Wallace v. Bessemer, City of et al
Filing
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER: 8 , MOTION to Dismiss filed by Cody Boyd and Bessemer, City of is found MOOT in part and is DENIED IN PART, as further set out in order. Signed by Judge Abdul K Kallon on 12/21/12. (CVA)
FILED
2012 Dec-21 AM 11:17
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
SOUTHERN DIVISION
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DARRYL WALLACE,
Plaintiff,
vs.
CITY OF BESSEMER, and
CODY BOYD,
Defendants.
Civil Action Number
2:12-cv-03504-AKK
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Darryl Wallace brings this action for damages against Officer Cody
Boyd, in his individual and official capacities, and the City of Bessemer for
alleged violations of the Fourth Amendment. Doc. 1. Defendant seeks dismissal
of the complaint, doc. 8, but Wallace subsequently amended, doc.14. Based on the
amended complaint, Defendants’ motion to dismiss for insufficient factual
allegations, vagueness, and ambiguity is MOOT. Additionally, for the reasons set
forth below, Defendants’ motion is DENIED based on statutory, state-agent, and
qualified immunity.
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), a pleading must contain “a
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short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to
relief.” “[T]he pleading standard Rule 8 announces does not require ‘detailed
factual allegations,’ but it demands more than an unadorned, the-defendantunlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ---U.S.---, 129 S. Ct. 1937,
1949 (2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). Mere
“labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of
action” are insufficient. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (citations and internal quotation
marks omitted). “Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’
devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id., at 1949 (citing Bell Atl. Corp., 550
U.S. at 557).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits dismissal when a
complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. “To survive a
motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as
true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at
1949 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). A complaint states a
facially plausible claim for relief “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that
allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for
the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citation omitted). The complaint must establish
“more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id.; see also
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Bell Atl. Corp., 550 U.S. at 555 (“Factual allegations must be enough to raise a
right to relief above the speculative level.”). Ultimately, this inquiry is a “contextspecific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience
and common sense.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950.
II. PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND1
On October 6, 2010, Wallace was driving on a public highway in Bessemer,
Alabama when Officer Boyd pulled him over. Doc. 14 at ¶ 7. At that time,
Wallace presumed Officer Boyd pulled him over based on a call from a man
named Blanks2 but did not know the extent of Blanks’ allegations against him. Id.
at ¶ 13. Wallace contends that he was unarmed and had no idea that his father’s
hand gun was in the glove compartment of the vehicle. Id. at ¶ 14. After Wallace
pulled to the side of the road, placed his vehicle in park, and rolled down his
window, two police officers approached. Id. at ¶¶ 8-11. Although Wallace’s
hands were visible, Officer Boyd came to the car window with his gun drawn,
pointed the gun directly in Wallace’s face, and instructed Wallace to exit the car.
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“When considering a motion to dismiss, all facts set forth in the plaintiff’s complaint
‘are to be accepted as true and the court limits its consideration to the pleadings and exhibits
attached thereto.’” Grossman v. Nationsbank, N.A., 225 F.3d 1228, 1231 (11th Cir. 2000)
(quoting GSW, Inc. v. Long Cnty., 999 F.2d 1508, 1510 (11th Cir. 1993)). However, legal
conclusions unsupported by factual allegations are not entitled to that assumption of truth. See
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1950 (2009).
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No other identifying information is provided for Blanks.
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Id. at ¶¶16-19. Wallace responded “yes sir” and slowly exited the vehicle with
both hands raised in the air. Id. at ¶¶ 20-22.
Once Wallace was out of the car, Officer Boyd’s partner and two other
Bessemer Police Officers approached with their weapons pointed at Wallace. Id.
at ¶ 23. Officer Boyd then instructed Wallace to “get on the ground.” Id. at ¶ 24.
Wallace immediately complied by dropping to his knees and then lying face down
on the ground with his hands behind his back. Id. at ¶ 25. Allegedly, while on the
ground, Officer Boyd and the other officers beat Wallace, cuffed him, and then
continued to beat him for several more minutes. Id. at ¶ 26-27. Wallace alleges
also that the officers cursed him and used racially derogatory terms. Id. at ¶ 28.
Eventually, Officer Boyd forcefully pulled Wallace up by his arms and placed him
in the back of a police car. Id. at ¶¶ 30-31. As a result, Wallace suffered serious
injuries to his pancreas, kidneys, hip, wrists, and shoulder. Id. at ¶ 26, 30.
Wallace contends that he also suffered mental distress. Id. at ¶ 34.
III. ANALYSIS
Wallace raises claims against the City of Bessemer and Officer Boyd for
the use of excessive force during an alleged unlawful arrest. See doc. 14.
Defendants assert, however, that the complaint is due to be dismissed because (1)
Wallace has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, (2) the
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complaint contains insufficient factual allegations, (3) the complaint is so vague
and ambiguous that Defendants cannot reasonably prepare a response, and (4)
Defendants’ are immune from suit. See doc. 8. Wallace’s amended complaint,
doc. 14, corrected the alleged pleading deficiencies, and thus the court will not
discuss Defendants’ first three contentions. The remaining contentions are
discussed below with respect to each defendant.
A.
The City of Bessemer3
Wallace alleges that Bessemer is liable for excessive force under Alabama
Code § 11-47-190 because Officer Boyd was acting in his official capacity as a
police officer at the time of the alleged beating and unlawful arrest. Doc. 14 at 56. Bessemer asserts municipal immunity under Alabama Code § 11-47-190, which
states that “[n]o city or town shall be liable for damages or injury done to or wrong
suffered by any person or corporation, unless such injury or wrong was done or
suffered through neglect, carelessness, or unskillfulness of some agent, officer, or
employee of the municipality engaged in work therefor and while acting in the line
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Defendants assert also that Wallace failed to state a federal claim against Bessemer by
failing to allege the existence of an unconstitutional policy or procedure that caused the alleged
deprivation. Doc. 8 at ¶ 4. However, Wallace’s complaint does not appear to allege a Fourth
Amendment claim against Bessemer. It specifically alleges a federal claim against Officer Boyd
and then alleges “excessive force under state law against Cody Boyd and The City of
Bessemer[.]” Doc. 14 at 5. Accordingly, the court will not discuss this issue. To the extent
Wallace does allege a federal claim against Bessemer, it is due to be dismissed for the reason
raised by Defendants. See Skop v. City of Atlanta, Ga., 485 F.3d 1130, 1145 (11th Cir. 2007).
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of his or her duty[.]” Ala. Code § 11-47-190 (1975) (emphasis added). In his
amended complaint, Wallace specifically alleges that Officer Boyd “acted with
unreasonableness, in that, [he] acted with negligence, carelessness, or
unskillfulness in effecting the unlawful arrest of [Wallace] on a misdemeanor
charge that was not seen in the officer’s presence.” Doc.14 at ¶ 38. In other
words, Wallace alleges that Bessemer is not entitled to immunity because Officer
Boyd, an employee of Bessemer, acted with “negligence, carelessness, and
unskillfulness.” Accordingly, the court cannot agree that Wallace’s claim is due to
be dismissed at this juncture and Defendants’ motion is DENIED.
B.
Officer Cody Boyd
In addition to liability under Alabama Code § 11-47-190, Wallace alleges
that Officer Boyd is also liable for use of excessive force in violation of the Fourth
Amendment. See doc. 14. Officer Boyd contends that he is immune from suit
based on both Alabama state-agent immunity and federal qualified immunity
because he was engaged in the discretionary function of effectuating a lawful
arrest. Doc. 8 at ¶¶ 5-6.
1.
State-Agent Immunity
Under Alabama law, “[e]very peace officer . . . shall have immunity from
tort liability arising out of his or her conduct in performance of any discretionary
function within the line and scope of his or her law enforcement duties.” Ala.
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Code § 6-5-338(a). However, “a State agent shall not be immune from civil
liability in his or her personal capacity . . . when the State agent acts willfully,
maliciously, fraudulently, in bad faith, beyond his or her authority, or under a
mistaken interpretation of the law.” Ex parte Cranman, 792 So. 2d 392, 405 (Ala.
2000) (emphasis added). Although Wallace’s complaint does not explicitly allege
that Officer Boyd’s conduct was willful, malicious, fraudulent, in bad faith,
beyond his authority, or under a mistaken interpretation of the law, Wallace pled
facts that, if true, create a reasonable inference that Officer Boyd did so.
Specifically, Wallace alleges that Officer Boyd effectuated an unlawful arrest and
intentionally beat Wallace after Wallace surrendered and Officer Boyd handcuffed
him. Therefore, the court finds that Wallace’s complaint is sufficient to defeat
Officer’s Boyd’s assertion of state-agent immunity and Officer’s Boyd’s motion is
DENIED.
2.
Qualified Immunity
“The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials ‘from
liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would
have known.’” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009) (quoting Harlow v.
Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). Ordinarily, qualified immunity entitles
officers like Officer Boyd to immunity from suit, not just liability. See id.
However, Wallace alleges in his complaint that a “skillfull officer would have
known that the beating was excessive in light of (1) the need to apply force; (2)
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the relationship between the need to apply force and the amount of force applied;
(3) the extent of the injuries; (4) the threat to the officers or other inmates; (5) any
effort made by the officer to temper the forced response; (6) the plaintiff was not
fleeing; [and] (7) there was no threat to the public.” Doc. 14 at ¶ 40. In other
words, Wallace alleges that Officer Boyd is not entitled to qualified immunity
because he violated Wallace’s clearly established right to be free from excessive
force and that, in light of these factors, a reasonable officer would have known his
conduct violated this right. Based on these allegations, Officer’s Boyd’s motion is
DENIED.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed above, Defendants’ motion regarding pleading
deficiencies is MOOT but DENIED on the basis of immunity.
DONE this 21st day of December, 2012.
________________________________
ABDUL K. KALLON
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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