Gray v. City of Montgomery et al

Filing 72

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER that Defendant's 52 Motion for Summary Judgment is entered in favor of Defendant City of Montgomery and against Plaintiff Gwendolyn Gray on all remaining claims in Plaintiff's Amended Complaint. Final Judgment will be entered separately. Signed by Chief Judge William Keith Watkins on 4/11/2018. (dmn, )

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
NORTHERN DIVISION
GWENDOLYN GRAY,
Plaintiff,
v.
CITY OF MONTGOMERY,
Defendant.

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) CASE NO. 2:16-CV-48-WKW
) (WO)
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Before the court are Defendant City of Montgomery’s motion for summary
judgment (Doc. # 52), which is supported by a brief (Doc. # 53), Plaintiff’s response
(Doc. # 62), and Defendant’s reply (Doc. # 63).

Upon consideration of the

arguments of counsel, the relevant law, and the evidence, the court concludes that
the motion is due to be granted.
I. JURISDICTION AND VENUE
Subject-matter jurisdiction is exercised pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and 28
U.S.C. § 1343. Personal jurisdiction and venue are not contested.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
To succeed on a motion for summary judgment, the moving party must
demonstrate “that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The court views
the evidence, and all reasonable inferences drawn from it, in the light most favorable

to the nonmoving party. Jean–Baptiste v. Gutierrez, 627 F.3d 816, 820 (11th Cir.
2010).
“[A] party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility
of informing the district court of the basis for its motion . . . .” Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). This responsibility includes identifying the
portions of the record illustrating the absence of a genuine dispute of material fact.
Id. Alternatively, a movant who does not have a trial burden of production can
assert, without citing the record, that the nonmoving party “cannot produce
admissible evidence to support” a material fact. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(B).
If the movant meets its burden, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to
establish—with evidence beyond the pleadings—that a genuine dispute material to
each of its claims for relief exists. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324. A genuine dispute
of material fact exists “if the nonmoving party has produced evidence such that a
reasonable factfinder could return a verdict in its favor.” Waddell v. Valley Forge
Dental Assocs., 276 F.3d 1275, 1279 (11th Cir. 2001).
III. FACTS1
Plaintiff Gwendolyn Gray is an African-American female who was born in
1967. She has worked for Defendant City of Montgomery since before 2006.

1

On August 11, 2016, the court dismissed a number of the claims in Plaintiff’s Amended
Complaint. (Doc. # 31.) Only facts relevant to claims that were not previously dismissed are
discussed in this Memorandum Opinion.
2

Plaintiff contends (1) that she was subjected to race discrimination2 in October 20143
when Defendant did not allow her to interview for a promotion; (2) that she was
subjected to race and gender discrimination when she was denied an award for
Dispatcher of the Year in 2016; (3) that, since 2006, she has been subjected to a
hostile work environment on the basis of her age, race, gender, and protected
activities; and (4) that, at the end of May 2014, she was denied equal protection
based on her race and gender when she was suspended from work for one day. (Doc.
# 26 at ¶¶ 30-31, 38, 55-74.)
Finally, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant denied her rights guaranteed under
the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601, et seq., by
refusing to grant twenty-six hours of earned sick leave after incorrectly applying
FMLA leave to an earlier health-related absence.
IV.
A.

DISCUSSION

Title VII/§ 1983: Race and Gender Discrimination Claims (Failure to
Interview)
Plaintiff brings her race and gender discrimination claims under Title VII of

the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq., and the

2

On August 11, 2016, the court dismissed Plaintiff’s claim that the failure to interview was
the result of gender discrimination. (Doc. # 31 at 8, 14.)
3

In the Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that the failure to interview occurred in
October 2015. (Doc. # 26 at ¶ 29.) However, discovery revealed that the incident occurred in
October 2014.
3

Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause as enforced by 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
She seeks to prove these claims with circumstantial evidence. “The elements of a
section 1983 claim of race or gender discrimination are the same as the elements of
a Title VII disparate treatment action.” Rice-Lamar v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 232
F.3d 836, 843 n.11 (11th Cir. 2000) (citing Cross v. Alabama, 49 F.3d 1490, 150708 (11th Cir. 1995)); see also Harris v. Shelby Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 99 F.3d 1078,
1082–83 (11th Cir. 1996) (“We evaluate Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 race
discrimination claims supported by circumstantial evidence using the framework set
out by the United States Supreme Court in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411
U.S. 792 . . . (1973).”); see also Quigg v. Thomas Cty. Sch. Dist., 814 F.3d 1227,
1236–37 (11th Cir. 2016) (noting that “Title VII and [§] 1983 claims have the same
elements [of proof] where the claims are based on the same set of facts”).
Based on the foregoing, Plaintiff’s race and gender discrimination claims
under Title VII and § 1983 are subject to the three-step burden-shifting analytical
framework outlined in McDonnell Douglas, and its progeny. (See Doc. # 62, at 8
(invoking the McDonnell Douglas framework for the analyses of Plaintiff’s
discrimination claims).) First, a Title VII plaintiff “must carry the initial burden . . .
of establishing a prima facie case of racial discrimination.” McDonnell Douglas
Corp., 411 U.S. at 802. Second, if the plaintiff establishes such a prima facie case,
“thereby raising an inference that [s]he was the subject of intentional race [or gender]
discrimination, the burden shifts to the defendant to rebut this inference by
4

presenting legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for its employment action.”
Holifield v. Reno, 115 F.3d 1555, 1564 (11th Cir. 1997) (per curiam) (citing Tex.
Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248 (1981)). Third, “[w]here the
defendant meets this burden, the plaintiff has the opportunity to demonstrate that the
defendant’s articulated reason for the adverse employment action is a mere pretext
for discrimination.” Id. at 1565 (citing McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 804;
Roberts v. Gadsden Mem’l Hosp., 835 F.2d 793, 796 (11th Cir. 1988)). “Put another
way, once the employer succeeds in carrying its intermediate burden of production,
the ultimate issue in the case becomes whether the plaintiff has proven that the
employer intentionally discriminated against h[er] because of h[er] race” or gender.
Id. (citing Turnes v. AmSouth Bank, N.A., 36 F.3d 1057, 1061 (11th Cir. 1994)).
1.

Title VII and § 1983: Failure to Interview

In Counts I and VI, Plaintiff asserts a claim pursuant to Title VII and an equal
protection claim pursuant to § 1983, alleging that Defendant discriminated against
her on the basis of race4 when, in October 2014, she was not interviewed for a
promotion to sergeant. (Doc. # 26 at ¶¶ 30, 77.)
Defendant, in its opening brief, argues that Plaintiff cannot demonstrate a
prima facie case because she is unable to “identify an individual not of her protected

4

In her amended complaint, Plaintiff also alleges that the October 2014 failure to interview
was the result of gender discrimination. The court previously dismissed Plaintiff’s gender
discrimination claims. (Doc. # 31 at 8, 14.)
5

class who was treated more favorably than she was.” (Doc. # 52, at 2; accord Doc.
# 53, at 13.) This argument hones in on the fourth element of the prima facie case;
hence, for purposes of this opinion, it is assumed arguendo that Plaintiff meets the
other elements of the prima facie case.5
To satisfy the fourth element of the prima facie case in a failure-to-promote
case, the plaintiff must show that “other equally or less-qualified employees outside
her class were promoted,” Brown v. Ala. Dep’t of Transp., 597 F.3d 1160, 1174 (11th
Cir. 2010), or that, “after her rejection, the position remained open and the employer
continued to seek applicants from persons of complainant’s qualifications,” Wall v.
Tr. Co. of Georgia, 946 F.2d 805, 809 (11th Cir. 1991). But, as here, “[o]n a
defendant’s motion for summary judgment, the plaintiff need not come forward
initially to present its prima facie case. Rather, the defendant carries the burden of
demonstrating that the plaintiff lacks evidence which could establish a prima facie
case.” Dickson v. Amoco Performance Prod., Inc., 845 F. Supp. 1565, 1569 (N.D.
Ga. 1994) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(B) (“A

5

In its reply brief, Defendant makes a conclusory argument that Plaintiff’s claims focus on
Defendant’s failure to interview her for a promotional position (and not on its failure to promote
her) and that a failure to interview is not an adverse employment action. As the court observed at
an earlier stage of this proceeding, Plaintiff “has alleged that she was denied an interview as part
of an attempt to receive a promotion.” (Doc. # 31, at 8.) Whether Defendant’s parsing of the
claims is appropriate and, if so, whether a failure to interview is an adverse employment action
will not be considered because Defendant raised these points for the first time in its reply brief and
because Defendant provided no supporting legal authority. See Brown v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 817
F. Supp. 2d 1328, 1332 (S.D. Ala. 2011) (“New arguments presented in reply briefs are generally
not considered by federal courts.” (citations omitted)).
6

party asserting that a fact cannot be . . . genuinely disputed” may support its
contention by showing “that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence
to support the fact.”).
By showing that Plaintiff is unable to identify a similarly situated individual
outside of her protected class who was treated more favorably than she was,
Defendant has carried its initial summary judgment burden to establish an absence
of a genuine dispute of material fact and entitlement to judgment as a matter of law.
Therefore, the summary judgment burden shifts to Plaintiff to come forward with
evidence that a similarly-situated individual outside of her protected class was
treated more favorably than she was, or, alternatively, or, alternatively, “a
convincing mosaic of circumstantial evidence that would allow a jury to infer
intentional discrimination by the decisionmaker.” 6 Smith v. Lockheed-Martin Corp.,

6

At the pretrial conference held on March 22, 2018, Plaintiff appeared to concede that she
could not point to a legitimate comparator, but instead suggested, without citing evidence, that she
was not promoted as part of a pattern and practice of discrimination. Because Plaintiff did not
clearly allege a pattern and practice failure to interview claim in her amended complaint, because
she did not raise the pattern and practice claim in response to Defendant’s summary judgment
motion, and because she cited no evidence of a pattern or practice of racial discrimination when
she raised the argument for the first time at the pretrial conference, the court will not consider
Plaintiff’s argument that the failure to interview was part of a pattern and practice of
discrimination. See Pace v. S. Ry. Sys., 701 F.2d 1383, 1388 (11th Cir. 1983) (holding that if, in
lieu of establishing a prima facie case of discriminatory treatment with evidence of a similarly
situated comparator outside the plaintiff’s protected class who was treated more favorably, the
plaintiff instead seeks to establish a prima facie case based on the employer’s pattern and practice
of discrimination, the plaintiff “has the burden of presenting such statistical evidence that will, in
conjunction with the other elements [of a prima facie case], give rise to an inference of
discrimination”).

7

644 F.3d 1321, 1328 (11th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and footnote
omitted).
Plaintiff argues that she has raised an inference of discriminatory motive
because Angela Rigsby, a Caucasian female, was interviewed and promoted in 2007.
For purposes of considering the summary judgment argument, the court assumes that
Plaintiff was treated less favorably than someone (Angela Rigsby) outside of
Plaintiff’s class. However, Plaintiff has not pointed to any evidence that Angela
Rigsby is a similarly situated individual. The mere fact that two individuals applied
for promotions seven years apart is not sufficient to show that they were similarly
situated. Specifically, Plaintiff has not shown that she was at least as qualified as
Rigsby or that the conditions surrounding Rigsby’s application and Defendant’s
decision to interview her were similar to the conditions surrounding Plaintiff’s
application seven years later and Defendant’s decision not to interview her or anyone
else7 for an open position in October 2014. Cf. Wilson v. B/E Aerospace, Inc., 376
F.3d 1079, 1089 (11th Cir. 2004) (holding that “[a] plaintiff presents a prima facie
failure to promote case by showing”, among other things, that “other equally or less
qualified employees who were not members of the protected class were promoted”),
abrogated on other grounds by Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 546 U.S. 454 (2006); cf.

7

It is undisputed that none of the individuals on the registry of qualified applicants, all of
whom were African-American females, were interviewed in conjunction with the October 2014
selection process.
8

also Masters v. City of E. Point, 313 F. App’x 239, 240 (11th Cir. 2009) (affirming
summary judgment for the employer where the plaintiff, a white applicant who was
not interviewed for a promotion, did not demonstrate that he was at least as qualified
as black employees who were interviewed and promoted).
Moreover, even if Angela Rigsby could be considered a similarly situated
individual, Plaintiff has failed to show that Defendant’s proffered nondiscriminatory
reason for the failure to interview Plaintiff in October 2014 is a pretext for
discrimination. As indicated by the parties’ summary judgment filings, and as
further clarified at the March 22, 2018 pretrial conference, there is no dispute that
(1) pursuant to Defendant’s policies, if fewer than five individuals qualify to be
interviewed for an open position, Defendant will determine whether to go ahead and
fill the position; and (2) because fewer than five individuals were on the register
when Plaintiff applied for a promotion in October 2014, Defendant decided to leave
the position open.8 (Doc. # 52-16; Doc. # 62-2 at 3-4.) Defendant is not obligated
to demonstrate that its decision to leave the position open was a sound business
decision, only that its decision was not based on prohibited discriminatory animus.
Defendant has met that burden; therefore, Plaintiff must show that the proffered
reason is pretext for discrimination. See Chapman v. AI Transp., 229 F.3d 1012,

8

At the May 22, 2018 pretrial conference, Plaintiff did not dispute that the position was
effectively filled in April 2016, when Plaintiff was among those interviewed and promoted.
9

1030

(11th

Cir.

2000)

(holding

that

“[p]rovided

that

the

proffered

[nondiscriminatory] reason is one that might motivate a reasonable employer, an
employee must meet that reason head on and rebut it, and the employee cannot
succeed by simply quarreling with the wisdom of that reason”).
Plaintiff can show that Defendant’s proffered nondiscriminatory reason for
deciding not to interview anyone in October 2014 is a pretext for racial animus,
“either directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory reason more likely
motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer’s proffered
explanation is unworthy of credence.” Sweat v. Miller Brewing Co., 708 F.2d 655,
656 (11th Cir. 1983) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff has
made no such showing. The mere fact that the four applicants who were not
interviewed in October 2014 happened to all be African-American women does not,
without more, suffice to establish a factual dispute as to whether their race was likely
the motivating factor in Defendant’s decision to leave the position open, or that
Defendant’s proffered explanation lacks credibility.
Accordingly, Defendant’s summary-judgment motion is due to be granted as
to Plaintiff’s Title VII and § 1983 race discrimination claims (Count I and Count VI)
that Defendant subjected her to race discrimination when it did not interview her for
the promotional position in October 2014.

10

2.

Title VII and § 1983: Race and Gender Discrimination (Failure to
Award Plaintiff Dispatcher of the Year in 2016)

In Counts I, II, and VI, Plaintiff contends that Defendant discriminated against
her because of her race and gender when it did not select her for the Dispatcher of
the Year award in 2016. She brings these claims under § 1983 invoking the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and also under Title VII.
Defendant argues that Plaintiff cannot survive summary judgment on these
claims because it is undisputed that an African-American female received the 2016
Dispatcher of the Year award. On this record, the court agrees.
The fourth element of the prima facie case of discrimination under the
McDonnell Douglas framework, which applies to these claims, typically requires the
plaintiff to show that he or she was “treated less favorably than a similarly-situated
individual outside her protected class[es].” Maynard v. Bd. of Regents of Div. of
Univs. of Fla. Dep’t of Educ. ex rel. Univ. of S. Fla., 342 F.3d 1281, 1289 (11th Cir.
2003) (citing McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802). To satisfy this element, the
plaintiff must identify a comparator — someone “similarly situated to the plaintiff
in all relevant respects,” Smith v. Lockheed–Martin Corp., 644 F.3d 1321, 1326 n.17
(11th Cir. 2011) (citing Holifield, 115 F.3d at 1562) — whom the defendant treated
differently. Additionally, “the plaintiff will always survive summary judgment if he
[or she] presents circumstantial evidence that creates a triable issue concerning the

11

employer’s discriminatory intent.” Smith v. Lockheed-Martin Corp., 644 F.3d 1321,
1328 (11th Cir. 2011). Plaintiff cannot make the requisite showing here.
The individual who received the coveted award in 2016 is an inapt comparator
for Plaintiff. Both parties acknowledge that the recipient is a black female like
Plaintiff. As such, she and Plaintiff are each members of the same protected classes.
“By definition, she is not a comparator for Plaintiff because any difference in
Defendant’s treatment of [the 2016 award recipient] and Plaintiff would have to be
attributable to something other than race and/or gender.” Herron-Williams v.
Alabama State Univ., No. 2:16-CV-293-WKW, 2018 WL 736037, at *10 (M.D. Ala.
Feb. 6, 2018). Plaintiff also does not put forward any other evidence that would
permit a reasonable jury to infer that Defendant denied her the award because of her
race or gender. Rather, Plaintiff attempts to reformulate her claim, arguing instead
that she did not receive the award because of her age and because she engaged in
protected activity. The problem with her argument is that the court already has
dismissed her age-discrimination and retaliation claims.9 (Doc. # 31.)
For these reasons, summary judgment is due to be granted as to Plaintiff’s
Title VII and § 1983 equal protection race and gender discrimination claims (Counts

9

Counts I and II of the Amended Complaint (Doc. # 26 at 26-39), which are still pending,
do not contain allegations of retaliation. Count IV, which encompasses claims for retaliation in
violation of Title VII and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), as amended, 29
U.S.C. §§ 621 et seq., has been dismissed. (Doc. # 31, at 8–9, 14.) Plaintiff’s § 1983 equal
protection claim (Count VI) alleging retaliation also has been dismissed. (Doc. # 31 at 12, 14.)
12

I, II, and VI) that arise out of Plaintiff’s non-selection for the 2016 Dispatcher of the
Year award. 10
3.

Section 1983 Equal Protection Claim: May 2014 Suspension

Count VI of Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint is construed as including a claim
that, in March 2014, Defendant discriminated against Plaintiff on the basis of race
and gender when it suspended her from her job for one work day.11 This is a claim
that Defendant subjected Plaintiff to discriminatory discipline.
To demonstrate a prima facie case of discrimination where discriminatory
discipline is at issue, the McDonnell Douglas formula typically requires a plaintiff
to show, among other things, that she was “treated less favorably than similarly
situated individuals outside his protected class.” Williams v. Alabama Dep’t of
Corr., 649 F. App’x 925, 929 (11th Cir. 2016), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 1134 (2017).

10

The parties disagree whether the evidence shows that Plaintiff received a nomination for
the 2016 Dispatcher of the Year award so as to qualify her to receive it. See Maynard, 342 F.3d
at 1289 (observing that another element of the prima facie case under the McDonnell Douglas
framework requires the plaintiff to show that he was qualified for the position from which he was
terminated). However, the absence of evidence of a similarly situated comparator or any other
evidence of racial or gender discriminatory intent on the part of Defendant obviates the need to
resolve the parties’ disagreement as to Plaintiff’s qualifications for the award.
11

Count VI does not set forth the specific acts and omissions upon which it is based.
Instead, Count VI merely incorporates by reference all previous paragraphs of the Amended
Complaint and provides general assertions that Plaintiff was subjected to unfair discipline and
discrimination in the workplace since 2006. However, it is reasonable to infer that the March 2014
suspension is included as a basis for the race and gender discrimination alleged Count VI, and
Defendant’s summary judgment motion addresses the March 2014 suspension in that context.
Plaintiff’s Title VII claim based on the March 2014 one-day suspension did not survive
Defendant’s motion to dismiss for failure of Plaintiff to file a timely EEOC charge. (Doc. # 31,
at 6.)
13

“When a plaintiff alleges discriminatory discipline, to determine whether employees
are similarly situated, [the Eleventh Circuit] evaluate[s] ‘whether the employees are
involved in or accused of the same or similar conduct and are disciplined in different
ways.’” Burke-Fowler v. Orange Cty., Fla., 447 F.3d 1319, 1323 (11th Cir. 2006)
(quoting Maniccia v. Brown, 171 F.3d 1364, 1368 (11th Cir. 1999) (alterations
added)).
Defendant contends that the one-day suspension arose from Plaintiff’s
mishandling of a dispatcher call she received from a Montgomery law enforcement
officer who was seeking information about whether a neighboring law enforcement
agency needed assistance with an emergency in progress. Moving for summary
judgment on this claim, Defendant argues that Plaintiff has not identified any
comparator. It has submitted an affidavit from Melinda Chandler, the chief of staff
of the City’s Department of Emergency Communications.

Ms. Chandler

acknowledges that Plaintiff did claim that her coworkers had committed the same
violation as she allegedly did but were not disciplined. However, Ms. Chandler
attests that Plaintiff did not provide either her or her supervisors with “sufficient
details” and, thus, they were unable to “investigate or verify” her allegations. (Doc.
# 52-14, at 4 ¶ 9.) She says that “had [Plaintiff] provided details so [they] could
substantiate her claims, anyone else who took that same action would have also been
subject to corrective action if substantiated.” (Id.) Rebutting Ms. Chandler’s
affidavit, Plaintiff submits an affidavit that “[e]very dispatcher [she] spoke with” has
14

handled similar calls in the same manner as Plaintiff did and that Plaintiff’s handling
of the call was “common practice.” (Doc. # 62-5, at 3.) But Plaintiff’s affidavit
does not create a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether there is an appropriate
comparator.
Conclusory assertions of differential treatment do not permit a reasonable
inference of discrimination. See Liu v. Univ. of Miami, 138 F. Supp. 3d 1360, 1372
(S.D. Fla. 2015), aff’d sub nom. Wen Liu v. Univ. of Miami Sch. of Med., 693 F.
App’x 793 (11th Cir. 2017) (“The plaintiff must identify a specific comparator . . .
— not conclusory statements that she was treated differently than members outside
of her protected class.” (citing Woods v. Cent. Fellowship Christian Acad., 545 F.
App’x 939, 945 (11th Cir. 2013)). Plaintiff has offered nothing more than general
assertions that she was treated differently than similarly situated employees who are
not in her protected classes. She says she spoke to dispatchers, but she does not
identify any one of them. Nor has she indicated the race or gender of the dispatchers
with whom she allegedly spoke. Plaintiff also cites no other evidence that raises an
inference of purposeful discrimination. Because Plaintiff has failed to produce any
concrete evidence of a similarly situated employee outside of her protected classes
who was treated more favorably or other evidence of discrimination, she cannot
establish a prima facie case of discriminatory discipline under the McDonnell
Douglas formulation.

15

Moreover, even if Plaintiff had established a prima facie case, she has not
shown that the legitimate, non-discriminatory reason Defendant proffered for
disciplining her — a violation of workplace procedures (see Doc. # 52-2, at 37) —
was pretextual.

There simply is no evidence of intentional race or gender

discrimination on Defendant’s part. See generally Busby v. City of Orlando, 931
F.2d 764, 777 (11th Cir. 1991) (“‘Section 1983 actions challenging racial
discrimination under the equal protection clause . . . require a showing of
discriminatory motive,’” such as “‘proof of actions taken by the employer from
which we infer discriminatory animus because experience has proved that in the
absence of any other explanation it is more likely than not that those actions were
bottomed on impermissible considerations’”) (quoting Lee v. Conecuh County Bd.
of Educ., 634 F.2d 959, 962 (5th Cir. 1981)).
Accordingly, Defendant is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s § 1983
claim that her suspension was the result of race and/or gender discrimination.
B.

Title VII and § 1983 Claims: Hostile Work Environment
In Count V and VI of her Amended Complaint, Plaintiff alleges that she was

subjected to numerous adverse incidents12 that contributed to a hostile work

12

Count V and VI do not specifically set out all the alleged incidents that allegedly
contributed to a hostile work environment. An April 2016 failure to promote may be one of the
incidents that allegedly contributed to a hostile environment. (Doc. # 26 at ¶¶ 25, 62.) However,
the April 2016 failure to promote is not arguably included in Count I or II of the Amended
Complaint alleging Title VII race and gender discrimination.
16

environment because of her race, color, gender, age, and prior protected activities.
(Doc. # 26 at ¶ 56.)
To establish a hostile work environment claim under either Title VII or
§ 1983,13 Plaintiff must establish the following: “(1) that [s]he belongs to a protected
group; (2) that [s]he has been subject to unwelcome harassment; (3) that the
harassment must have been based on a protected characteristic of the employee . . . ;
(4) that the harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the terms and
conditions of employment and create a discriminatorily abusive working
environment; and (5) that the employer is responsible for such environment under
either a theory of vicarious or of direct liability.” McCann v. Tillman, 526 F.3d
1370, 1378 (11th Cir. 2008) (quoting Miller v. Kenworth of Dothan, Inc., 277 F.3d
1269, 1275 (11th Cir. 2002)).
Defendant argues that the record is devoid of evidence on the third and fourth
elements. In response, Plaintiff merely reiterates that she was subjected to numerous
adverse actions that led to a hostile work environment, but she cites no evidence that
the hostile work environment was the product of race, color, gender, or age
discrimination, or retaliation for engaging in protected activities.
The evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, does not
create a genuine dispute of material fact on any of her myriad theories of hostile

13

The elements are the same for hostile-work-environment claims under § 1983 and Title
VII. See Watkins v. Bowden, 105 F.3d 1344, 1355 n.19 (11th Cir. 1997).
17

work environment. There is a dearth of evidence that any of the complained-of
conduct was based on a protected characteristic. At most, the evidence indicates that
Plaintiff worked in an unpleasant environment.

Additionally, the incidents

cumulatively also do not rise to the level of severity or pervasiveness required in this
circuit to maintain a hostile work environment claim. Accordingly, Defendant is
entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s Title VII and § 1983 hostile work
environment claims (Count V and VI).
C.

FMLA Claim
In Count VII of her complaint, Plaintiff alleges that she received approval to

take 26 hours of paid sick leave, but was forced to take unpaid FMLA leave instead.
(Doc. # 26 at ¶¶ 80–87; Doc. # 31 at 13.) However, in her deposition, Plaintiff
clarified her FMLA claim by stating that “[t]here was not 26 hours of sick leave on
the books that [Defendant] wouldn’t let me use” and that, instead, she simply wanted
to use a doctor’s excuse to receive non-FMLA leave for those 26 hours and reserve
the remainder of her FMLA leave for another time. (Doc. # 52-5 at 14.)
Defendant cites its FMLA policy, which states that paid leave must be
exhausted against FMLA leave and that “paid time will run concurrently with an
employee’s FMLA entitlement.” (Doc. # 53 at 19-20; Doc. # 52-17 at 5.) Plaintiff
does not dispute that the FMLA permits an employer to require the employee to use
FMLA leave and paid sick leave concurrently. Strickland v. Water Works & Sewer
Bd. of City of Birmingham, 239 F.3d 1199, 1205 (11th Cir. 2001) (holding that, under
18

the FMLA, “the employer may require that the employee use his FMLA leave
entitlement and his paid sick leave concurrently” and that “Congress intended that
the FMLA provide employees with a minimum entitlement of 12 weeks of leave,
while protecting employers against employees tacking their FMLA entitlement on
to any paid leave benefit offered by the employer”).
In response to the summary judgment motion, Plaintiff cites no evidence that
she was denied a request to use paid sick leave instead of FMLA unpaid leave.
Plaintiff also cites no evidence that she was entitled to unpaid, non-FMLA sick leave
at any time, and especially before exhausting her FMLA leave. Instead, in her
deposition testimony, Plaintiff stated that she did not have 26 hours of leave and was
not denied use of leave that she had accrued. (Doc. # 52-5 at 14 (“There was not 26
hours of sick leave on the books that [Defendant] wouldn’t let me use.”).)
Plaintiff argues that her requested 26 hours of leave for knee surgery recovery
should have counted as ordinary sick leave because it did not qualify as FMLA leave.
However, Plaintiff cites no evidence, legal authority, or provision of Defendant’s
leave policy to support her conclusory allegation that the knee surgery recovery did
not qualify as FMLA leave. Further, as noted, Plaintiff admitted in her deposition
that she did not have 26 hours of sick leave available; thus, even if Plaintiff had
requested 26 hours of non-FMLA sick leave, she has not shown that she would have
been eligible to receive it.

19

Accordingly, there is no genuine dispute of material fact as to the propriety of
Defendant’s calculation of Plaintiff’s FMLA and sick leave, and Defendant is
entitled to summary judgment on Count VII of the Amended Complaint.
V.

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, it is ORDERED that Defendant’s motion for summary judgment
(Doc. # 52) is GRANTED and summary judgment is entered in favor of Defendant
City of Montgomery and against Plaintiff Gwendolyn Gray on all remaining claims
in Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint.
Final judgment will be entered separately.
DONE this 11th day of April, 2018.

/s/ W. Keith Watkins
CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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