Williams v. Wal-mart Associates Inc

Filing 14

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER: 6 , MOTION to Dismiss Complaint and Motion to Strike Certain Allegations filed by Wal-mart Associates Inc is DENIED with respect to the Title VII religion-based retaliation claim, but otherwise GRANTED. Additionally, the motion to strike is DENIED. Accordingly, Williams's § 1981 and Title VII race and gender-based retaliation claims are DISMISSED. Signed by Judge Abdul K Kallon on 03/08/13. (CVA)

FILED
2013 Mar-08 AM 11:17
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
SOUTHERN DIVISION
LASONYA WILLIAMS
Plaintiff,
v.
WAL-MART ASSOCIATES
INC,
Defendant.

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Civil Action Number
2:12-cv-03821-AKK

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Lasonya Williams (“Williams”) brings this action against her
former employer Wal-Mart Associates, Inc. (“Wal-Mart”) for religion, race, and
gender based employment discrimination and retaliation under Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., and Section
1981 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 (“§ 1981”). Doc. 1. Wal-Mart seeks to
partially dismiss the complaint and to strike certain allegations. Doc. 6. The
motion is fully briefed and ripe for review. Docs. 6-1, 10, and 11. For the reasons
stated more fully below, Wal-Mart’s partial motion to dismiss is GRANTED in
part, but the motion to strike is DENIED.
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), a pleading must contain “a

short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to
relief.” “[T]he pleading standard Rule 8 announces does not require ‘detailed
factual allegations,’ but it demands more than an unadorned, the-defendantunlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
(citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). Mere “labels and
conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action” are
insufficient. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (citations and internal quotation marks
omitted). “Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of
‘further factual enhancement.’” Id., at 1949 (citing Bell Atl. Corp., 550 U.S. at
557).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits dismissal when a
complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. “To survive a
motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as
true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at
1949 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). A complaint states a
facially plausible claim for relief “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that
allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for
the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citation omitted). The complaint must establish
“more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id.; see also
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Bell Atl. Corp., 550 U.S. at 555 (“Factual allegations must be enough to raise a
right to relief above the speculative level.”). Ultimately, this inquiry is a “contextspecific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience
and common sense.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950.
II. PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND1
Wal-Mart hired Williams, an African American female, as a cashier in May
2006. Doc.1 at ¶ 16, 18. Around that time, Williams informed Wal-Mart that she
could not work on Sundays for religious reasons. Id. at 18. Williams applied for
several promotions and positions with greater responsibility and compensation
throughout her employment, and succeeded in receiving a promotion to customer
service associate. Id. at ¶¶ 16-17. Williams contends that Wal-Mart gave the
other positions to Caucasian and/or male employees even though they were less
qualified and had less seniority than her. Id. at 21.
Williams alleges also that Wal-Mart subjected her to discriminatory
remarks. For example, Wal-Mart “scolded and/or reprimanded [Williams] for
having her Bible in her possession while on [Wal-Mart’s] premises,” even though
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“When considering a motion to dismiss, all facts set forth in the plaintiff’s complaint
‘are to be accepted as true and the court limits its consideration to the pleadings and exhibits
attached thereto.’” Grossman v. Nationsbank, N.A., 225 F.3d 1228, 1231 (11th Cir. 2000)
(quoting GSW, Inc. v. Long Cnty., 999 F.2d 1508, 1510 (11th Cir. 1993)). However, legal
conclusions unsupported by factual allegations are not entitled to that assumption of truth. See
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1950 (2009).
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she only read the Bible during her breaks. Id. at ¶ 19. Purportedly, Wal-Mart
officials also remarked that Williams could improve her chances for promotion if
she agreed to work on Sundays. Id. at ¶ 20.
On September 16, 2011, a Wal-Mart loss prevention specialist and manager
asked Williams about an error Williams purportedly made that resulted in an
overpayment to five employees. Id. at ¶ 22. Although Williams inquired about
the error, Wal-Mart failed to provide any further information. Id. at ¶ 23. Four
days later, Wal-Mart told Williams to sign a “final notice” admitting fault or face
termination. Id. at 24. Williams refused and Wal-Mart immediately terminated
her. Id.
Williams filed a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (“EEOC”) alleging race, sex, and religious discrimination in violation
of Title VII:
I am a Black female of the non-denominational religion. I was hired by
[Wal-Mart] in May 2006 as a cashier. I progressed to the position of
customer service associate. I had no problems performing the duties of
my job and had received only one disciplinary action since employed.
On September 16, 2011, I was questioned by loss prevention and
management about a procedure used within the company. I answered
the questioned [sic] and was informed that I had incorrectly done the
procedure on five (5) occasions with employees. I asked to be shown
how I was making the error but my request was denied. On September
20, 2011, I was given an ultimatum by the employer, which was to sign
a final notice or be terminated. I refused to sign the final notice because
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I did not know what mistakes I had made and what I needed to do to
correct them. So I was terminated. None of the employees who
received the overpayment of their salaries were being disciplined as I.
Also, a few week[s] before this happened I had been asked to work some
Sundays but I refused because of my religious activities.
The reason given for the termination was that I refused to sign the DDay notice according to Dan Smith, Store Manager.
Doc. 1 at 11. Williams filed this lawsuit after the EEOC issued her a right to sue
letter.
III. ANALYSIS
Williams asserts claims for race, gender, and religion based discriminatory
discharge, and retaliatory discharge under Title VII and § 1981. Doc. 1.2 WalMart contends that dismissal is warranted for the retaliation claims because of a
failure to properly allege a prima facie case or to exhaust administrative remedies.
Doc. 6-1. The court discusses each contention below.
A.

Administrative Exhaustion for Retaliation Claims
Williams alleges that Wal-Mart “terminat[ed] her employment in retaliation

for her complaints regarding workplace discrimination.” Doc. 1 at ¶ 39. To
properly assert a Title VII discrimination claim, Williams must first have

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In her response to Wal-Mart’s motion, Williams noted that she does not allege any
claims based on a failure to promote or any claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983, 1985 or the
Fourteenth Amendment. Doc. 10 at 7-8.
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exhausted her administrative remedies by filing an EEOC charge of discrimination
that likewise alleges retaliation. However, this requirement is not strictly
construed. Instead, “[a] plaintiff’s judicial complaint is limited by the scope of the
EEOC investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge
of discrimination.” Stuart v. Jefferson Cnty. Dept. of Human Resources, 152 F.
App’x 798, 801 (11th Cir. 2005) (quoting Gregory v. Georgia Dept. of Human
Resources, 355 F.3d 1277, 1280 (11th Cir. 2004)). While “the plaintiff cannot
allege new acts of discrimination,” the court may properly consider claims outside
the EEOC charge “that amplify, clarify, or more clearly focus the allegations in the
EEOC charge[.]” Stuart, 152 F. App’x at 801; Gregory, 355 F.3d at 1279-80.
In that regard, the court disagrees with Wal-Mart’s contention that Williams
failed to assert retaliation claims in her EEOC charge and that her claims are not
within the scope of the charge. Doc. 6-1 at 9-12. Although Williams failed to
mark the “retaliation” box on her EEOC charge and she limited the date of
discriminatory conduct to September 20, 2011, the date of her discharge, Williams
did indicate that she “had been asked to work some Sundays but [] refused because
of [her] religious activities” and was subsequently terminated. Doc. 1 at 11.
Since requesting a religious accommodation is protected activity, a reasonable
investigation stemming from the allegations within the charge could have
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extended to potential discharge in retaliation for refusing to work on certain days
due to religious exercise. See e.g., Bridges v. Russell, 757 F.2d 1155, 1157 (11th
Cir. 1985) (holding that a complaint alleging transfer in retaliation for exercise of
First Amendment rights states a claim for retaliation); Richardson v. Dougherty
Cnty, Ga., 185 F. App’x 785, 790 (11th Cir. 2006) (acknowledging that requesting
a religious accommodation is a protected expression). However, the investigation
would not extend to purported gender or race based retaliation, since the charge
alleges only facts related to religion. Accordingly Wal-Mart’s motion to dismiss
the Title VII retaliation claims is GRANTED with respect to race and gender
based retaliation, but DENIED with respect to religion based retaliation.3
B.

Properly Pleading a Retaliation Claim
Wal-Mart contends next that the Title VII and § 1981 retaliatory discharge

claims are due to be dismissed because Williams failed to properly plead a prima
facie case. Doc. 6-1 at 7-8. As a preliminary matter, a plaintiff cannot maintain
discrimination claims under § 1981 based on gender or religion. See Little v.
United Technologies, Carrier Transicold Div., 103 F.3d 956, 960-61 (11th Cir.
1997). Accordingly, Williams may only allege a § 1981 race-based discriminatory

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The court notes that § 1981 does not have an administrative exhaustion requirement, so
the race-based retaliatory discharge claim would survive under this prong of the analysis.
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discharge claim. In all other respects, the prima facie requirements for a claim of
retaliation are identical under § 1981 and Title VII. Ash v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 662
F.3d 883, 903 (11th Cir. 2011). Specifically, Williams must allege that “[s]he
engaged in statutorily protected activity, [s]he suffered a materially adverse action,
and there was some causal relation between the two events.” Butler v. Alabama
Dept. of Transp., 536 F.3d 1209, 1212-13 (11th Cir. 2008).
Wal-mart primarily contends that the retaliation claims fail because
Williams failed to allege that she engaged in protected activity. Generally,
“protected activity” includes opposing employment discrimination or participating
in a discrimination investigation, proceeding, or hearing. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-(3)a;
see also Clover v. Total Systems Services, Inc., 176 F.3d 1346, 1350 (11th Cir.
1999). With respect to purported race and gender based retaliation, although these
claims fail under the exhaustion requirement, see section A, supra, the complaint
also fails to allege that Williams complained of a race or gender-based unlawful
employment practice or participated in any investigation prior to her termination.
See doc. 1. Since a retaliation claim requires protected activity as a predicate and
Williams failed to allege any, Williams failed to plead sufficient facts to allege a
prima facie case of race or gender-based retaliation. However, requesting a
religious accommodation and refusing to work due to First Amendment religious
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exercise is “protected activity.” See Richardson, 185 F. App’x at 790.
Accordingly, Wal-Mart’s motion is DENIED with respect to Williams’s Title VII
religion-based retaliatory discharge claim, but GRANTED in all other respects.
C.

Striking Allegations Within the Complaint
Finally, Wal-Mart seeks to strike all allegations in the complaint that it

considers “inflammatory” or that reference a failure to promote, retaliation, 42
U.S.C. §§ 1983 or 1985, and the Fourteenth Amendment (complaint paragraphs 5,
9, 17, 20-21, 24, 27, and 37-39). See doc. 6-1. The court declines to do so since
“motions to strike are not favored, are ‘time wasters,’ and will usually be denied
unless the allegations have no possible relation to the controversy and may cause
prejudice to one of the parties.” Parsons v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 889 F.
Supp.465, 470 (M.D. Fla. 1995). As Williams has made clear, references to §
1983, § 1985, or the Fourteenth Amendment are typographical errors, doc. 10 at 8,
and thus striking these terms is unnecessary. Moreover, while Williams
admittedly does not maintain a failure to promote claim, she may use these facts to
show Wal-Mart’s purported discriminatory animus and intent. Furthermore,
contrary to Wal-Mart’s contention, the language used in paragraph 24 is not
inflammatory and does not prejudice Wal-Mart in any way. Finally, since the
court dismissed the retaliation claims based on gender and race, the motion to
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strike is moot with respect the retaliatory language. Accordingly, the motion to
strike is DENIED.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, Wal-Mart’s partial motion to dismiss is
DENIED with respect to the Title VII religion-based retaliation claim, but
otherwise GRANTED. Additionally, the motion to strike is DENIED.
Accordingly, Williams’s § 1981 and Title VII race and gender-based retaliation
claims are DISMISSED.
DONE this 8th day of March, 2013.

________________________________
ABDUL K. KALLON
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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