Gonzalez distinguished misprison of a felony from accessory after the fact on
the grounds that the latter both “references the specific purpose for which” the act is done, 22 I. & N. Dec. at 894, and
9

The fact that Espinoza-Gonzalez did not overrule Batista-Hernandez
does not, as the dissent suggests, lead to the inevitable conclusion that
Batista-Hernandez is entitled to deference. Dissent at 6526-27.

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requires “as an element either active interference with proceedings of a tribunal or investigation, or action or threat of
action against those who would cooperate in the process of
justice.” Id. at 895. The BIA stated that “concealment of a
crime is qualitatively different from an affirmative action to
hinder or prevent another’s apprehension, trial, or punishment. It is a lesser offense to conceal a crime where there is
no investigation or proceeding, or even an intent to hinder the
process of justice . . . .” Id. at 895 (emphasis added). Taken
as a whole, Espinoza-Gonzalez does not suggest that the BIA
considered accessory after the fact to be an offense relating to
obstruction of justice even though it does not require the
defendant to interfere with an ongoing proceeding or investigation. The language used indicates that the BIA now concludes that accessory after the fact is an obstruction of justice
crime when it interferes with an ongoing proceeding or investigation. Thus, we disagree with the dissent’s apparent conclusion that in Espinoza-Gonzalez, the BIA recognized that
Batista-Hernandez provided a supplemental definition of
obstruction of justice not requiring interference with an ongoing proceeding or investigation. Dissent at 6524. The definition provided in Espinoza-Gonzalez—the actus reus and mens
rea necessary for a crime to categorically match generic
obstruction of justice—controls.
III.

Modified Categorical Analysis

[6] Even though § 9A.76.080 criminalizes a broader range
of conduct than the generic obstruction of justice crime as
defined in Espinoza-Gonzalez, Hoang’s conviction may still
qualify as a crime related to obstruction of justice under the
modified categorical approach.10 Under the modified categori10
Because the BIA concluded that § 9A.76.080 was categorically a
crime related to obstruction of justice, it did not engage in a modified categorical analysis. The Government does not suggest that we should remand
pursuant to INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 17-18 (2002), and instead contents itself to rely upon the record as it now stands. Further, in the ordinary
case reversing the BIA’s conclusion that petitioner’s conviction is a categorically a removable offense, we need not remand to allow the BIA to
apply the modified categorical approach in the first instance. FernandezRuiz v. Gonzales, 466 F.3d 1121, 1132-33 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc).

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cal approach, we “conduct a limited examination of documents in the record of conviction” to determine whether
petitioner was necessarily convicted of all of the elements of
the generic crime. Renteria-Morales, 551 F.3d at 1082 (quoting Ferreria v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 1091, 1095 (9th Cir.
2004)). If the petitioner pleaded guilty, the examination of the
record is “limited to the terms of the charging document, the
terms of a plea agreement or transcript of [the plea] colloquy
. . . or to some comparable judicial record” in which the petitioner confirmed the factual basis for the plea. Shepard v.
United States, 544 U.S. 13, 26 (2005); see also United States
v. Snellenberger, 548 F.3d 699, 701-02 (9th Cir. 2008) (en
banc) (per curiam).
[7] Nothing in the record of conviction establishes that
there was an ongoing investigation or tribunal at the time
Hoang provided transportation to an individual he knew had
committed a crime. Hoang pleaded guilty only to providing
transportation to a person he knew had committed a class B
felony—the plea agreement does not state whether, at the time
Hoang provided transportation, the offender was subject to an
ongoing investigation or pending judicial proceeding. Therefore, we hold that Hoang’s conviction does not qualify as
obstruction of justice under the modified categorical
approach.
IV.

Conclusion

In sum, Hoang’s conviction for a misdemeanor by rendering criminal assistance in violation of Washington Revised
Code § 9A.76.080 lacks the necessary actus reus and is not
categorically obstruction of justice according to the definition
provided in Espinoza-Gonzalez. Batista-Hernandez does not
control this case. Nothing in the record of Hoang’s conviction
establishes that he provided assistance to an individual who
was subject to a pending judicial proceeding or ongoing
police investigation, and so his conviction does not qualify as
obstruction of justice under the modified categorical

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approach. We GRANT the petition for review and
REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

BYBEE, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
The majority misidentifies the question before us, fails to
give the BIA the deference it is due, and contradicts our previous decisions. I respectfully dissent.
I
We are asked to determine whether a conviction under
Washington’s criminal assistance statute, WASH. REV. CODE
§ 9A.76.080, qualifies as “an offense relating to obstruction of
justice,” and therefore an aggravated felony, under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(43)(S). The majority begins on the right track, correctly establishing that in these circumstances, we apply the
categorical and modified categorical approaches laid out in
Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990) and Shepard v.
United States, 544 U.S. 13 (2005). Under the categorical
approach, we examine the generic federal definition of an
obstruction-of-justice crime and compare it to the state statute
of conviction. See Taylor, 495 U.S. at 599.
It is here that the majority errs. Citing the BIA’s decision
in Matter of Espinoza-Gonzalez, 22 I. & N. Dec. 889, 892-93
(BIA 1999) (en banc), the majority argues the generic federal
definition of an obstruction-of-justice crime requires “active
interference with proceedings of a tribunal,” or “intent to
harm or retaliate against others who cooperate in the process
of justice or might otherwise so cooperate.” See Maj. Op. at
6513-14 (quoting Espinoza-Gonzalez, 22 I. & N. Dec. at 891).
But we have previously noted that unlike other aggravated
felonies listed in § 1101(a)(43), the obstruction of justice provision “does not clearly set forth the elements of the generic

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federal crime.” Renteria-Morales v. Mukasey, 551 F.3d 1076,
1086 (9th Cir. 2008); see also Salazar-Luviano v. Mukasey,
551 F.3d 857, 860 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Congress itself did not
define the phrase ‘offense relating to obstruction of justice’ in
the INA.”). Because of this lack of definition, we looked first
to see “whether there is any binding agency precedent onpoint which does define that phrase.” Renteria-Morales, 551
F.3d at 1086 (internal quotation marks omitted). In no uncertain terms, we held that “in determining whether [a] specific
crime of conviction is an obstruction-of-justice offense for
purposes of § 1101(a)(43)(S), we rely on the BIA’s definition.” Id. at 1086-87. Here, the BIA has indeed crafted such
a definition, and it contradicts the one asserted by the majority.
In Matter of Batista-Hernandez, 21 I. & N. Dec. 955 (BIA
1997) (en banc), the Board concluded that a conviction under
the federal accessory-after-the-fact statute, 18 U.S.C. § 3,1
qualified as “an offense relating to obstruction of justice”
under § 1101(a)(43)(S). Subsequently, in Espinoza-Gonzalez,
22 I. & N. Dec. at 897, the Board held that the federal misprision of a felony statute, 18 U.S.C. § 4, was not “an offense
relating to obstruction of justice.” The latter opinion suggested that § 1101(a)(43)(S) covers crimes which “have as an
element interference with the proceedings of a tribunal or
require an intent to harm or retaliate against others who cooperate in the process of justice or might otherwise so cooperate.” 22 I. & N. Dec. at 892. However, despite a single board
member’s insistence that this decision was inconsistent with
the reasoning of Batista-Hernandez, see Espinoza-Gonzalez,
22 I. & N. Dec. at 905 (Rosenberg, Board Member, concurring in part and dissenting in part), the Board did not overrule
its earlier opinion, see id. at 891 (discussing BatistaHernandez); id. at 894 (distinguishing Batista-Hernandez).
1

18 U.S.C. § 3 provides, in relevant part, that “[w]hoever, knowing that
an offense against the United States has been committed, receives,
relieves, comforts or assists the offender in order to hinder or prevent his
apprehension, trial or punishment, is an accessory after the fact.”

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Moreover, in its decision below, the BIA clarified any
apparent tension between these two earlier decisions. It specified that “in Espinoza-Gonzalez, we . . . reaffirmed rather than
overruled our holding in [Batista-Hernandez].” As a result,
because Washington’s criminal assistance statute contains
“substantially the same” elements as 18 U.S.C. § 3, the Board
concluded that it qualified as an obstruction-of-justice crime
for purposes of the aggravated felony provision. In other
words, the BIA’s decisions in Batista-Hernandez and
Espinoza-Gonzalez both establish its understanding of
§ 1101(a)(43)(S).
II
Because § 1101(a)(43)(S) is part of an immigration statute
that the BIA has been entrusted to administer, we must defer
to its interpretation of “an offense relating to the obstruction
of justice” unless it is unreasonable. See INS v. AguirreAguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 424 (1999) (citing Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837, 842 (1984)). The
majority does not argue that the BIA’s interpretation of
§ 1101(a)(43)(S) in Batista-Hernandez conflicts with unambiguous congressional intent, nor does it claim that its interpretation is unreasonable. Instead, it declines to defer to
Batista-Hernandez because the opinion did not “define[ ]
obstruction of justice and appl[y] that definition to identified
elements of 18 U.S.C. § 3,” and “merely concludes that violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3 is obstruction of justice without defining
the ambiguous term, identifying the elements of the statute of
conviction, or applying a definition of obstruction of justice
to the statute.” Maj. Op. at 6520.
A
The majority’s refusal to defer to the BIA without concluding that its interpretation is either contrary to congressional
intent or unreasonable is inexplicable. The BIA is entitled to
Chevron deference when it interprets a immigration statute in

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a precedential opinion. See, e.g., Fregozo v. Holder, 576 F.3d
1030, 1034-35 (“If . . . the BIA has interpreted an ambiguous
INA statutory term, and rendered its interpretation in a precedential decision intended to carry the force of law, we defer
under [Chevron] to the BIA’s definition so long as it is reasonable.”) (9th Cir. 2009); Marmolejo-Campos v. Holder, 558
F.3d 903 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc) (“[T]he Board’s precedential orders, which bind third parties, qualify for Chevron deference because they are made with a ‘lawmaking
pretense.’ ”). In Batista-Hernandez, the BIA concluded that
“18 U.S.C. § 3 clearly relates to obstruction of justice.” 21 I.
& N. Dec. at 961. It cites “the wording of 18 U.S.C. § 3” and
the D.C. Circuit’s reasoning that “the nature of being an
accessory after the fact lies essentially in obstructing justice
and preventing the arrest of the offender.” Id. at 961. And
there is no dispute that the elements of Washington Revised
Code § 9A.76.080 categorically match the elements of 18
U.S.C. § 3. In other words, if Batista-Hernandez remains
binding, then Hoang’s conviction counts as an aggravating
felony. While I agree that Batista-Hernandez’s discussion of
18 U.S.C. § 3 was brief, it cannot be ignored simply because
the majority would have preferred that it be lengthier. If the
majority is dissatisfied with the analytical rigor with which
the BIA reached its conclusion in Batista-Hernandez, it can
only express that dissatisfaction by demonstrating that the
decision is unreasonable or contrary to unambiguous congressional intent. But the majority cannot simply ignore an opinion because it feels that the BIA’s analysis is too brief.
B
Instead of following Batista-Hernandez, the majority
applies the categorical approach by using EspinozaGonzalez’s definition of an obstruction-of-justice crime. Maj.
Op. at 6515-18. In doing so, the majority not only overlooks
our conclusion in Renteria-Morales that the “generic federal
definition” of an obstruction-of-justice crime under
§ 1101(a)(43)(S) is determined by the BIA, 551 F.3d at 1086,

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but it also, remarkably, applies its own interpretation of the
standard articulated by the BIA in Espinoza-Gonzalez. The
weakness in the majority’s position is further highlighted by
its acknowledgment that “the BIA was correct that EspinozaGonzalez . . . did not overrule Batista-Hernandez.” Maj. Op.
at 6520. Nonetheless, it maintains that “the BIA now concludes that accessory after the fact is an obstruction of justice
crime when it interferes with an ongoing proceeding or investigation.” Maj. Op. at 6521. In other words, not only has the
majority conceded that Espinoza-Gonzalez did not overrule
Batista-Hernandez, but it has also fashioned a definition that,
to its own satisfaction, fuses the two together. Although the
coexistence of Espinoza-Gonzalez and Batista-Hernandez
might be inelegant or overly complicated, the two decisions
are compatible and both remain entitled to deference unless
it is shown that one of them fails one or both of Chevron’s
two steps.
There is no congressionally articulated federal definition of
an obstruction-of-justice crime; we observed as much in
Renteria-Morales. See 557 F.3d at 1086. In order to reach its
result, the majority has, in effect, examined two reasonable
(and non-contradictory) definitions of the term offered by the
BIA and has, by judicial fiat, given legal effect to one and
invalidated the other, even though the BIA has explicitly
endorsed both. It thereby fails to give adequate deference to
the BIA.
III
I would give deference to the BIA’s decision in BatistaHernandez, conclude that 18 U.S.C. § 3 is an “offense relating
to the obstruction of justice,” and hold that Hoang’s conviction under a substantially similar Washington statute therefore
constituted a conviction for an aggravated felony under
§ 1101(a)(43)(S). The majority fails to give appropriate deference to the BIA’s decisions and is in tension with our previous holdings. I respectfully dissent.