Curry v. Talladega Housing Authority

Filing 25

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Virginia Emerson Hopkins on 9/19/2016. (JLC)

FILED
2016 Sep-19 PM 04:33
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
EASTERN DIVISION
STANLEY L. CURRY,
Plaintiffs,
v.
TALLADEGA HOUSING
AUTHORITY,
Defendant.

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) Case No.: 1:15-CV-909-VEH
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MEMORANDUM OPINION
This employment discrimination case was filed on June 1, 2015, by the
Plaintiff, Stanley G. Curry, against the Defendant, his former employer, the Talladega
Housing Authority (“THA”). (Doc. 1). The Complaint alleges that the Plaintiff was
terminated, on account of his race, in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq. (“Title VII”) (Count One).
The case comes before the Court on the Defendant’s Motion for Summary
Judgment. (Doc. 13). For the reasons stated herein, the motion will be GRANTED,
and this case will be DISMISSED with prejudice.
I.

STANDARD
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, summary judgment is proper if there

is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986) (“[S]ummary judgment is proper if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”) (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). The party requesting summary judgment always bears
the initial responsibility of informing the court of the basis for its motion and
identifying those portions of the pleadings or filings that it believes demonstrate the
absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. Once the
moving party has met its burden, Rule 56(e) requires the non-moving party to go
beyond the pleadings in answering the movant. Id. at 324. By its own affidavits – or
by the depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file – it must
designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Id.
The underlying substantive law identifies which facts are material and which
are irrelevant. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). All
reasonable doubts about the facts and all justifiable inferences are resolved in favor
of the non-movant. Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1023. Only disputes over facts that might
affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the
2

entry of summary judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. A dispute is genuine “if the
evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving
party.” Id. If the evidence presented by the non-movant to rebut the moving party’s
evidence is merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment
may still be granted. Id. at 249.
How the movant may satisfy its initial evidentiary burden depends on whether
that party bears the burden of proof on the given legal issues at trial. Fitzpatrick v.
City of Atlanta, 2 F.3d 1112, 1115 (11th Cir. 1993). If the movant bears the burden
of proof on the given issue or issues at trial, then it can only meet its burden on
summary judgment by presenting affirmative evidence showing the absence of a
genuine issue of material fact – that is, facts that would entitle it to a directed verdict
if not controverted at trial. Id. (citation omitted). Once the moving party makes such
an affirmative showing, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to produce
“significant, probative evidence demonstrating the existence of a triable issue of fact.”
Id. (citation omitted) (emphasis added).
For issues on which the movant does not bear the burden of proof at trial, it can
satisfy its initial burden on summary judgment in either of two ways. Id. at 1115-16.
First, the movant may simply show that there is an absence of evidence to support the
non-movant’s case on the particular issue at hand. Id. at 1116. In such an instance, the
3

non-movant must rebut by either (1) showing that the record in fact contains
supporting evidence sufficient to withstand a directed verdict motion, or (2)
proffering evidence sufficient to withstand a directed verdict motion at trial based on
the alleged evidentiary deficiency. Id. at 1116-17. When responding, the non-movant
may no longer rest on mere allegations; instead, it must set forth evidence of specific
facts. Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 358 (1996). The second method a movant in this
position may use to discharge its burden is to provide affirmative evidence
demonstrating that the non-moving party will be unable to prove its case at trial.
Fitzpatrick, 2 F.3d at 1116. When this occurs, the non-movant must rebut by offering
evidence sufficient to withstand a directed verdict at trial on the material fact sought
to be negated. Id.
II.

THE DEFENDANT’S MOTIONS TO STRIKE
The Defendant scatters motions to strike throughout its reply brief. The

Plaintiff filed a short response to the Defendant’s motions to strike which merely
stated that he “continues to stand by all previous responses.” (Doc. 24 at 1-2). For the
reasons stated in this section, the motions to strike will be DENIED.
A.

The Plaintiff’s Responses to the Defendant’s Proffered Facts

The Defendant moves to strike certain of the Plaintiff’s responses to facts the
Defendant has proffered in support of its Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. 23
4

at 5-7, ¶¶3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 32, 33, 40, 41, 43, and 44). As to paragraphs 3,
18, and 19, the Defendant argues that they are “irrelevant” and “immaterial” “under
the provisions of Rules 401 and 403 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” (Doc.
23 at 5-6, ¶3; doc. 23 at 6, ¶¶18, 19) (italics in original). The Court assumes that the
Defendant meant to cite to the Federal Rules of Evidence. Rule 403 of the Federal
Rules of Evidence describes circumstances under which relevant evidence may be
excluded. The Defendant has failed to explain how either rule applies here. Further,
the court will examine the relevance of any particular fact when assessing what
should and should not be included in this opinion. Only material facts will be used
as a basis for this Court’s analysis.
The Defendant moves to strike the remaining responses as allegedly without
evidentiary support. The Court points out that, to the extent a proffered fact is not
disputed, it is typically included in this opinion.1 To the extent a proffered fact is
disputed, the Court examines the evidence offered by both sides to see if the evidence
supports a dispute. If so, the fact is cast in the light most favorable to the non-movant.
When no evidence is cited to support the dispute of a proffered fact, and the Court is
aware of no other evidence establishing a dispute, the proffered fact is typically

1

The Court’s process is more fully described in Appendix II to the Court Uniform initial
Order. (Doc. 2 at 14).
5

included to the extent it has an evidentiary basis. Accordingly, there is no reason to
“strike” unsupported responses, and the Court will not do so.
B.

The Plaintiff’s Proffered Facts

The Defendant has also moved to strike certain of the Plaintiff's facts proffered
in opposition to the Motion for Summary Judgment. (Doc. 23 at 1-5, ¶¶ 48, 49, 51,
52, 53, 57, 58, and 62). The Defendant makes the same arguments for striking these
facts that the Court addressed in the previous section. For those same reasons, the
Court will not strike these proffered facts, but will handle them as explained above.
III.

FACTS
The Plaintiff, Stanley G. Curry, is an African American male who was hired by

THA on February 2, 1990.
A.

Safety Policy

On February 8, 2007, the Plaintiff signed a document confirming that it was his
responsibility to read and know the contents of the THA employee Safety Policy, and
thereafter abide by the policies and procedures therein to the best of his abilities. He
also confirmed that he had the right to request clarification as needed to fully
understand his responsibilities as set forth in the Safety Policy.
Section II, paragraph 19 of that policy provides: “Possession of firearms or
other weapons while on THA property, in THA vehicles, or while conducting THA
6

business is strictly prohibited except for THA Investigative officers who are licensed
to carry firearms.” (Doc. 14-4 at 4) (original bold omitted). The Plaintiff had never
been an investigative officer for THA at any time during his employment. (Doc. 14-3
at 2).
Section VII, N, paragraph 1, of the Safety Policy provides: “In addition to any
regulation required by the THA, all drivers of THA vehicles will comply with state
law governing said vehicles.” (Doc. 14-4 at 15) (original bold omitted). Section VII,
N, paragraphs 13b and 13e provides that employees who are required to operate a
moving vehicle must “[k]now and obey the applicable federal, state, county, and city
laws and regulations [of the area] in which they are driving,” and “[c]omply with all
posted speed limits, signs and signals, and make a complete stop at all stop signs.”
(Doc. 14-4 at 16).
B.

The Vehicle Use Policy

On or about January 14, 2013, the Plaintiff confirmed that he received, read
and understood the Vehicle Usage Policy of the THA and agreed to abide by the rules
and regulations set forth therein. That policy provides in part:
3.

[THA] vehicles shall not be used for personal business unless
prior approval is granted by the Executive Director and/or Board
of Commissioners.
***
7

5.

Driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol shall be cause for
immediate termination.

(Doc. 14-6 at 1). The Plaintiff had never been given approval to drive a THA vehicle
for personal business by the Board of Commissioners or the Executive Director,
Nettie Goodwin. (Doc. 14-3 at 3-4). However, in her deposition, Goodwin stated that
it was not a violation of company policy to use a company vehicle to go back and
forth from home to work. (Doc. 19 at 3(8)). She also admitted that employees could
use a company vehicle to run errands which were “on the way home.” (Doc. 19 at
3(8)).
C.

Drug-Free Workplace Policy

On or about February 8, 2007, the Plaintiff executed a document confirming
receipt of the THA Drug Free Workplace Policy. That policy strictly prohibits
employees from “[b]ringing and/or storing (including in a desk, locker, automobile,
or other repository) alcohol on [THA] premises or property, including [THA]-owned
or leased vehicles, or vehicles used for [THA] purposes.” (Doc. 14-5 at 6). The policy
also states: “As an exception, storage of sealed, unopened alcohol containers in a
vehicle on [THA] property is not a violation.” (Doc. 14-5 at 6) (italics in original).
The policy also prohibited employees from “[h]aving possession of, being under the
influence of, testing positive for or having in one’s system, alcohol [during work time
8

or on THA premises or property].” (Doc. 14-5 at 6).
D.

The Traffic Stop

On or about February 3, 2014, the Plaintiff was driving a THA vehicle through
THA property when he was stopped by City of Talladega Police Officer, John
McCoy. The Plaintiff was off work at the time of the stop. McCoy testified in his
deposition:
When I heard him coming, I started looking to try to figure out where
the vehicle was coming from, and I looked up and saw the truck coming
toward the entrance exit area . . . and he come [sic] over the speed
breakers. And I saw the rate of speed he was going and made the
determination I was going to pull him over. So when he came by me, I
pulled out behind him.
(Doc. 14-19 at 3(12)-4(13)). McCoy wrote the Plaintiff a ticket for: “Reasonable and
prudent speed.” (Doc. 14-19 at 4(15)). McCoy testified that the speed limit in that
area was 15 miles per hour, and that the Plaintiff was going “[w]ell over 15 miles an
hour.” (Doc. 14-19 at 4(15-16)).2 The Plaintiff denies that he was speeding, but he
2

The Plaintiff disputes these facts and cites his deposition at pages 38 and 39. (Doc. 17
at 3 (“Plaintiff denies that he was speeding when arrested by Officer John McCoy.”)) (citing doc.
14-20 at 10(38-39)) Nothing in the cited portion of the Plaintiff’s deposition disputes that he was
speeding. It merely recounts the following exchange which he says took place between he and
McCoy:
I said I ain’t driving no faster than I’ve been driving. And I said why did you stop
me? He said well – he said I was speeding. And I asked him how fast I was
going. He said I don’t have a radar or nothing like that. How can you tell how
fast I was going, so how you know I was speeding?
(Doc. 14-20 at 10(38)). Still, in another section of the Plaintiff’s deposition, which the Plaintiff
9

ultimately pled guilty to that charge in the City of Talladega Municipal Court. (Doc.
14-20 at 9(36)-10(37), 11(41)).
McCoy also had the Plaintiff perform a field sobriety test. McCoy explained
that he did so
[b]ecause I smelled the odor of alcohol coming from his breath and
person when I approached the vehicle, and during our contact, he
admitted that he had drank I believe it was some tall boys prior to our
contact.
(Doc. 14-19 at 5(18)). The Plaintiff testified that he told McCoy that he had not been
drinking. (Doc. 14-20 at 10(38)). When asked how the Plaintiff did on the field
sobriety test, McCoy stated “[h]e didn’t fail it.” (Doc. 14-19 at 4(14)).
McCoy searched the vehicle during the stop. He stated:
There were several empty beer cans. I think one empty beer can as a
matter of fact was a tall boy in the cab, and I think there was a full
unopened tall boy in the bed of the truck.
(Doc. 14-19 at 5(19)). McCoy also remembers “a lot of beer cans in some type of
container.” (Doc. 14-19 at 6(21)). He put the number of cans at “maybe between five
and 15.” (Doc. 14-19 at 6(22)). When the Plaintiff was asked about this subject in his
deposition, the following exchange took place:

did not cite, he was asked “What did he stop you for?” to which the Plaintiff responded, “To me
nothing, but he said I was speeding.” (Doc. 14-20 at 9(36)). The Court will give the Plaintiff the
benefit of the doubt here and holds that a reasonable jury could consider this a denial that he was
speeding.
10

Q.

But there was, you know, there was beer cans in the truck, wasn’t
there?

A.

Plenty.

Q.

Plenty of beer cans in the truck.

A.

Yes, sir. Not in the truck.

Q.

What kind of beer cans were they?

A.

All kinds, Coke, beer bottles, all of them.

Q.

Those were open?

A.

Yeah. Most of them, everything was open.

Q.

Where were those located?

A.

On the back of the pickup truck in a milk crate.

(Doc. 14-20 at 11(41-42)). When asked in his deposition how that alcohol got into the
truck, the Plaintiff testified:
I pick up cans and things while working. I was told by Ms. Goodwin
that when we come up on an area and the parking lot is nasty and dirty,
we pick it up. And I kept a basket, a pickup stick and stuff on my truck
when I do inspections. When I come out, I pick up and clean, clean up
the parking lot, put it on the back of the truck in a crate, take it back to
the shop and dispose of the trash, keep the cans, and I brought them
home and save the cans.
(Doc. 14-21 at 8(113)). The Plaintiff testified that he “had authorization” to pick up
cans with alcohol in them and store them in the truck. (Doc. 14-21 at 8(113)).

11

McCoy also searched the Plaintiff’s vehicle and found a 25 caliber automatic
pistol. The Plaintiff had a permit to carry the pistol.
During his deposition, McCoy was asked if, during the traffic stop, he asked
the Plaintiff what he was doing or where he had been. McCoy responded:
Yes. He said – at first he said that he was on a call out, and then while
we were talking, I asked him what was on fire. Why he was trying to get
out of there so fast. And after we talked for a minute or two, he changed
his story and said that he was out at another apartment seeing somebody
and that his wife called him. He was trying to hurry up and get home. So
that was the reason he was speeding coming out of public housing.
(Doc. 14-19 at 5(18-19)). In his deposition, the Plaintiff denied telling McCoy that
he was seeing another woman at the housing community. (Doc. 14-20 at 10(37),
11(42)). Instead, the Plaintiff testified that he was there to get his fishing gear. (Doc.
14-20 at 11(42), 17(67)). The Plaintiff admits that he was off work at the time he was
stopped by Officer McCoy. He was stopped at about 5:30 and he had gotten off work
at 4:30.
In her affidavit, Goodwin stated:
Officer McCoy was working under a contract between the [THA] and
him to provide police services in or around properties owned by [THA]
during certain of his off hours from the [THA]. Part of the agreement
provided that he could be called away at any time for City of Talladega
police work unrelated to the [THA], if he chose to do so. Neither I [nor]
anyone else at the [THA] reserved or exercised at any time the right to
control the methods, manner or means by which Mr. McCoy
accomplished the final product for which [THA] contracted to wit:
12

engaging in police work in or around [THA] properties.
(Doc. 14-3 at 7).3 However, in McCoy’s deposition, the following exchange took
place:
Q.

Okay. On February the 3rd, 2014, were you employed and on
duty at the Talladega Housing Authority?

A.

Yes.

Q.

Were you there as a Talladega Housing Authority employee or
Talladega city police?

A.

I was actually working for the Talladega Housing Authority.

(Doc. 14-19 at 2(6-7)). It is undisputed that McCoy had previously attended THA
meetings with the Plaintiff, but, on February 3, 2014, stated that he did not know the
Plaintiff.
E.

Investigation by Goodwin

On February 3, 2014, Goodwin received a call from the Plaintiff where he
stated: “I have messed up and I am in trouble.” Goodwin told him to see her first
thing in the morning. On the morning of February 4, 2014, Goodwin learned of the
traffic stop previously described and hand delivered a letter to Curry outlining the

3

The Plaintiff disputes this account, saying that he and McCoy “knew each other and
Mr. McCoy was an employee of THA when McCoy arrested the Plaintiff.” (Doc. 17 at 3). In
support of this statement, the Plaintiff cites his own deposition at page 47. (Doc. 14-20 at
12(47)). Nothing on that page of his deposition supports the Plaintiff’s contention that McCoy
was an “employee” of THA.
13

policy violations that may have been committed, suspended him without pay until
February 17, 2014, and informed him that a decision would be made at that time
regarding his continued employment. She also requested that he put in writing the
events that led to the action and that might be relevant.
On February 8, 2014, Goodwin delivered a letter to the Plaintiff advising him
that a hearing would take place on February 11, 2014, at 10:00, and at that time he
would be given an opportunity to be heard prior to a decision being made. (Doc. 14-8
at 1). In that same letter, he was also given notice of that the following THA policies
Goodwin felt may have been violated:
1.

Using a company vehicle for [a] person[al] reason.

2.

Speeding and driving recklessly in a company vehicle.

3.

Drinking while driving a company vehicle,

4.

Having alcohol in a company vehicle. . . .

5.

Having a weapon in a vehicle in violation of the Alabama State
Statute. This violation occurred in a THA vehicle (property).

(Doc. 14-8 at 1). Goodwin’s letter also noted that she had twice requested that the
Plaintiff put in writing the events that took place, and that his written account had not
yet been received.
The hearing of February 11, 2014, was conducted on that date and in the

14

fashion described in the letter of February 8, 2014. The parties have not cited the
Court to any evidence as to the events of that hearing. On February 14, 2014,
Goodwin hand delivered a letter to the Plaintiff extending his suspension to February
24, 2014. (Doc. 14-10).
On February 10, 2014, the Plaintiff provided his written account of the
incidents made the basis of his suspension. (Doc. 14-9). In that letter, the Plaintiff
admitted, among other things, that on the date of the stop:
– he drove the THA truck on a personal errand to pick up money that was owed
to him, and then onto THA property to pick up his fishing gear;
– he put a bag with a gun and beer in it into the back of the truck;
– he took the gun out of the bag from the back of the truck because it started
to rain; and
– McCoy found the gun in his coat during the traffic stop.
(Doc. 14-9 at 1).
Goodwin also reviewed a statement from McCoy, a statement from witness
Kenneth Price, a report from Chief Investigator Tom Lloyd, phone records from a
THA phone issued to the Plaintiff, and photographs of the alcohol containers found
by McCoy in the Plaintiff’s vehicle. (Docs. 14-11, 14-12, 14-13, 14-14, 14-15). In
McCoy’s statement, he stated, inter alia, that:
15

– the Plaintiff was speeding when he was stopped;
– the Plaintiff stated that he had been on THA property seeing a woman who
was not his wife;
– the Plaintiff smelled of alcohol and his eyes were bloodshot when he was
stopped;
– the Plaintiff admitted to drinking “two tall boys;”
– McCoy found an empty tall boy beer can and full tall boy beer can in the bed
of the truck, along with several empty beer cans, and fishing gear; and
– McCoy found the Plaintiff’s pistol in the Plaintiff’s jacket pocket in the THA
vehicle.
(Doc. 14-11). Price was the second officer on the scene of the traffic stop. Price
confirmed that:
– the Plaintiff exuded a strong odor of alcohol while sitting in Price’s patrol
car; and
– Price asked the Plaintiff how many “alcoholic beers” he had had, and the
Plaintiff stated “several.”
(Doc. 14-12). In Lloyd’s investigative report, he recounted McCoy and Price’s
statements, and also noted that when Lloyd secured the Plaintiff’s personal items
from the truck, the Plaintiff’s bag (which was in the back of the truck) contained a full
16

can of beer. (Doc. 14-13 at 2).
On February 19, 2014, Goodwin delivered a letter to the Plaintiff saying that
she had made a decision regarding his continued employment and she would inform
him of that decision on February 24, 2014 at 10:00 in her office. (Doc. 14-16). On
February 24, 2014, Goodwin authored a letter that she intended to give the Plaintiff
which would terminate his employment and provide the reasons therefore. (Doc. 1417). The reasons she listed were:
1.

Using a company vehicle for [a] personal reason.

2.

Speeding and driving recklessly in a company vehicle.

3.

Bringing and/or storing (including in a desk, locker, automobile,
or other repository) alcohol on [THA] premises or property,
including [THA]-owned or leased vehicles, or vehicles used for
[THA] purposes.

4.

Having possession of, being under the influence of, testing
positive for or having in one’s system, alcohol.

5.

Using, consuming, transporting, distributing, or attempting to
distribute, manufacturing, selling, or dispensing alcohol.

6.

Possession of firearms or other weapons while on THA property,
in THA vehicles, or while conducting THA business . . ..

(Doc. 14-17).

17

The Plaintiff was terminated on February 24th.4 Nettie Goodwin insists that
when Mr. Curry arrived on February 24th for the anticipated meeting, he informed
Nettie Goodwin that he would be resigning, effective that day, and delivered to her
a letter to that effect. (Doc. 14-3 at 6; doc. 14-18). At the Plaintiff’s request, she
delivered to him the termination letter she had authored. (Doc. 14-3 at 6).5 The
Plaintiff testified that he did write a resignation letter, and he did walk into that
meeting with it, but that he did not give it to Goodwin until after she terminated him.
(Doc. 14-21 at 11(126-127)).
F.

The Disciplinary Policy in the Employee Handbook

The THA employee Handbook provides, in pertinent part:
M.

DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURE

4

The Plaintiff contends that he was “terminated from his employment.” (Doc. 17 at 6,
¶48). The Defendant “denies that the [P]laintiff was terminated by . . . Nettie Goodwin.” (Doc.
23 at 1, ¶48). The Defendant also moves the Court to strike the Plaintiff’s claim that he was
terminated “for lack of evidentiary support.” (Doc. 23 at 1, ¶48). As noted above, there is
evidentiary support for the Plaintiff being terminated. Further, the Court notes that fact 33,
proffered by the Defendant states:
33.

The sole reason Nettie Goodwin terminated the employment was because
of the clear violations of the applicable policies and the severity of those
violations.

(Doc. 13 at 11, ¶33) (emphasis added). The Motion to Strike is DENIED.
5

The Plaintiff disputes the facts stated in these last two sentences, but cites the very same
evidence, which supports the facts as stated. (See doc. 17 at 5, ¶32) (referring the reader to doc.
17 at 6, ¶48).
18

This section on employee disciplinary procedures and separations
(Section N) is for guidance to supervisory personnel only. It is not a
contract between the company and its employees. This section merely
describes for supervisory personnel the company’s general philosophy
in grievance procedures and termination decisions. The company
recognizes that each disciplinary decision and termination must be
judged on its own particular facts. Fairness and common sense dictates
that these unique situations will be reviewed and decided in the context
of surrounding circumstances. The commissioners are responsible for all
disciplinary actions that involve the Executive Director. To the extent
possible, such actions shall be in the form and manner as described
below:
a.

Verbal warnings
First offense, or first violation, of [THA] policies. All
verbal warnings shall be documented by the supervisor.
The date and time of the warning shall be indicated.

b.

Written warning
Second offense, or violation, of any [THA] policy within
six months of the first violation.

c.

Suspension without pay/termination of employment
Suspension without pay . . . that may result in termination
will be affected whenever an employee receives two
written warnings within the same six-month period; or in
the event an employee receives three written warnings
within the same 12-month period.
Not withstanding [sic] any of the above, any employee who
is away from duty for a two (2) day period without prior
approval . . . or removes [THA] property or other property
for his or her personal use or consumption is subject to
19

immediate termination.
All disciplinary action is subject to the Complaint
Procedure (except of [sic] violations of the Alcohol and
Substance Abuse Policy, see part V6 for grievance process)
as outlined in Section X7 herein. Suspensions without pay,
as noted in Section H.58, shall be authorized and
recognized as a form of disciplinary action, but only by the
specific authorization of the Executive Director.
(Doc. 18 at 3) (bold in original). Section N of the Employee Handbook provides that
employees are subject to “immediate suspension without pay and then dismissal” for
“violations of regulations.” (Doc. 23 at 11).9 In his deposition, the Plaintiff testified
that was not given any verbal or written warnings prior to his termination. (Doc. 1421 at 1(87)).10
G.

Comparators

6

“Part V” has not been included in the record, so the Court cannot quote from or
consider it.
7

“Section X” has not been included in the record, so the Court cannot quote from or
consider it.
8

“Section H.5” has not been included in the record, so the Court cannot quote from or
consider it.
9

Although a number of specific examples of such violations are mentioned, the policy is
clear that the types of violations to which the section refers are not limited to those set out.
10

The Defendant disputes this fact but cites only letters from Goodwin to the Plaintiff
regarding the traffic stop at issue in this case. (See Doc. 14-7 at 1; doc. 14-8 at 1; doc. 14-10 at
1; doc. 14-16 at 1). The Plaintiff’s argument is that, if the Plaintiff committed a violation, the
Defendant was obligated to warn him first and then, if he committed the same violation again,
move up the progressive discipline policy. Citations to letters regarding this incident are
irrelevant to that point.
20

The only three individuals that the Plaintiff can identify as comparators are
Steve Watts, Tom Lloyd, and Jay McElroy.
1.

Steve Watts

The Plaintiff does not know of any time that Steve Watts violated the speeding
policy or the policy of carrying a firearm or the policy of having alcohol in a company
vehicle or in his system on THA property.
Goodwin testified in her deposition that she was aware of an incident between
Watts, who is white, and Byron Garrett, who is African American, where Watts used
racially derogatory language towards Garrett. (Doc. 20 at 3(33)). Watts was “written
up” for that, but was not terminated. (Doc. 20 at 3(33)).
Watts at one time brought his grandson to work. Goodwin remembers telling
Watts that he needed to find a baby sitter or go home. (Doc. 19 at 7(24)). She does not
know where the child was. (Doc. 20 at 1(25)). She stated that “[s]omeone told me,
and I contacted Steve and said you need to go home or send the child home.” (Doc.
20 at 1(25)). She testified that she did so “[b]ecause the child shouldn’t have been
there.” (Doc. 20 at 1(25)).11

11

The Plaintiff, who originally proffered the facts regarding Watts’s grandson’s presence
on THA property, insists that the child was “on a backhoe [Watts] was operating.” (Doc. 17 at 7,
¶51). None of the evidence cited by the Plaintiff supports that the child was on a backhoe Watts
was operating.
21

2.

Tom Lloyd

The Plaintiff has no knowledge of Tom Lloyd, who is white, ever pleading
guilty or being cited for speeding. He also has no knowledge of Lloyd not operating
a vehicle at a reasonable speed. Lloyd is a police officer, so there have been times that
he confiscated alcohol from people on THA property, but the Plaintiff knows of no
other times that Lloyd had alcohol on THA premises.
Lloyd had his wife, who is not a THA employee, helping him with his office
work in the THA office. Lloyd’s wife was a volunteer employee for the THA who
was on THA insurance. (Doc. 19 at 4(10-11)). Lloyd was not reprimanded for having
her help out.
3.

Jay McElroy

The Plaintiff knows of no time that Jay McElroy was cited for speeding or
having alcohol in THA vehicles or on THA premises or being in possession of
firearms on THA property or in THA vehicles. McElroy allowed his son to ride a
THA lawn mower and in a company truck with Byron Garrett, but Nettie Goodwin
said she had no prior knowledge of these facts.
IV.

ANALYSIS
The Complaint sets out only one claim: race discrimination in violation of

Title VII. In that claim, the Plaintiff alleges that he was discriminated against on the
22

basis of his race, African American, when he was fired as a result of the traffic stop
which occurred on February 24, 2014. (Doc. 1 at 4).12
A.

Applicable Law

Title VII provides:
[i]t shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer . . . to fail
or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to
discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation,
terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such
individual’s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
42 U.S.C.A. § 2000e-2(a)(1). “In evaluating disparate treatment claims supported by
circumstantial evidence13, we use the framework established by the Supreme Court

12

The Defendant argues that the Plaintiff has claimed “two adverse employment actions
to wit: (1) Being stopped by Officer John McCoy for speeding and (2) Being terminated from his
employment by the Talladega Housing Authority.” (Doc. 13 at 14). However, in the only count
of the Complaint, the Plaintiff alleges:
Plaintiff has been treated less favorably with respect to discipline by the
[D]efendant than similarly situated white male employees in that they were either
not disciplined at all nor was their employment terminated.
(Doc. 1 at 4) (emphasis added). There is no mention of the stop in Count One. The Court will
not address any arguments regarding whether Officer McCoy was an employee or agent of THA,
or whether McCoy’s actions amounted to discrimination. (See doc. 13 at 14-15).
13

The Plaintiff, in the last line of his brief, argues that he “has proven by direct
evidence, for the reasons stated in the above discussion that . . . THA[] racially discriminated
against him.” (Doc. 17 at 13). Direct evidence is “evidence, that, if believed, proves [the]
existence of [a] fact without inference or presumption. . . . Only the most blatant remarks, whose
intent could mean nothing other than to discriminate on the basis of some impermissible factor
constitute direct evidence of discrimination.” Wilson v. B/E Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d 1079,
1086 (11th Cir. 2004) (internal quotations and citations omitted). There is no direct evidence of
discrimination in this case.
23

in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668
(1973), and Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 101
S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981).” Wilson v. B/E Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d 1079,
1087 (11th Cir. 2004). Under that framework,
[t]he Title VII plaintiff bears “the ultimate burden of proving
discriminatory treatment by a preponderance of the evidence.” Earley v.
Champion Int’l Corp., 907 F.2d 1077, 1081 (11th Cir.1990). Thus,
under the first part of McDonnell Douglas, the plaintiff must establish
by a preponderance of the evidence a prima facie case of discrimination.
If she does, the burden of production shifts to the employer, which
requires the employer to introduce evidence of “some legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason” for its employment decision. McDonnell
Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802. If the employer satisfies its burden, “the
presumption raised by the prima facie case is rebutted.” Collado v.
United Parcel Serv. Co., 419 F.3d 1143, 1151 (11th Cir.2005) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Because the burden of persuasion remains
with the employee, she must then show that the seemingly legitimate
reason the employer gave was pretextual—i.e., the “proffered reason
was not the true reason for the employment decision.” St. Mary’s Honor
Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 508, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407
(1993) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Collado, 419 F.3d
at 1150 (noting that once the employer satisfies its burden “the
presumption of discrimination that arose when the plaintiff made [her]
prima facie showing ‘drops from the case,’ and ‘the case is placed back
into the traditional framework—in other words, the plaintiff still bears
the burden of proving, more probably than not, that the employer took
an adverse employment action against [her] on the basis of a protected
personal characteristic’ ” (internal citations omitted)).
Kidd v. Mando Am. Corp., 731 F.3d 1196, 1202 (11th Cir. 2013).
The Defendant argues both that the Plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case

24

of discrimination, and that, even if the Plaintiff could do so, the Plaintiff cannot show
that Defendant’s legitimate proffered reason for the Plaintiff’s termination was
pretextual. The court will address each argument in turn.
B.

The Plaintiff’s Prima Facie Case

The Eleventh Circuit has noted:
When . . . the plaintiff claims that his employer discharged him on
account of his race, he must establish four elements: (1) that he is a
member of a protected class . . . ; (2) that he was qualified for the
position he held; (3) that he was discharged from that position; and (4)
that in terminating his employment, his employer treated him less
favorably than a similarly situated individual outside of his protected
class . . ..
Smith v. Lockheed-Martin Corp., 644 F.3d 1321, 1325 (11th Cir. 2011); Connor v.
Bell Microproducts-Future Tech, Inc., 492 F. App'x 963, 965 (11th Cir. 2012)
(referring to the “discharge” element as being “subjected to an adverse employment
action”).14
14

The Defendant states the elements this way:

To prevail on a claim of discrimination, a plaintiff must first establish a
prima facie case. A prima facie case of desperate treatment such as the claim of
the plaintiff herein on the basis of race, requires that the plaintiff show (1) He
belongs to a protected class, (2) He suffered some form of adverse employment
action and (3) The adverse employment action occurred under circumstances
given [sic] rise to the inference of an unlawful discrimination. St. Mary’s Honor
Center v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 506-07, 113 S. Ct. 2742, 125 L. Ed. 2d 407
(1993)[.]
(Doc. 13 at 13). St. Mary’s actually sets out the same elements as this Court. See, St. Mary's,
509 U.S. at 506 (noting that the plaintiff in that case had proven a prima facie case of
25

The Defendant agrees that the Plaintiff is a member of a protected class (doc.
13 at 13-14). However, it “denies that the [P]laintiff has suffered some form of
adverse employment action.” (Doc. 13 at 14). It also disputes that the Plaintiff can
produce evidence that he was treated worse than similarly situated employees outside
of his protected class.15

discriminatory termination by showing: “(1) that he is black, (2) that he was qualified for the
position of shift commander, (3) that he was demoted from that position and ultimately
discharged, and (4) that the position remained open and was ultimately filled by a white man”).
That is not to say that the Defendant is wrong. As explained recently by a panel of the Eleventh
Circuit:
“The burden of establishing a prima facie case of disparate treatment is not
onerous.” Texas Dep't of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253, 101 S.Ct.
1089, 1094, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981). The plaintiff must prove by a preponderance
of the evidence that the challenged employment action occurred “under
circumstances which give rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination.” Id.
Kilgore v. Trussville Dev., LLC, 646 F. App'x 765, 773–74 (11th Cir. 2016). However, the panel
also noted:
“The methods of presenting a prima facie case are not fixed; they are flexible and
depend to a large degree upon the employment situation.” [Wilson v. B/E
Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d 1079, 1087 (11th Cir. 2004)]. In cases of termination,
the plaintiff generally must show that she is a member of a protected class and
either was replaced by someone outside the protected class, Coutu v. Martin Cty.
Bd. of Cty. Comm'rs, 47 F.3d 1068, 1073 (11th Cir.1995), or was treated worse
than similarly situated employees outside of her protected class, Wilson, 376 F.3d
at 1091.
Kilgore, 646 F. App’x at 774 (emphasis added). In his brief, the Plaintiff attempts to satisfy his
prima facie case by using the elements stated in the manner in which the Court has set them out.
(Doc. 17 at 11). Accordingly, the Court will also use that articulation of the elements.
15

The Defendant actually states that it “denies . . . that the adverse employment action
occurred under circumstances that give rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination.” (Doc.
13 at 14). The Defendant’s argument on that point centers on the comparator evidence. In light
26

1.

Adverse Employment Action

In arguing that the Plaintiff did not experience an adverse employment action,
the Defendant states:
The plaintiff failed to avail himself of the administrative options
provided to him by Talladega Housing Authority and resigned in the
face of the adverse accusations of violating at least four clear policies of
the Talladega Housing Authority on the night he was stopped for
speeding. As a result, the plaintiff has not suffered a constructive
discharge altering the terms and conditions of his employment.
Swearnigen-El v. Cook County Sheriff's Department, 602 F.3d 852, (7th
Cir. 2010).
(Doc. 13 at 15). The Court does not know what “administrative options” the
Defendant is referring to, as there was no discussion of any in the parties’ proffered
facts, and there is no further argument on this point. This underdeveloped, vague
argument is without merit. Further, the Court is confused by the Defendant’s
attempted rebuttal of a constructive discharge claim that appears nowhere in the
Plaintiff’s Complaint. The Plaintiff claims that the Defendant fired him. As noted in
this Court’s discussion of the facts, the evidence, when viewed in the light most
favorable to the Plaintiff, supports this position.
2.

Comparators

The Eleventh Circuit has noted:

of that, and in consideration of the Eleventh Circuit law discussed in the previous footnote, the
Court treats this argument as a “lack of comparator” argument.
27

As part of the Title VII plaintiff's prima facie case, the plaintiff must
show that his employer treated similarly situated employees outside his
classification more favorably than herself. Coutu v. Martin Cty. Bd. of
Cty. Commissioners, 47 F.3d 1068, 1073 (11th Cir.1995). To make a
comparison of the plaintiff's treatment to that of non-minority
employees, the plaintiff must show that he and the employees are
similarly situated in all relevant respects. Smith v. Stratus Computer,
Inc., 40 F.3d 11, 17 (1st Cir.1994); Mitchell v. Toledo Hospital, 964
F.2d 577, 583 (6th Cir.1992); Smith v. Monsanto Chemical Co., 770
F.2d 719, 723 (8th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1050, 106 S.Ct.
1273, 89 L.Ed.2d 581 (1986). In determining whether employees are
similarly situated for purposes of establishing a prima facie case, it is
necessary to consider whether the employees are involved in or accused
of the same or similar conduct and are disciplined in different ways.
Williams v. Ford Motor Co., 14 F.3d 1305, 1309 (8th Cir.1994). If a
plaintiff fails to show the existence of a similarly situated employee,
summary judgment is appropriate where no other evidence of
discrimination is present. See, e.g., Mack v. Great Atlantic and Pacific
Tea Co., 871 F.2d 179, 182 (1st Cir.1989).
Holifield v. Reno, 115 F.3d 1555, 1562 (11th Cir. 1997); see also, Rioux v. City of
Atlanta, Ga., 520 F.3d 1269, 1281 (11th Cir. 2008) (“[T]he most important factors in
a comparator analysis in the disciplinary context are the nature of the offenses
committed and the nature of the punishments imposed.”); Calhoun v. McHugh, 2 F.
Supp. 3d 1217, 1236 (N.D. Ala. 2014) (Hopkins, J.) (same).
The Plaintiff argues:
Plaintiff accused Defendant of allowing Steve Watts to have his
grandson on the “THA” property in violation of “THA” policy and only
told him to get a baby sitter or go home. Mr. Watts was also allowed to
use racially derogatory language toward a Black employee, Byron
Garrett, and was written up but not terminated.
28

Tom Lloyd was allowed to have his wife, who was not a “THA”
employee to assist him in the “THA” office with his office work and was
not reprimanded.
Jay McElroy allowed his son to ride a company lawn mower and
in a company truck with Byron Garrett and was not disciplined.
(Doc. 17 at 12). Recall that Nettie Goodwin’s letter to the Plaintiff stated he was
being terminated for:
1.

Using a company vehicle for [a] personal reason.

2.

Speeding and driving recklessly in a company vehicle.

3.

Bringing and/or storing (including in a desk, locker, automobile,
or other repository) alcohol on [THA] premises or property,
including [THA]-owned or leased vehicles, or vehicles used for
[THA] purposes.

4.

Having possession of, being under the influence of, testing
positive for or having in one’s system, alcohol.

5.

Using, consuming, transporting, distributing, or attempting to
distribute, manufacturing, selling, or dispensing alcohol.

6.

Possession of firearms or other weapons while on THA property,
in THA vehicles, or while conducting THA business . . ..

(Doc. 14-17). The Plaintiff’s comparators’ conduct is not the same or similar conduct
to that in which the Plaintiff engaged.16 Accordingly, the Plaintiff cannot establish a

16

Further, the Plaintiff does not know of any time that Watts violated the speeding policy
or the policy of carrying a firearm or the policy of having alcohol in a company vehicle or in his
system on Talladega Housing Authority property. The Plaintiff has no knowledge of Lloyd ever
29

prima facie case of discrimination. Summary judgment is therefore appropriate.17
C.

Pretext

The Plaintiff’s case also fails because he cannot prove that the Defendant’s
legitimate non-discrimination reason for his termination–the violation of workplace
rules and policies–was merely a pretext for discrimination.
The Plaintiff’s entire argument on this point is: “‘THA’s stated reasons for
termination of the Plaintiff are a pretext for race discrimination because by [sic] the
reasons stated in Plaintiff's factual statements 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63.” (Doc.
17 at 13). The Court doubts whether one sentence referring the Court to another
section of the Plaintiff’s brief is a sufficient “showing” in this regard. Regardless, it
is undisputed that at least two of the reasons Goodwin cited–the possession of the
firearm in a company vehicle and use of the vehicle for personal reasons18–were

pleading guilty to or being cited for speeding. He also has no knowledge of Lloyd operating a
vehicle at an unreasonable speed. The Plaintiff knows of no times that Lloyd had alcohol
without authorization on the Talladega Housing Authority premises. The Plaintiff knows of no
time that McElroy was cited for speeding or having alcohol in THA vehicles or on THA premises
or being in possession of firearms on THA property or in THA vehicles.
17

Under any formulation of the elements, it cannot reasonably be said that the Plaintiff’s
termination occurred “under circumstances which give rise to an inference of unlawful
discrimination.” Kilgore, 646 F. App'x at 773–74. First, the Plaintiff admitted to using the THA
vehicle for a personal reason, and to having the weapon on company property. Second, Goodwin
considered statements from several witnesses which supported her determination that several
other violations had occurred.
18

Although Goodwin stated in her deposition that the Plaintiff could use the vehicle to
run errands while going back and forth to work, there is no evidence that that is what he was
30

true.19 Section N of the Employee Handbook provides that employees are subject to
“immediate suspension without pay and then dismissal” for “violations of
regulations.” (Doc. 23 at 11). The Plaintiff makes no argument that he could not have
been fired for one, or both, of these admitted offenses.
Also, even if Goodwin was incorrect as to any of the alleged violations, “[a]
reason is not pretext for discrimination ‘unless it is shown both that the reason was
false, and that discrimination was the real reason.’” Brooks v. Cty. Comm'n of
Jefferson Cty., Ala., 446 F.3d 1160, 1163 (11th Cir. 2006) (quoting St. Mary's Honor
Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993)). In the
instant case, not only has the Plaintiff not shown that all of the Defendant’s reasons
were false, he has made no attempt to show that, even if they were, discrimination
was the real reason that he was fired. The evidence is all to the contrary. In addition
to the admissions by the Plaintiff, Goodwin considered statements from several
witnesses which supported her determination that the violations had occurred. There
is no evidence that race played any part in her decision to terminate the Plaintiff.
V.

CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Defendants Motions to Strike will be DENIED,

doing when he was stopped.
19

Although it is also undisputed that the Plaintiff had a permit for the weapon, he was
not allowed to have it on THA property, or in a THA vehicle.
31

the Motion for Summary Judgment will be GRANTED, and this case will be
DISMISSED with prejudice. A separate final order will be entered.
DONE and ORDERED this 19th day of September, 2016.

VIRGINIA EMERSON HOPKINS
United States District Judge

32