Ball v. McCoullough et al

Filing 204

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge R David Proctor on 7/9/2019.. (KAM)

FILED
2019 Jul-09 PM 04:48
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
SOUTHERN DIVISION
JIM HENRY BALL, JR.,
Plaintiff,
v.
R. MCCOULLOUGH, et al.,
Defendants.

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Case No.: 2:16-cv-01425-RDP

MEMORANDUM OPINION
This case is before the court on the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by the following
Defendants: the City of Birmingham, Verlyne Moten1, Freida Taylor, Lawerence Singleton,
Deidre Daniels, Emantic Bradford, Timothy Brown, Coyrrie Campbell, and Kathie Davis
(collectively, “the Movants”).2 (Doc. # 182). Consistent with the Eleventh Circuit’s decision in
McBride v. Sharpe, 981 F.2d 1234, 1236 (11th Cir. 1993), the court gave the pro se Plaintiff, Jim
Henry Ball, Jr., “express, ten-day notice of the summary judgment rules, of his right to file
affidavits or other materials in opposition to the motion, and of the consequences of default.”
(Doc. # 184).3 The parties have fully briefed the motion. (Docs. # 183, 190, 191). For the reasons
explained below, the Movants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is due to be granted in part and
denied in part.
1

The Movants spell this Defendant’s last name “M-O-T-O-N”. (Doc. # 182). The court will continue to use
the spelling M-O-T-E-N,” which is consistent with the spelling used in the Second Amended Complaint (Doc. # 74
at 4, ¶ 12), the docket sheet, other court orders (see e.g., Doc. # 76 at 1 n. 1), and this Defendant’s affidavit (Doc.
# 183-8 at 6-8).
2

3

Not all of the Defendants are parties to this motion. See infra Section I.

On March 14, 2019, Attorney Theodore Richard Pearson filed a notice of appearance on behalf of Mr.
Ball. (Doc. # 193). The court held a telephone conference on May 13, 2019. (Doc. # 195; minute entry dated May
13, 2019). During the conference, Mr. Ball informed the court that Mr. Pearson represents Mr. Ball only for the
limited purpose of trying this case, if necessary. Regardless, Mr. Ball did not have counsel when the Movants filed
the instant motion.

I.

Procedural History
A. The Second Amended Complaint Is the Operative Complaint

Mr. Ball filed this civil action in the Circuit Court of Montgomery County, Alabama on
May 20, 2016. (Doc. # 1-1 at 1). On July 7, 2017, Dr. Paul O’Leary, who is no longer a party,
removed the case to the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama. (Id.).4
On August 29, 2016, the Middle District of Alabama transferred the case to this district. (Doc.
# 1 at 10; Doc. # 13). Mr. Ball filed an Amended Complaint on January 9, 2017. (Doc. # 43).
On May 3, 2017, this court appointed attorney David Gespass “for the limited purpose of
drafting a second amended complaint which raises cognizable claims and complies with the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” (Doc. # 73 at 1). On June 19, 2017, Mr. Gespass filed a
Second Amended Complaint on Mr. Ball’s behalf. (Doc. # 74). The claims in the Second
Amended Complaint relate to (1) Mr. Ball’s confinement in the Birmingham City Jail (the
“Jail”), and (2) Mr. Ball’s treatment while at Grandview Medical Center5 in January 2015. (Doc.
# 74). The Second Amended Complaint named the following parties as Defendants:6


the City of Birmingham (Doc. # 74 at 3, ¶ 9);



“[Kathie Davis,]7 [who] was, at all relevant times, the chief correctional officer at the
jail” (Doc. # 74 at 3, ¶ 10);8

4

Dr. O’Leary filed the Notice of Removal alone, and, in accordance with 42 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(2)(A), with
the consent of “[all] Defendants who purportedly have been served with process according to the Clerk of the
Circuit Court of Montgomery County, Alabama.” (Docs. # 1-1 at 2; 1-12; 1-13; 1-14; 1-15).
5

The parties sometimes refer to this hospital as “Trinity Medical Center,” “Trinity Hospital,” and/or

“Trinity.”
6

Where appropriate, the court has noted in brackets the correct name of each Defendant.

7

The Second Amended Complaint simply identifies this Defendant as “Davis.” (Doc. # 74 at 3, ¶ 10).

8

The Defendants refer to Davis as the “Commander of the City Jail.” (Doc. # 183 at 21).

2



“[Lawerence Singleton]9, [Freida Taylor]10, [Coyrrie Campbell]11, Nunn, Sheffield,
Debra[,] and Rogers[,] [who] were, at all relevant times, correctional officers at the
jail (Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 11);12



“[Timothy Brown]13, [Verlyne Moten,]14 and Drake[,] [who] were[,] at all relevant
times, employed as sergeants at the jail” (Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 12);15



“[Emantic Bradford,]16 [who] was, at all relevant times, the chief steward at the Jail”
(Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 13);17



“[Deidre Daniels]18 [who] was, at all relevant times, a social worker in the jail” (Doc.
# 74 at 4, ¶ 14); and



“Karen E. Callahan[,] [who] was, at all relevant times, a doctor employed at
Grandview Medical Center (formerly Trinity Medical Center) who treated [the]
[P]laintiff while he was there” (Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 15).

On June 22, 2017, the court dismissed the Defendants (including the Defendant identified
only as “W. Fowler”) who Mr. Ball named in the Complaint and/or First Amended Complaint,

9

The Second Amended Complaint merely identifies this Defendant as “Singleton.” (Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 11).

10

The Second Amended Complaint merely identifies this Defendant as “Taylor.” (Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 11).

11

The Second Amended Complaint merely identifies this Defendant as “Campbell.” (Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 11).

12

The Defendants refer to Taylor as a nurse. (Doc. #183 at 24).

13

The Second Amended Complaint merely identifies this Defendant as “T. Brown.” (Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 12).

14

The Second Amended Complaint merely identifies this Defendant as “Moten.” (Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 12).

15

The Defendants refer to Brown as “a Correctional Officer at the Birmingham City Jail.” (Doc. # 183 at

16

The Second Amended Complaint merely identifies this Defendant as “Bradford.” (Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 13).

17

The Defendants refer to Bradford as “a cook.” (Doc. # 183 at 24).

18

The Second Amended Complaint merely identifies this Defendant as “Daniels.” (Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 14).

26).

3

but did not name in the Second Amended Complaint. (Doc. # 76). In its Order, the court
specifically noted that “[t]his action will proceed against Defendants City of Birmingham, Davis,
Singleton, Taylor, Campbell, Nunn, Sheffield, Debra, Rogers, T. Brown, Moten, Drake,
Bradford, Daniels, and Callahan.” (Doc. # 76, at 1, n. 1). The parties and the court have come to
refer to the individually named Defendants as the “City Defendants.”
On August 1, 2017, the court gave Mr. Ball leave to amend his complaint and provided
the following instructions:
His amendment should detail the specific facts alleged regarding Defendant
Fowler, as well as the legal claims Plaintiff intends to pursue against Defendant
Fowler. Plaintiff SHALL include any other changes he desires to make to his
complaint in this amendment.
(Doc. # 88 at 1). On August 11, 2017, Mr. Ball filed a Third Amended Complaint which added
claims only against Defendant Fowler. (Doc. # 97). On October 17, 2017, the court severed Mr.
Ball’s claims against Defendant Callahan into a separate case, dismissed Mr. Ball’s federal
claims against Defendant Callahan, and remanded Mr. Ball’s case against Defendant Callahan to
the Circuit Court of Montgomery County, Alabama. (Doc. # 118).
On November 1, 2017, Defendant Fowler filed a Motion for More Definite Statement
pursuant to Rule 12(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (Doc. # 123). On November 6,
2017, the court granted that motion and ordered Mr. Ball to re-plead his claims against
Defendant Fowler. (Doc. # 124). On November 13, 2017, Mr. Ball filed a Fourth Amended
Complaint asserting claims only against Defendant Fowler. (Doc. # 127). To be clear, the Third
and Fourth Amended Complaints were actually only “amendments to” the Second Amended
Complaint, as each merely added Fowler as a party and asserted claims against Fowler alone.
The court dismissed Defendant Fowler on January 22, 2018, and the Second Amended
Complaint once again became the “operative complaint in this case.” (Doc. # 145 at 9).
4

B. Mr. Ball Has Not Perfected Service on Several of the City Defendants
The record reflects that Mr. Ball executed service on several of the City Defendants on
March 21, 2017. (Doc. # 65). On April 4, 2017, those Defendants contested service arguing that
service “was improperly accomplished, by attempting to serve the City of Birmingham’s Legal
Department and/or Birmingham City Clerk’s office, by hand delivery on or about March 15,
2017.” (Doc. # 66 at 5; see also Doc. # 67). On June 22, 2017, after the filing of the Second
Amended Complaint, the court noted:
Before Plaintiff filed his second amended complaint, certain Defendants
maintained that they were improperly served. The court will conduct a telephone
conference on July 5, 2017 at 11:00 a.m. to discuss this issue with Plaintiff and
the remaining Defendants.
(Doc. # 76 at 2). The court held the telephone conference as scheduled, but Mr. Ball did not
attend. (Minute Entry July 5, 2017). Following that conference, the court entered the following
Order:
Defendants Nunn, Sheffield, Debra, T. Brown, and Drake have not been served
for purposes of this action. Plaintiff is DIRECTED to request service and provide
sufficient identifying information for these Defendants on or before July 21, 2017.
Failure to do so may result in dismissal of this action against those Defendants.
(Doc. # 79 at 1).
The court held a hearing in this matter on August 11, 2017, after which, at the direction
of the court, Mr. Ball met with counsel for the Defendants upon whom he had perfected service
at that time. (Doc. # 88 at 1). Thereafter, the City provided the Clerk of Court the name and
address of “Timothy Brown” for “T. Brown,” and “George Drake” for “Drake.” (Doc. # 89 at 1).
The City represented that it “does not have the personal addresses or knowledge of the location
of ‘Nunn’, ‘Sheffield’ and ‘Debra’ as they are not employed by the City and have never been
employed with the City.” (Doc. # 89 at 2).

5

Thereafter, service was executed upon Timothy Brown, but was returned unexecuted as
to George Drake. (Docs. # 94, 133). On December 4, 2017, after Mr. Ball referred to George
Drake as “non-existing,” and “not [a] Defendant[] to this instant [case],” the court dismissed
George Drake and ordered Mr. Ball to provide the court with the full name [and address] of
Drake.” (Doc. # 137 at 1) (citing Doc. # 131 at 2). The court’s December 4, 2017, Order
“terminated” Drake in the court’s CM/ECF system (Doc. # 137), and Drake remains
terminated.19
Thereafter, despite the fact that the court did not name Rogers as an unserved Defendant,
Mr. Ball served discovery requests upon the Defendants seeking the full name and last known
address of Rogers, as well as Drake, Nunn, Debra, and Sheffield. (See Doc. # 168). The City
eventually identified a person known as “Judy Drake” who might be the “Drake” Mr. Ball
wished to sue. On September 4, 2017, the court Ordered the City of Birmingham to provide the
full name and last known address, if they had it, of Judy Drake. (Doc. # 171 at 2). The court did
not issue a similar order regarding Nunn, Debra, Rogers, and Sheffield, because the City of
Birmingham “[had] previously advised the court and Plaintiff that it does not have the personal
addresses or knowledge of the location of [these individuals] because they are not, and never
have been, employed by the City.” (Doc. # 171 at 2) (citing Doc. # 89 at 2)). On September 6,
2018, the City of Birmingham confirmed that they did not have the address of Judy Drake. (Doc.
# 173).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m) provides that “[i]f a defendant is not served within
90 days after the complaint is filed, the court--on motion or on its own after notice to the
plaintiff--must dismiss the action without prejudice against that defendant or order that service

19

That same order also dismissed “Kevin Davis,” but that individual has now been properly identified as
Kathie Davis, and Kathie Davis remains a party. (Doc. #137 at 1).

6

be made within a specified time.” More than 90 days has passed since the operative complaint
naming Defendants Nunn, Sheffield, Debra, and Rogers was filed. (Doc. # 74 at 4, ¶ 11) (filed
June 19, 2017). As noted above, the court gave Mr. Ball notice on July 5, 2017 that failure to
serve these defendants could result in dismissal of this action against the unserved defendants.
(Doc. # 79). Mr. Ball has neither requested service for, nor perfected service upon, Defendants
Nunn, Sheffield, Debra and Rogers since this court’s Order of July 5, 2017. Accordingly, all
claims in this action against unserved Defendants Nunn, Sheffield, Debra, and Rogers are due to
be dismissed without prejudice under Rule 4(m). Thus, there are nine Defendants who remain in
this case: the City of Birmingham, Verlyne Moten, Freida Taylor, Lawrence Singleton, Deidre
Daniels, Emantic Bradford, Timothy Brown, Coyrrie Campbell, and Kathie Davis. As noted
above, each of these Defendants has moved for summary judgment.
II.

Standard of Review

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if
any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). The
party asking for summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility of informing the court
of the basis for its motion and identifying those portions of the pleadings or filings which it
believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 323. Once the moving
party has met its burden, Rule 56 requires the non-moving party to go beyond the pleadings and - by pointing to affidavits, or depositions, answers to interrogatories, and/or admissions on file -designate specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Id. at 324.
The substantive law will identify which facts are material and which are irrelevant. See

7

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). All reasonable doubts about the facts
and all justifiable inferences are resolved in favor of the non-movant. See Allen v. Bd. of Pub.
Educ. for Bibb Cty., 495 F.3d 1306, 1314 (11th Cir. 2007); Fitzpatrick v. City of Atlanta, 2 F.3d
1112, 1115 (11th Cir. 1993). A dispute is genuine “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury
could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. If the evidence is
merely colorable, or is not significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted. See id. at
249.
When faced with a “properly supported motion for summary judgment, [the nonmoving
party] must come forward with specific factual evidence, presenting more than mere
allegations.” Gargiulo v. G.M. Sales, Inc., 131 F.3d 995, 999 (11th Cir. 1997). As Anderson
teaches, under Rule 56(c) a plaintiff may not simply rest on her allegations made in the
complaint; instead, as the party bearing the burden of proof at trial, she must come forward with
at least some evidence to support each element essential to her case at trial. See Anderson, 477
U.S. at 252. “[A] party opposing a properly supported motion for summary judgment ‘may not
rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleading, but . . . must set forth specific facts
showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’ ” Id. at 248 (citations omitted).
Summary judgment is mandated “against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient
to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will
bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 322. “Summary judgment may be
granted if the non-moving party’s evidence is merely colorable or is not significantly probative.”
Sawyer v. Sw. Airlines Co., 243 F. Supp. 2d 1257, 1262 (D. Kan. 2003) (citing Anderson, 477
U.S. at 250-51).
“[A]t the summary judgment stage the judge’s function is not himself to weigh the

8

evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue
for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249. “Essentially, the inquiry is ‘whether the evidence presents a
sufficient disagreement to require submission to the jury or whether it is so one-sided that one
party must prevail as a matter of law.’” Sawyer, 243 F. Supp. 2d at 1262 (quoting Anderson, 477
U.S. at 251-52); see also, LaRoche v. Denny’s, Inc., 62 F. Supp. 2d 1366, 1371 (S.D. Fla. 1999)
(“The law is clear . . . that suspicion, perception, opinion, and belief cannot be used to defeat a
motion for summary judgment.”).
III.

Factual Background

The court has gleaned the facts set out in this opinion from the parties’ submissions and
the court’s own examination of the evidentiary record. All reasonable doubts about the facts have
been resolved in favor of the nonmoving party. See Info. Sys. & Networks Corp. v. City of
Atlanta, 281 F.3d 1220, 1224 (11th Cir. 2002). These are the “facts” for summary judgment
purposes only. They may not be the actual facts that could be established through live testimony
at trial. See Cox v. Adm'r U.S. Steel & Carnegie Pension Fund, 17 F.3d 1386, 1400 (11th Cir.
1994).20
20

In their reply brief, the Movants correctly state that “Ball . . . failed to respond to any of the Defendants’
Statement of Case [sic].” (Doc. # 190 at 2). Presumably, the Movants bring this to the court’s attention because of
the following language contained in this court’s Initial Order entered on October 4, 2016: “All material facts set
forth in the statement required of the moving party will be deemed to be admitted for summary judgment purposes
unless controverted by the response of the party opposing summary judgment.” (Doc. # 24) (italics in original). Of
course, that Order also states that the parties’ submissions must consist of: “(1) a brief containing, in separately
identified sections, (i) a statement of allegedly undisputed relevant material facts and (ii) a discussion of relevant
legal authorities; and (2) copies of any evidentiary materials upon which the party relies.” (Doc. # 24 at 12). The
Order does not mention a “Statement of the Case.” Assuming that the Movants meant to substitute a “Statement of
the Case” for the court’s requirement that the brief contain “a statement of allegedly undisputed relevant material
facts,” it also fails in that regard. Appendix II states:
The moving party shall list in separately numbered paragraphs each material fact the movant
contends is true and not in genuine dispute, and upon which the moving party relies to
demonstrate that it is entitled to summary judgment. Each such statement must be followed by a
specific reference to those portions of the evidentiary record that the movant claims support it.
(Doc. # 24 at 14) (italics in original and underlining added). Appendix II is clear that the statement of facts must set
out all facts upon which the moving party relies to demonstrate that it is entitled to summary judgment. The

9

A. Mr. Ball’s Affidavit
Before delving into the Rule 56 record, the court addresses the “Affidavit” Mr. Ball
submitted in opposition to the Movants’ motion for summary judgment. (Doc. # 191 at 5, 7-23).
While they do not move to strike that document, the Movants argue that “[Mr.] Ball’s ‘affidavit’
is not signed, witnessed and notarized under oath before a certified notary public. Rather, Ball
executes his own ‘affidavit’. Thus, it is not a true affidavit required under FRCP Rule 56(c)(4).”
(Doc. # 190 at 2).
“An affidavit is a sworn statement in writing made under oath or on affirmation before a
notary public or other authorized officer.” Holder v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 2008 WL
3887632, at *4 (S.D. Ga. Aug. 21, 2008). Since it is not sworn, Mr. Ball’s submission is not an
affidavit. However, 28 U.S.C. § 1746 provides, in pertinent part:
Wherever, under any law of the United States or under any rule, regulation, order,
or requirement made pursuant to law, any matter is required or permitted to be
supported, evidenced, established, or proved by the sworn declaration,
verification, certificate, statement, oath, or affidavit, in writing of the person
making the same . . . , such matter may, with like force and effect, be supported,
evidenced, established, or proved by the unsworn declaration, certificate,
verification, or statement, in writing of such person which is subscribed by him,
as true under penalty of perjury, and dated, in substantially the following form:
***
(2) If executed within the United States, its territories, possessions, or
commonwealths: “I declare (or certify, verify, or state) under penalty of perjury
that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on (date).
(Signature)”.

Movants’ facts provide little to no information about this case, or Mr. Ball’s contentions. Accordingly, strict
adherence to the requirements of this court’s Initial Order would severely undercut the Movants. The court is certain
that the Movants would prefer the more flexible approach the court has employed, drawing the relevant facts from
the court’s review of the evidentiary record. This approach is also appropriate due to Mr. Ball’s status as a pro se
litigant.

10

28 U.S.C. § 1746. Furthermore, this court previously advised Mr. Ball that “[a]ffidavits must
either be notarized or be subscribed as true under penalty of perjury. (Doc. # 184 at 3) (emphasis
added). Mr. Ball’s submission is dated and signed “under . . . penalty of perjury.” (Doc. # 191 at
23). Mr. Ball’s submission substantially follows the form required by 28 U.S.C. § 1746 and
complies with this court’s Order. The court concludes that Mr. Ball’s submission is therefore a
declaration submitted in opposition to the instant motion.
Whether the court may consider Mr. Ball’s submission is another matter. “An affidavit or
declaration used to support or oppose a motion must be made on personal knowledge, set out
facts that would be admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant or declarant is competent to
testify on the matters stated.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4). In their reply brief, the Movants do not
address the substance of Mr. Ball’s submission (Doc. # 191), calling it “mere incoherent and
editorial rambling which the Defendants, at times, cannot defend or understand.” (Doc. # 190 at
2). The Movants also contend that Mr. Ball’s submission “presents nothing substantive,” that Mr.
Ball’s “‘facts’ and ‘arguments’ are based on his own opinions, ideas, and conspiracy[-]fueled
theories,” and that Mr. Ball “at times, merely repeats the allegations in the [Second] Amended
Complaint.” (Doc. # 190 at 2). The Movants cite no examples to support these claims. The court
will consider Mr. Ball’s submission, but it will also assess whether the Movants are correct as to
some portions of Mr. Ball’s submission and determine the extent to which the submission
complies with Rule 56(c)(4) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
B. The Traffic Accident and Mr. Ball’s Arrest
On May 3, 2014, Mr. Ball was involved in a car accident in Birmingham, Alabama. (Doc.

11

# 183-1 at 9(35-36); Doc. # 183-5 at 2).21 When the Birmingham Police arrived on the scene,
they discovered that Mr. Ball had an outstanding arrest warrant and arrested him. (Doc. # 183-1
at 10(37-38); Doc. # 183-5 at 2). The arresting officers transported Mr. Ball to the University of
Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center (UAB) for psychiatric evaluation and treatment. (Doc.
# 183-1 at 10(39-40), 12(46); Doc. # 183-5 at 2).22 Mr. Ball stayed at UAB for a few hours. (Doc.
# 183-1 at 10(40), 12(46); Doc. # 183-5 at 2). Thereafter, Birmingham police officers transported
Mr. Ball to the Birmingham City Jail. (Doc. # 183-1 at 11(41); Doc. # 183-5 at 2). Mr. Ball was
held at the Jail from May 3, 2014, until March 17, 2015. (Doc. # 183-1 at 12(45)).
Kathie Davis was the City Jail Chief or Chief Correctional Officer at the Jail at the time
Mr. Ball was there. (Doc. # 163-1 at 20; Doc. # 183-8 at 1). Her responsibilities in that role were
to “manage, coordinate and supervise all the employees at the Birmingham City Jail,” and to
“observe the conduct and behavior of inmates to prevent disturbances and escapes.” (Doc. # 1838 at 1). Officer Davis admits that while Mr. Ball was at the Jail, it was her responsibility to train
and supervise her subordinates to prevent constitutional violations. (Doc. # 163-1 at 31).
However, in her affidavit she denies any familiarity with Mr. Ball. (Doc. # 183-8 at 3).
C. The Conditions of Mr. Ball’s Confinement
Mr. Ball testified to being in a cell “without any exercise, without any showers[,] and
without the proper recommended diet.” (Doc. #183-1 at 14(56)). In his declaration, Mr. Ball
states:
On December 9, 2014 . . . the Plaintiff sat in his stripped, cold, suicidal
observation cell hemorrhaging from the inside of his body[.] [S]aid cell only had a
21

Document # 183-1 is Mr. Ball’s deposition which appears in the record as a “minuscript” or “travel
transcript,” with four deposition pages condensed onto each page of the record. The court’s citation indicates that the
source is on page 9 of document 183-1, at deposition pages 35 through 36.
22

Mr. Ball went to UAB for treatment four times while incarcerated in the Jail. (Doc. #183-1 at 12(46,
47)). None of Mr. Ball’s claims relate to those trips.

12

sink and commode[.] [T]he sink did not work properly; it only trickle[d] hot
water[] [and] not enough to drink[.] I had to request water from a cooler in the
cell block day area.
I wasn’t issued soap, toilet paper, [a] tooth brush, [or] tooth paste[.] Also,
[my] cell windows were broken out and [there was] inadequate heat in the cell[.]
[The] cell lights were broken, I wasn’t allowed to shower, [and] the day room
showers did not work either[.] I was denied any opportunity to exercise[.] I
smelled horrible and felt worse. . . .
I wasn’t allowed eating utensils to eat with[.]
(Doc. # 191 at 16). Mr. Ball also states that he was “in complete isolation from others,” with no
contact with others except “food [and medications] being passed through a tray slot in the cell
door.” (Doc. # 191 at 17). Mr. Ball states that Jail personnel fixed his cell lights on or about
January 3, 2015. (Doc. # 191 at 17).23
D. Jail Personnel Leave Mr. Ball Naked in His Cell
Jail personnel placed Mr. Ball on suicide watch, isolated in segregation, where he stayed
from December 19, 2014, to January 5, 2015. (Doc. # 183-1 at 12(45), 14(55-56); see also Doc.
# 183-8 at 15). Mr. Ball testified that Defendants Brown and Moten left him naked in his cell
without a reason. (Doc. # 183-1 at 19(73)). Defendant Timothy Brown was a corrections officer
(“C.O.”) at the Jail while Mr. Ball was there. (Doc. # 183-8 at 9). His responsibilities were “to
maintain security and enforce order and discipline among inmates to ensure a safe jail
environment.” (Doc. # 183-8 at 9). Officer Brown is familiar with Mr. Ball. (Doc. # 183-8 at 9).
Mr. Ball states that Jail personnel gave him a gown typically given to people on suicide
watch, but that on December 9, 2014, Officer Brown took it from Mr. Ball and gave it to
23

Again, these facts are set out in the light most favorable to Mr. Ball. Officer Bradford states that he
issued Mr. Ball eating utensils with meals. (Doc. # 163-1 at 16). Officer Davis states that “everyone used plastic
utensils to eat in the jail.” (Doc. # 163-1 at 24). Officer Davis also states that Jail personnel would have allowed Mr.
Ball out of his cell for one hour per day to shower, and for one hour per shift to exercise. (Doc. #163-1 at 22).
However, that is not evidence that Mr. Ball was in fact given time to shower and exercise. Furthermore, as noted
later in this opinion (see infra Section IV.A.3.), Officer Davis is in no position to know the conditions Mr. Ball
actually experienced since she states that she does not know Mr. Ball. (Doc. # 183-8 at 3).

13

someone else, leaving Mr. Ball naked. (Doc. # 183-1 at 14(56)-15(57), 19(75-76); Doc. # 191 at
17). In his answers to Mr. Ball’s First Interrogatories, Officer Brown states that he does not
recall whether he confiscated Mr. Ball’s gown on December 9, 2014. (Doc. # 141-1 at 10).24
Officer Davis agrees that while Mr. Ball was on suicide watch, Jail personnel should have given
Mr. Ball a gown to wear. (Doc. # 163-1 at 24).
Defendant Verlyne Moten was a sergeant at the Jail while Mr. Ball was there. (Doc. #
183-8 at 6). Her responsibilities included supervising and coordinating the correctional officers
and prisoners at the Jail. (Doc. # 183-8 at 6). Officer Moten also maintained security and
enforced order and discipline to ensure a safe jail environment. (Doc. # 183-8 at 6). Officer
Davis was Officer Moten’s supervisor. (Doc. # 183-8 at 6). Officer Moten says she is not
familiar with Mr. Ball. (Doc. # 183-8 at 7). In her answers to Mr. Ball’s First Interrogatories,
Officer Moten states that she “had no contact with Mr. Ball.” (Doc. # 141-1 at 15).
Although Mr. Ball testified in his deposition that he had direct conversations with
Officers Moten and Brown, the nature and substance of those conversations is not in the Rule 56
record. (Doc. # 183-1 at 19(74)).25
E. The Altercation with Defendant Singleton
Defendant Lawrence Singleton was a C.O. at the Jail while Mr. Ball was there. (Doc. #
163-1 at 2; Doc. # 183-8 at 21). Officer Moten was Officer Singleton’s supervisor. (Doc. # 163
at 3). As a C.O., Officer Singleton is responsible for maintaining security and enforcing order
and discipline among inmates to ensure a safe jail environment. (Doc. # 183-8 at 21). Mr. Ball

24

Officer Brown provided these answers on November 30, 2017. (Doc. # 141-1 at 11). Officer Brown’s
affidavit, executed on October 6, 2018, does not mention this incident at all. (See Doc. # 183-8 at 9).
25

During Mr. Ball’s deposition, Mr. Fullerton asked Mr. Ball about the substance of those conversations,
but the discourse was sidetracked before Mr. Ball answered. Mr. Fullerton never returned to that question. (Doc. #
183-1 at 19(75)).

14

testified that on December 10, 2014, Officer Singleton entered Mr. Ball’s cell and “assaulted
[him] and used force that wasn’t warranted.” (Doc. # 183-1 at 21(81, 82)).
Mr. Ball admitted in his deposition that he did not know why Officer Singleton came to
the cell on that date. (Doc. # 183-1 at 21(84) (“I don't know why he was there.”), 22(85) (“I don’t
know what his purpose for entering my cell [was].”)). Officer Singleton explains that he came to
get Mr. Ball because either Mr. Ball asked to see the nurse, or the nurse asked to see Mr. Ball—
Officer Singleton could not remember which. (Doc. # 163-1 at 3). Officer Singleton states in his
affidavit:
Mr. Ball needed to see the nurse but was naked. He had been given a
suicide gown which is made o[f] paper or some other easily torn material but he
had taken or torn [it off] and was completely naked. I opened the cell to give him
a regular uniform.
In order to see the nurse, Mr. Ball needed to get dressed as he was naked
at the time. I gave Mr. Ball a regular uniform.
(Doc. # 183-8 at 21-22; see also, Doc. # 163-1 at 3).
Mr. Ball refused to dress himself in the uniform Officer Singleton gave him. (Doc. # 1631 at 4; Doc. # 183-8 at 22; Doc. # 191 at 8). Mr. Ball says that he refused the uniform because
Officer Singleton did not also give him shoes, and because it was inappropriate for him to have a
regular uniform, as opposed to a gown, inside the suicide observation unit. (Doc. # 191 at 8).
Mr. Ball testified that Officer Singleton then “came with profanity and things that was
improper [sic].” (Doc. # 183-1 at 22(85)). In his declaration, Mr. Ball clarifies that Officer
Singleton entered his cell and attempted to force him, physically, to put on the uniform. (Doc. #
191 at 9). Officer Singleton pushed Mr. Ball against the cell wall and then placed his large steel
cell key against Mr. Ball’s throat and choked Mr. Ball. (Doc. # 191 at 8, 9). Mr. Ball also asserts
that Officer Singleton punched him in the head twice. (Doc. # 191 at 9). Mr. Ball then “backed

15

[Officer Singleton] out of [the] cell and held [Officer Singleton] until supervision arrived.” (Doc.
# 191 at 9). Mr. Ball suffered “excruciating pain and abrasions” from this incident, and went to
the UAB emergency room for treatment. (Doc. # 191 at 9).26
A December 10, 2014, entry in Mr. Ball’s Jail medical record reflects that on that date
Mr. Ball had an “altercation with [an] officer,” and noted that Mr. Ball had a “red area on the
[right] side of [his] chest.” (Doc. # 191 at 28). Mr. Ball also complained of chest pain. (Doc. #
191 at 28). The note reflects that Mr. Ball was “sent to [the] hospital for evaluation,” and later
“[returned] from the hospital [with a diagnosis] of superficial abrasion” and a normal EKG.
(Doc. # 191 at 28). Officer Singleton did not initiate any disciplinary proceedings against Mr.
Ball as a result of Mr. Ball refusing to comply with his orders (Doc. # 163-1 at 4), and there are
no records of any other disciplinary proceedings which arose out of this incident.
Mr. Ball contends that there is an “administrative policy, regulation, or [standard
operating procedure (SOP)”] for cell extraction which Singleton did not follow, and that Officer
Moten failed to train Officer Singleton to follow. (Doc. # 191 at 9).27 The record contains no
evidence of this policy and/or procedure, and Officer Singleton is “not familiar with” such a
policy. (Doc. # 163-1 at3, 4). Mr. Ball explained: “I feel that any contact whatsoever from any
correctional officer was improper because I was under psychiatric, you know, treatment.” (Doc.

26

These facts are set out in the light most favorable to Mr. Ball, the non-movant. Officer Singleton admits
that there was a physical confrontation but states that Mr. Ball started it “by pushing and later grabbing [him].”
(Doc. 163-1 at 3; see also Doc. # 163-1 at 4 (“Ball pushed then grabbed and shook me[.]”)). According to Officer
Singleton:
Mr. Ball suddenly became aggressive and belligerent. He started to curse and would not comply
with the lawful direct orders I was giving him to stay put until assistance arrived. Mr. Ball
suddenly pushed me, then grabbed me and shook me after refusing to get dressed to see the nurse.
I pushed him off me and assistance was called. Assistance arrived and handled the matter.
(Doc. # 183-8 at 22; see also, Doc. # 163-1 at 4).
27

Mr. Ball sometimes refers to this as “the Administrative cell extraction policy, regulation, or S.O.P.”
(Doc. # 159 at 13; Doc. # 163-1 at 3).

16

# 183-1 at 22(85)). He continued:
[W]hat I’m saying is Singleton -- it had to be for no reason -- I mean, no proper
reason due to the fact that I was under psychiatric care. Then correctional officers
shouldn’t have had any interaction with me in any shape, form or fashion.
So [I’m] saying that any force that was used was excessive because he
should not have even been in my cell at all. . . . Unless the doctor told him to
come in there.
(Doc. # 183-1 at 22(87)). Mr. Ball believes that because he was under psychiatric care, Officer
Singleton did not have any authority or right to come into his cell, and that Officer Singleton
should have gotten the permission of the medical staff before doing so. (Doc. # 183-1 at 23(89,
90)). According to Mr. Ball, such a policy applied to all correction officers in the Jail. (Doc. #
183-1 at 23(89-90)). Mr. Ball propounded the following interrogatory to Officer Davis: “During
Nov. 2014 thru Jan. 6, 2015, did you require subordinates to follow the cell extraction Policy
Regulation or S.O.P. at said Jail?” (Doc. # 159 at 5; Doc. # 163-1 at 23). Officer Davis answered:
“Regardless of the date, personnel are required at hire to follow policy.” (Doc. # 163-1 at 23).
F. Involuntary Commitment
Dr. Norman Huggins, a physician and psychiatrist, treated Mr. Ball at the Jail. On
December 11, 2014, Dr. Huggins noted that Mr. Ball “poses an imminent danger to [him]self and
others due to impaired judgment and delusional beliefs.” (Doc. # 191 at 29). Dr. Huggins also
noted that he “will file petition for involuntary commitment due to depression, paranoia,
delusional beliefs, and agitation.” (Doc. # 191 at 30). Defendant Deirdre Daniels was a social
worker at the Jail during Mr. Ball’s incarceration. (Doc. # 183-8 at 12; Doc. # 163-1 at 10).28 Her
responsibilities included “prepar[ing] petitions upon recommendation from the [d]octor for all
prisoners at the Birmingham City Jail.” (Doc. # 183-8 at 12; see also, Doc. # 163-1 at 11). On
28

In his deposition, Mr. Ball described her as the social worker “supervisor” at the Jail. (Doc. # 183-1 at

19(76)).

17

December 16, 2014, Dr. Huggins wrote the following in Mr. Ball’s medical record: “social
worker please notify detainee of status of petition.” (Doc. # 191 at 31). That same date, Ms.
Daniels filed the petition. (Doc. # 191 at 36; see also, Doc. # 163-1 at 10; Doc. # 141-1 at 6).29
On January 7, 2015, the probate judge issued a notice to Mr. Ball stating that Ms. Daniels had
filed the involuntary commitment proceedings, and informing Mr. Ball of the January 16, 2015,
hearing date. (Doc. # 191 at 36). On January 5, 2015, two days before the probate judge issued
the notice to Mr. Ball, Trinity Hospital admitted Mr. Ball “under a probate court petition for
assessment of symptoms of psychosis and agitation.” (Doc. # 183-1 at 12(46, 47); Doc. # 191 at
34).30 In her affidavit, Daniels states:
Upon receipt of documentation and the [d]octor[’]s orders dated December 11,
2014, I filed a Petition for Involuntary Commitments [sic] in Jefferson County
Probate Court in a timely manner. Once notified by Jefferson County Probate
Court that the Judge approved the Petition and a bed was available, Mr. Ball was
transported to the hospital.
(Doc. # 183-8 at 13).31 Because Mr. Ball stayed at Trinity Hospital for seven or eight days (Doc.

29

The notice issued by the Probate Court states that Ms. Daniels filed the petition on December 16, 2014.
(Doc. # 191 at 36). While part of the actual petition appears in the record, it bears no indication as to when Ms.
Daniels filed it. (Doc. # 191 at 37). Ms. Daniels denies Mr. Ball’s assertion that she “delayed” filing the Petition.
(Doc. # 141-1 at 7).
30

Mr. Ball also testified that the doctor issued his order on November 11, or December 11, 2014, but that
Daniels did not act to have him committed until January 5, 2015. (Doc. #183-1 at 20(77-79)). The only evidence of
such an order from Dr. Huggins is the December 11, 2014, order regarding involuntary commitment. As noted
above, Ms. Daniels filed the petition on December 16, 2014.
31

The petition erroneously states that Dr. Huggins made his determination regarding involuntary
commitment on December 12, 2014, instead of December 11, 2014. (Doc. # 191 at 37). In her responses to Mr.
Ball’s First Interrogatories, Ms. Daniels denies that this error was an “alteration,” as Mr. Ball has alleged. (Doc. #
141-1 at 7).
The court also notes inconsistencies in the evidence presented by Ms. Davis. On December 7, 2017,
Daniels responded to Mr. Ball’s First Interrogatories and agreed that she filed the petition. (Doc. # 141-1 at 6, ¶ 1).
On July 12, 2018, Ms. Daniels responded to Mr. Ball’s Second Interrogatories. (Doc. # 163-1 at 8). In those
responses, Ms. Daniels could not remember whether she filed the petition or not, the date of the filing of the petition,
or whether Mr. Ball was hospitalized because of the filing of the petition. (Doc. # 163-1 at 9-11, ¶¶ 1, 3-7, 10).
Those responses were inconsistent, on their face, with another answer she gave, in that same document, to a question
regarding “whether [she] complied with [the] physician’s recommendation to initiate the involuntary commitment

18

# 183-1 at 12(49)), he was released from Trinity prior to his hearing date. No order committing
Mr. Ball appears in the record, and it is unclear whether there was a hearing and/or what became
of this petition.
G. Mr. Ball’s Prescribed Dietary Needs
While at the Jail, Mr. Ball could not take his medications without food because they upset
his stomach. (Doc. # 191 at 15). On November 24, 2014, Dr. Huggins ordered staff to give Mr.
Ball snacks with his medication. (Doc. # 191 at 25). Dr. Huggins followed up with Mr. Ball on
December 1, 2014, and noted that Mr. Ball had lost 8 pounds over the previous three weeks, and
that Mr. Ball “feels like he’s being starved.” (Doc. # 191 at 26). It is undisputed that Dr. Huggins
ordered the Jail staff to give Mr. Ball “double portions with meals.” (Doc. # 191 at 26; see also,
Doc. # 183-1 at 17(66)). Dr. Huggins also noted that the Jail staff were not giving Mr. Ball
snacks with his medications as ordered, and that Mr. Ball could not take his medications without
a snack because they upset his stomach. (Doc. # 191 at 26). Dr. Huggins explained that “the
intent of granting snacks with meds is to have food on his stomach prior to taking meds.” (Doc.
# 191 at 26-27). On December 16, 2014, Dr. Huggins saw Mr. Ball again and noted: “Nurse
reports [Mr. Ball] refuses to take 4:00 a.m. med[ications] without snack. Snacks are not given in
a.m.” (Doc. # 191 at 31).32
Defendant Emantic Bradford was the Chief Steward or Cook while Mr. Ball was at the
Jail. (Doc. # 141-1 at 2; 163-1 at 15; Doc. # 183-8 at 17; Doc. # 191 at 39). It was Mr. Bradford’s
responsibility to determine whether Mr. Ball had special dietary needs while Mr. Ball was there.
(Doc. # 141-1 at 3; Doc. # 163-1 at 15-16; Doc. # 191 at 40).
for [Mr.] Ball[?]” (Doc. # 163-1 at 10, ¶ 2). In response to that question, she stated that she “complied with the
doctor’s orders concerning Mr. Ball’s treatment.” (Doc. 163-1 at 10, ¶ 2).
32

While Mr. Ball attributes the nurse’s report to Defendant Taylor (Doc. # 191 at 15), nothing in the record
indicates who made the report.

19

Officer Davis agrees that “[s]tewards are required to follow doctor’s orders.” (Doc. #
163-1 at 23). Mr. Ball says he spoke to Officer Davis “on numerous occasions” while he was
incarcerated. (Doc. # 183-1 at 16(64), 17(65)). When asked for the substance of those
conversations, Mr. Ball explained:
Well, I was complaining about my living conditions and the fact that I was losing
so much weight due to the fact that the steward was not compliant with the
doctor’s recommendation.
And she told me that the steward was supposed to comply verbatim with the
physician’s recommendation for double portion food trays, which is two trays
instead of giving me increased calories, which is when the steward increased only
one food portion on the tray.
(Doc. # 183-1 at 17(65-66); see also, Doc. # 183-1 at 17(68)).
Mr. Ball testified that Mr. Bradford, “was inadequately trained and supervised to know
what he should issue me according to the doctor’s recommendation.” (Doc. # 183-1 at 17(66),
18(69)). Although the nursing staff informed Mr. Bradford of Mr. Ball’s dietary needs (Doc.
# 163-1 at 16; Doc. # 183-8 at 17)33, Mr. Ball states in his declaration that “Bradford gave me
single portions during Nov[ember] 2014 thr[ough] March 2015.” (Doc. # 191 at 15).
In Mr. Bradford’s answers to Mr. Ball’s Second Interrogatories, Mr. Bradford
acknowledges that “double portions” means that “[p]ortions on the food trays are doubled.”
(Doc. # 163-1 at 16). Mr. Bradford also states that he gave Mr. Ball “double portions.” (Doc.
# 163-1 at 17). In those same responses, Mr. Bradford also states that he gave Mr. Ball
“increased calories.” (Doc. # 163-1 at 17). In his answers to Mr. Ball’s First Interrogatories, Mr.

33

In his answers to Mr. Ball’s First Interrogatories, executed on December 7, 2017, Mr. Bradford states that
Nurse Kathy Brimer told him about Mr. Ball’s dietary needs. (Doc. # 141-1 at 3; Doc. # 191 at 40). On July 17,
2018, in his answers to Mr. Ball’s Second Interrogatories, Mr. Bradford states that he does not recall who exactly
told him, but knows “the nursing staff” told him. (Doc. 163-1 at 16). Defendant Taylor was on the nursing staff and
states in her affidavit that she “advised Mr. Bradford of Mr. Ball’s dietary requirements prescribed by a physician.”
(Doc. # 183-8 at 15). In his affidavit, Officer Brown states that he “advised Mr. Bradford of Mr. Ball’s dietary
requirements prescribed by the physician.” (Doc. # 183-8 at 10).

20

Bradford states that someone named “Dr. Mahmoud” told him to issue Mr. Ball “increased
calories.” (Doc. # 141-1 at 3; Doc. # 191 at 40). In Mr. Bradford’s affidavit, he does not state
that he gave Mr. Ball “double portions”; rather, he states that he followed Dr. Huggins’s orders
by giving Mr. Ball “increased calories which is increased or larger portions of vegetables,
greens, beans, fruit, juice[,] or milk. Meat entries are usually not increased because of supply, but
everything else on the day’s menu is increased.” (Doc. # 183-8 at 17-18; Doc. # 163-1 at 16, 17).
In Mr. Ball’s Second Interrogatories, he asked Officer Davis “whether the terms ‘Increased
Calories’ and ‘Double Portions Food Trays’ means the exact amount of food,” and Davis replied
that she “[does] not understand the Interrogatory as it is written.” (Doc. # 163-1 at 24).34
Defendant Freida Taylor was a nurse at the Jail during Mr. Ball’s incarceration. (Doc.
# 141-1 at 18; Doc. # 183-8 at 14). Her responsibilities included monitoring, coordinating, and
supervising the medical care for prisoners. (Doc. # 183-8 at 14). Officer Davis was Ms. Taylor’s
supervisor. (Doc. # 183-8 at 14). Ms. Taylor’s affidavit states in pertinent part:
If a correctional officer or the prisoner feels that he or she is not being treated
appropriately, a grievance form can be filed. A prisoner can even request to see
the City Jail Chief. I do not recall Mr. Ball requesting medical treatment or filing
any of these forms.
(Doc. # 183-8 at 15).
Defendant Coyrrie Campbell is a correctional officer at the Jail. (Doc. # 183-8 at 19).
“Sergeant Shelby” is his supervisor. (Doc. # 183-8 at 19). In his affidavit, Officer Campbell
states that he began his employment with the Jail in 2016, and therefore he was not working at
the Jail when Mr. Ball was there. (Doc. # 183-8 at 19). Officer Campbell is not familiar with Mr.
Ball. (Doc. # 183-8 at 19).

34

Although Mr. Ball testified in his deposition to having had direct conversations with Mr. Bradford, Mr.
Fullerton did not ask him about the substance of those conversations. (Doc. # 183-1 at 19(74)).

21

Mr. Ball testified that Ms. Taylor and Officer Campbell knew about and ignored his
dietary needs. (Doc. # 183-1 at 18(70)). Mr. Ball clarified that Ms. Taylor and Officer Campbell
“failed to ensure that [he] received the recommended physician’s treatment,” and explained that
they either did not tell Mr. Bradford about Mr. Ball’s dietary needs, or they told Mr. Bradford
and he failed to comply. (Doc. # 183-1 at 18(71-72)). Mr. Ball testified to having had direct
conversations with Ms. Taylor and Officer Campbell, but Mr. Fullerton (counsel for the City
Defendants) did not ask him about the substance of those conversations. (Doc. # 183-1 at
19(73)). Ms. Taylor agrees that the responsibility to notify Mr. Bradford about Mr. Ball’s dietary
needs lies with the “[m]edical department at the Jail.” (Doc. # 141-1 at 19). In her affidavit, Ms.
Taylor states that she advised Mr. Bradford that Dr. Huggins had ordered that Mr. Ball receive
double portions. (Doc. # 183-8 at 15). She also states that Mr. Ball did receive double portions.
(Doc. # 183-8 at 15). In his First Interrogatories to Ms. Taylor, Mr. Ball asked her “who altered
[the] physician’s recommended ‘double portions’ [order] to ‘increased calories.’” (Doc. # 141-1
at 19). Taylor answered that she “[had] no knowledge of any altered documents.” (Doc. # 141-1
at 19).
Mr. Ball testified that he experienced internal bleeding and weight loss at the Jail and
attributes those conditions to his diet while there. (Doc. # 183-1 at 13(52)). Mr. Ball also
testified:
[O]ne reason why they sent me [to UAB] was because of my weight loss, and the
City jail personnel was not complying with the doctor’s recommendation. So they
sent me over there to try to get my weight back up, you know, so that I can try to
get better.
(Doc. # 183-1 at 13(51-52)). On December, 11, 2014, Dr. Huggins noted that Mr. Ball had lost
“12.2 pounds in 20 days.” (Doc. # 191 at 28).
Mr. Ball agrees that there were times at the Jail when he refused to eat the food given to
22

him because “[i]t wasn’t what I was supposed to have. . . . It wasn’t the doctor’s
recommendation.” (Doc. # 183-1 at 14(53)). While in the Jail, Mr. Ball complained about not
having salt and/or pepper and “the entire food process.” (Doc. # 183-1 at 14(54)). He clarified
that “the food process was being inadequately prepared and the doctor’s recommendation was
not being complied with.” (Doc. # 183-1 at 14(54)).
IV.

Analysis

“The Eighth Amendment, applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment,
‘set[s] limits on the treatment and conditions that states may impose on prisoners.’” Ivory v.
Warden, Governor of Alabama, 600 F. App’x 670, 676 (11th Cir. 2015) (quoting Hamm v.
DeKalb Cnty., 774 F.2d 1567, 1571 (11th Cir.1985)).35 The Eleventh Circuit has explained that,
“[i]n the prison context, three distinct Eighth Amendment claims are available to plaintiff
inmates alleging cruel and unusual punishment, each of which requires a different showing to
establish a constitutional violation.” Thomas v. Bryant, 614 F.3d 1288, 1303 (11th Cir. 2010).
Those three claims arise when a prisoner is: (1) challenging specific conditions of confinement;
(2) challenging the excessive use of force; and (3) challenging prison officials’ deliberate
indifference to his serious medical needs. Id. at 1303–04. Through the various counts of his
Second Amended Complaint, Mr. Ball alleges all three types of Eighth Amendment claims. The
court will examine each such claim in turn.
A. Count One – Conditions of Confinement Claim (Defendant Davis)
1. The Basis for the Claim
In Count One, Mr. Ball’s sets out a conditions of confinement claim against Officer

35

Plaintiff states that he was a “pretrial detainee.” (Doc. # 74 at 1, ¶ 2). “Technically, the Fourteenth
Amendment Due Process Clause, not the Eighth Amendment prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment, governs
pretrial detainees[.] However, the standards under the Fourteenth Amendment are identical to those under the
Eighth.” Goebert v. Lee Cty., 510 F.3d 1312, 1326 (11th Cir. 2007) (citations omitted).

23

Davis. (Doc. # 74 at 10). Mr. Ball alleges that “[t]he conditions of the cell where plaintiff was
held failed to meet minimum constitutional standards and therefore violated plaintiff’s right to
due process of law.” (Doc. # 74 at 10, ¶ 35). Specifically, Mr. Bell alleges that “[t]he day after he
was arrested, [he] was placed in a suicide watch strip cell and not allowed out.” (Doc. # 74 at 5).
He also alleges that:


“the sink [provided in the cell did] not have sufficient pressure to get any water
beyond a trickle,” and “the only water that did trickle out was hot and not fit for
drinking” (Doc. # 74 at 5, ¶ 18);



“[n]o toilet paper was kept in the cell and, if plaintiff needed any, he would have to
ask for it” (Doc. # 74 at 5, ¶ 18);



“[t]he cell had no, or inadequate, heat” (Doc. # 74 at 5, ¶ 18);



“[t]he cell had no lights,” and Jail personnel kept him in “constant darkness” (Doc. #
74 at 5,6, ¶¶ 19, 21);



“[he] was not permitted to shower” and did not have the “ability to maintain personal
hygiene” (Doc. # 74 at 5,6, ¶¶ 19, 21);



“[he] was kept in complete isolation from other inmates” (Doc. # 74 at 5, ¶ 19);



he had no “human contact” as Jail staff “kept [him] in complete isolation from other
inmates,” and only minimally communicated with him when, “through a tray slot in
the door to his cell,” Jail staff gave him food at mealtimes and medication three times
per day (Doc. # 74 at 5, 6, ¶¶ 19, 21); and



“[he] was given no utensils to eat with” and Jail staff served him food on Styrofoam
plates (Doc. # 74 at 5, ¶ 19).

In summary, Mr. Ball alleges that he endured these “ongoing” conditions “for months,” and that

24

“Defendant Davis was aware of these conditions, was ultimately responsible for correcting them,
chose not to[,] and was therefore deliberately indifferent to their existence.” (Doc. # 74 at 10, ¶
37).
2. Applicable Law
“The Eighth Amendment governs the conditions of a prisoner’s confinement.” Brooks v.
Warden, 800 F.3d 1295, 1303 (11th Cir. 2015) (citing Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31
(1993)). “The Constitution does not mandate comfortable prisons, but neither does it permit
inhumane ones.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994) (internal quotation and citation
omitted). Jail officials may not expose a prisoner to an objectively “unreasonable risk of serious
damage to his future health.” Brooks, 800 F.3d at 1303.
Mr. Ball must prove three elements in order to show that his conditions of confinement
were unconstitutional.
The first element sets an objective hurdle, where “a prisoner must prove that the
condition he complains of is sufficiently serious to violate the Eighth
Amendment.” Chandler v. Crosby, 379 F.3d 1278, 1289 (11th Cir. 2004)
(quotation marks omitted). An objective Eighth Amendment violation “must be
extreme” and deprive the prisoner “of the minimal civilized measure of life’s
necessities.” Id. (quotation marks omitted) (quoting Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S.
337, 347, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 69 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981)). The second requisite element is
a subjective one: “[T]he prisoner must show that the defendant prison officials
acted with a sufficiently culpable state of mind with regard to the condition at
issue.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Negligence is not enough; the officer “must
both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial
risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Id. at 1289-90
(quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811
(1994)). Finally, and separately, the plaintiff must prove “a causal connection
between the defendants’ conduct and the Eighth Amendment violation.” Brooks v.
Warden, 800 F.3d 1295, 1301 (11th Cir. 2015).
Saunders v. Sheriff of Brevard Cty., 735 F. App’x 559, 564–65 (11th Cir. 2018). Furthermore,
[A] court considering an Eighth Amendment challenge to conditions of
confinement must examine the totality of the circumstances. Even if no single
condition of confinement would be unconstitutional in itself, exposure to the
25

cumulative effect of prison conditions may subject inmates to cruel and unusual
punishment.
Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 362–63 (1981) (Brennan, J. concurring) (internal citations
and quotations omitted); see also Wilson v. Blankenship, 163 F.3d 1284, 1292 (11th Cir. 1998)
(“[O]ur court evaluates particular pretrial detainee complaints against the totality of confinement
conditions to determine if there is constitutional deficiency.”); Jones v. Diamond, 636 F.2d 1364,
1368 (5th Cir. January 29, 1981), overruled on other grounds by Int’l Woodworkers of Am.,
AFL-CIO & its Local No. 5-376 v. Champion Int’l Corp., 790 F.2d 1174 (5th Cir. 1986) (“In
determining whether conditions of confinement are unconstitutional under the eighth amendment
or the fourteenth amendment, we do not assay separately each of the institutional practices but
look to the totality of conditions.”).36
3. The Movants Have Failed to Carry Their Initial Burden
The Movants’ arguments indicate they seek summary judgment only on the basis that Mr.
Ball cannot make out a prima facie case of unconstitutional conditions of confinement. That is,
they do not argue that Officer Davis lacked the requisite state of mind to be liable, or that there is
no causal link between Officer Davis’s conduct and the alleged violations. The Movants also do
not argue the individual conditions Mr. Ball alleges, or any combination thereof, are not
constitutional violations. They argue only that “[Mr.] Ball’s allegations are false.” (Doc. # 183 at
22).
Because of the nature of the Movants’ argument, it is important that the court review the
applicable burdens of proof for a summary judgment motion. In their brief, the Movants note that
“the burden of proof is and always remains on the Plaintiff.” (Doc. # 183 at 8). While that may
36

“[T]he decisions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, as that court existed on
September 30, 1981, handed down by that court prior to close of business on that date,” are binding precedent for
courts, such as this court, which fall within the Eleventh Circuit. Bonner v. City of Prichard, Ala., 661 F.2d 1206,
1209 (11th Cir. 1981).

26

be true at trial, a party requesting summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility of
informing the court of the basis for their motion and identifying those portions of the pleadings
or filings that they believe demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Celotex,
477 U.S. at 323. How the Movants may satisfy their initial evidentiary burden depends on what
party or parties bears the burden of proof on the given legal issues at trial. Fitzpatrick v. City of
Atlanta, 2 F.3d 1112, 1115 (11th Cir. 1993). On issues where Mr. Ball bears the burden of proof
at trial, such as the elements of his prima facie case, the Movants may simply show that there is
an absence of evidence to support the Mr. Ball’s case on the particular issue at hand and they are
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 1116. Here, the Movants have made no such
showing. As noted previously, they ignore Mr. Ball’s evidence entirely.37
The other method the Movants may use to discharge their burden is to provide
affirmative evidence demonstrating that Mr. Ball will be unable to prove his case at trial. Id. The
Movants state:
The jail has lighting which is controlled from the inside and outside of the cell.
Personal hygiene is given to all detainees they [sic] are each provided with toilet
tissue, soap, as well as wash cloths. Correctional Officers are required to perform
15-minute cell check [sic] in administrative segregation and 30-minute cell checks
in general population. Each cell has two (2) detainees and administrative
37

The Movants write the following in their initial brief:

It should be further noted that [Mr.] Ball did not depose the policy maker for the City of
Birmingham Police Department or even conduct a Fed. R. C. P 30(b)(6) witness. [Mr.] Ball did
not depose any of the individual Defendants. [Mr.] Ball also did not depose any doctors or a
medical expert regarding any medical issues that he is alleged to have suffered based upon his
alleged treatment at the City Jail.
[Mr.] Ball has failed to carry his burden, with that, the City and individual Defendants are
due summary judgment as to all claims.
(Doc. # 183 at 8). The mere statement that Mr. Ball “has failed to carry his burden” is not a sufficient “showing”
under Rule 56. Furthermore, in deciding a motion for summary judgment, and consistent with Rule 56(c)(3) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the court looks only at whether the “cited [evidentiary] materials” and, if it
chooses, “other materials in the record,” create a genuine issue of material fact. How the parties secured (or did not
secure) those materials is irrelevant. See id.

27

segregation house [sic] one (1) detainee. Detainees are allowed out of their cell
with other detainees in general population. In segregation [sic] they are allowed
one (1) hour out of their cell for recreation and to take showers. Although they are
in segregation [sic] they can communicate verbally with other detainees housed in
the area as well as officers who perform their cell checks. In addition, Ball would
have been allowed one (1) hour out of his cell per day during which he could
shower and exercise.
(Doc. # 183 at 22) (citing “Davis Affidavit”). This exact language appears in Officer Davis’s
affidavit—the only evidence the Movants cite on this issue. (Doc. # 183-8 at 4).38 This argument,
and the evidence supporting it, does not carry the Movants’ burden. Officer Davis merely
explains the normal routine and conditions at the Jail (as she believes they existed). She does not
address the conditions Mr. Ball testifies he actually experienced at the jail, and therefore does not
demonstrate that Mr. Ball cannot succeed at trial. And even if Officer Davis and Mr. Ball’s
accounts of the jail conditions conflict, the court must credit Mr. Ball’s account at the summary
judgment stage.
Finally, even assuming Officer Davis had personal knowledge of Mr. Ball’s actual

38

In their initial brief, the Movants write that “[Mr.] Ball’s allegations against the Individual Defendants
and their responses are as follows,” followed by separate sections discussing each Defendant, beginning with Officer
Davis. (Doc. # 183 at 21). In the section dedicated to the claims against Officer Davis, the Movants cite only Officer
Davis’s affidavit.
The court notes that in the section of the Movants’ brief discussing the claims against Officer Moten, the
Movants note the conditions alleged by Mr. Ball and then write:
Again, this allegation is not true. The jail has lights in every cell. Everyone is provided
toilet paper 24 hours a day if requested. Soap and wash cloths are provided, and everyone has an
opportunity to shower. There is constant contact with inmates, officers, nurses, social workers, and
personal visitors.
(Doc. # 183 at 23-24) (citing Moten Affidavit). Even if the court were to consider this evidence, it suffers from the
same problems as Officer’s Davis’s affidavit—it explains only Officer Moten’s version of the normal routine and
conditions at the Jail, not the conditions Mr. Ball testifies he actually experienced. Furthermore, like Officer Davis,
Officer Moten has no personal knowledge of the conditions Mr. Ball actually experienced since she states that she is
not familiar with Mr. Ball (Doc. # 183-8 at 7) and “had no contact with Mr. Ball.” (Doc. # 141-1 at 15).
Finally, while the Movants refer to Mr. Ball’s conditions of confinement in their discussion of the claims
against Officer Brown, that discussion has no probative value as the Movants admit that Officer Brown “has no
knowledge of such conditions.” (Doc. # 183 at 26) (citing Brown Affidavit).

28

conditions of confinement, and assuming further that the portion of her affidavit at issue
described those specific conditions, the affidavit still does not address Mr. Ball’s claims
regarding the following: the problems with the sink in his cell (Doc. # 74 at 5, ¶ 18); the broken
window in his cell and the lack of adequate heat (Doc. # 74 at 5, ¶ 18); and the service of his
meals on Styrofoam plates with no eating utensils (Doc. # 74 at 5, ¶ 19).39 As to these allegations,
the Movants have unquestionably failed to satisfy their burden of showing there are no genuinely
disputed material facts in the Rule 56 record. The evidence provided by Mr. Ball unquestionably
creates a genuine issue of material fact for a jury to resolve.40
4. Qualified Immunity
To the extent the Movants argue that Officer Davis is entitled to qualified immunity (their
brief is not clear on this point41), they invoke qualified immunity only with respect to Mr. Ball’s
deliberate indifference claim in Count Two. (Doc. # 183 at 13-21; see id. at 16). They do not
argue that qualified immunity bars Mr. Ball’s conditions of confinement claim (id. at 21-22), and
the court is not required to examine an argument the Movants have not made. See Resolution
Trust Corp., 43 F.3d at 599. But even if Officer Davis had invoked qualified immunity with

39

The court does not opine as to whether any of these alleged conditions, alone or in combination with
others, constitute an Eighth Amendment violation.
40

If the Movants had satisfied their initial burden, Mr. Ball would then have to respond by either (1)
showing that the record in fact contains supporting evidence sufficient to withstand a directed verdict motion, or (2)
proffering evidence sufficient to withstand a directed verdict motion at trial based on the alleged evidentiary
deficiency. Fitzpatrick, 2 F.3d at 1116-17. At that point, Mr. Ball may no longer rest on mere allegations; instead, he
must set forth evidence of specific facts. Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 358 (1996). The Movants do not argue that
the burden ever shifted to Mr. Ball, or that he failed to carry it. The Movants have neither addressed, nor objected to
the evidence contained in his affidavit (Doc. # 191 at 16-17) or his deposition testimony (Doc. #183-1 at 14(56))
which relates to this issue. Under the circumstances, this evidence would be sufficient to satisfy his burden.
41

The Movants’ brief states in conclusory fashion that, “within the qualified immunity framework as
above, the individual Defendants were acting within the scope of their discretionary duty.” (Doc. # 183 at 21). But in
the portion of their brief offering Officer Davis’s response to Mr. Ball’s allegations, the Movants do not invoke
qualified immunity. (Id. at 21-22); c.f. (id. at 26, 29) (invoking qualified immunity on Defendant Singleton’s behalf
with respect to Mr. Ball’s excessive force claim). But, in their concluding paragraph, the Movants write that they are
all “entitled to Summary Judgment based on qualified immunity.” (Id. at 34).

29

respect to the conditions of confinement claim, she is not entitled to qualified immunity on that
claim.
Very recently, the Eleventh Circuit explained:
“Qualified immunity protects government officials performing
discretionary functions from suits in their individual capacities unless their
conduct violates clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a
reasonable person would have known.” Dalrymple v. Reno, 334 F.3d 991, 994
(11th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). “When properly applied,
[qualified immunity] protects ‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who
knowingly violate the law.’ ” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 743, 131 S.Ct.
2074, 179 L.Ed.2d 1149 (2011).
To be clearly established, a right must be well-established enough “that
every reasonable official would have understood that what he is doing violates
that right.” Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 664, 132 S.Ct. 2088, 182 L.Ed.2d
985 (2012) (internal quotation marks omitted and alteration adopted). In other
words, “existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional
question beyond debate” and thus given the official fair warning that his conduct
violated the law. Id. (emphasis added); Coffin v. Brandau, 642 F.3d 999, 1013
(11th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (“The critical inquiry is whether the law provided
[Defendant officers] with ‘fair warning’ that their conduct violated the Fourth
Amendment.”).
Fair warning is most commonly provided by materially similar precedent
from the Supreme Court, this Court, or the highest state court in which the case
arose. See Terrell v. Smith, 668 F.3d 1244, 1255 (11th Cir. 2012). However, a
judicial precedent with identical facts is not essential for the law to be clearly
established. Youmans v. Gagnon, 626 F.3d 557, 563 (11th Cir. 2010).
Authoritative judicial decisions may “establish broad principles of law” that are
clearly applicable to the conduct at issue. Griffin Indus., Inc. v. Irvin, 496 F.3d
1189, 1209 (11th Cir. 2007). And occasionally, albeit not very often, it may be
obvious from “explicit statutory or constitutional statements” that conduct is
unconstitutional. Id. at 1208–09. In all of these circumstances, qualified immunity
will be denied only if the preexisting law by case law or otherwise “make[s] it
obvious that the defendant's acts violated the plaintiff's rights in the specific set of
circumstances at issue.” Youmans, 626 F.3d at 563.
A defendant who asserts qualified immunity has the initial burden of
showing he was acting within the scope of his discretionary authority when he
took the allegedly unconstitutional action. See Bennett v. Hendrix, 423 F.3d 1247,
1250 (11th Cir. 2005). Assuming the defendant makes the required showing, the
burden shifts to the plaintiff to establish that qualified immunity is not appropriate
by showing that (1) the facts alleged make out a violation of a constitutional right
30

and (2) the constitutional right at issue was clearly established at the time of the
alleged misconduct. See Perez v. Suszczynski, 809 F.3d 1213, 1218 (11th Cir.
2016).
Gates v. Khokhar, 884 F.3d 1290, 1296–97 (11th Cir. 2018). The court must “resolve all issues
of material fact in favor of the plaintiff, and then determine the legal question of whether the
defendant is entitled to qualified immunity under that version of the facts.” Durruthy v. Pastor,
351 F.3d 1080, 1084 (11th Cir. 2003).
The Eleventh Circuit has also made clear that jail conditions similar to those Mr. Ball has
testified to, even if examined in isolation, are constitutional violations. See Brooks v. Warden,
800 F.3d 1295, 1306 (11th Cir. 2015) (noting that Eighth Amendment violations can arise from
“conditions lacking basic sanitation,” including inadequate provision of hygiene items such as
toilet paper); Chandler v. Crosby, 379 F.3d 1278, 1296 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[T]he right of a
prisoner not to be confined in a cell at so low a temperature as to cause severe discomfort and in
conditions lacking basic sanitation was well established in 1986.”); Quintanilla v. Bryson, 730 F.
App’x 738, 747 (11th Cir. 2018) (allegation of a deprivation of the basic elements of hygiene
states a constitutional violation) (citing Brooks v. Warden, 800 F.3d 1295, 1303 (11th Cir.
2015)); Mitchell v. Stewart, 608 F. App’x 730, 735 (11th Cir. 2015) (discussing compelled
nudity and recognizing the clearly established right to bodily privacy) (citing Boxer X v. Harris,
437 F.3d 1107, 1111 (11th Cir. 2006) and Fortner v. Thomas, 983 F.2d 1024, 1030 (11th Cir.
1993)); Gates v. Collier, 501 F.2d 1291, 1305 (5th Cir. 1974) (“It is unassailable that the solitary
confinement of naked persons in [a] dark hole, without any hygienic materials, any bedding,
adequate food or heat, without opportunity for cleaning either themselves or the cell, and for
longer than twenty-four hours continuously, is constitutionally forbidden under the Eighth
Amendment.”); Jones v. Connors, 496 F.2d 82, 83 (5th Cir. 1974) (prisoner may not be deprived

31

of his items for personal hygiene). Therefore, these binding decisions demonstrate that, in each
of these areas, the right not to be subjected to those conditions was clearly established at the time
of Mr. Ball’s confinement. Officer Davis is not entitled to qualified immunity. She is therefore
not entitled to summary judgment as to the claim against her in Count One.
B. Count Two – Deliberate Indifference to Serious Medical Needs (Defendants
Campbell, Taylor, and Bradford)
In Count Two, Mr. Ball alleges:
Defendants Taylor, Campbell, [and others] were all deliberately
indifferent to plaintiff’s serious medical needs, since they were advised of and
ignored the dietary requirements prescribed by a physician[], either by failing to
notify defendant Bradford of those requirements or by ignoring the failure to
provide plaintiff with double portions.
(Doc. # 74 at 11, ¶ 39). Mr. Ball also alleges:
Alternatively or additionally, defendant Bradford was notified of
plaintiff’s requirements and chose not to comply with the doctor’s orders. Plaintiff
therefore alleges that Bradford was deliberately indifferent to his medical needs.
(Doc. # 74 at 11, ¶ 40). The court analyzes the claims in Count Two against Defendants
Campbell, Taylor, and Bradford below.
1. Defendant Campbell Is Entitled to Summary Judgment
In their initial brief in support of summary judgment, the Movants submitted the affidavit
of Officer Campbell, in which he stated that he began his employment with the Birmingham
Police Department in May 2016, and that he did not work at the Jail during Mr. Ball’s
incarceration. (Doc. # 183-8 at 19).
Having established with affirmative evidence that the City did not employ Officer
Campbell at the time, the burden shifted to Mr. Ball to identify conflicting record evidence from
which a jury could find that the City employed Officer Campbell at the relevant time.
Fitzpatrick, 2 F.3d at 1116–17. To be clear, Mr. Ball may no longer rest on mere allegations;
32

instead, he must set forth evidence of specific facts. Lewis, 518 U.S. at 358. Mr. Ball’s affidavit
does not mention Officer Campbell at all. Even though Mr. Ball does not cite it in response the to
the motion, the court notes that in Mr. Ball’s deposition he vaguely stated that he had direct
conversations with Officer Campbell during his incarceration. (Doc. # 183-1 at 19(73). However,
he could not recall the exact date of those conversations and did not elaborate on their substance.
That is simply not enough to create a genuine issue of fact as to whether Officer Campbell
violated his rights. See Young v. City of Palm Bay, Fla., 358 F.3d 859, 860 (11th Cir. 2004) (“A
mere scintilla of evidence in support of the nonmoving party will not suffice to overcome a
motion for summary judgment.”); Marcus v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 651 F.2d 379, 382
(5th Cir. 1981 Unit B) (noting that the evidence supporting the non-movant must be substantial).
Furthermore, as the Supreme Court has explained:
[T]he mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not
defeat an otherwise properly supported motion for summary judgment; the
requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material fact. When opposing
parties tell two different stories, one of which is blatantly contradicted by the
record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it, a court should not adopt that
version of the facts for purposes of ruling on a motion for summary judgment.
Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
Furthermore, even assuming that Mr. Ball could show he had some problematic
interaction with Officer Campbell, that is insufficient to find Officer Campbell liable for
deliberate indifference on this record. Mr. Ball has offered no evidence that Officer Campbell
had “‘(1) subjective knowledge of a risk of serious harm; (2) [which he disregarded]; (3) by
conduct that is more than mere negligence.’” Hunt v. Warden, 748 F. App’x 894, 899 (11th Cir.
2018); Nam Dang by & through Vina Dang v. Sheriff, Seminole Cty. Fla., 871 F.3d 1272, 1280
(11th Cir. 2017). The lack of any detail regarding Mr. Ball’s discussions with Officer Campbell
33

means that Mr. Ball has failed to show that Officer Campbell was aware of facts from which the
inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm to Mr. Ball existed; nor has there
been a showing that Officer Campbell in fact had subjective knowledge of any such risk of harm.
Nam Dang, 871 F.3d at 1280; Johnson v. City of Bessemer, Alabama, 741 F. App’x 694, 700
(11th Cir. 2018). Mr. Ball has therefore failed to identify any record evidence from which a jury
could find that Officer Campbell violated the Constitution.
Defendant Campbell is entitled to summary judgment on the claim asserted against him
in Count Two. As Count Two is the only Count alleged against Defendant Campbell, Defendant
Campbell is due to be dismissed with prejudice.
2. Defendant Taylor Is Entitled to Summary Judgment
After careful review, and for the reasons explained below, the court concludes Defendant
Taylor is entitled to qualified immunity on Mr. Ball’s deliberate indifference claim. She is
therefore entitled to summary judgment.
a. Defendant Taylor Acted Within the Scope of Her Discretionary
Authority
“An official acts within his discretionary authority if his actions (1) were undertaken
pursuant to the performance of his duties, and (2) were within the scope of his authority.” Nam
Dang, 871 F.3d at 1279 (internal quotation marks omitted). Mr. Ball does not dispute that Ms.
Taylor acted within the scope of her discretionary authority at all times. Furthermore, it is clear
that she was doing so by providing direct medical care to Mr. Ball. See id. (concluding health
care providers acted within the course and scope of their discretionary authority in providing care
to inmate). Mr. Ball makes no argument to the contrary.

34

The burden now shifts to Mr. Ball to show that qualified immunity is not appropriate for
Defendant Taylor because (1) the facts alleged make out a violation of a constitutional right and
(2) the constitutional right at issue was clearly established at the time of the alleged misconduct.
b. There Is No Rule 56 Evidence Indicating that Defendant Taylor
Violated Mr. Ball’s Constitutional Rights

The Eighth Amendment prohibits deliberate indifference to the serious medical needs of
prisoners. For that reason, a showing that a defendant was deliberately indifferent “to a
prisoner’s serious illness or injury states a cause of action under § 1983.” Barcelona v. Parish,
750 F. App’x 841, 842 (11th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted).
To demonstrate deliberate indifference in violation of the Eighth Amendment, a
plaintiff must show “(1) a serious medical need; (2) the defendants’ deliberate
indifference to that need; and (3) causation between that indifference and the
plaintiff’s injury.” Mann v. Taser Int’l, Inc., 588 F.3d 1291, 1306–07 (11th Cir.
2009). A serious medical need is one that objectively “posed a substantial risk of
serious harm” if left untreated. Gilmore v. Hodges, 738 F.3d 266, 274 (11th Cir.
2013).
Id. at 844.
A “serious medical need” is “‘one that is diagnosed by a physician as requiring treatment
or one that is so obvious that a lay person would recognize the need for medical treatment.’”
Pourmoghani-Esfahani v. Gee, 625 F.3d 1313, 1317 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting Burnette v.
Taylor, 533 F.3d 1325, 1330 (11th Cir. 2008)). “‘In the alternative, a serious medical need is
determined by whether a delay in treating the need worsens the condition.’” Kuhne v. Fla. Dep't
of Corr., 745 F.3d 1091, 1096 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting Mann v. Taser Int'l, Inc., 588 F.3d 1291,
1307 (11th Cir. 2009)). In this case, Mr. Ball alleges that Ms. Taylor failed “to notify defendant
Bradford of [the double portions] requirements or . . . ignor[ed] the failure to provide plaintiff
with double portions.” (Doc. # 74 at 11, ¶ 39). The Movants make no argument that the
requirement that Mr. Ball receive “double portions” was not a serious medical need.
35

Deliberate indifference, has three components: “‘(1) subjective knowledge of a risk of
serious harm; (2) disregard of that risk; (3) by conduct that is more than mere negligence.’” Hunt
v. Warden, 748 F. App’x 894, 899 (11th Cir. 2018) (quoting Farrow v. West, 320 F.3d 1235,
1245 (11th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted)); Nam Dang by & through Vina Dang
v. Sheriff, Seminole Cty. Fla., 871 F.3d 1272, 1280 (11th Cir. 2017).
“Subjective knowledge of the risk requires that the defendant be aware of facts from
which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must
also draw the inference.” Johnson, 741 F. App’x at 700 (quoting Nam Dang, 871 F.3d at 1280)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “‘[I]mputed or collective knowledge cannot serve as the basis
for a claim of deliberate indifference. Each individual defendant must be judged separately and
on the basis of what that person kn[ew].’” Nam Dang, 871 F.3d at 1280 (quoting Burnette v.
Taylor, 533 F.3d 1325, 1331 (11th Cir. 2008)) (alterations in original). “Whether a particular
defendant has subjective knowledge of the risk of serious harm is a question of fact ‘subject to
demonstration in the usual ways, including inference from circumstantial evidence, and a
factfinder may conclude that a prison official knew of a substantial risk from the very fact that
the risk was obvious.’” Goebert v. Lee Cty., 510 F.3d 1312, 1327 (11th Cir. 2007).
As the Eleventh Circuit has determined:
An official disregards a serious risk by more than mere negligence “when
he [or she] knows that an inmate is in serious need of medical care, but he [or she]
fails or refuses to obtain medical treatment for the inmate.” Lancaster v. Monroe
Cty., Ala., 116 F.3d 1419, 1425 (11th Cir. 1997), overruled on other grounds by
LeFrere v. Quezada, 588 F.3d 1317, 1318 (11th Cir. 2009). Even when medical
care is ultimately provided, a prison official may nonetheless act with deliberate
indifference by delaying the treatment of serious medical needs. See Harris v.
Coweta Cty., 21 F.3d 388, 393–94 (11th Cir. 1994) (citing Brown v. Hughes, 894
F.2d 1533, 1537–39 (11th Cir. 1990)). Further, “medical care which is so cursory
as to amount to no treatment at all may amount to deliberate indifference.”
Mandel v. Doe, 888 F.2d 783, 789 (11th Cir. 1989) (citations omitted). However,
medical treatment violates the Constitution only when it is “so grossly
36

incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or to be
intolerable to fundamental fairness.” Rogers v. Evans, 792 F.2d 1052, 1058 (11th
Cir. 1986) (citation omitted).
Nam Dang, 871 F.3d at 1280.
A defendant may be liable for a constitutional violation only when he or she “personally
participates” in the alleged constitutional violation or when there is a “causal connection between
actions of [a] supervising official and the alleged constitutional deprivation.” Danley v. Allen,
540 F.3d 1298, 1314 (11th Cir. 2008). Here, there is no evidence that Ms. Taylor was a
supervising official or that her actions caused Mr. Ball to be deprived of double portions.
Furthermore, it is undisputed that it was Mr. Bradford’s responsibility to determine whether Mr.
Ball had special dietary needs while Mr. Ball was in the Jail. (Doc. # 141-1 at 3; Doc. # 163-1 at
15-16; Doc. # 191 at 40). It is also undisputed that Ms. Taylor’s responsibility, as part of the
medical staff, was to notify Bradford about Mr. Ball’s dietary needs. (Doc. # 141-1 at 19). In her
affidavit, she stated that she did so. (Doc. # 183-8 at 15).42 There is no evidence to the contrary.
Ms. Taylor also contends that the Jail actually gave Mr. Ball double portions. However, that
argument misses the mark. For purposes of Rule 56, Mr. Ball’s sworn denial that he received
double portions creates a fact question for the jury as to that issue. Having said that, there is no
evidence in the Rule 56 record that Ms. Taylor had the responsibility, authority, or ability to
ensure that Mr. Ball received double portions. In other words, Mr. Ball has not shown that there
is a causal connection between Ms. Taylor’s alleged action or inaction and any injury he
suffered.
Furthermore, the record contains no evidence that Ms. Taylor subjectively knew of and
disregarded a risk of serious harm to Mr. Ball. Ms. Taylor carried out her responsibility to notify
42

As noted supra note 33, there is evidence that several people passed this information on to Mr. Bradford.
(Doc. # 141-1 at 3; Doc. 163-1 at 16; Doc. # 183-8 at 10, 15; Doc. # 191 at 40).

37

Mr. Bradford of the doctor’s double portions order.43 Because there is no evidence that Ms.
Taylor violated Mr. Ball’s constitutional rights, Ms. Taylor is also entitled to qualified immunity.
See Gates, 884 F.3d at 1296–97 (setting out the plaintiff’s burden in the qualified immunity
analysis to show that the facts alleged make out a violation of a constitutional right).
Defendant Taylor is entitled to summary judgment on the claim asserted against her in
Count Two. As Count Two is the only Count alleged against Defendant Taylor, the court will
dismiss Defendant Taylor with prejudice.
3. Defendant Bradford Is Entitled to Summary Judgment
It is undisputed that it was Mr. Bradford’s responsibility to determine whether Mr. Ball
had special dietary needs while Mr. Ball was at the Jail. (Doc. # 141-1 at 3; Doc. # 163-1 at 1516; Doc. # 191 at 40). It is also undisputed that Dr. Huggins ordered staff to give Mr. Ball
“double portions with meals.” (Doc. # 191 at 26; see also, Doc. # 183-1 at 17(66)). Officer Davis
agrees that “[s]tewards are required to follow doctor’s orders.” (Doc. # 163-1 at 23).
The Movants do not argue that Mr. Bradford gave Mr. Ball double portions. In their
initial brief, the Movants argued only that Mr. Bradford provided “increased calories” and that
“increased calories [means] increased or larger portions of vegetables, greens, beans, fruit,
juice[,] or milk. Meat entries are usually not increased because of supply, but everything else on
the day’s menu is increased.” (Doc. # 183 at 24) (citing Doc. # 183-8 at 17-18) (Bradford
Affidavit). Other than contending that Mr. Ball’s testimony that he did not receive double
portions “is false,” the Movants have presented no evidence that giving Mr. Ball “increased

43

Further, even if it could be shown that Ms. Taylor knew that Mr. Ball did not receive double portions and
ignored that fact (and assuming there was injury to Mr. Ball), there is no evidence in the summary judgment file that
Ms. Taylor’s conduct was anything more than mere negligence. Mr. Ball cannot prove that Ms. Taylor was
deliberately indifferent to his need for double portions.

38

calories” complied with the doctor’s orders that he receive “double portions with meals.”44
Again, the Movants have the initial burden on a motion for summary judgment to identify facts
which show that Mr. Ball cannot establish a prima facie case of a constitutional violation.
But more analysis of the summary judgment file is required. In his answers to Mr. Ball’s
First Interrogatories, Mr. Bradford states that someone named “Dr. Mahmoud” told him to issue
Mr. Ball “increased calories.” (Doc. # 141-1 at 3; Doc. # 191 at 40). That testimony is
uncontroverted. Accordingly, even if Mr. Bradford ignored Dr. Huggins’s order, there is
uncontroverted evidence that he did so in response to a separate order by another doctor. Even if
he did not have other orders, at worst Mr. Bradford was negligent, which is not enough for a
deliberate indifference claim. Hunt, 748 F. App’x at 899. Furthermore, the court is not convinced
that the failure to give double portions, or the substitution of “increased calories” for “double
portions” is “so grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or to be
intolerable to fundamental fairness.” Rogers, 792 F.2d at 1058. And, even if Mr. Bradford had
violated Mr. Ball’s constitutional rights, Mr. Ball has not cited, and the court is not aware of, any
authority clearly establishing Mr. Ball’s right to “double portions” under these circumstances.
Mr. Bradford is therefore entitled to qualified immunity.
Defendant Bradford is entitled to summary judgment on the claim asserted against him in
Count Two. As Count Two is the only Count alleged against Defendant Bradford, the court will
dismiss Defendant Bradford with prejudice.
C. Count Three – Conditions of Confinement Claim (Defendants Moten and
Brown)
Count Three alleges that “Defendants Moten, Drake and [] Brown left plaintiff naked

44

In his Second Interrogatories, Mr. Ball asked Officer Davis “whether the terms ‘Increased Calories’ and ‘Double
Portions Food Trays’ means the exact amount of food.” (Doc. 163-1 at 24). Officer Davis evasively replied that she
“[does] not understand the Interrogatory as it is written.” (Doc. 163-1 at 24).

39

without reason, maliciously and for the purpose of causing him emotional harm.” (Doc. # 74 at
12, ¶ 42). Because this court terminated Defendant Drake on December 4, 2017 (Doc. # 137),
Officers Moten and Brown are the only defendants remaining as to the claim in Count Three.
It is undisputed that even though Mr. Ball was on suicide watch, Jail personnel should
have given Mr. Ball a gown to wear. (Doc. # 163-1 at 24). Mr. Ball states that Jail personnel
gave him a gown typically given to people on suicide watch, but that on December 9, 2014,
Brown took it from Mr. Ball and gave it to someone else, leaving Mr. Ball naked. (Doc. # 183-1
at 14(56)-15(57), 19(75-76); Doc. # 191 at 17). The Movants do not assert that this incident did
not occur. (See Doc. # 183 at 26) (discussing Defendant Brown). They also do not argue that a
constitutional violation did not occur, or that they are entitled to qualified immunity as to the
claim in this count. Indeed, in their initial brief they do not mention this incident at all, making it
unclear whether they actually seek summary judgment as to the claim in this count.45 The
Movants have failed to carry their burden to inform the court of the basis for their summary
judgment motion as to this claim. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323; Resolution Trust, 43 F.3d at 599.
The court will deny summary judgment as to the claim in Count Three.
D. Count Four – Excessive Force Claim (Defendant Singleton)
Mr. Ball alleges in Count Four that Defendant Singleton assaulted him and in doing so
“maliciously and wantonly” used excessive force. (Doc. # 74 at 12, ¶ 45). In their initial brief,
the Movants set out the law regarding excessive force in the context of the Fourth Amendment.
(Doc. # 183 at 27). Even the Second Amended Complaint claims that Officer Singleton’s
conduct violated the Fourth Amendment. However, it is the Eighth Amendment’s protections
45

The Movants mention only that Mr. Ball was naked when Singleton came to get him. (Doc. # 183 at 28).
Defendant Brown does not mention this incident in his affidavit. (See Doc. # 183-8 at 9-11). In his answers to Mr.
Ball’s First Interrogatories, Defendant Brown states only that he does not recall whether he confiscated Mr. Ball’s
gown on December 9, 2014. (Doc. # 141-1 at 10).

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against cruel and usual punishment which apply to prisoners who claim excessive force by
jailers. Despite Mr. Ball’s error, and even though counsel drafted the Second Amended
Complaint for Mr. Ball, the court will not elevate form over substance but will instead construe
this count as if it alleges a violation of the Eighth Amendment.
As the Eleventh Circuit has stated:
Under the Eighth Amendment, force is deemed legitimate in a custodial
setting as long as it is applied “in a good faith effort to maintain or restore
discipline [and not] maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.” Whitley v. Albers,
475 U.S. 312, 320–21, 106 S.Ct. 1078, 89 L.Ed.2d 251 (1986) (quoting Johnson
v. Glick, 481 F.2d 1028, 1033 (2d Cir.1973)); see also Hudson v. McMillian, 503
U.S. 1, 8, 112 S.Ct. 995, 117 L.Ed.2d 156 (1992). To determine if an application
of force was applied maliciously and sadistically to cause harm, a variety of
factors are considered including: “the need for the application of force, the
relationship between that need and the amount of force used, the threat reasonably
perceived by the responsible officials, and any efforts made to temper the severity
of a forceful response.” Hudson, at 7–8, 112 S.Ct. 995; see also Whitley, 475 U.S.
at 321, 106 S.Ct. 1078; Harris v. Chapman, 97 F.3d 499, 505 (11th Cir.1996).
From consideration of such factors, “inferences may be drawn as to whether the
use of force could plausibly have been thought necessary, or instead evinced such
wantonness with respect to the unjustified infliction of harm as is tantamount to a
knowing willingness that it occur.” Whitley, 475 U.S. at 321, 106 S.Ct. 1078
(quoting Johnson, 481 F.2d at 1033).
Skrtich v. Thornton, 280 F.3d 1295, 1300–01 (11th Cir. 2002). When cast in the light most
favorable to Mr. Ball, the facts demonstrate that after Mr. Ball refused to put on a gown,
Singleton pushed Mr. Ball against the cell wall, choked Mr. Ball with a steel key, and punched
Mr. Ball in the head twice. (Doc. # 191 at 8-9). A reasonable jury could determine that Officer
Singleton’s actions were not necessary and/or were not applied in good faith to maintain
discipline, but instead that his actions were done maliciously and sadistically to cause Mr. Ball
harm. Accordingly, summary judgment is not appropriate as to Mr. Ball’s excessive force claim
against Officer Singleton.
Although Officer Singleton asserts that he is entitled to qualified immunity, he does not

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explain why. (Doc. # 183 at 26; see also Doc. # 183 at 29). Accordingly, Officer Singleton has
failed to satisfy his initial burden to show that he is entitled to qualified immunity.
Even if Officer Singleton had met his initial burden (and, to be clear, he has not), he still
would not be entitled to qualified immunity. As the Eleventh Circuit has explained:
[T]o have a valid claim on the merits of excessive force in violation of [the Eighth
Amendment], the excessive force must have been sadistically and maliciously
applied for the very purpose of causing harm. Equally important, it is clearly
established that all infliction of excessive force on a prisoner sadistically and
maliciously for the very purpose of causing harm and which does cause harm
violates the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause. So, where this type of
constitutional violation is established there is no room for qualified immunity. It
is not just that this constitutional tort involves a subjective element, it is that the
subjective element required to establish it is so extreme that every conceivable set
of circumstances in which this constitutional violation occurs is clearly
established to be a violation of the Constitution[.]
Johnson v. Breeden, 280 F.3d 1308, 1321-22 (11th Cir. 2002) (emphasis added). Having
determined that a reasonable jury could find that Officer Singleton used excessive force in
violation of the Eighth Amendment, qualified immunity is not available to him. Defendant
Singleton is not entitled to summary judgment as to the claim in Count Four.
E. Count Six – Conditions of Confinement Claim (Defendant Moten)
Count Six sets out a claim against Officer Moten, alleging that Officer Moten “was
deliberately indifferent to plaintiff’s needs for constitutionally adequate conditions,” when
Officer Moten “[took] no action after being apprised of the conditions in plaintiff’s cell when
[Mr. Ball] returned from Grandview [Hospital].” (Doc. # 74 at 13-14, ¶ 49). As with Count One,
the Movants do nothing more than dispute Mr. Ball’s version of events. (Doc. # 183 at 23-24).
And notably, they do not dispute that Officer Moten was aware of the conditions, that she was in
a position to correct them, and/or that the conditions, either alone or in combination, constituted
a constitutional violation.

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As noted above, the Movants invoke qualified immunity only with respect to Mr. Ball’s
deliberate indifference claim in Count Two. (Doc. # 183 at 13-21; see especially id. at 16).
Officer Moten does not argue she is entitled to qualified immunity as to Mr. Ball’s condition of
confinement claim in Count Six. But even if Officer Moten had invoked the defense as to Count
Six, she would not be entitled to qualified immunity for the same reasons as Officer Davis in
Count One. Officer Moten is therefore not entitled to summary judgment as to the claim in Count
Six.
F. Count Seven – Deliberate Indifference to Mr. Ball’s Serious Medical Needs
(Defendant Daniels)
In Count Seven, Mr. Ball alleges that Defendant Daniels:
knew of plaintiff’s deteriorating mental health and was apprised of the doctor’s
belief that he needed to be committed, yet failed to act on that belief for several
weeks. The failure reflected deliberate indifference to plaintiff’s mental health
needs and caused him further deterioration.
(Doc. # 74 at 14, ¶ 51). Mr. Ball testified that Ms. Daniels did not act to have him committed
until January 5, 2015. (Doc. # 183-1 at 20(77-79)). The undisputed facts demonstrate that Mr.
Ball’s claim is without merit. On December 11, 2014, Dr. Huggins first noted the need to file a
commitment petition. (Doc. # 191 at 29-30). Ms. Daniels filed the petition on December 16,
2014. (Doc. # 191 at 36; see also, Doc. # 163-1 at 10; Doc. # 141-1 at 6).46
While it is true that a prison official may act with deliberate indifference by delaying the
treatment of serious medical needs, see Harris v. Coweta Cty., 21 F.3d 388, 393–94 (11th Cir.
1994), there is no Rule 56 evidence that the de minimus delay alleged here made any difference.
The probate court scheduled the hearing for January 16, 2015. (Doc. # 191 at 36). Furthermore,
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The Notice issued by the Probate Court states that Ms. Daniels filed the petition on December 16, 2014.
(Doc. # 191 at 36). While part of the actual petition appears in the record, it bears no indication as to when Ms.
Daniels filed it. (Doc. # 191 at 37). Ms. Daniels denies Mr. Ball’s assertion that she “delayed” filing the Petition.
(Doc. # 141-1 at 7).

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even before the scheduled hearing, Trinity Hospital admitted Mr. Ball “under a probate court
petition for assessment of symptoms of psychosis and agitation.” (Doc. # 183-1 at 12(46, 47);
Doc. # 191 at 34). Because Mr. Ball stayed at Trinity Hospital for seven or eight days (Doc. #
183-1 at 12(49)), he was released from Trinity prior to his hearing date. There is no evidence that
Mr. Ball was ever officially “committed.”
Defendant Daniels is entitled to summary judgment as to the claim in Count Seven. And,
because the claim in Count Seven is the only one asserted against her, the court will dismiss
Defendant Daniels with prejudice.
G. Count Eight – Assault and Battery (Defendant Singleton)
Mr. Ball alleges in Count Eight that Defendant Singleton “committed assault and battery
upon plaintiff.” (Doc. # 74 at 15, ¶ 53). In response, the Movants allege that Officer Singleton is
entitled to state-agent immunity and the immunity provided by Alabama Code § 6–5–338 for law
enforcement officers. (Doc. # 183 at 29). It is unnecessary for the court to restate here the entire
state of the law regarding state-agent immunity. It is sufficient to note that an official is not
entitled to such immunity if he or she acted “willfully, maliciously, fraudulently, in bad faith, or
beyond his or her authority.” Ex parte Estate of Reynolds, 946 So. 2d 450, 452 (Ala. 2006). As
noted in this court’s discussion of Mr. Ball’s Eighth Amendment claim, a reasonable jury could
find from the Rule 56 evidence that Officer Singleton acted maliciously to cause Mr. Ball harm.
See Hollis v. City of Brighton, 950 So. 2d 300, 305 (Ala. 2006) (“State-agent immunity, does not
provide immunity from liability for the commission of an intentional tort.”). Furthermore, the
Movants cannot reasonably say that, in response to Mr. Ball refusing to put on a gown, Officer
Singleton had the authority to push him against the cell wall, choke him with a steel key, and
punch him in the head twice. Officer Singleton is not entitled to state-agent immunity. And he is

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not entitled to summary judgment as to the claim in Count Eight.47
H. Punitive Damages
The Movants argue that “the action of [the individual] Defendants do [sic] not give rise to
punitive damages.” (Doc. # 183 at 33). They then cite Section 6-11-20 of the Code of Alabama
for the proposition that the “Plaintiff must prove by clear and convincing evidence that [the]
individual Defendants consciously or deliberately engaged in oppression, fraud, wantonness, or
malice.” (Doc. # 183 at 33). The only claim to which this standard applies is the assault and
battery claim in Count Eight against Officer Singleton. As noted above, a reasonable jury could
find that Officer Singleton’s conduct was malicious.
The remaining counts are brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. “‘[A] jury may be permitted
to assess punitive damages in an action under § 1983 when the defendant’s conduct is shown to
be motivated by evil motive or intent, or when it involves reckless or callous indifference to the
federally protected rights of others.’” Lambert v. Fulton Cty., Ga., 253 F.3d 588, 597 (11th Cir.
2001). The Movants do not cite this standard, certainly do not show that the evidence is
insufficient to meet it, and do not provide affirmative evidence demonstrating that Mr. Ball will
be unable to meet it. The Movants are not entitled to summary judgment on the punitive damages
claims in this case. It may be necessary to revisit this ruling after evidence is presented to the
jury.
I. Claims Against the City of Birmingham
The Second Amended Complaint contains the following allegation:
Because suing a city employee in an official capacity is tantamount to suing the
city itself, the City of Birmingham should be added as a party defendant in
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In their “Conclusion” to their initial brief, the Movants state: “Lawrence Singleton, Deidre Daniels,
Emantic Bradford, Corryie Campbell, Verlyn Moton, Timothy Brown, Freida Taylor and Kathie Davis are entitled
to Summary Judgment based on . . . state agent immunity.” (Doc. # 183 at 34). Because the Movants made no such
argument in the body of their initial brief, the court rejects this conclusory and undeveloped argument.

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substitution for the individual defendants in their official capacities. Plaintiff
claims that conditions in the Birmingham City Jail’s suicide watch cells during
the time of his incarceration failed to meet minimum standards for humane,
constitutional treatment of inmates.
(Doc. # 74 at 2).
“The Supreme Court has placed strict limitations on municipal liability under section
1983.” Gold v. City of Miami, 151 F.3d 1346, 1350 (11th Cir. 1998). Municipal liability “under
§ 1983 may not be based on the doctrine of respondeat superior.” Grech v. Clayton County, 335
F.3d 1326 at 1329 (11th Cir. 2003). “[A] municipality may be held liable for the actions of a
police officer only when municipal ‘official policy’ causes a constitutional violation.” Gold, 151
F.3d at 1350 (citing Monell, 436 U.S. at 694-95).
To establish a § 1983 claim against the City, Mr. Ball “must show: (1) that his
constitutional rights were violated; (2) that the municipality had a custom or policy that
constituted deliberate indifference to that constitutional right; and (3) that the policy or custom
caused the violation.” McDowell v. Brown, 392 F.3d 1283, 1289 (11th Cir. 2004) (citing City of
Canton, 489 U.S. at 388). A policy is defined as a “decision that is officially adopted by the
municipality . . . .” Sewell v. Town of Lake Hamilton, 117 F.3d 488, 489 (11th Cir. 1997). A
custom is defined as a “practice that is so settled and permanent that it takes on the force of law.”
Sewell, 117 F.3d 488, 489. (citing Monell, 438 U.S. at 690-94). “To show an unconstitutional
policy or custom, [P]laintiff must identify the policy or custom, connect the policy or custom
with the government entity itself, and show that the particular injury was incurred because of the
execution of that policy.” Wilson v. Tillman, 613 F. Supp. 2d 1254, 1266 (S.D. Ala. 2009). “In
order for a plaintiff to demonstrate a policy or custom, it is ‘generally necessary to show a
persistent and wide-spread practice.” McDowell, 392 F.3d at 1290; see also, Estate of Binn v.
City of Adamsville, No. 2:17-CV-01993-RDP, 2019 WL 968904, at *8–9 (N.D. Ala. Feb. 28,
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2019) (Proctor, J.).
Only Count One of the Second Amended Complaint mentions a policy or practice of the
City. (Doc. # 74 at 10. ¶ 36) (“These conditions were ongoing, remained uncorrected for months
and therefore their existence constituted a policy or practice of the City of Birmingham.”). Mr.
Ball has not put forth any evidence of a policy or custom of the City which led to the conditions
described in that count, or caused him injury. The City is entitled to summary judgment against
Mr. Ball on all claims.
V.

Conclusion

For the reasons explained above, the Movants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is due to
be granted in part and denied in part. Additionally, all claims in this action against unserved
Defendants Nunn, Sheffield, Debra, and Rogers are due to be dismissed without prejudice under
Rule 4(m). A separate Order will be entered.
DONE and ORDERED this July 9, 2019.

_________________________________
R. DAVID PROCTOR
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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