Parker v. United States of America

Filing 6

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Sharon Lovelace Blackburn on 11/10/16. (SMH)

FILED
2016 Nov-10 PM 03:50
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
SOUTHERN DIVISION
TIMOTHY J. PARKER,
Petitioner,
vs.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent.

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Case No. 2:15-CV-8004-SLB
Crim. Case No. 2:09-CR-0500-SLB-HGD

MEMORANDUM OPINION
This case is presently pending before the court on defendant/petitioner Timothy J.
Parker’s (1) Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct Sentence by
a Person in Federal Custody [hereinafter Motion to Vacate], (doc. 1; crim. doc. 27);1 (2)
Motion for Reduction of Sentence Pursuant to 18 U.S.C.§3582(c)(2), Amendment 750, and
United States v. Freeman, (crim. doc. 26); and (3) Motion for Reduction of Sentence
Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), Amendment 782, All Drugs Minus Two, (crim. doc. 30).
Parker, who pleaded guilty to two counts of distributing a substance or mixture containing
a controlled substance, contends his sentence should be reduced pursuant to subsequent
amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines and pursuant to the Fair Sentencing Act, that he
was entrapped by the Government into selling crack in order to be subject to a higher

1

Citations to documents in the court’s record in petitioner’s Motion to Vacate appear
as “(Doc. __).” Citations to documents in the court’s record in the criminal proceedings
against petitioner, Case No. 2:09-CR-0500-SLB-HGD, appear as “(Crim. Doc. __).”
Citations to page numbers refer to the page numbers assigned to the document by the court’s
CM/ECF electronic filing system.

sentence, and that his counsel was ineffective by failing to argue his entrapment defense
properly at sentencing. For the reasons set forth below, the court finds that Parker’s Motion
to Vacate, (doc. 1; crim. doc. 27), is due to be denied as untimely filed, and his Motions for
Reduction of Sentence Pursuant to § 3582(c)(2), (crim. docs. 26 and 30), are due to be
denied.
I. BACKGROUND
On December 1, 2009, Parker was charged with two counts of distributing 50 grams
or more of “a mixture and substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base, also
known as ‘crack’ cocaine, a controlled substance, in violation of Title 21, United States
Code, Sections 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A).” (Crim. doc. 5.) The Government filed an
Information Relating to Previous Conviction, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 851,2 in which it
stated:
[D]efendant committed the crimes charged in Counts One and Two of the
Indictment in this case after having been convicted and sentenced on or about
December 4, 2001, of Trafficking in Cannabis and Trafficking Cocaine, in
case numbers CC-00-3196 and CC-00-3197, respectively, in the Circuit Court
of Jefferson County, Alabama; and after having been convicted and sentenced

2

Section 851(a)(1) states:

No person who stands convicted of an offense under this part shall be
sentenced to increased punishment by reason of one or more prior convictions,
unless before trial, or before entry of a plea of guilty, the United States
attorney files an information with the court (and serves a copy of such
information on the person or counsel for the person) stating in writing the
previous convictions to be relied upon.
21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1).
2

on or about January 9, 2003, of Possession of Cocaine, in case number
CC-02-5348, in the Circuit Court of Jefferson County, Alabama; and after
having been convicted and sentenced on or about January 12, 2009, of
Possession of Marijuana, First Degree, in case number CR-08-3598, in the
Circuit Court of Jefferson County, Alabama, and that said convictions
constitute “two or more prior convictions for a felony drug offense" for the
purpose of an enhanced penalty pursuant to Title 21, United States Code,
Sections 841(b)(1)(A) and Title 21, United States Code, Section 851(a).
(Doc. 9.) Parker did not object to or otherwise challenge the fact of his prior convictions.

Parker agreed to plead guilty to both Counts in the Indictment, and the Government
agreed, inter alia, to recommend that Parker be sentenced to a term of imprisonment
“consistent with the low end of the advisory United States Sentencing Guideline range that
is determined by the court on the date that the sentence is pronounced.” (Crim. doc. 10 at
1, 7-8.)

As part of his Plea Agreement, Parker stipulated the following facts were

“substantially correct:”
On August 20, 2009, DEA Special Agent Donald Bennett utilized a
Confidential Source (CS) to purchase two (2) ounces of cocaine base from
Timothy Jermaine PARKER at the Pilot Travel Center, 901 Bankhead
Highway West, Birmingham, Alabama. The CS was directed by SA Bennett
to call PARKER and arrange the purchase of approximately two (2) ounces of
cocaine base. PARKER agreed and stated the price would be $1,900.00
dollars. The CS and CS’[s] vehicle were searched for illegal contraband with
negative results. The CS was provided with $1,900.00 dollars for the purchase
of the two (2) ounces of cocaine base from PARKER and was followed to the
Pilot Travel Center. PARKER arrived at the Pilot Travel Center in a black
1997 Chevrolet Tahoe and met with the CS. PARKER exited his vehicle and
entered the CS’[s] vehicle where he handed the CS approximately two (2)
ounces of cocaine base. CS in exchange provided PARKER with the
$1,900.00 dollars for the cocaine base. PARKER soon after receiving the
$1,900.00 dollars then exited the CS vehicle and entered back into his vehicle
and left the Pilot Travel Center parking lot. SA Bennett then met with the CS
3

at a predetermined location where the CS relinquished custody of cocaine base
to SA Bennett. The CS and CS' vehicle were searched again for illegal
contraband with negative results. SA Bennett conducted a field test of the
cocaine base that tested positive for cocaine. The cocaine was then
transported to the DEA-Birmingham District Office where it was processed as
DEA evidence and submitted to South Central Laboratory for analysis.
Laboratory analysis confirmed that this substance was 55.5 grams of a mixture
and substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base.
On November 6, 2009, SA Donald Bennett utilized a [CS] to purchase
three (3) ounces of cocaine base from Timothy Jermaine PARKER at the Pilot
Travel Center, 901 Bankhead Highway West, Birmingham, Alabama. On this
date, the CS was directed by SA Bennett to make a recorded telephone call to
PARKER and to arrange the purchase of approximately three (3) ounces of
cocaine base. PARKER agreed and stated the price would be $2,775.00
dollars, previously on November 5, 2009 to the CS during a recorded
telephone call. The CS and CS’[s] vehicle were searched for illegal
contraband with negative results. The CS was followed to the Pilot Travel
Center where he/she agreed to meet PARKER. PARKER arrived at the Pilot
Travel Center in a black 1997 Chevrolet Tahoe, and met with the CS.
PARKER exited his vehicle and entered the CS’[s] vehicle where he handed
the CS approximately three (3) ounces of cocaine base at which time Law
Enforcement Officers arrested PARKER. The CS was then taken to a
predetermined location where the CS and CS’[s] vehicle were searched again
for illegal contraband with negative results. A field test was conducted on the
suspected cocaine base and showed a positive result for cocaine. The cocaine
was then transported to the DEA-Birmingham District Office where it was
processed as DEA evidence and submitted to South Central Laboratory for
analysis. Laboratory analysis confirmed that this substance was 82.2 grams
of a mixture and substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine base.
(Id. at 2-5.)
The court was notified that Parker intended to change his plea from “not guilty” to
“guilty.” On January 21, 2010, the court held a change-of-plea hearing at which Parker again
admitted to distributing crack cocaine to the confidential source on two separate occasions:
THE COURT: Mr. Parker, I want you to listen carefully to what the
Assistant U.S. Attorney is going to say. He is now going to outline for you
4

and for me briefly certain of the facts he would expect the government to
prove should this case proceed to trial.
If, while he is speaking, he says anything that is not true or that you do
not believe the government can prove, I want you to interrupt him and let me
know.
Do you understand?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, ma'am.
THE COURT: Mr. Weil.
[AUSA] MR. WEIL: Your Honor, this case involves two different
transactions. One was a buy/walk of cocaine base, and the second one was a
buy/bust of cocaine base.
More specifically, on August 20th, this defendant met with a
confidential source who was working with the DEA who had agreed to sell
two ounces of cocaine base to the confidential source for the price of $1,900.
They agreed to meet at the Pilot Travel Center . . . .
And after making several phone calls arranging the deal, the
confidential source was followed to the area where the deal was going to
happen. He was under constant surveillance. The officer saw the defendant
get out of his own vehicle at the Pilot Travel Center, get into the confidential
source's vehicle where the exchange took place.
The defendant did hand approximately two ounces of cocaine base to
the confidential source, and the confidential source provided the defendant
with $1,900 that had been provided to him by the DEA. They did not arrest
him on that date. That's what we call a buy/walk.
They did follow the confidential source back to [a] predetermined
location where they took custody of the cocaine base. They sent this
suspected cocaine base to the crime lab. And it did, in fact, test positive for
a detectable amount of cocaine base in the amount of 55.5 grams. As I said,
he was not arrested on that date.
They decided to do another transaction with Mr. Parker on November
6th, 2009. It's almost the exact same scenario. On this occasion, they again
5

met at the same Pilot Travel Center . . . . This time the confidential source
was going to buy three ounces of cocaine base from the defendant for $2,775.
Again, phone calls were made setting up the deal. Again, the
confidential source was searched before the deal took place, and they followed
him to the Pilot Travel Center where they saw the defendant get out of his
vehicle, get into the confidential source's vehicle and provide him with the
three ounces of crack cocaine.
At that time, the police officers did move in and arrest the defendant
and took him into custody. He's been in custody ever since, Your Honor.
The substance was sent to the crime lab, and again it did test positive
for cocaine base, and this time the amount was 82.2 grams of cocaine base.
THE COURT: Mr. Parker, you've heard the Assistant U.S. Attorney
outline briefly certain of the facts he would expect the government to prove
should this case proceed to trial. Are those facts substantially correct?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, ma'am.
THE COURT: Do you agree that on both occasions that are charged
in the indictment, that being August 20th, 2009, and November 6th, 2009,
you distributed to another person more than 50 grams of cocaine base on
each occasion?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, ma'am.
THE COURT: Mr. Parker, you're not required to enter a plea of guilty,
and you are free at this time to withdraw your plea of guilty and re-enter a not
guilty plea.
Have you heard anything here today that causes you to want to
reconsider your decision to enter a plea of guilty to Counts One and Two?
THE DEFENDANT: No, ma'am.
THE COURT: Do you still desire to enter your plea of guilty to those
counts?
THE DEFENDANT: Yes, ma'am.
6

THE COURT: The court finds your plea of guilty is freely and
voluntarily entered, and the requisite factual basis for your plea exists. The
plea of guilty is accepted by the court.
(Crim. Doc. 28 at 15-18 [emphasis added].)
Based on changes in the law and the Sentencing Guidelines following acceptance of
Parker’s guilty plea, but before sentencing, Parker was sentenced pursuant to 21 U.S.C. §
841(b)(1)(B), not § 841 (b)(1)(A). Prior to sentencing the U.S. Probation Office prepared
a Presentence Investigation Report for the court, which was provided to the parties.
According to this report, the Base Offense Level for Parker’s violations of § 841(a)(1) was
28, with adjustments for acceptance of responsibility, the total offense level was 25.
However, based on his prior convictions, Parker was subject to sentencing as a career
offender within the meaning of U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a).
The maximum statutory penalty under § 841(b)(1)(B) is life; therefore, Parker’s
career-offender-enhanced offense level was 37. With a 3-level reduction for acceptance of
responsibility, his total career-offender-enhanced offense level was 34. Parker’s criminal
history category was VI. Thus, his Guideline range for imprisonment was 262 to 327
months.
On October 14, 2011, the court imposed a custodial sentence of 262 months.3 (Crim.
doc. 22.) Parker did not appeal.

3

Subsequently, Parker’s custodial sentence was reduced for reasons unrelated to the
Sentencing Guidelines or the issues raised in the pending motions.
7

II. MOTION TO VACATE
On March 9, 2015, Parker filed a Motion to Vacate. (Doc. 1; crim. doc. 27.) The
Judgment in Parker’s case was entered on October 14, 2011. (Crim. doc. 22.) The
Government contends that Parker’s Motion to Vacate is due to be “summarily dismissed as
untimely.” (Doc. 4 at 2.) The court agrees.
“A § 2255 motion ordinarily is subject to a one-year limitations period.” Long v.
United States, 626 F.3d 1167, 1169 (11th Cir. 2010)(citing 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)). In fact, all
habeas petitions under § 2255 are required to be filed within one year, although the day the
limitations period begins to run may vary based on the petitioner’s circumstances. 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255(f). Section 2255(f) sets forth four alternative starting dates:
(f) A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to a motion under this section.
The limitation period shall run from the latest of –
(1) the date on which the judgment of conviction becomes final;
(2) the date on which the impediment to making a motion created by
governmental action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the
United States is removed, if the movant was prevented from making a
motion by such governmental action;
(3) the date on which the right asserted was initially recognized by the
Supreme Court, if that right has been newly recognized by the Supreme
Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review;
or
(4) the date on which the facts supporting the claim or claims
presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due
diligence.

Id.
8

Because Parker did not file a direct appeal of his judgment of conviction, the
judgment of conviction became final on October 28, 2011.4 Thus, his Motion to Vacate,
filed on March 9, 2015, was filed more than one year after his judgment of conviction
became final. Therefore, his habeas petition was not timely filed pursuant to § 2255(f)(1).
In his Motion to Vacate, Parker contends that his § 2255 claim is timely filed based
on the Supreme Court’s decision in Dorsey v. United States, 132 S. Ct. 2321 (2012), “making
the FSA [Fair Sentencing Act] applicable to those offenders whose crimes preceded the
FSA's enactment but whose sentences were imposed after the FSA’s enactment[.]” (Doc. 1

4

The Eleventh Circuit has held:

Section 2255(f) does not define “judgment of conviction” or “final.”
Nonetheless, we have concluded that when a defendant does not appeal his
conviction or sentence, the judgment of conviction becomes final when the
time for seeking that review expires. Mederos v. United States, 218 F.3d
1252, 1253 (11th Cir. 2000)(noting that when no direct appeal was taken from
the original judgment of conviction, the judgment of conviction became final
when the time for filing a direct appeal expired); Akins v. United States, 204
F.3d 1086, 1089 n.1 (11th Cir. 2000)(“A conviction ordinarily becomes final
when the opportunity for direct appeal of the judgment of conviction has been
exhausted.”); cf. Clay v. United States, 537 U.S. 522, 527, 123 S. Ct. 1072,
1076, 155 L. Ed. 2d 88 (2003)(“Finality attaches when this Court affirms a
conviction on the merits on direct review or denies a petition for a writ of
certiorari, or when the time for filing a certiorari petition expires.”).
At the time of Murphy's sentencing, a criminal defendant had ten days
to file an appeal. Fed. R. App. P. 4(b)(1)(A)(2005)(amended 2009).
[Footnote] . . .
[Footnote:] Under the current rules, a defendant has fourteen days to
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. (4)(b)(1)(A) (2009).
Murphy v. United States, 634 F.3d 1303, 1307 and n.11 (11th Cir. 2011).
9

at 16; crim. doc. 27 at 16.) Assuming that the Dorsey Court created a new right made
“retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review,” see 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(3), Parker
did not file his habeas petition until more than one year after Dorsey was decided. As set
forth above, the habeas statute of limitation may run from “the date on which the right
asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court.” (Id.) The Supreme Court decided
Dorsey on June 21, 2012; Parker filed the instant Motion to Vacate on March 9, 2015, which
is more than one year after Dorsey was decided. Therefore, his petition was not timely filed
pursuant to § 2255(f)(3).
Parker does not contend that his Motion was timely filed pursuant to § 2255
(f)(2)(government-created impediment) or § 2255(f)(4)(newly-discovered evidence).
In his reply, Parker argues that his Motion to Vacate should not be dismissed as
untimely filed because (1) “a § 2255 motion [may be] amended if the new claims relate back
to the common core of operative facts of the previous claim pursuant to Rule 15(c) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” (doc. 5 at 1-2); and (2) his sentence is the result of a
“miscarriage of justice” caused by the alleged sentence entrapment and his ineffective
counsel, (id. at 2-3).
Rule 15 of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure concerns amending pleadings in civil
cases. Subsection (c)(1)(B) addresses when such an amendment “relates back” to the date
of the original filing; it states:
An amendment to a pleading relates back to the date of the original pleading
when:
10

...
(B) the amendment asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the
conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out – or attempted to be set out
– in the original pleading . . . .
Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B)(emphasis added). Parker’s Motion to Vacate is the “original
pleading.” “The ‘original pleading’ to which Rule 15 refers is the complaint in an ordinary
civil case, and the petition in a habeas proceeding.” Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 655
(2005). Therefore, his habeas petition, the “original pleading” cannot relate back. Rule
15(c) does not provide Parker relief from the limitation period for filing the habeas petition
pursuant to § 2255(f).
Parker also argues that he is entitled to habeas relief, despite his failure to file a timely
§ 2255 petition, so as to prevent a miscarriage of justice. He argues:
. . . [I]t remains unclear how a miscarriage of justice would be allowed
to stand concerning the erroneous behavior displayed by the D.E.A. agents
assigned to this case. The Government argues in its reply that the issue of
sentence entrapment was "vigorously argued" by counsel representing this
defendant at the sentencing hearing held on Oct. 10th 2011. This is broad
over-exaggeration of the truth. The attorney on record . . . made mention of
a "possible sentence entrapment I think" but never argued the details of what
took place during the events of the investigation conducted by the D.E.A. . .
. even after this Honorable Court revealed her distaste for agents conducting
themselves in this manner. This obviously renders counsel ineffective for this
defendant.
There is recorded audio of phone conversations (obtained by D.E.A.)
of the Confidential Source (CS) and a third person, using this defendant[’]s
cell phone, negotiating. The CS wanted the third person to modify his
powdered cocaine into crack cocaine. The (CS) was instructed by agents via
several back and forth phone calls to get the dealer to transform the powder
cocaine into crack. This purpose is to manipulate a defendant[’]s sentence of
conviction towards a lengthy incarceration versus a conviction of powdered
11

cocaine case which carries much less incarceration time, hence, sentence
entrapment and/or erroneous behavior performed by D.E.A.
The Government was also correct in the finding that Petitioner Parker
was serving a Community Corrections sentence of 15 months at the time of
this investigation, which resulted in an enhancement of his sentence. Whether
a defendant is on probation, parole, community corrections, etc.; to ignore the
behavior of the agents involved in this matter would be turning a blind eye to
injustice, resulting in a miscarriage of justice.
(Doc. 5 at 2-3.)
“To invoke the miscarriage of justice exception to [§ 2255(f)’s] statute of limitations,
. . . a petitioner ‘must show that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have
convicted him in the light of the new evidence.’” McQuiggin v. Perkins, 133 S. Ct. 1924,
1935 (2013)(quoting Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 296, 327 (1995)); see also McKay v. United
States, 657 F.3d 1190, 1196 (11th Cir. 2011). In other words, to avoid the statute-oflimitations bar based on a miscarriage-of-justice exception, Parker must prove his “actual
innocence” of the crimes of conviction – two counts of distributing more than 50 grams of
crack, a substance containing cocaine base.
As set forth above, Parker admitted his guilt to two counts of distribution of more than
50 grams of crack cocaine.5 He has offered no new evidence to show that he is “actually
innocent” of these charges. What he alleges is that he was entrapped into selling crack, as

5

Statements made by Parker under oath, which admit his guilt to crimes of conviction,
“carry a strong presumption of verity.” Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63, 74 (1977).
Therefore, “when a defendant makes statements under oath at a plea colloquy, he bears a
heavy burden to show his statements were false.” United States v. Rogers, 848 F.2d 166,
168 (11th Cir. 1988)(citing United States v. Hauring, 790 F.2d 1570, 1571 (11th Cir.1986)).
12

opposed to powder cocaine, based on the DEA agent’s instructions to the confidential source
to ask Parker to him sell crack.6
These allegations – that the confidential source, at the agent’s instructions, insisted
on purchasing crack, rather than powder, cocaine, for the purpose of having Parker commit
a crime with a greater punishment – do not show that “it is more likely than not that no
reasonable juror would have convicted [Parker] in the light of . . . evidence” of sentencing
entrapment. See Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327. Indeed, Parker testified at sentencing that he had
been “very reluctant” to sell crack to the confidential source, but he “did it anyway against
[his] better judgment.” (Crim. doc. 29 at 11.) Based on this admission, together with his
admission, under oath, at the plea colloquy that he had “distributed to another person more
than 50 grams of cocaine base on [two] occasion[s], (crim. doc. 28 at 17), the court finds
Parker cannot establish his actual innocence of the crimes of conviction.

6

The court notes that Parker waived any defense based on entrapment by pleading

guilty.
Defenses, including the defense of entrapment, may not be raised after the
defendant pleads guilty and swears under oath that he committed the crime
with which he is charged. See United States v. Baxley, 402 F. App'x 461, 462
(11th Cir. 2010)(holding defendant waived entrapment defense by entering
valid guilty plea); United States v. Golden, 284 F. App'x 646, 650 (11th Cir.
2008)(holding defendant waived right to appeal the district court's ruling on
an entrapment defense by pleading guilty).
Garcia-Rodriguez v. United States, Nos. 4:14-CV-174, 4:13-CR-116-1; 2015 WL 6750756,
*3 (S.D. Ga. Oct. 6, 2015).
13

Therefore, because Parker has admitted his guilt and has presented nothing to show
he is actually innocent of the crimes of conviction, the court finds no exception to the oneyear time limit for filing a § 2255 petition is warranted. The Motion to Vacate, (doc. 1; crim.
doc. 27), will be denied and his habeas petition will be dismissed.
III. MOTIONS TO REDUCE SENTENCE
Parker has filed two motions, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), seeking to reduce
his sentence based on retroactive changes to the Sentencing Guidelines, specifically
Amendments 750 and 782. He “bears the burden of demonstrating that a retroactive
Amendment has actually lowered his guideline range.” United States v. Tellis, 748 F.3d
1305, 1308 (11th Cir. 2014)(citing United States v. Hamilton, 715 F.3d 328, 337 (11th Cir.
2013)). Section § 3582(c)(2) states:
The court may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed
except that –
...
(2) in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of
imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been
lowered by the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(o),7

7

Section 994(o) states:

The Commission periodically shall review and revise, in consideration of
comments and data coming to its attention, the guidelines promulgated
pursuant to the provisions of this section. In fulfilling its duties and in
exercising its powers, the Commission shall consult with authorities on, and
individual and institutional representatives of, various aspects of the Federal
criminal justice system. The United States Probation System, the Bureau of
Prisons, the Judicial Conference of the United States, the Criminal Division
14

upon motion of the defendant . . . , the court may reduce the term of
imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in section 3553(a)
to the extent that they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent
with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing
Commission.
18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)(footnote added).

In its policy statements, the Sentencing

Commission has stated, “A reduction in the defendant’s term of imprisonment is not
consistent with this policy statement[,] and therefore is not authorized under 18 U.S.C.
3582(c)(2)[,] if – . . . An amendment listed in subsection (d)8 does not have the effect of
lowering the defendant’s applicable guideline range.” U.S.S.G. 1B1.10 (a)(2)(B).
According to the Sentencing Commission’s policy statement:
In determining whether, and to what extent, a reduction in the defendant's term
of imprisonment under 18 U.S.C. 3582(c)(2) and this policy statement is
warranted, the court shall determine the amended guideline range that would
have been applicable to the defendant if the amendment(s) to the guidelines
listed in subsection (d) had been in effect at the time the defendant was
sentenced. In making such determination, the court shall substitute only the

of the United States Department of Justice, and a representative of the Federal
Public Defenders shall submit to the Commission any observations, comments,
or questions pertinent to the work of the Commission whenever they believe
such communication would be useful, and shall, at least annually, submit to
the Commission a written report commenting on the operation of the
Commission's guidelines, suggesting changes in the guidelines that appear to
be warranted, and otherwise assessing the Commission's work.
28 U.S.C. § 994(o).
8

Both Amendments on which Parker relies, Amendments 750 and 782, are included
in subsection (d) of § 1B1.10, although only “parts A and C” of Amendment 750 are
included in subsection (d) and a “court shall not order a reduced term of imprisonment based
on Amendment 782 unless the effective date of the court's order is November 1, 2015, or
later.” U.S.S.G. 1B1.10 (d), (e)(1).
15

amendments listed in subsection (d) for the corresponding guideline provisions
that were applied when the defendant was sentenced and shall leave all other
guideline application decisions unaffected.
Id. (b)(1). Thus, for this court to be authorized to reduce Parker’s sentence pursuant to §
3582(c)(2), it must first determine whether Amendments 750 and 782 have the effect of
lowering his Sentencing Guidelines range. United States v. Bravo, 203 F.3d 778, 780 (11th
Cir. 2000)(“In undertaking this first step, only the amended guideline is changed. All other
guideline application decisions made during the original sentencing remain intact.”)(citing
United States v. Vautier, 144 F.3d 756, 760 (11th Cir. 1998)(citing U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 (b),
comment n.2))
Applying the Sentencing Guidelines currently in effect, considering the changes in
Chapter 2 (Offense Conduct) calculations in light of Amendments 750 and 782, the Base
Offense Level is 26; prior to the Amendments, the Base Offense Level was 28. The
Amendments did not affect any other finding of the PSR; specifically, the Amendments did
not affect the calculation of Parker’s career-offender enhanced sentence.
The maximum statutory penalty under § 841(b)(1)(B) is life; therefore, Parker’s
Guidelines Offense Level as a career offender is, and at the time of sentencing was, 37.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 (b)(1). With a 3-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility, his
offense level is, and at the time of sentencing was, 34. As a career offender, Parker’s
criminal history category is, and at the time of sentencing was, VI. See id. (b). Therefore,
the Sentencing Guidelines range for imprisonment is, and at the time of sentencing was, 262
to 327 months. See U.S.S.G. Ch. 5, Pt. A.
16

Neither Amendment 750 nor Amendment 782 changed the calculation of Parker’s
Sentencing Guidelines range due to his status as a career offender. Therefore, the court has
no authority to reduce Parker’s sentence pursuant to § 3582(c)(2). Parker’s Motions for
Reduction of Sentence, (crim. docs. 26 and 30), will be denied.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the Motion to Vacate filed by petitioner Timothy J. Parker,
(doc. 1; crim. doc. 27), is due to be denied, and the Motions for Reduction of Sentence,
(crim. docs. 26 and 30), are due to be denied. An Order denying the Motions and dismissing
Parker’s habeas petition will be entered contemporaneously with this Memorandum Opinion.

CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
Rule 11 of the Rules Governing § 2255 Proceedings, provides, “The district court
must issue or deny a certificate of appealability when it enters a final order adverse to the
applicant.” The applicant for § 2255 relief “cannot take an appeal unless a circuit justice or
a circuit or district judge issues a certificate of appealability under 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c).”
Fed. R. App. P. 22(b)(1). And, the “certificate of appealability may issue . . . only if the
applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(2)(emphasis added).

To make a substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right, the applicant must show “that reasonable jurists could debate whether
(or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner

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or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.”
Miller–El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003)(citations and internal quotations omitted).
Parker’s habeas petition is time barred. Reasonable jurists could not disagree. Also,
Parker has not demonstrated that the issue he raises is reasonably debatable and/or deserves
encouragement to proceed further. Therefore, issuance of a certificate of appealability is not
warranted in this case.
NOTICE CONCERNING APPEAL OF § 3582(c)(2) MOTIONS
A § 3582(c)(2) motion is a continuation of the criminal proceeding; therefore, a notice
of appeal must be filed within 14 days from the entry of this Order. Fed. R. App. P.
4(b)(1)(A)(i). Parker was represented by appointed counsel; therefore, he is not required to
file a new application to proceed in forma pauperis on appeal from the denial of his Motions
for Reduction of Sentence, filed pursuant to § 3582(c)(2).
Done this 10th day of November, 2016.

SHARON LOVELACE BLACKBURN
SENIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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