Strong v. Blue Bell Creameries
Filing
33
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER DENYING 31 First MOTION to Amend Complaint for the reasons stated herein. Signed by Judge Virginia Emerson Hopkins on 7/27/2016. (JLC)
FILED
2016 Jul-27 PM 03:24
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
EASTERN DIVISION
JAMES STRONG,
Plaintiff,
v.
BLUE BELL CREAMERIES,
Defendant.
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) Case No.: 1:15-CV-1978-VEH
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This case comes before the court on the Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend the
Complaint, which was filed on July 5, 2016. (Doc. 31). The Defendant filed an
opposition to the motion, arguing that the proposed amendment would be futile. (Doc.
32). The time for the Plaintiff’s reply to his motion has expired1 , and no reply has been
filed. For the reasons stated herein, the motion will be DENIED.
I.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This is a civil action filed by the Plaintiff, James Strong, against the Defendant,
Blue Bell Creameries. The Complaint alleges that the Defendant discriminated against
1
This Court’s “Uniform Initial Order,” entered in this case on February 18, 2016, provides
that the reply brief was due “no later than seven (7) calendar days after the date on which the
opponent’s responsive brief was due.” (Doc. 22 at 23) (emphasis in original). The Defendant’s
response to the motion was due on July 19, 2016. (See doc. 22 at 23–“The opponent’s responsive
brief shall be filed no later than fourteen (14) calendar days [after the motion is filed].”) (emphasis
in original). The reply brief was therefore due on July 26, 2016.
Strong on the basis of his race in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,
as amended, 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e, et seq. (“Title VII”), and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. (Count
One). The Complaint also alleges that the Defendant has discriminated against Strong due
to his disability, and failed to reasonably accommodate his disability, in violation of the
Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12112, et seq. (the “ADA”), and the
amendments thereto.2 Both counts arise out of the Plaintiff’s employment with the
Defendant.
On January 14, 2016, the Defendant filed a Partial Motion to Dismiss the
Plaintiff’s Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
(Doc. 8). In particular, the Defendant sought to dismiss any potential “constructive
discharge” claim. The Court granted the motion, writing, in pertinent part:
The Eleventh Circuit has noted:
“Constructive discharge occurs when an employer
deliberately makes an employee’s working conditions
intolerable and thereby forces him to quit his job.” Munday
v. Waste Mgmt. of North America, Inc., 126 F.3d 239, 244
(4th Cir.1997); accord Young v. Southwestern Savings and
Loan Ass'n, 509 F.2d 140, 144 (5th Cir.1975) (“The general
rule is that if the employer deliberately makes an employee's
working conditions so intolerable that the employee is forced
into an involuntary resignation, then the employer has
encompassed a constructive discharge and is as liable for any
2
The Complaint actually alleges a violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act
Amendments Act of 2008 (the “ADAAA”), which broadens the definition of “disability” under the
ADA.
2
illegal conduct involved therein as if it had formally
discharged the aggrieved employee.”).3 A plaintiff must show
“the work environment and conditions of employment were
so unbearable that a reasonable person in that person's
position would be compelled to resign.” Virgo v. Riviera
Beach Assoc., Ltd., 30 F.3d 1350, 1363 (11th Cir.1994); see
also Poole v. Country Club of Columbus, Inc., 129 F.3d
551, 553 (11th Cir.1997); Kilgore v. Thompson & Brock
Mgmt., Inc., 93 F.3d 752, 754 (11th Cir.1996). Establishing
a constructive discharge claim is a more onerous task than
establishing a hostile work environment claim. Landgraf v.
USI Film Prods., 968 F.2d 427, 430 (5th Cir.1992) (“To
prove constructive discharge, the plaintiff must demonstrate
a greater severity or pervasiveness of harassment than the
minimum required to prove a hostile working environment.”),
aff'd, 511 U.S. 244, 114 S.Ct. 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 (1994);
see also Steele v. Offshore Shipbuilding, Inc., 867 F.2d
1311, 1316–18 (11th Cir.1989) (affirming district court's
finding that plaintiffs established that they were subjected to
a hostile work environment but were not constructively
discharged); Huddleston v. Roger Dean Chevrolet, Inc., 845
F.2d 900, 905–06 (11th Cir.1988) (same).
Bryant v. Jones, 575 F.3d 1281, 1298-99 (11th Cir. 2009).
In the instant case, the Complaint explains the difficult conditions
under which a Palletizer is expected to work, and explains that the Plaintiff
“knew that he was not physically able to perform those duties and
responsibilities.” (Doc. 1 at 4). However, the Complaint lacks any factual
allegations that the Defendant knew that the Plaintiff could not perform the
functions of the position and deliberately placed him into that position to
force him to resign. Although, as alleged in the Complaint, the Defendant
knew the Plaintiff had diabetes, there are no allegations that the Defendant
knew that that condition, which the Plaintiff alleges only required him to
3
In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.1981) (en banc), the
Eleventh Circuit adopted as binding precedent the decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down
prior to October 1, 1981.
3
take frequent bathroom breaks, would make his working conditions so
intolerable that he would be forced to quit.4 Too, there are no allegations
that the position ultimately turned out to be intolerable. Although the
Complaint alleges that two weeks after starting the job, the Plaintiff
“suffered complications from his diabetes, to include neuropathy in his feet
which required his hospitalization,” there is no allegation that the Palletizer
position caused the complications. While these allegations create the
possibility of a constructive discharge, “[w]here a complaint pleads facts
that are ‘merely consistent with’ a defendant's liability, it ‘stops short of the
line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.’” Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557 (internal quotation
marks omitted)).
Finally, the law in the Eleventh Circuit is clear that “[a] constructive
discharge will generally not be found if the employer is not given sufficient
time to remedy the situation.” Kilgore v. Thompson & Brock Mgmt., Inc.,
93 F.3d 752, 754 (11th Cir.1996). Even if the position ultimately turned
out to be intolerable, there are no allegations in the Complaint that, after
working in the position, the Plaintiff explained to the Defendant the nature
of the problem, and gave the Defendant sufficient time to remedy it.
Instead, exactly the opposite is true. The Complaint alleges that the
Plaintiff resigned “[u]pon his release from the hospital.” (Doc. 1 at 5, ¶ 15).
See Robinson v. Koch Foods of Alabama, No. 2:13-CV-557-WKW, 2014
WL 4472611, at *3 (M.D. Ala. Sept. 11, 2014) (dismissing constructive
discharge claim on motion for judgment on the pleadings where plaintiff
resigned because of sexual harassment by a co-worker on the same day she
reported the harassment; holding that “[the] constructive discharge claim
fails as a matter of law because there is no possibility she can prove that
she gave [the defendant] sufficient time to remedy the situation.”).
For the foregoing reasons, the Court holds that the Plaintiff has
4
The Defendant labels the Complaint’s allegation that “[u]pon information and belief, the
Defendant knew that Strong could no longer physically work as a Palletizer,” as mere
“speculation.” (Doc. 19 at 4, quoting doc. 1 at 4-5). The Court agrees. The Complaint states that
after he was assigned to the position he “expressed to the Defendant that working in the warehouse
would be deleterious to his health, but his concerns were ignored.” (Doc. 1 at 4, ¶13). These
allegations, if proven to be true, do not establish that the Defendant was aware, at the time it
assigned him to this position, that the work as a Palletizer may cause him health problems.
4
failed to properly allege facts which plausibly support a claim for wrongful
discharge. Accordingly, any such claim is DISMISSED.5 This dismissal is
without prejudice, since the time for the Plaintiff to amend his Complaint
has not yet expired.
(Doc. 29 at 10-13) (emphasis in original) (footnotes from original quote).6
The Plaintiff has proffered a proposed “Amended Complaint,” the pertinent
allegations of which are compared to the original Complaint in the following chart:
5
In his response to the Motion to Dismiss, the Plaintiff does not ask for leave to amend his
Complaint.
6
The original scheduling order provided that “Plaintiff(s) may amend pleadings and/or join
additional parties, in accordance with FED. R. CIV. P. 15, until May 20, 2016.” (Doc. 25 at 2). In its
margin order dated June 9, 2016, the Court stayed “all deadlines.” (Doc. 28). The Plaintiff’s
deadline to amend had already expired at the time of the stay. The Court only intended, but did not
say, that all unexpired deadlines be stayed. Accordingly, there arguably is a question as to whether
the deadline to amend has passed. Regardless, the Court treats the present motion as, in part, a
motion to amend out of time. There being “good cause” for an extension, FED. R. CIV. P. 16(b)(4),
the motion is GRANTED in that respect only.
5
Allegations in the Original
Complaint
Changed (in Bold) Allegations in the
Proposed Amended Complaint
12. On May 16, 2014, the Defendant
informed Strong that because of his
overtime numbers he was being demoted
back to a [sic] stacking pallets in the
warehouse (Palletizer). This work is
very labor intensive and requires the
employee to work in freezing
conditions.
12. On May 16, 2014, the Defendant
informed Strong that because of his
overtime numbers he was being demoted
back to a [sic] stacking pallets in the
warehouse (Palletizer). This work is
very labor intensive and requires the
employee to work in freezing
conditions. Strong weighs upward of
450 pounds, has trouble walking even
short distances, cannot work a fast
paced job, is unable to tell when his
feet are too cold due to diabetic
neuropathy, has heart trouble, and
severe joint pain.
13. Due to his diabetes, Strong knew that
he was not physically able to perform
the duties and responsibilities of a
Palletizer. Strong expressed to the
Defendant that working in the warehouse
would be deleterious to his health, but
his concerns were ignored.
13. Due to his diabetes and its
attendant conditions, Strong knew that
he was not physically able to perform
the duties and responsibilities of a
Palletizer. Strong expressed to the
Defendant that he suffered from
diabetes and the other
aforementioned health ailments and
that these conditions would not allow
him to work as a Palletizer.
Moreover, it was visible to the casual
observer that Strong was
ill-suited for any kind of labor
intensive work.
6
14. Strong did as he was told and began
working in the warehouse. Upon
information and belief, the Defendant
knew that Strong could no longer
physically work as a Palletizer and
hoped that he would resign his
employment.
14. The Defendant ignored Strong’s
warning that he could not perform
the labor intensive work of a
Palletizer. Therefore, Strong did as he
was told and began working in the
warehouse. Upon information and belief,
the Defendant knew that Strong could no
longer perform the physically
demanding and labor intensive work of a
Palletizer. [ . . . ]
15. After about two-weeks of working as
a Palletizer, Strong suffered
complications from his diabetes, to
include neuropathy in his feet which
required his hospitalization. While
hospitalized[,] Strong contracted
pneumonia which exacerbated his
condition causing him to remain
hospitalized for an extended period.
Upon his release from the hospital,
Strong turned in his resignation.
15. After about two-weeks of working as
a Palletizer, Strong suffered
complications from his diabetes which
required his hospitalization. While
hospitalized Strong contracted
pneumonia which exacerbated his
condition causing him to remain
hospitalized for an extended period. [. . .
]
7
16. Representatives from the
Company visited Strong in the
hospital and informed him that his
job as a Palletizer was still available.
Strong again expressed that his
physical condition would not allow
him to perform the duties associated
with that job. The Company never
reconsidered Strong for truck
driver’s position. Therefore, upon his
release from the hospital, Strong
turned in his resignation because he
could no longer physically work in
the warehouse. The Defendant knew
that Strong could no longer
physically perform the warehouse
duties and refused to consider him
for a truck driver’s position, thereby
constructively discharging him.
II.
ANALYSIS
As the Eleventh Circuit has noted:
[A] district court may properly deny leave to amend the complaint under
Rule 15(a) when such amendment would be futile. This court has found that
denial of leave to amend is justified by futility when the complaint as
amended is still subject to dismissal.
Hall v. United Ins. Co. of Am., 367 F.3d 1255, 1262–63 (11th Cir. 2004) (internal
quotations and citations omitted).
The Defendant argues that the proposed Amended Complaint would be dismissed
if allowed because “[t]he Amended Complaint still fails to allege the basic elements of
a constructive discharge claim.” (Doc. 32 at 6). Importantly, “notice pleading [does] not
8
require that the pleader allege a ‘specific fact’ to cover every element or allege ‘ with
precision’ each element of a claim.” Lee v. Caterpillar, Inc., 496 Fed. App'x 914, 915
(11th Cir. 2012) (internal citations omitted); Frazile v. EMC Mortgage Corp., 382 Fed.
App'x 833, 836 (11th Cir. 2010); Fin. Sec. Assur., Inc. v. Stephens, Inc., 500 F.3d 1276,
1282 (11th Cir. 2007). It is however, “still necessary that a complaint contain either
direct or inferential allegations respecting all the material elements necessary to sustain
a recovery under some viable legal theory.” Fin. Sec. Assur., Inc. v. Stephens, Inc., 500
F.3d 1276, 1282–83 (11th Cir. 2007) (internal quotations and citations omitted).7
In the Amended Complaint, like in the original Complaint, “there are no allegations
that the Defendant knew that that condition [diabetes], which the Plaintiff alleges only
required him to take frequent bathroom breaks, would make his working conditions so
intolerable that he would be forced to quit.” (Doc. 29 at 11-12). The only plausible
inferences from the facts as now alleged are that, when it assigned the Plaintiff to the
Palletizer position, the Defendant knew: that the Plaintiff had diabetes, needed frequent
bathroom breaks, and that he was overweight. The Court finds conclusory and vague the
allegation that “it was visible to the casual observer that Strong was ill-suited for any kind
of labor intensive work.”8 Similarly, the allegations that the Plaintiff, after he was
7
The Court set out the detailed standard for ruling on a Motion to Dismiss, which is also
applicable here, in its previous Memorandum Opinion and Order. (Doc. 29 at 2-3).
8
The Court has already rejected as speculation the following allegation, which appears in
both versions of the Complaint: “Upon information and belief, the Defendant knew that Strong could
9
assigned to the position, “expressed to the Defendant that he suffered from diabetes and
the other aforementioned health ailments and that these conditions would not allow him
to work as a Palletizer,” do not establish that the Defendant knew that the Plaintiff could
not perform the functions of the job when it assigned the Plaintiff to it. Further, as with
the original Complaint, the Amended Complaint contains no allegation that the job as a
Palletizer actually caused him to suffer the complications from his diabetes.
The Amended Complaint contains a new allegation that the Plaintiff, while in the
hospital, told unnamed representatives from the Defendant that his physical condition
would not allow him to perform the duties associated with the Palletizer position. (Doc.
31-1 at 5). The Plaintiff then states vaguely that “[t]he Company never reconsidered
Strong for truck driver's position. Therefore, upon his release from the hospital, Strong
turned in his resignation because he could no longer physically work in the warehouse.”
(Doc. 31-1 at 5, ¶16). Even assuming that this was sufficient notice of an “unbearable”
condition9 , the Amended Complaint lacks specific allegations regarding to whom this was
told, whether the persons(s) who were told had the authority to assign the Plaintiff to a
different position, and, most importantly, how long before the Plaintiff resigned they
no longer perform the physically demanding and labor intensive work of a Palletizer.” (Doc. 1 at 45, ¶14; doc. 31-1 at 5, ¶14).
9
These allegations do not establish that the Defendant in fact placed the Plaintiff into a
position that was so unbearable that a reasonable person in that person's position would be
compelled to resign. It establishes only that the Plaintiff told the Defendant that his physical
condition would not allow him to work in that position any longer.
10
were told. Without that information, it is impossible to gauge whether the Defendant had
sufficient time to remedy the allegedly unbearable conditions in which the Plaintiff was
working. Further, other than to vaguely state that the Defendant “refused” to return the
Plaintiff to his driver position, the Amended Complaint contains no facts as to what the
Defendant’s “representatives” did or did not do, or could or could not have done.10
III.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, the Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend the Complaint is
DENIED.
DONE and ORDERED this 27th day of July, 2016.
VIRGINIA EMERSON HOPKINS
United States District Judge
10
The Court does not treat these allegations as an entirely new claim of constructive
discharge which occurred when the Defendant, after the Plaintiff’s hospitalization, kept the Plaintiff
in the Palletizer position.
11
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