Calhoun v. McHugh
Filing
46
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING IN PART and DENYING IN PART 26 MOTION for Summary Judgment and Motion to Dismiss, GRANTING IN PART and DENYING IN PART 29 First MOTION to Strike 28 Evidentiary Material, Exhibit 7 and 8 and paragraph 13 of the Defendant's Statement of Facts as set out herein. Signed by Judge Virginia Emerson Hopkins on 3/4/2014. (JLC)
FILED
2014 Mar-04 PM 03:43
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
EASTERN DIVISION
LARRY CALHOUN,
Plaintiff,
v.
JOHN M. McHUGH, Secretary,
Department of the Army,
Defendant.
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) Case No.: 1:11-CV-4134-VEH
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
INTRODUCTION
The defendant (Secretary McHugh) has filed simultaneous motions to dismiss
and for summary judgment. Doc. 26. The plaintiff (Mr. Calhoun) has responded, doc.
30, and Secretary McHugh has replied, doc. 44. Mr. Calhoun has also moved to strike
some of the Secretary’s submitted evidence. Doc. 29. For the following reasons, the
court will:
•
treat Secretary McHugh’s motion as one for summary judgment;
•
treat Mr. Calhoun’s Motion to Strike as an objection under Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 56(c)(2);
•
GRANT in part and DENY in part Mr. Calhoun’s objection; and
•
GRANT in part and DENY in part the Secretary’s motion.
As described below, the court will grant Secretary McHugh summary judgment as to
Mr. Calhoun’s sexual harassment claim but will deny him such judgment as to Mr.
Calhoun’s racial discrimination and retaliation claims.
PRELIMINARY MATTERS
I.
Motion to Dismiss vs. Motion for Summary Judgment
Before the court may assess the motion, it must first decide whether to treat the
Secretary’s motion as a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6) or as a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56(a). Compare Fed. R.
Civ. 12(b)(6) with Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). When considering a Rule 12(b)(6) Motion,
a district court is generally “constrained to review the allegations as contained within
the four corners of the complaint.” Crowell v. Morgan, Stanley, Dean Witter Servs.
Co., Inc., 87 F. Supp. 2d 1287, 1290 (S.D. Fla. 2000) (citations omitted). However,
a court may consider documents attached to such a motion if they are (1) referred to
in the complaint and are (2) central to the plaintiff’s claim. Starship Enters. of
Atlanta, Inc. v. Coweta County, Ga., 708 F.3d 1243, 1252 n.13 (11th Cir. 2013)
(citation omitted). “When the court considers matters outside the pleadings, however,
the Rule 12(b)(6) motion converts into a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment.” Id.
(citation omitted).
Secretary McHugh attached twelve exhibits to his motion and later
2
supplemented these with four more submissions. See Docs. 28, 43. These exhibits
include depositions, hearing transcripts, administrative transcripts, and personal
declarations. The plaintiff does not mention any of these documents in his Complaint.
The court will consider the Secretary’s attached documents and thus treat his motion
as one for summary judgment under Rule 56(a).
II.
Motion to Strike
This conclusion segues into another antecedent issue – which extrinsic
evidence to consider in examining the Secretary’s motion. Mr. Calhoun seeks to
strike three of the motion’s evidentiary submissions. Specifically, he asks this court
to remove the following from its consideration:
•
Defendant’s Exhibit 7;
•
Defendant’s Exhibit 8; and
•
Paragraph 13 in the “Statement of Undisputed Material Facts” section
of Defendant’s memorandum accompanying its motion.
Doc. 29 at 1 (citing Docs. 28-7, 28-8, 27 at 6).1 Rule 56(c)(2) allows a party to object
to any material filed by another party on summary judgment on the basis that such
material “cannot be presented in a form that would be admissible in evidence.” Fed.
1
All citations to the record in this opinion employ the numbering system dictated by the
Case Management/Electronic Case Files (CM/ECF) system, not that necessarily used by the
parties in their various submissions.
3
R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2). Although Mr. Calhoun characterizes his filing as a Motion to
Strike, the motion challenges the admissibility of the above-cited evidence. The court
will thus treat his motion as an objection under Rule 56(c)(2). And, for the following
reasons, the court will GRANT in part and DENY in part his objection.
A.
Exhibit 7
Exhibit 7 is a declaration made by Charles Barclay, a representative with the
local AFGE union at the Anniston Army Depot during the events at issue. Doc. 28-7
at 1-3. He allegedly made the statement to an Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC) investigator. Id. at 1. Mr. Calhoun complains that the
declaration fails under Rule 56. Doc. 29 ¶¶ 2-6. This rule requires that such
declarations:
•
be made on personal knowledge;
•
set out admissible facts; and
•
show that the declarant is competent to testify on the matters stated.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4).2 Mr. Calhoun notes that Barclay’s declaration does not
affirm that he is competent to testify or that he has direct knowledge of the asserted
2
Mr. Calhoun cites Rule 56(e)(1) of an older version of the Rules in support of this claim.
Congress partially revised this rule in 2010. The cited provision can now – in relevant substance
– be located at Rule 56(c)(4). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56, Advisory Committee Note, 2010
Amendments (“Subdivision (c)(4) carries forward some of the provisions of former subdivision
(e)(1).”).
4
contents. Id. ¶¶ 3-4. Mr. Calhoun also observes that the declaration is both unsigned
and undated – and thus cannot be authenticated. Id. ¶ 5. He finally claims that the
document is impermissible hearsay. Id. ¶ 6.
In response, Secretary McHugh submits a supplemental exhibit containing a
signed and dated version of the declaration affirming that Barclay can competently
testify and has direct knowledge of what he declares. Doc. 45-4. The Secretary further
argues that this court may still consider the declaration – even if hearsay – because
it is reducible to an admissible form at trial. Doc. 40 at 2-3. That is, Mr. Barclay could
testify at trial to the statements he made to the EEOC investigator, thus eliminating
any hearsay problems. Id. at 3.
Although Secretary McHugh phrases his argument indelicately, the court finds
it persuasive. Generally, a district court may not consider inadmissible hearsay on a
motion for summary judgment. Macuba v. DeBoer, 193 F.3d 1316, 1322 (11th Cir.
1999) (citation and footnote omitted). An exception to this rule applies, however, if
the hearsay “could be reduced to admissible evidence at trial” or “reduced to
admissible form.” Id. at 1323 (citations omitted). That is, it “must be admissible at
trial for some purpose.” Id. Federal Rule of Evidence 801 defines “hearsay” as any
statement that (1) the declarant (i.e., the person who made the statement) does not
make while testifying at the current trial or hearing; and that (2) a party offers in
5
evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement. Fed. R. Evid.
801(b)-(c). Hearsay is not admissible at trial unless allowed by:
•
a federal statute;
•
the Federal Rules of Evidence; or
•
other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court.
Id. 802.
Secretary McHugh correctly notes that he could “reduce” the declaration to
admissible evidence at trial by having Mr. Barclay testify. Doc. 40 at 3. Such
testimony would not be hearsay. The court will therefore consider Mr. Barclay’s
declaration.
B.
Exhibit 8
Exhibit 8 is the EEOC Investigator’s “Report of Investigation” (ROI). Doc. 288. Mr. Calhoun complains that this document also doesn’t comply with Rule 56
because the author has not affirmed that he has direct knowledge of its contents. Doc.
29 ¶ 9. Mr. Calhoun also claims that the document (1) contains inadmissible hearsay
and (2) states an inadmissible legal conclusion that invades this court’s authority. Id.
¶¶ 10-11. Secretary McHugh responsively argues that the ROI would be admissible
at trial under the “public records exception” to the hearsay rule. Doc. 40 at 3-4 (citing
Fed. R. Ev. 803(8)).
6
The Secretary is at least partially correct. Under Rule 803(8), a public office’s
record or statement – although hearsay – is nevertheless admissible at trial if it sets
out factual findings from a legally-authorized investigation in a civil case. Fed. R.
Evid. 803(8)(A)(iii).3 This provision applies here. Every federal agency must conduct
an impartial and appropriate investigation within 180 days after a party files an EEO
discrimination complaint. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.106(e)(2). The EEOC – on behalf of the
Army – did so here, and its product was the ROI. Because the ROI therefore contains
factual findings from a legally-authorized investigation, it “could be reduced to
admissible evidence at trial” under Rule 803(8).
However, the report also contains the investigator’s analytical conclusions.
E.g., Doc. 28-8 at 7. Mr. Calhoun objects that these judgments are improperly legal.
Doc. 29 ¶ 11. As a general matter, “this circuit considers EEOC determinations to be
highly probative,” and “administrative findings assessing claims of employment
discrimination are admissible under [Rule] 803(8)(C).”4 Barfield v. Orange County,
911 F.2d 644, 650 (11th Cir. 1990) (citations omitted). That being said, “there may
3
There is also a requirement that the document be trustworthy. Fed. R. Evid. 803(8)(B).
Mr. Calhoun does not dispute the ROI’s trustworthiness.
4
The cited provision can now be found at Fed. R. Evid. 803(8)(A). See Fed. R. Evid. 803,
Advisory Committee Notes, 2011 Amendments (“The language of Rule 803 has been amended
as part of the restyling of the Evidence Rules to make them more easily understood and to make
style and terminology consistent throughout the rules.”).
7
be circumstances in which that probative value [of such evidence] . . . nevertheless
is outweighed by the danger of creating unfair prejudice in the minds of a jury.” Id.
(citation omitted). Accordingly, in determining “whether and what parts of EEOC
determinations and reports should be admitted,” a district court may consider whether
the reports:
•
contain legal conclusions in addition to factual content;
•
raise questions of trustworthiness under Rule 803(8)(B); or
•
present Rule 403 problems.
Id. (internal citations omitted). On the first point, Rule 803(8)(A) “does not provide
for the admissibility of the legal conclusions contained within an otherwise
permissible public report.” Hines v. Brandon Steel Decks, Inc., 886 F.2d 299, 302
(11th Cir. 1989). This is because “the jury would have no way of knowing whether
the preparer of the report was cognizant of the requirements underlying the legal
conclusions, and, if not, whether the preparer might have a higher or lower standard
than the law requires.” Id. at 303. However, “the amorphous line between ‘factual’
and ‘legal’ conclusions may obscure a practical analysis under this rubric.” Id.
This court need not decide now whether the investigator’s ROI determinations
constitute factual or legal conclusions. At this stage, it may consider any evidence
that could be presented in a form admissible at trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2).
8
Because the ROI qualifies as such, the court will consider it in deciding the present
motion.5
C.
Paragraph 13
Finally, Mr. Calhoun argues that Paragraph 13 in Secretary McHugh’s
statement of undisputed facts relates inadmissible hearsay and should thus be struck.
Doc. 29 ¶¶ 12-13. The statement reads, “Mr. O’Connor reported that Mr. Calhoun
was sleeping on the job when Mr. O’Connor was Mr. Calhoun’s first line supervisor.”
Doc. 27 at 6 (citation omitted). Mr. Calhoun suggests that Secretary McHugh is
improperly offering this fact for the truth of the matter asserted. See Doc. 29 ¶ 13. The
Secretary denies this interpretation. Instead, he asserts that “it’s proferred to show that
Mr. O’Connor reported that Mr. Calhoun was sleeping on the job when Mr.
O’Connor was [Mr. Calhoun’s] supervisor, not to show that [Mr. Calhoun] was
sleeping on the job.” Doc. 40 at 5 (emphasis in original).
The Secretary does not explain this point further. He particularly fails to
explain how he could reduce the fact that Mr. O'Connor made this specific report to
admissible evidence at trial. Therefore, the Secretary has failed to adequately respond
to Mr. Calhoun's evidentiary arguments. The court will thus sustain Mr. Calhoun's
5
Mr. Calhoun does not identify which parts of the ROI he considers improper legal
conclusions. To the degree the report does state any legal conclusions, the court will examine
those parts de novo.
9
objection to Paragraph 13 and will not consider it in evaluating the Secretary’s
motion for summary judgment.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, summary judgment is proper if there
is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986) (“[S]ummary judgment is proper if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”) (internal quotation
marks omitted).6 The party requesting summary judgment always bears the initial
responsibility of informing the court of the basis for its motion and identifying those
portions of the pleadings or filings that it believes demonstrate the absence of a
genuine issue of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. Once the moving party has
met its burden, Rule 56(e) requires the non-moving party to go beyond the pleadings
in answering the movant. Id. at 324. By its own affidavits – or by the depositions,
6
Congress amended Rule 56 in 2007 in conjunction with a general overhaul of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure. The Advisory Committee was careful to note, however, that the
changes “are intended to be stylistic only.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56, Advisory Committee Notes, 2007
Amendments (emphasis added). Consequently, cases interpreting the previous version of Rule 56
are equally applicable to the revised version. E.g., Wooten v. Walley, No. 2:07-CV-701WKW[WO], 2008 WL 4217262, at *2 n.5 (M.D. Ala. Sep. 12, 2008).
10
answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file – it must designate specific facts
showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Id.
The underlying substantive law identifies which facts are material and which
are irrelevant. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). All
reasonable doubts about the facts and all justifiable inferences are resolved in favor
of the non-movant. Chapman v. AI Transport, 229 F.3d 1012, 1023 (11th Cir. 2000)
(citation omitted). “Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit
under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.”
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. A dispute is genuine “if the evidence is such that a
reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. If the evidence
presented by the non-movant to rebut the moving party’s evidence is merely
colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may still be granted.
Id. at 249 (internal citations omitted).
How the movant may satisfy its initial evidentiary burden depends on whether
that party bears the burden of proof on the given legal issues at trial. Fitzpatrick v.
City of Atlanta, 2 F.3d 1112, 1115 (11th Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). If the movant
bears the burden of proof on the given issue or issues at trial, then it can only meet
its burden on summary judgment by presenting affirmative evidence showing the
absence of a genuine issue of material fact – that is, facts that would entitle it to a
11
directed verdict if not controverted at trial. Id. (citation omitted). Once the moving
party makes such an affirmative showing, the burden shifts to the non-moving party
to produce “significant, probative evidence demonstrating the existence of a triable
issue of fact.” Id. (citation omitted).
For issues on which the movant does not bear the burden of proof at trial, it can
satisfy its initial burden on summary judgment in either of two ways. Id. at 1115-16
(citation omitted). First, the movant may simply show that there is an absence of
evidence to support the non-movant’s case on the particular issue at hand. Id. at 1116.
In such an instance, the non-movant must rebut by either (1) showing that the record
in fact contains supporting evidence sufficient to withstand a directed verdict motion,
or (2) proffering evidence sufficient to withstand a directed verdict motion at trial
based on the alleged evidentiary deficiency. Id. at 1116-17 (citation omitted). When
responding, the non-movant may no longer rest on mere allegations; instead, it must
set forth evidence of specific facts. Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 358 (1996) (citation
omitted). The second method a movant in this position may use to discharge its
burden is to provide affirmative evidence demonstrating that the non-moving party
will be unable to prove its case at trial. Fitzpatrick, 2 F.3d at 1116. When this occurs,
the non-movant must rebut by offering evidence sufficient to withstand a directed
verdict at trial on the material fact sought to be negated. Id.
12
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
I.
Factual Background
With this standard in mind, the court summarizes the following basic case
facts.7 Mr. Calhoun is an African-American man. On December 18, 2006, he began
his first term appointment as a “General Equipment Mechanic Helper” in the Tracked
Systems Division of the Production Directorate at the Army Depot in Anniston,
Alabama. His term was renewable and was initially scheduled to last until January 18,
2008. At the time of his hiring, his “first-line supervisor” was James McKinney – also
an African-American man. Shortly afterward, Edgar O’Connor – an Asian-American
man – replaced Mr. McKinney as Mr. Calhoun’s “first-line” supervisor. David
Funderburg, the Tracked Systems Division Chief and an African-American man, was
Mr. Calhoun’s “second-line” supervisor.
Mr. O’Connor’s line, which included Mr. Calhoun, worked on the M-88 tank.
As a mechanic helper, Mr. Calhoun drove a forklift and “worked in suspension” of
the M-88. This included putting on brakes, tires, and hubs. Sometime in 2007 –
before Mr. Calhoun’s initial term had ended – Mr. O’Connor recommended that Mr.
7
This summary does not represent actual findings of fact. See In re Celotex Corp., 487
F.3d 1320, 1328 (11th Cir. 2007). Instead, the court provides the summary simply to ground its
legal analysis in the context of this particular case. Further, due to the nature of this court’s
decision on summary judgment, the following statement’s scope is limited. The court has not
included facts that are immaterial to the court’s ruling on the defendant’s motion.
13
Calhoun’s term not be extended. After meeting with Mr. Calhoun and Mr. O’Connor,
Mr. Funderburg decided to extend Mr. Calhoun’s term.
The Tracked System Division’s “Stryker line” included a Disassembly – or
“tear down” – side and an Assembly – or “rebuild” – side. When Stryker tanks
returned from a war zone, Disassembly workers stripped the tank down to the hull;
Assembly workers rebuilt them. In January 2008, the Stryker line workload
dramatically increased. To accommodate the increased production, management
“borrowed” employees from other lines and recruited volunteers to transfer to the
Stryker line. Mr. Calhoun volunteered, and his supervisors assigned him to the
Stryker line as a mechanic helper. On that line, his first-line supervisor was Monroe
Wood – an African-American – and William “Patrick” Webber – a Caucasian – was
the “lead” person. His second-line supervisor remained Mr. Funderburg. In July 2008,
Mr. McKinney became Mr. Calhoun’s second-line supervisor after Mr. Funderburg
deployed abroad.
Shortly after being assigned to the Stryker line in January 2008, Mr. Calhoun
requested to work on the Assembly side. He asked Mr. Webber on one occasion and
then asked Mr. Wood. Mr. Wood denied both requests. On or around March 7, 2008,
Mr. Calhoun reported an on-the-job injury, and his supervisors placed him on “light”
duty. He became dissatisfied with this work – which involved sweeping the work area
14
– and he again asked Mr. Wood to let him work on the Assembly side. Mr. Wood
again denied the request.
Mr. McKinney counseled Mr. Calhoun on leave and attendance issues when
Mr. McKinney was Mr. Calhoun’s first-line supervisor on the M-88 line. When Mr.
Calhoun joined the Stryker line, he experienced similar issues with his superiors. On
March 19, 2008, Mr. Wood issued Mr. Calhoun a memorandum on “Instructions for
Requesting Leave.” On March 24, 2008, Mr. Wood sent Mr. Calhoun to leave
counseling. Beginning in May 2008, Mr. Wood charged Mr. Calhoun “absent without
leave” (“AWOL”) on several occasions. Mr. Wood further asked that Mr. Calhoun
be issued an official letter of leave instruction. Mr. Calhoun complained to his union
in the spring or summer of 2008 regarding his workplace treatment. Relatedly, Mr.
Judd Gedgoves8 – a Caucasian co-worker of Mr. Calhoun’s on the Stryker line –
would also often “call in” late to report his absences.
Shortly after he returned to work in March 2008 following his work-related
injury, Mr. Calhoun alleges that Mr. Wood made a serious of vulgar remarks to him.
On July 16, 2008, Mr. Funderburg recommended that Mr. Calhoun’s term not be
8
This person’s last name is spelled differently in various parts of the record – for instance,
it appears in Mr. Calhoun’s Response as “Gedgoudas,” e.g., doc. 30 at 8, and in Secretary
McHugh’s Reply as “Gedgoudes,” e.g., doc. 44 at 10. In Mr. Webber’s testimony at the 8/19/09
Administrative Fact-Finding Conference, he spelled out – upon request – the last name as “G-ed-g-o-v-e-s.” Doc. 28-2 at 207. The court will therefore use the spelling “Gedgoves” in this
opinion.
15
extended. On August 20, 2008, Mr. Wood notified Mr. Calhoun that his term would
not be extended. On September 4, 2008, Mr. Calhoun reported to Mr. McKinney that
Mr. Wood had made several inappropriate remarks to him during his time there. Mr.
Calhoun reported the remarks to the Depot’s Equal Employment Opportunity
(“EEO”) Office on the same day. In response, Mr. McKinney conducted an
investigation on the matter and issued Mr. Wood a Letter of Warning on October 7,
2008. Mr. Calhoun’s term appointment expired on October 14, 2008.
II.
Procedural History
On June 12, 2009, Mr. Calhoun filed a formal EEOC complaint, alleging race
and gender discrimination and reprisal. Doc. 28-8 at 2. On December 8, 2011, he filed
the Complaint in this case. Doc. 1. On February 14, 2012, Secretary McHugh filed
a motion to dismiss Count IV of the Complaint (42 U.S.C. § 1983) and “Fictitious
Parties A, B, and C” – as well as to strike the punitive damages request. Doc. 6. The
court granted this motion on May 14, 2012. Doc. 12. Secretary McHugh filed the
current motion on May 13, 2013. Doc. 26. Mr. Calhoun responded on June 3, doc. 30,
and the Secretary replied on July 8, doc. 44.
DISCUSSION
Because Secretary McHugh need not prove liability at trial, he can meet his
burden here either by (1) showing an absence of evidence to support Mr. Calhoun’s
16
case; or (2) offering affirmative evidence demonstrating that Mr. Calhoun will be
unable to prove his case at trial. Fitzpatrick, 2 F.3d at 1115-17. Mr. Calhoun alleges
four claims against Secretary McHugh that are presently relevant:
•
Race Discrimination – Disparate Treatment;
•
Race Discrimination – Discriminatory Discharge;
•
Retaliation; and
•
Sexual Harassment – Hostile Work Environment.
Doc. 1 at 7-12.
The court will grant Secretary McHugh partial summary judgment. The
Secretary fails to meet his burden on Mr. Calhoun’s racial discrimination and
retaliation claims, but he succeeds on Mr. Calhoun’s sexual harassment claim. Mr.
Calhoun has evidentially supported a prima facie case as to his disparate treatment,
discriminatory discharge, and retaliation claims. Moreover, he has presented evidence
which rebuts the nondiscriminatory and nonretaliatory reasons that Secretary
McHugh offers for the adverse actions taken against him. However, Mr. Calhoun
cannot prove that the vulgar comments his supervisor directed at him were
sufficiently severe and pervasive to alter his employment terms and conditions. Thus,
his sexual harassment claim will not survive summary judgment.
I.
Mr. Calhoun Has Identified Genuine Factual Issues Over Whether He
17
Suffered Racial Discrimination.
A.
Legal Framework
Title VII prohibits an employer from discriminating against an employee in the
terms and conditions of his or her employment on the basis of race. 42 U.S.C. 2000e2(a)(1). Under this statute, a plaintiff like Mr. Calhoun must ultimately prove that his
employer harbored discriminatory intent in treating him adversely during his
employment. See Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 153
(2000) (“The ultimate question in every employment discrimination case involving
a claim of disparate treatment is whether the plaintiff was the victim of intentional
discrimination.”). The plaintiff can prove discriminatory intent through either direct
or circumstantial evidence. Desert Palace, Inc. v. Costa, 539 U.S. 90, 99-100 (2003).
Direct evidence of discriminatory intent is rare. See U.S. Postal Serv. Bd. of
Governors v. Aikens, 460 U.S. 711, 716 (1983) (“There will seldom be ‘eyewitness’
testimony as to the employer’s mental processes.”). Such evidence may take the form
of facially-discriminatory employment policies, job assignments, or employer
statements. See, e.g, Ferrill v. Parker Group, Inc., 168 F.3d 468, 472 (11th Cir. 1999)
(holding that telephone-marketing corporation’s pre-election campaign, in which
African-American employees were assigned to call African-American voters using
“black script,” while white employees called white voters using “white script,” was
18
direct evidence of disparate treatment on basis of race).
When a plaintiff seeks to prove discriminatory intent through circumstantial
evidence, a court usually evaluates the claim under the McDonnell Douglas burdenshifting framework. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–04
(1973).9 Under this framework, the plaintiff first has the burden of proving a prima
facie case by a preponderance of the evidence. In a racial discrimination claims such
as Mr. Calhoun’s, the plaintiff makes such a case by evidence that:
•
he is a member of a protected class;
•
he was subjected to adverse employment action;
•
his employer treated similarly-situated white employees more favorably;
and
•
he was qualified to do the job.
See Maniccia v. Brown, 171 F.3d 1364, 1368 (11th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted).
Discharging this burden is not onerous. Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine
(Burdine), 450 U.S. 248, 253 (1981). The plaintiff need only establish facts adequate
to permit a discriminatory inference. Holifield v. Reno, 115 F.3d 1555, 1562 (11th
9
In proving discriminatory intent circumstantially, a plaintiff need not conform rigidly to
the McDonnell Douglas framework. Vessels v. Atlanta Indep. Sch. Sys., 408 F.3d 763, 768 n.3
(11th Cir. 2005) (emphasizing that the McDonnell Douglas framework “remains only one
method by which the plaintiff can prove discrimination by circumstantial evidence” and that it “is
not the exclusive means of proof”) (citing Lee v. Russell County Bd. of Educ., 684 F.2d 769, 773
(11th Cir. 1982)).
19
Cir. 1997).
Once the plaintiff has made out the elements of the prima facie case, the burden
of production shifts to the employer to articulate a non-discriminatory basis for its
employment action. Burdine, 250 U.S. at 253 (citation omitted).10 If the employer
meets this burden, the discriminatory inference disappears, and the plaintiff must then
show by a preponderance of the evidence that the proffered reasons were pretextual.
St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 510-11 (1993). Where the plaintiff
succeeds in discrediting the employer's proffered reasons, the trier of fact may
conclude that the employer intentionally discriminated. Reeves, 530 U.S. at 148.
Mr. Calhoun seeks to prove Secretary McHugh’s discriminatory intent
circumstantially. That is, he offers evidence from which (he claims) a fact-finder may
infer that Secretary McHugh – though his subordinates – had a racially-discriminatory
motive in (1) adversely treating him during his employment; and (2) not renewing his
employment term when it completed. Mr. Calhoun makes his prima facie case on both
counts. In response, the Secretary offers legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for Mr.
Calhoun’s adverse treatment. However, Mr. Calhoun rebuts these justifications by
10
While the burden of production shifts, the burden of persuasion on the issue of
discriminatory intent always remains with the plaintiff. Burdine, 250 U.S. at 253. (“The nature of
the burden that shifts to the defendant should be understood in light of the plaintiff’s ultimate and
intermediate burdens. The ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that the defendant
intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff remains at all times with the plaintiff.”) (citations
omitted).
20
identifying several valid factual disputes over whether the justifications are
pretextual.
B.
Mr. Calhoun has made a prima facie case of racial discrimination
because he was adversely treated when a similarly-situated white
employee was not.
Secretary McHugh admits that Mr. Calhoun, as a black male, is a member of
a protected class and was qualified for his position with the Army. Doc. 27 at 16. The
Secretary denies, however, that Mr. Calhoun suffered adverse employment actions
or that he can identify a legitimate white “comparator” who was treated differently.
Id. Mr. Calhoun alleges three discrete adverse employment actions taken against him
that (he claims) cumulatively imply a discriminatory motive on his superiors’ part.
These alleged actions are:
•
His supervisors denied him reassignment to the Stryker Assembly area;
•
Monroe Wood, his first-line supervisor, improperly gave him AWOLs
while he worked on the Stryker line; and
•
His superiors did not renew his employment term.
Secretary McHugh challenges each action, although on different grounds. The court
will address each challenge and then state these actions cumulatively satisfy Mr.
Calhoun’s prima facie case.
1.
Denial of Reassignment
21
Secretary McHugh maintains that denying Mr. Calhoun’s reassignment request
did not qualify as an adverse employment action. Id. at 16. He argues that such a
decision was not sufficiently material to render Mr. Calhoun’s prima facie claim
actionable under the McDonnell Douglas scheme. Id. at 17-18. The Secretary is
incorrect.
Of course, “not all conduct by an employer negatively affecting an employee
constitutes adverse employment action.” Davis v. Town of Lake Park, Fla., 245 F.3d
1232, 1238 (11th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted); see also Gupta v. Fla. Bd. of Regents,
212 F.3d 571, 587 (11th Cir. 2000) (“Title VII is neither a general civility code nor
a statute making actionable the ordinary tribulations of the workplace.”) (quotation
and internal quotation marks omitted), abrogated on other grounds by Burlington N.
& Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White (Burlington Northern), 548 U.S. 53 (2006); Burnette v.
Northside Hosp., 342 F. Supp. 2d 1128, 1137 (N.D. Ga. 2004) (quoting Davis, 245
F.3d at 1239, 1244) (“[A] court should not act as ‘a super-personnel department’ by
second-guessing an employer’s business judgment about where it assigns its
employees.”). Rather, “to prove adverse employment action in a case under Title
VII’s anti-discrimination clause, an employee must show a serious and material
change in the terms, conditions, or privileges of employment.” Davis, 245 F.3d at
1239 (emphasis in original). Although this analysis “does not require proof of direct
22
economic consequences in all cases, the asserted impact cannot be speculative and
must at least have a tangible adverse effect on the plaintiff’s employment.” Id.
“Moreover, the employee’s subjective view of the significance and adversity of the
employer’s action is not controlling; the employment action must be materially
adverse as viewed by a reasonable person in the circumstances.” Id. at 1239-40
(citation and footnote omitted). In short, the employment action must meet a
“threshold level of substantiality” before it is cognizable. Wideman v. Wal–Mart
Stores, Inc., 141 F.3d 1453, 1456 (11th Cir. 1998).
Mr. Wood’s denial of Mr. Calhoun’s reassignment requests meets this
threshold. Mr. Calhoun testified in his deposition that working in the Assembly area:
•
involved greater responsibilities than Disassembly;
•
improved one’s mechanical skills in a way that could not occur in
Disassembly;
•
had superior working conditions; and
•
entitled one to higher employment grades and thus higher potential
compensation.
Doc. 28-2 at 73 (“With rebuild, you know, you can get higher grades. You can make
more money. The more you learn about a tank, the more money you’re eligible to
23
make.”). Secretary McHugh does not directly dispute these claims.11 Instead, the
Secretary argues that Mr. Calhoun’s reassignment denial cannot qualify as adverse
because Mr. Calhoun cannot prove “that he would have experienced a change in pay
or benefits had he been permitted to work in the assembly area.” Doc. 27 at 17.
Such a concrete change is not necessary. Under the prima facie analysis, it is
sufficient that reassignment to Assembly would have given Mr. Calhoun greater
prestige, greater responsibilities, cleaner work conditions, and – most importantly –
eligibility for pay increases. See Akins v. Fulton County, Ga., 420 F.3d 1293, 1300-01
(11th Cir. 2005) (“[I]f an employer’s conduct negatively affects an employee’s salary,
title, position, or job duties, that conduct constitutes an adverse employment action
. . . Similarly, a transfer to a less desirable position in terms of pay or eligibility for
pay increases is an adverse employment action because it is equivalent to a
demotion.”) (citations omitted) (emphasis added); McCabe v. Sharrett, 12 F.3d 1558,
1564 (11th Cir. 1994) (concluding that employee’s transfer to job that reduced her
eligibility for salary increases – even though her salary had not decreased – still
qualified as adverse employment action); see also Barnhart v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
11
In his Reply, Secretary McHugh contests Mr. Calhoun’s characterization of Assembly
as “more favorable,” pointing out that many workers preferred Disassembly. Doc. 44 at 9. But,
the Secretary does not offer evidence contradicting Mr. Calhoun’s assertion that Assembly had
greater responsibilities, greater prestige, cleaner conditions, or eligibility for pay grade increases.
24
206 F. App’x 890, 893 (11th Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (“A lateral transfer that does
not result in lesser pay, responsibilities, or prestige is not adverse. Likewise, the
refusal to give an employee such a transfer cannot be an adverse employment
action.”) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).
2.
Similarly-Situated Employees
Secretary McHugh next argues that Mr. Calhoun has not identified any suitable
white comparators who were treated differently than he at the Anniston Depot. Doc.
27 at 18-19. The Secretary discounts Mr. Calhoun’s proffered comparator, Judd
Gedgoves – a white man and Mr. Calhoun’s fellow employee on the Stryker line. Id.
at 19. Mr. Calhoun asserts that, like himself, Gedgoves had attendance issues in the
spring and summer of 2008. Doc. 1 ¶ 35. However, the Stryker line supervisors did
not punish Gedgoves similarly. Id. In response, Secretary McHugh claims that
Gedgoves was not “similarly situated” to Mr. Calhoun because Gedgoves’s conduct
differed from Mr. Calhoun’s in several material respects. Doc. 27 at 19. These alleged
differences include the following:
•
although Gedgoves was frequently late, he would – unlike Calhoun –
still call in to notify his superiors;
•
unlike Calhoun, he was not issued a leave restriction letter; and
•
unlike Calhoun, his attendance improved after being counseled.
25
Id. According to Secretary McHugh, because the “quantity and quality” of
Gedgoves’s misconduct was not “nearly identical” to Mr. Calhoun’s, Gedgoves does
not qualify as a suitable comparator under McDonnell Douglas. Id. at 18 (quoting
Burke-Fowler v. Orange County, Fla., 447 F.3d 1319, 1323 (11th Cir. 2006)).
The Secretary has misstated the prevailing prima facie standard within this
circuit. Gedgoves’s conduct did not have to be “nearly identical” to Mr. Calhoun’s.
Instead, Godgoves’s conduct only had to be “similar” to Mr. Calhoun’s to qualify as
a comparator. See Holifield, 115 F.3d at 1562 (“In determining whether employees
are similarly situated for purposes of establishing a prima facie case, it is necessary
to consider whether the employees are involved in or accused of the same or similar
conduct and are disciplined in different ways.”) (emphasis added) (citation omitted).12
12
The court is aware that, two years after Holifield was decided, an Eleventh Circuit panel
stated in a published decision that a co-employee’s misconduct had to be “nearly identical” to a
plaintiff’s before the co-employee may qualify as a comparator in a Title VII discrimination case.
Maniccia, 171 F.3d at 1368-69 (citing Dartmouth Review v. Dartmouth College, 889 F.2d 13, 19
(1st Cir. 1989)) (“We require that the quantity and quality of the comparator's misconduct be
nearly identical to prevent courts from second-guessing employers' reasonable decisions and
confusing apples with oranges.”).
This articulation of the “similarly situated” standard is stricter than that stated earlier in
Holifield. Additionally, at least some post-Maniccia published opinions of the Eleventh Circuit
have hewn to the Holifield articulation and have disavowed Maniccia’s. See Alexander v. Fulton
County, Ga., 207 F.3d 1303, 1334 (11th Cir. 2000) (“Moreover, the law does not require that a
‘similarly situated’ individual be one who has ‘engaged in the same or nearly identical conduct’
as the disciplined plaintiff. Instead, the law only requires ‘similar’ misconduct from the similarly
situated comparator.”) (citations omitted), overruled on other grounds by Manders v. Lee, 338
F.3d 1304, 1328 n.52 (11th Cir. 2003); Anderson v. WBMG-42, 253 F.3d 561, 565 (11th Cir.
2001) (“In arguing that the conduct of comparator employees must be the same or nearly
identical, WBMG takes the same position rejected by this Court in Alexander v. Fulton
26
Still, a plaintiff must show that he and the identified comparator(s) are similarly
situated in all relevant respects. Id. (citations omitted). This analysis involves
comparing the nature of (1) the offenses committed, and (2) the punishments
imposed. See Rioux v. City of Atlanta, Ga., 520 F.3d 1269, 1281 (11th Cir. 2008). If
the plaintiff fails to prove a legitimate comparator exists, summary judgment is
appropriate where no other discrimination evidence is present. Holifield, 115 F.3d at
1562.
Gedgoves engaged in sufficiently similar conduct as Mr. Calhoun to qualify as
a comparator for Mr. Calhoun’s prima facie case. Mr. Calhoun claims that Gedgoves
would – like Mr. Calhoun – frequently miss work or come in late during their time
together on the Stryker line. However, according to Mr. Calhoun, Gedgoves:
•
never called in;
•
was never given AWOLs;
County.”); but see Burke-Fowler, 447 F.3d at 1323 n.2 (discounting Alexander’s interpretation –
– without mentioning Holifield – and determining that Maniccia’s holding was in fact the first
one issued on the degree of similarity required between a plaintiff’s conduct and that of his or her
proffered comparator); Stone & Webster Constr., Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Labor, 684 F.3d 1127,
1135 (11th Cir. 2012) (same).
Because the panel in Holifield was the first to issue a published holding on the degree of
similarity required for a comparator, this court must follow Holifield’s holding. See e.g., United
States v. Moody, No. 13-10521, 2014 WL 351602, at *1 (11th Cir. Feb. 3, 2014) (unpublished)
(quoting Cargill v. Turpin, 120 F.3d 1366, 1386 (11th Cir.1997)) (“[T]he law of this Circuit is
‘emphatic’ that only the Supreme Court or this Court sitting en banc can judicially override a
prior panel decision.”).
27
•
was never required to bring in doctor’s excuses; and
•
was never otherwise reprimanded for his similar conduct.
Doc. 28-1 at 37. Secretary McHugh admits that Gedgoves “was late a couple of times
calling in to work when he was taking leave.” Doc. 44 at 12-13. The Secretary denies,
on the other hand, that Gedgoves was never reprimanded. He instead maintains that
Gedgoves “was written up and counseled for not calling in to work in a timely
fashion, and, once counseled, Gedgoves corrected his behavior.” Id.
The Secretary also objects that whether Gedgoves was required to bring in
doctor’s excuses is immaterial to the court’s analysis. Id. at 12. Mr. Wood’s “primary
concern with Calhoun . . . was Calhoun’s failure to properly request leave” – not
whether he had doctor’s excuses for his absences. Id. Finally, Secretary McHugh
acknowledges that Mr. Wood’s leave records for Gedgoves do not reflect an AWOL
designation. Id. at 13. But, the Secretary once again objects that this fact is immaterial
because Gedgoves was not similarly situated to Mr. Calhoun. Id.13 Unlike Mr.
Calhoun, Gedgoves had “plenty of annual and sick leave to use,” and he corrected his
behavior after counseling. Id.
13
The Secretary notes that Mr. Calhoun has admitted that Gedgoves was in fact assigned
an AWOL in October 2008 – after Mr. Calhoun had left the Anniston Army Depot. Id. This is
correct. See Doc. 30 at 9. But, it does not undermine Mr. Calhoun’s claim because he complains
that Gedgoves was not issued an AWOL during their time together on the Stryker line. See note
17.
28
Altogether, Mr. Calhoun has demonstrated that Gedgoves’s situation and
conduct were sufficiently similar to Mr. Calhoun’s to qualify Gedgoves as a
comparator. Like Mr. Calhoun, Gegoves worked on the Stryker line. The Secretary
admits Gedgoves had attendance problems – like Mr. Calhoun. The Secretary also
acknowledges that Gedgoves was punished differently than Mr. Calhoun. Of course,
Secretary McHugh maintains there are legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons why
Gedgoves was punished differently. However, the court is not concerned with such
justifications at the prima facie stage. Mr. Calhoun has revealed that he and Gedgoves
occupied similar positions, committed similar offenses, and yet suffered different
punishments. This is sufficient for Mr. Calhoun to meet his prima facie burden.
3.
Nonrenewal
Finally, Secretary McHugh disputes that Mr. Calhoun was technically
discharged from his position at the Anniston Army Depot. Doc. 27 at 19-20. The
Secretary claims instead that Mr. Calhoun’s term appointment expired, and his
superiors decided not to renew it. Id. at 20. According to the Secretary, this does not
qualify as a termination, and thus Mr. Calhoun’s discriminatory discharge claim is not
legally cognizable. Id.
Under the McDonnell Douglas scheme, this is a distinction without a
difference. Although Mr. Calhoun characterizes his claim as a “discriminatory
29
discharge” in his Complaint, the relevant issue – for prima facie purposes – is not
whether Mr. Calhoun was technically discharged. It is whether he suffered an
“adverse employment action.” See, e.g., Davis, 245 F.3d at 1238 (“Courts have
uniformly read this language to require a plaintiff suing under § 2000e–2(a) to
establish, as part of his prima facie case, that he suffered so-called ‘adverse
employment action.’”). The nonrenewal of his term-employment contract qualifies
as such an action.14 See Giles v. Daytona State Coll, Inc., No. 13-11081, 2013 WL
5764659, at *3 (11th Cir. Oct. 25, 2013) (unpublished) (“Although the 2010
nonrenewal of the annual contract was an adverse employment action, [the plaintiff]
did not demonstrate that [the defendant] treated similarly situated employees more
favorably.”); Saridakis v. S. Broward Hosp. Dist., 681 F. Supp. 2d 1338, 1348-49
(S.D. Fla. 2009) (finding non-renewal of contract to be adverse employment action
for purposes of Title VII discrimination claim); Thomas v. Dade County Pub. Health
Trust, 177 F. Supp. 2d 1283, 1291 (S.D. Fla. 2001) (observing that it was
“undisputed” that a physician-plaintiff whose annual residency contract was not
renewed was subjected to adverse action).
4.
Cumulative Impact
14
It is also relevant to the court’s prima facie analysis that Gedgoves’s term was renewed
when Mr. Calhoun’s was not. Doc. 1 ¶ 36. Secretary McHugh does not contest this fact.
30
So far, the court has individually assessed Mr. Calhoun’s adverse employment
claims. However, the court must also consider whether these alleged actions are
collectively adverse. See Akins, 420 F.3d at 1301 (citing Shannon v. Bellsouth
Telecomms., Inc., 292 F.3d 712, 716 (11th Cir. 2002)) (“In deciding whether
employment actions are adverse, we consider the employer’s acts both individually
and collectively.”) (footnote omitted). The court finds that they do. Mr. Calhoun has
shown that – in the space of several months – he was:
•
repeatedly denied lateral reassignment to a position with superior
conditions, greater responsibilities, and entitlement to pay grade
increases;
•
charged AWOLs that were permanently added to his records; and
•
denied renewal of his employment contract.
Even if any of these actions were not discretely “adverse,” they are certainly so when
evaluated cumulatively. See Shannon, 292 F.3d at 716 (“While the other actions of
which [the plaintiff] complains might not have individually risen to the level of
adverse employment action under Title VII, when those actions are considered
collectively, the total weight of them does constitute an adverse employment action.”)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Moreover – as already discussed –
Mr. Calhoun has identified a suitable white comparator who was treated differently
than he was. He has thus made a prima facie case of disparate treatment.
31
C.
Mr. Calhoun successfully rebuts Secretary McHugh’s stated reasons
for treating him adversely during his employment at the Depot.
In response to Mr. Calhoun’s prima facie claims, Secretary McHugh offers
performance-based reasons why each adverse action taken against Mr. Calhoun was
made. With the burden reverting back to him, Mr. Calhoun produces triable issues
over whether these reasons were simply pretext for racial discrimination. The court
will examine the parties’ respective arguments on each point.
1.
Legal Framework
In order to rebut an employee’s prima facie case successfully, an employer
must “clearly set forth, through the introduction of admissible evidence, the reasons
for the plaintiff’s rejection.” Burdine, 450 U.S. at 255 (footnote omitted). The
employer must be sufficiently specific so as to give the plaintiff “a full and fair
opportunity to demonstrate pretext.” Id. at 255-56. The employer need not prove,
however, “that it was actually motivated by the proffered reasons.” Id. at 254 (citation
omitted). Rather, it need only produce evidence of its nondiscriminatory termination
rationale sufficient to raise a genuine factual issue as to whether it discriminated
against the plaintiff. Id. (footnote omitted). If it does so, it has rebutted the
employee’s case.
Once the employer meets its burden to produce a nondiscriminatory reason for
32
its actions, the presumption of discrimination disappears. Reeves, 530 U.S. at 142-43
(citations omitted). To survive summary judgment, the employee must come forward
with evidence sufficient to permit a reasonable fact-finder to conclude that the
legitimate reasons given by the employer were not its true reasons, but were instead
a pretext for discrimination. Id. at 143. “A plaintiff can demonstrate pretext either
directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory or retaliatory reason ‘more
likely motivated the employer,’ or indirectly by showing ‘the employer's proffered
explanation is unworthy of credence.’” Wiggins v. Sec'y, Dep't of Army, 520 F. App'x
799, 800-01 (11th Cir. 2013) (unpublished) (quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256).
How the plaintiff meets this burden alters when his or her employer offers
multiple nondiscriminatory reasons for their termination. Generally, “if the plaintiff
cannot create a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether each of the defendant
employer’s articulated reasons is pretextual, the employer is entitled to summary
judgment.” Moore v. Jefferson County Dep’t of Human Res., 277 F. App’x 857, 859
(11th Cir. 2008) (unpublished) (emphasis added) (citing Cooper v. S. Soc., 390 F.3d
695, 725 (11th Cir. 2004)). Whether this injunction applies, however, depends on
whether the employer’s articulated reasons qualify as independent bases for
termination. There are cases where “the multiple grounds offered by the defendant are
not truly independent but are so intertwined that the taint by an issue of fact as to one
33
such reason undermines the other reasons as well.” Strickland v. Prime Care of
Dothan, 108 F. Supp. 2d 1329, 1334-35 (M.D. Ala. 2000) (citing Russell v. AcmeEvans Co., 51 F.3d 64, 69 (7th Cir. 1995)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
2.
Denial of Reassignment
Secretary McHugh adequately rebuts Mr. Calhoun’s prima facie case on the
denial of his transfer request. The Secretary argues that Mr. Calhoun did not have the
requisite electrical experience to work on the Assembly area when he arrived on the
Stryker line in January 2008. Doc. 27 at 26-27. In support, the Secretary cites Mr.
Webber’s testimony at the Administrative Fact-Finding Conference on August 19,
2009. Id. at 28. Mr. Webber was the “lead man” on the Stryker line’s second shift
with Mr. Calhoun in January 2008. Doc 28-2 at 199-200. As lead man at that time,
he was involved in assigning incoming workers to either Assembly or Disassembly.
Id. at 205. Webber testified that his decision-making as to these assignments operated
in the following manner:
First, we would look at if they had any electrical experience beforehand,
because that was really the major items that we needed, was the doing the drive
compartment. And if none of them had that, then what we did, we’d bring
everybody in on the disassembly . . . Then they had the opportunity, after they
learned the vehicle and they wanted to move to a different part, the assembly
part, then they were able to move to a different part of the assembly part.
Id. at 202. Because Mr. Calhoun lacked electrical experience – a substantive
34
prerequisite for the job – Webber assigned him to Disassembly. See id.
Secretary McHugh adds another nondiscriminatory rationale for Mr. Calhoun’s
treatment in this regard: his physical limitations. Doc. 27 at 27. The Secretary
emphasizes that Mr. Calhoun was injured two months into his time on the Stryker line
and placed on “light duty.” Id. After that time – according to the Secretary – Mr.
Calhoun could not have sustained the rigorous Assembly-line duties. See id. Mr.
Webber seconded this judgment in his conference testimony. According to Webber,
Mr. Calhoun’s injury-related restrictions prevented him from getting inside vehicles
and lifting anything heavy – both requirements for Assembly work. Doc. 28-2 at 20405. Consequently, Mr. Calhoun could only sweep and clean up around the work area.
Id. at 205.
Mr. Calhoun vigorously disputes this account, and he argues that the
Secretary’s supposed justifications instead acted as a pretext for segregating black
workers like himself in Disassembly. Contrary to the Secretary’s assertions otherwise,
Mr. Calhoun maintains that he indeed had relevant prior experience for Assembly
work. Doc. 28-1 at 30. Specifically, he claims he did rebuild-type work during his
previous experience on the M-88 line. Id. This work included putting on brakes, tires,
hubs – “basically anything dealing with the suspension of the tanker gear.” Id. Mr.
Calhoun emphasizes that this rebuild experience was all that was needed for
35
assignment to Stryker Assembly. Doc. 30 at 6-7. According to Mr. Calhoun, no one
arriving on the Stryker line with him in early 2008 had specialized experience with
the Stryker vehicle. Id. In his account, everyone needed training – regardless of
electrical experience.15
Mr. Calhoun essentially argues that his experience – or lack thereof – had
nothing to do with the refusal of his transfer request. Instead, he claims his
supervisors placed him (and kept him) in Disassembly because of his race. He points
foremost to the racial distribution of work assignments on the Stryker line:
Eight employees, including Calhoun, came to the Stryker vehicle at the same
time. Four of those employees were white males who were placed in rebuild.
Three black males were placed in tear down. One black female was placed in
parts. All employees had to be trained on the job.
Id. at 7 (internal citations omitted). Further, Mr. Calhoun claims Mr. Wood relied
exclusively on Mr. Webber – a white male – in making these assignment decisions.
15
Mr. Calhoun also disputes the notion that his March 2008 injury would have prevented
him from Assembly work. From his brief:
Calhoun states the work in rebuild was not too strenuous, and he would have been able to
perform the work in rebuild. Two to three people work on the same thing in rebuild, so
heavy lifting would not [have been] a problem. The tank would not have been too
cramped for Calhoun, as Woods [sic] already had Calhoun in the tank picking up trash.
The wiring would not have been repetitive and continuous movement of his shoulder [sic]
as was the sweeping that Calhoun was required to perform.
Id. at 7-8 (internal citations omitted).
36
Id.
In his administrative conference testimony, Mr. Wood acknowledged the
possible accuracy of Mr. Calhoun’s racial distribution estimate. Doc. 28-2 at 53-54.
Wood also admits relying on Webber in making assignment decisions because he had
“no knowledge of how the tank or vehicle operated or whatever.” Id. at 91. But,
Wood claimed the numbers turned out that way because only those who had
“mechanical experience on previous combat-type vehicles” could work on Assembly.
Id. at 54. According to Wood, Mr. Calhoun had mostly driven a forklift on the M-88
line. Id. at 55. Mr. Calhoun contested this description in his own conference
testimony. He alleged Wood knew that he had proper mechanical experience on the
M-88 line because Wood worked as a supervisor right next to him during that time.
Id. at 78.
Mr. Calhoun has identified several factual disputes regarding his supervisors’
refusal to place him in Assembly. These disputes encompass legitimate arguments
over:
•
the degree and sufficiency of his mechanical experience;
•
whether Assembly specifically required electrical experience (or
whether general mechanical experience was adequate);
•
whether any of those workers assigned to Assembly already had the
supposedly-required electrical experience;
37
•
the degree to which Wood relied on Webber in making assignment
decisions;
•
what Calhoun’s physical limitations were after his injury;
•
whether they prevented him from performing Assembly duties; and
•
what the racial allocation was between Assembly and Disassembly in
early 2008.
These disputes are sufficiently material to allow Mr. Calhoun’s disparate treatment
claim to survive summary judgment. They credibly undermine Secretary McHugh’s
rationale for denying his transfer request, and they plausibly reveal a pretextual
motive to racially discriminate against him in doing so. This is enough to submit the
matter to a jury. See Springer v. Convergys Customer Mgmt. Group, Inc., 509 F.3d
1344, 1349 (11th Cir. 2007) (“[A] reason is not pretext for discrimination ‘unless it
is shown both that the reason was false, and that discrimination was the real
reason.’”) (emphasis in original) (quotation omitted).
2.
AWOLs
A similar dynamic unfolds regarding Mr. Calhoun’s complaints that his
supervisors improperly charged him AWOL during his time on the Stryker line. The
Secretary counters that the charges occurred because Mr. Calhoun refused to follow
established leave procedures. Doc. 27 at 27. Specifically, the Secretary claims that
38
Wood punished Mr. Calhoun with AWOL on May 13, May 27, and June 9-11, 2008,
because Mr. Calhoun repeatedly failed to request permission for unscheduled leave
he was taking. Doc. 44 at 32.
Violations of work rules are legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons to treat an
employee adversely. See Damon v. Fleming Supermarkets of Fla., Inc., 196 F.3d
1354, 1361 (11th Cir. 1999). However, an employer’s claim that this defense applies
is “arguably pretextual” when the employee submits evidence that:
•
he did not violate the cited work rule; or
•
if he did violate the rule, other employees outside the protected class,
who engaged in similar acts, were not similarly treated.
Bush v. Houston County Comm’n, 414 F. App’x 264, 267 (11th Cir. 2011)
(unpublished) (quoting Damon, 196 F.3d at 1363). If the employee argues that he did
not violate the cited work rule, “the ultimate issue is whether the decisionmaker
believed that the employee violated the rule, not whether the employee actually
violated the rule.” Id. (citing Elrod v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 939 F.2d 1466, 1470
(11th Cir. 1991)). That is, “an employer who fires an employee under the mistaken
but honest impression that the employee violated a work rule is not liable for
discriminatory conduct.” Smith v. Int’l Paper Co., 160 F. Supp. 2d 1335, 1346 (M.D.
Ala. 2001) (citing Damon, 196 F.3d at 1363 n.3). Rather, “the employee must point
39
to evidence which raises a question as to whether the decisionmaker, in fact, knew
that the violation did not occur and, despite this knowledge, fired the employee based
upon the false premise of an alleged work rule violation.” Sweeney v. Ala. Alcoholic
Beverage Control Bd., 117 F. Supp. 2d 1266, 1273 (M.D. Ala. 2000).
In response to the Secretary’s claims, Mr. Calhoun both disputes that he
violated the leave-request policies and highlights the disparate treatment Mr.
Gedgoves received for similar conduct. On the first front, he admits the following
facts:
•
On March 19, 2008, Mr. Wood issued him a memorandum of
instructions for requesting leave;
•
On March 24, 2008, Mr. Wood sent him to leave counseling;
•
In May 2008, Mr. Wood charged him with AWOL; and
•
Mr. Wood requested that he be issued an official letter of leave
instruction.
Doc. 30 at 9-10. However, Mr. Calhoun still claims that he followed leave-procedure
instructions by calling or telling Mr. Wood “each and every time” he was absent. Id.
at 9. He underscores certain admissions Mr. Wood made in his deposition testimony
that undermine Wood’s criticisms of his attendance conduct. Id. Specifically, Wood
admitted that:
•
he
was “always” aware when Calhoun was having a doctor’s
40
appointment;
•
he did not notify Calhoun beforehand of the class Calhoun missed on
June 9-11, 2008 (for which Wood charged him AWOL); and
•
there were discrepancies in his notes from that period, including that
they were not chronologically-ordered and that they might not have been
his original copies.
Id. Mr. Calhoun further notes that Wood had to remove some of his original AWOL
charges after Mr. Calhoun complained to his union that they were unjustified. Id. Mr.
Calhoun therefore suggests that Wood punished him with AWOL even though he
knew Mr. Calhoun was following the rules.
In reply, Secretary McHugh admits that (1) Wood acknowledged certain
inconsistencies in his records from the time in question and that (2) Wood had to
remove (or otherwise change) certain AWOL charges he had originally given Mr.
Calhoun. Doc. 44 at 15. But, the Secretary reiterates that Mr. Wood charged Mr.
Calhoun with AWOL because Mr. Calhoun did not call in on May 13, May 27, and
June 9-11, 2008. Id. at 32. He cites Mr. Webber’s testimony at the fact-finding
conference that “Calhoun continued to fail to call in despite being repeatedly
counseled.” Id.
Mr. Calhoun also contrasts his treatment in this arena with that accorded Mr.
Gedgoves. As noted above, Gedgoves was a white employee who worked on the
41
Stryker line with Mr. Calhoun during the relevant time period.16 Mr. Calhoun asserts
that “Gedgoves would fail to call in or come in late weekly and sporadically, and was
never given AWOLs or reprimanded for his identical conduct as Calhoun’s alleged
conduct.” Doc. 30 at 32. In his testimony, Mr. Calhoun elaborated in the following
manner:
[T]here [were] a lot of times I was out due to doctor’s excuse or me going to
the doctor and I was placed on AWOL, but in the same breath, [Gedgoves] was
out, he didn’t have no doctor’s excuse, none of that, and he wasn’t placed on
AWOL; white male, black male.
Doc. 28-1 at 53. Mr. Calhoun further observes that, although Wood claimed in his
deposition that he gave Gedgoves AWOLs for this conduct, there is no documentary
evidence of such during the time they worked together. Doc. 30 at 9.
In reply, the Secretary admits that Gedgoves “was late a couple times calling
in to work when he was taking leave.” Doc. 44 at 12. As detailed above, however, the
Secretary denies that Gedgoves was similarly situated to Mr. Calhoun. In the
Secretary’s account, “Gedgoves was written up and counseled for not calling in to
work in a timely fashion, and once counseled, Gedgoves corrected his behavior. In
contrast, Calhoun, once counseled, did not correct his behavior.” Id. at 12-13. The
Secretary also highlights the fact that Gedgoves, as a veteran, had more annual leave
16
The parties dispute whether Gedgoves worked exclusively on Assembly or divided his
time between there and Disassembly.
42
and sick leave to use per pay period than Mr. Calhoun did. Id. at 13. Finally, the
Secretary admits that the record does not reflect Gedgoves being charged with
AWOL. Id. However, he notes that Mr. Calhoun admitted in his opposition brief that
Gedgoves received an AWOL in October 2008 after Mr. Calhoun left the Depot. Id.
at 13-14.
For the reasons summarized in the previous section, the court concludes as a
matter of law that Mr. Gedgoves may act as Mr. Calhoun’s comparator. See supra pp.
25-29. Given this conclusion, Mr. Calhoun has identified several genuine areas of
material factual dispute bearing on whether the Secretary’s justifications for Mr.
Calhoun’s AWOL charges are pretextual. These areas include:
•
whether Calhoun followed proper leave procedures after his March 2008
injury;
•
relatedly, whether Calhoun – and to what degree – Calhoun informed
Wood when these absences occurred (or were to occur);
•
how much available scheduled leave Calhoun had obtained by that
point;
•
whether Calhoun’s supervisors imposed different leave-request
requirements on him than on Gedgoves;
•
on what grounds Wood punished Calhoun for his absences in spring
2008 – i.e. whether it was for failing to call in (either ahead of time or
contemporaneously) or whether it was for failing to bring in doctor’s
excuses; and
43
•
how and why certain AWOL charges on Calhoun’s record were
removed.
In other words, Mr. Calhoun has marshaled evidence plausibly suggesting that his
employer penalized him for a work-rule violation that he did not commit – and which
his employer knew he did not commit. Moreover, Mr. Calhoun has identified a
legitimate white comparator who was handled differently, despite committing
arguably-similar violations.17
3.
Nonrenewal
Secretary McHugh cites similar performance concerns in justifying Mr.
Calhoun’s nonrenewal. He claims that “Mr. Funderburg based his recommendation
not to extend [Mr. Calhoun’s] term on [his] work record, attendance and performance,
including sleeping on the job, as documented by all of Mr. Calhoun’s first-line
supervisors.” Doc. 27 at 28. The Secretary emphasizes that Mr. Calhoun’s work
issues predated his arrival on the Stryker line. He notes that (1) Mr. McKinney
counseled Mr. Calhoun on leave and attendance issues when McKinney was his firstline supervisor on the M-88 line and (2) Mr. O’Connor had recommended that Mr.
Calhoun’s original term not be extended. Id. at 29. The Secretary argues that the court
17
Mr. Calhoun’s complaint is that Gedgoves was not charged AWOL for violating leave
procedures at the same time Mr. Calhoun was penalized for similar accusations. The fact that
Gedgoves was charged with AWOL after Mr. Calhoun left the Depot – which Mr. Calhoun
admits – is thus not relevant and does not undercut Mr. Calhoun’s arguments.
44
should grant him summary judgment on the issue because Mr. Calhoun “cannot show
that the Army’s reasons for not extending his term appointment were unworthy of
credence or more than likely motivated by race.” Id. at 30.
In response, Mr. Calhoun again challenges these reasons as mere pretext for
racial discrimination. He maintains that Funderburg relied solely on Wood’s
documentation in declining to renew his term. Doc. 30 at 13. Wood’s records
reflected that Mr. Calhoun was “not staying on the job, not coming to work, not
reporting to work on time, not calling in.” Id. According to Mr. Calhoun, it was this
diagnosis – infected by racial discrimination – that actually accounted for his
nonrenewal. See id.
Further, Mr. Calhoun denies having any attendance problems before his injury.
He stresses Wood’s deposition admission that he did not have problems with Mr.
Calhoun’s attendance before giving him the leave instruction letter on March 18,
2008. Doc. 30 at 33. Mr. Calhoun further claims that Mr. O’Connor recommended
nonrenewal of his original term in 2007 because Mr. Calhoun had complained about
the disparate racial composition of the M-88 line. Id. at 14. In a larger sense, Mr.
Calhoun maintains his superiors purposely altered his records and otherwise
fabricated performance issues in order to create a “stated reason” for nonrenewal.
Doc. 30 at 34.
45
In his deposition testimony, Mr. Funderburg corroborated many of Mr.
Calhoun’s assertions. Funderburg acknowledged that Mr. Calhoun had complained
to him about the racial configuration of the M-88 line. Doc. 28-3 at 10-11. Indeed, he
implicitly admits that there were racial disparities on the line – but found that the
black employees wanted to stay where they were. Id. at 11. Funderburg also admits
that he relied on Mr. Wood’s documentation in declining to recommend Mr. Calhoun
for renewal. Id. at 13, 18-19.
Other parts of the record support Mr. Calhoun’s claims. Wood testified in his
deposition that he “didn’t have a problem” with Mr. Calhoun’s attendance prior to his
injury. Doc. 28-6 at 18. Moreover, Mr. O’Connor – who had supposedly
recommended that Mr. Calhoun not be renewed – reported to the EEOC investigator
that he was “unaware” of any attendance problems by Mr. Calhoun prior to March
2008. Doc. 28-8 at 17.
These facts undercut Secretary McHugh’s narrative that Mr. Calhoun had
continuous attendance and performance issues from the beginning of his employment
at the Anniston Army Depot. Mr. Calhoun has, in turn, marshaled considerable
evidence that there were disparities in the treatment of black and white employees at
the Depot. Moreover, he has offered individualized evidence that his superiors
punished him differently for similar conduct as a white counterpart – a white
46
counterpart whose term was ultimately renewed. Considering this evidence
altogether, the court finds that a reasonable fact-finder could agree with Mr. Calhoun
that his Army supervisors used his supposed performance issues as a pretext for
racially discriminating against him.
II.
Mr. Calhoun Has Identified Genuine Factual Issues Over Whether He
Suffered Illegal Retaliation.
A.
Legal Framework
Under Title VII, it is illegal for an employer to discriminate against an
employee “because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment
practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or
participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this
subchapter.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). As with a disparate treatment claim, a plaintiff
alleging a Title VII retaliation claim must begin by establishing a prima facie case.
The plaintiff must show that:
•
he engaged in statutorily-protected activity;
•
an adverse employment action occurred; and
•
the adverse action was causally related to the plaintiff's protected
activity.
Coutu v. Martin County Bd. of County Comm’rs, 47 F.3d 1068, 1074 (11th Cir.
1995). If a plaintiff makes out a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant
47
to produce legitimate reasons for the adverse employment action. Shannon, 292 F.3d
at 715 (citation omitted). “If the defendant does so, the plaintiff must show that the
reasons the defendant gave were pretextual.” Id. (citation omitted).
B.
Mr. Calhoun has made a prima facie case of retaliation because he
engaged in protected opposition to unlawful employment practices.
In his Complaint, Mr. Calhoun claims that he suffered illegal retaliation when
he was terminated for “objecting to and reporting acts of racial discrimination and
sexual harassment.” Doc. 1 ¶ 56. Secretary McHugh argues that Mr. Calhoun cannot
prove this claim because he cannot show that he participated in “prior protected
activity.” Doc. 27 at 20. The Secretary implicitly acknowledges that Mr. Calhoun
engaged in protected activity when he reported his complaints to the EEOC Office on
September 4, 2008. However, the Secretary emphasizes that this happened after (1)
Mr. Funderburg prepared his letter recommending Mr. Calhoun not be extended and
after (2) Mr. Wood notified Mr. Calhoun that his term would not be renewed. Doc.
27 at 21. Mr. Calhoun’s EEOC complaints thus could not have motivated any adverse
actions taken against him. The Secretary further denies that Mr. Calhoun’s earlier
complaints to his union qualified as “prior protected activity” because “the focus with
the union was on his AWOL charges and not on discrimination.” Id. (citation
omitted).
48
Under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a), there are two types of protected activity: (1)
opposing unlawful employment practices (the “opposition clause”) and (2) making
a charge or participating in an investigation or proceeding (the “participation
clause”). Crawford v. Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson County, Tenn., 555 U.S.
271, 274 (2009). Mr. Calhoun claims protection under the opposition clause. Doc. 30
at 34. Specifically, he claims he engaged in protected “opposition” on two occasions:
•
When he was on the M-88 line, he complained of racial discrimination
to Mr. O’Connor and Mr. Funderberg in the allocation of work
assignments; and
•
On several occasions after his March 2008 injury, he complained to his
union about racial segregation, disparate treatment, sexual harassment
and improper disciplinary punishment that he was experiencing on the
Stryker line.
Id. at 37. After these complaints, Mr. Calhoun claims that his supervisors unlawfully
charged him with AWOL, refused his request to place him in Assembly, and declined
to renew his employment term. Id.
Mr. Calhoun’s conduct qualifies as protected activity. “[A] plaintiff can
establish a prima facie case of retaliation under the opposition clause of Title VII if
he shows that he had a good faith, reasonable belief that the employer was engaged
in unlawful employment practices.” Little v. United Techs., Carrier Transicold Div.,
103 F.3d 956, 960 (11th Cir. 1997) (citation omitted). The plaintiff’s burden here has
49
both a subjective and an objective component. Id. That is, “[a] plaintiff must not only
show that he subjectively (that is, in good faith) believed that his employer was
engaged in unlawful employment practices, but also that his belief was objectively
reasonable in light of the facts and record presented.” Id. (emphasis in original).
Mr. Calhoun has satisfied this burden here. The parties dispute the subject of
Mr. Calhoun’s complaints to his union in the spring and summer of 2008. While Mr.
Calhoun claims that he challenged the racial segregation, disparate treatment, sexual
harassment and AWOLs that he was experiencing on the Stryker line, Secretary
McHugh asserts that Mr. Calhoun only discussed the AWOLs. Doc. 27 at 21. This
distinction is immaterial here. Mr. Calhoun believed that he was being illegally
charged AWOL because of his race. As assessed in the previous section, the court
finds that this belief was objectively reasonable “in light of the facts and record
presented.” Little, 103 F.3d at 959-60. Therefore, in complaining about the matter to
his union, Mr. Calhoun was opposing an unlawful employment practice. This
constitutes protected activity. See EEOC v. Total Sys. Servs., 240 F.3d 899, 903 (11th
Cir. 2001) (Barkett, J., dissenting) (“[T]he EEOC has identified a number of examples
of ‘opposing’ conduct that are protected by Title VII, including ‘complaining to
anyone (management, unions, other employees, or newspapers) about allegedly
unlawful practices.’) (quoting Johnson v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 215 F.3d 561, 579-80
50
(6th Cir. 2000)).
Moreover, Secretary McHugh admits that Mr. Calhoun complained earlier to
Mr. Funderburg about “blacks on the M88 line being in the suspension area and not
working on the front line.” Doc. 44 at 7. The Secretary argues, however, that this fact
is immaterial because “Calhoun’s claims in this case arose during 2008 while he was
assigned to the Stryker line and not while assigned to the M88 line prior to 2008.” Id.
While the timing of Mr. Calhoun’s complaints on this subject might bear on whether
they were causally related to the adverse treatment he later suffered, it does not affect
whether the complaints themselves qualified as protected activity. Racial segregation
in allocating work assignments constitutes an unlawful employment practice under
Title VII. The court thus holds that Mr. Calhoun’s earlier complaints on the subject
also qualify as protected activity.18
C.
Mr. Calhoun successfully rebuts Secretary McHugh’s stated reasons
for treating him adversely during his employment at the Depot.
In response to Mr. Calhoun’s prima facie case, Secretary McHugh offers the
same justifications for Mr. Calhoun’s adverse treatment that he offered in defense of
Mr. Calhoun’s racial discrimination claims. The court will not rehash them here.
18
In his Motion, Secretary McHugh does not challenge the other elements of Mr.
Calhoun’s prima facie burden – i.e. whether he suffered adverse treatment and whether this
treatment was “causally related” to his prior protected activity. The court will thus assume – for
the purposes of resolving this motion – that Mr. Calhoun has satisfied these elements.
51
Instead, the court will examine each adverse action and show how Mr. Calhoun has
raised genuine issues of material fact regarding whether the Secretary’s stated
justifications were pretext for retaliation against Mr. Calhoun.
A plaintiff who wishes to expose his or her employer’s offered non-retaliatory
reasons as pretext must show that the employer’s actions “might have dissuaded a
reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington
Northern, 548 U.S. at 68 (quotation omitted). “Such a determination is inherently
fact-specific and ‘depend[s] upon the particular circumstances’ of the case.” Allen v.
S. Commc’ns Servs., Inc., No. 2:11-CV-4097-LSC, 2013 WL 4012229, at *7 (N.D.
Ala. Aug. 5, 2013) (quoting Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. at 68).
1.
Denial of Reassignment
The Secretary maintains that Mr. Calhoun was unqualified – and later
physically incapable – to work on Assembly and that these reasons alone motivated
his superiors to deny his requests to be assigned there. Based on the grounds
identified in the previous section on this matter, see supra pp. 33-38, the court finds
that Mr. Calhoun has raised a genuine factual issue over whether whether the
Secretary’s stated reasons were “not what actually motivated [his] conduct.” CooperHouston v. S. Ry. Co., 37 F.3d 603, 605 (11th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted). Because
the evidence Mr. Calhoun marshaled to discredit the Secretary’s stated rationale was
52
not specific to the racial discrimination context, the court finds that it also bolsters
Mr. Calhoun’s retaliation claim. In other words, a reasonable jury could conclude
from Mr. Calhoun’s evidence that Secretary McHugh actually denied Mr. Calhoun
reassignment to Assembly in retaliation for his protected activity. The court also finds
that refusing to transfer Mr. Calhoun to Assembly “might have dissuaded a
reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination” because of
the advantages accrued from working on that shift. Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. at
68.
2.
AWOLs
Regarding his AWOL charges, Mr. Calhoun offers independent evidence to
rebut the Secretary McHugh’s offered justifications and expose them as pretext for
retaliation. Mr. Calhoun claims that he first complained to his union when Wood
began making vulgar remarks at him shortly after his injury on March 7, 2008. Doc.
30 at 37. He also testified that he returned to complain to the union in April or May
of that year, and later in June or July. Id. Mr. Calhoun further specifies that he spoke
to – among others – Ray Vanshoebrook, Reverend Everett Kelly, Herman Millender,
Thomas Floyd, Chad Barclay, and Greg McNath. Id. “Shortly after” complaining on
one occasion, Mr. Calhoun asserts that Reverend Kelly and Mr. Barclay informed
Wood of Mr. Calhoun’s complaints. Doc. 28-2 at 24-25. In fact, Mr. Calhoun testified
53
that a union representative talked to Mr. Wood on the same day as one of his
complaints. Id. at 25. At some point afterward, Wood was forced to remove several
AWOL entries he had made on Mr. Calhoun’s record.
Secretary McHugh acknowledges that Wood had to change AWOL charges
that he had made against Mr. Calhoun on May 21 and 22, 2008, after Mr. Calhoun
complained to his union. Doc. 44 at 19. But, the Secretary otherwise denies – or
denies the materiality of – all of the other claims Mr. Calhoun makes above. He
emphasizes that Mr. McKinney, the Acting Tracked Systems Division Chief,
eventually conducted an investigation and issued Mr. Wood a Letter of Warning. Id.
The Secretary also protests that:
Calhoun does not have personal knowledge of what [the] union did or with
whom they discussed the alleged complaints of alleged sexual comments, other
than referring him to Mr. McMath, the EEO officer. He only assumed the
union did something with the alleged complaints because he pays union dues.
Calhoun only went to see McMath once around September 4, 200419, which
was about three months after he alleges he first complained to the union about
the comments.
Id. (internal citation omitted). In conclusion, Secretary McHugh underscores that Mr.
Calhoun “cannot show that the AWOL charges were motivated by anything other
than [his] failure to follow established leave procedures.” Id. at 32.
19
The court assumes that this is a typographical error and that the Secretary meant to
inscribe September 4, 2008, as the appropriate date – given that Mr. Calhoun was not employed
at the Anniston Army Depot on September 4, 2004.
54
The court does not agree. In fact, Mr. Calhoun has shown that:
•
he complained about (what he considered) unlawful employment
practices at the Depot before being charged AWOL by Wood;
•
Wood then charged him with AWOL on several occasions; and
•
Wood was ultimately forced to remove many of these charges.
Mr. Calhoun has also identified genuine factual disputes over:
•
when and to whom he complained in the spring and summer of 2008;
•
what he precisely complained about on these occasions; and
•
when Wood became aware of these complaints.
Altogether, a reasonable fact-finder could conclude that Secretary McHugh’s offered
reason for charging Mr. Calhoun AWOL merely acted as pretext for retaliating
against him based on his protected opposition to allegedly illegal employment
practices at the Depot. Moreover, charging an employee AWOL “might have
dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of
discrimination.” Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. at 68.
3.
Nonrenewal
For similar reasons, the court finds that Mr. Calhoun has rebutted the
Secretary’s nonretaliatory reasons for declining to renew Mr. Calhoun’s employment
term. On the one hand, the AWOLs that Mr. Calhoun accumulated in the spring and
55
summer of 2008 greatly contributed to his supervisors’ decision not to renew him –
a point Mr. Wood admitted in his deposition testimony. See Doc. 28-2 at 181 (“[T]he
AWOLs is what got his job.”). Other evidence further supports Mr. Calhoun’s pretext
arguments. Mr. Calhoun affirmed in his deposition testimony that the letter Mr.
Funderburg drafted on or around July 16, 2008 – stating that Mr. Calhoun would not
be renewed – came after Mr. Calhoun had complained to his union about his AWOLs
and Mr. Wood’s “sexually-charged” remarks. Id. at 179. Mr. Calhoun also asserted
that Wood had vouched to Mr. Calhoun, after he complained to the EEOC, that Wood
was the final arbiter of whether Mr. Calhoun’s term would be extended. Id. at 180.
Indeed, Mr. Funderburg admitted in his deposition testimony that he relied “solely”
on Wood’s documentation in deciding not to renew Mr. Calhoun’s term. Doc. 28-3
at 13. Finally, Mr. Calhoun was the only employee in his building not extended at that
time – a point which the Secretary does not deny. Compare Doc. 30 at 24 with Doc.
44 at 23.20
Further bolstering Mr. Calhoun’s case are the discussed irregularities
concerning Mr. Wood’s records on Mr. Calhoun’s attendance. As noted, Wood
20
The Secretary instead maintains that the point is immaterial because “Calhoun cannot
show disparate treatment from a similarly-situated comparator.” Doc. 44 at 23. In the retaliation
context, however, it is relevant to Mr. Calhoun’s pretext argument that he – who had complained
so frequently to his superiors and union representatives – was the only one not renewed.
56
admitted in his deposition testimony there were discrepancies in and among these
records. Doc. 28-6 at 28. He further acknowledged that the records were not
chronologically ordered and that this was because they did not represent the original
copies. Doc. 28-2 at 146-47. Wood had in fact transferred the information to these
records from his original notes, which he no longer possessed. Id. Relatedly, Wood
did not remember the exact date he had changed the May 21 and 22, 2008, AWOLs
to “leave without pay.” Doc. 44 at 22.
In sum, Mr. Calhoun has identified sufficient weaknesses in Secretary
McHugh’s rationale for not renewing him that a reasonable fact-finder could find it
“unworthy of credence.” Cooper, 390 F.3d at 725. The prospect of nonrenewal is
certainly one that “might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or
supporting a charge of discrimination.”Burlington Northern, 548 U.S. at 68. With this
conclusion in mind, a genuine material factual issues exist as to why Mr. Calhoun
was not renewed, when that decision was made, who fundamentally made it, and for
what reasons. Mr. Calhoun’s retaliation claim will thus survive summary judgment.
IV.
Secretary McHugh Has Shown that Mr. Calhoun Cannot Prove
Actionable Sexual Harassment.
A.
Legal Framework
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits an employer from discriminating
57
against a worker “with respect to [the worker’s] compensation, terms, conditions, or
privileges of employment, because of” the worker’s membership in a protected
category such as race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e2(a)(1). This disparate treatment “can take the form of a ‘tangible employment
action,’ such as a firing or demotion, or of a ‘hostile work environment’ that changes
‘the terms and conditions of employment, even though the employee is not
discharged, demoted, or reassigned.’” Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 594
F.3d 798, 807 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting Hulsey v. Pride Rests., LLC, 367 F.3d 1238,
1245 (11th Cir. 2004)). To prove a hostile work environment, the plaintiff must show
that:
•
he or she belongs to a protected group;
•
he or she has been subject to unwelcome sexual harassment, such as
sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other conduct of a
sexual nature;
•
the harassment was based on his or her sex;
•
the harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the terms
and conditions of employment and create a discriminatorily-abusive
working environment; and
•
there is a basis for holding the employer liable for such conduct
Id. at 808 (citing Mendoza v. Borden, Inc., 195 F.3d 1238, 1245 (11th Cir. 1999) (en
banc)). “Workplace conduct is not measured in isolation.” Id. (quoting Clark County
58
Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 270 (2001) (per curiam)). “Rather, the evidence
of harassment is considered both cumulatively and in the totality of the
circumstances.” Id. (citing Mendoza, 195 F.3d at 1242).
“Establishing that harassing conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to
alter an employee’s terms or conditions of employment includes a subjective and an
objective component.” Mendoza, 195 F.3d at 1246 (citing Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc.,
510 U.S. 17, 21-22 (1993)). “The employee must ‘subjectively perceive’ the
harassment as sufficiently severe and pervasive to alter the terms or conditions of
employment, and this subjective perception must be objectively reasonable.” Id.
(quotation omitted). “The environment must be one that ‘a reasonable person would
find hostile or abusive’ and that ‘the victim . . . subjectively perceive[s] . . . to be
abusive.” Id. (quotation omitted). Further, “the objective severity of harassment
should be judged from the perspective of a reasonable person in the plaintiff's
position, considering ‘all the circumstances.’” Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs.,
Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 81 (1998) (quoting Harris, 510 U.S. at 23).
“The objective component of this analysis is somewhat fact intensive.”
Mendoza, 195 F.3d at 1246. In determining whether harassment objectively altered
an employee’s terms or conditions of employment, courts should consider four
factors:
59
•
the frequency of the conduct;
•
the severity of the conduct;
•
whether the conduct is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere
offensive utterance; and
•
whether the conduct unreasonably interferes with the employee’s job
performance.
Allen v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 121 F.3d 642, 647 (11th Cir. 1997) (citing Harris, 510
U.S. at 23). None of these factors is individually determinative. For instance,
regarding the final factor, “harassment need not be shown to be so extreme that it
produces tangible effects on job performance in order to be actionable.” Miller v.
Kenworth of Dothan, Inc., 277 F.3d 1269, 1277 (11th Cir. 2002) (citing Harris, 510
U.S. at 22). Rather, “courts should examine the conduct in context, not as isolated
acts, and determine under the totality of the circumstances whether the harassing
conduct is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the terms or conditions of the
plaintiff’s employment and create a hostile or abusive working environment.”
Mendoza, 195 F.3d at 1246 (citations omitted).
On a broader level, “not all objectionable conduct or language amounts to
discrimination under Title VII.” Reeves, 594 F.3d at 809. “Although gender-specific
language that imposes a change in the terms and conditions of employment based on
sex will violate Title VII, general vulgarity or references to sex that are indiscriminate
60
in nature will not, standing alone, generally be actionable.” Id. Title VII is not a
“general civility code.” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788 (1998)
(quoting Oncale, 523 U.S. at 80). “Title VII’s test is instead whether ‘members of one
sex are exposed to disadvantageous terms or conditions of employment to which
members of the other sex are not exposed.’” Reeves, 594 F.3d at 809 (quoting Oncale,
523 U.S. at 80).
B.
Mr. Calhoun has not made a prima facie case because he cannot show
that Mr. Wood’s comments altered his employment terms and
conditions.
In his Complaint, Mr. Calhoun claims Mr. Wood subjected him to a hostile
work environment during his time at the Anniston Army Depot. Doc. 1 ¶¶ 66-68. This
was so because Mr. Calhoun “was forced to endure the humiliation and
embarrassment of [Mr.Wood’s] sexually charged remarks and insults.” Id. ¶ 68.
These remarks and insults allegedly included the following:
•
[After Calhoun’s injury] “You cannot beat your dick now with your
shoulder like that;”
•
“The load your daddy discharged and conceived was a waste;”
•
“If I was your momma, I would have slapped your daddy for climbing
on top of her and cumming in her and having a sorry piece of shit like
you;” and
•
[Grabbing his genitals] “I’ve got it right here”
61
Id. ¶ 66. According to Mr. Calhoun, these occurred on a “regular basis” in the spring
of 2008 after he injured himself. Id. ¶ 28.
In his motion for summary judgment, Secretary McHugh admits that Wood
made “ignoble” comments to Mr. Calhoun during this time period. Doc. 27 at 23.
However, the Secretary argues that Mr. Calhoun’s sexual harassment claim still fails
as a matter of law because he cannot show that (1) his gender motivated the
comments and (2) the comments were sufficiently severe and pervasive to alter the
terms and conditions of his employment. Id. at 24. The court disagrees with the first
point but agrees with the second. Wood’s comments were arguably gender-specific,
and Mr. Calhoun reasonably vouched in his deposition testimony that he found the
comments sexually humiliating. Doc. 28-2 at 105-07. This is sufficient to satisfy Mr.
Calhoun’s prima facie case on this point.21
Mr. Calhoun does not provide persuasive evidence, however, that Wood’s
comments were so severe and pervasive so as to objectively alter the terms and
conditions of his employment. In his response to the Secretary’s motion, Mr. Calhoun
makes his case on this issue in the following manner:
Clearly, Calhoun has established an environment was hostile by both the
subjective and objective tests. The statements that were made were numerous
21
A plaintiff may maintain a sexual harassment claim against someone of the same sex.
Oncale, 523 U.S. at 79.
62
and continuous. They were severe, offensive, humiliating and they were made
in front of the entire shop of co-workers. Essentially, Woods [sic] told Calhoun
that his entire existence was a waste. On one of the occasions, Calhoun
testified he walked away and employees approached him telling him they felt
it was offensive. A reasonable person and Calhoun both could have found
these statements offensive, abusive and way over-the-top. Even Funderburg,
the Division Chief, who does not work in the shop, said he heard about the
statements. In addition to statements, Woods [sic] was fabricating records,
writing Calhoun up based on these fabrications, and conspiring with O’Conner
trying to create a reason to not renew Calhoun which Funderburg admitted was
all based on Calhoun’s repeated complaints of racial discrimination.
Doc. 30 at 40.
This statement is largely conclusory and unconvincing. Mr. Calhoun asserts –
rather than argues with citation to supporting authority– that Wood’s comments were
frequent, severe, and humiliating. Even were the court to credit Mr. Calhoun’s
assertion as objectively reasonable, he makes no effort to present any evidence that
the comments were physically threatening – rather than just unkind and offensive.
See Harris, 510 U.S. at 21 (finding that the “mere utterance of an epithet which
engenders offensive feelings in an employee” does not sufficiently affect the
conditions of employment to implicate Title VII) (internal quotation marks,
alterations, and citation omitted). Nor does Mr. Calhoun try to prove that the
comments substantively interfered with his work responsibilities and performance.
He certainly doesn’t show that he was “exposed to disadvantageous terms or
conditions of employment to which members of the other sex [were] not exposed.”
63
Reeves, 594 F.3d at 809 (citing Oncale, 523 U.S. at 80). Considering the entire
context in which they were allegedly made, the court finds that the statements were
not sufficiently “severe and pervasive to alter the conditions of [Mr. Calhoun’s]
employment.” Harris, 510 U.S. at 21 (citation omitted). The court will thus grant
Secretary McHugh summary judgment on Mr. Calhoun’s sexual harassment claim.22
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, the court will:
•
DENY Secretary McHugh summary judgment on Count I of Mr.
Calhoun’s Complaint (“Race Discrimination – Disparate Treatment”);
•
DENY Secretary McHugh summary judgment on Count II of Mr.
Calhoun’s Complaint (“Discriminatory Discharge”);
•
DENY Secretary McHugh summary judgment on Count III of Mr.
Calhoun’s Complaint (“Retaliation”); and
•
GRANT Secretary McHugh summary judgment on Count V of Mr.
Calhoun’s Complaint (“Sexual Harassment - Hostile Work
Environment”).
22
Because the court finds that Mr. Calhoun has failed to make his prima facie case here, it
need not – and will not – address Secretary McHugh’s arguments regarding administrative
exhaustion, see doc. 27 at 10-13, or his invocation of the “Faragher/Ellerth defense,” see id. at
24-25.
64
DONE and ORDERED this the 4th day of March, 2014.
VIRGINIA EMERSON HOPKINS
United States District Judge
65
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