Kritner v. Arab Electric Cooperative

Filing 22

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER DENYING 15 MOTION to Remand filed by Herman Kritner, Jr.. Signed by Judge Virginia Emerson Hopkins on 5/14/2015. (JLC)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
MIDDLE DIVISION
HERMAN KRITNER, on behalf of
himself and on behalf of others
similarly situated,
Plaintiff,
v.
ARAB ELECTRIC
COOPERATIVE,
Defendant.

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) Case No.: 4:15-CV-341-VEH
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MEMORANDUM OPINION AND
ORDER DENYING MOTION TO REMAND
I.

INTRODUCTION
On January 26, 2015, plaintiff Herman Kritner (“Mr. Kritner”) filed a class

action complaint against defendant Arab Electric Cooperative (“Arab”) in the Circuit
Court of Marshall County, Alabama. (Doc. 1-1 at 3). Arab is an electric cooperative
that purchases electricity from the Tennessee Valley Authority (“TVA”) and sells it
to customers. Mr. Kritner is a member of Arab. (Id. at 4). His action seeks a
declaration that the putative class that he represents is entitled to a refund of excess
revenues as“patronage capital” from Arab pursuant to Alabama law. (Id. at 3-4).
On February 25, 2015, Arab removed the action to this court. (Doc. 1). The case

is presently before the court on Mr. Kritner’s motion to remand (“the Motion”), filed
on March 26, 2015. (Doc. 15). The Motion alleges that this court lacks subject matter
jurisdiction over this case. (Id.). Arab has filed a response in opposition to the motion
(Doc. 17), to which Mr. Kritner has replied (Doc. 19). Therefore, the matter is now
under submission. For the following reasons, the court DENIES the Motion.
II.

BRIEF STATEMENT OF FACTS
The TVA is an agency of the United States established by the Tennessee Valley

Authority Act (“the Act”) for the purpose of, among other things, providing electricity
throughout the Tennessee Valley, including parts of Northern Alabama. 16 § U.S.C.
831 et seq. The Act provides that the TVA’s Board of Directors is authorized to sell
surplus power “to States, counties, municipalities, corporations, partnerships, or
individuals . . . and to carry out said authority, the Board is authorized to enter into
contracts for such sale.” 16 § U.S.C. 831i. The Act also states that the Board of
Directors “is authorized to include in any contract for the sale of power such terms and
conditions, including resale rate schedules, and to provide for such rules and
regulations as in its judgment may be necessary or desirable for carrying out the
purposes of this [Act].” Id.
Arab is a cooperative corporation created under the law of Alabama. (See Doc.
17-2 at 2). On August 28, 1987, Arab and the TVA entered into a contract whereby
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Arab would sell electricity produced by the TVA. (Id.). The contract stipulates that
resale rates — the rates by Arab charges to its customers — must conform to the
TVA’s “Schedule of Rates and Charges.” (Id. at 5). Furthermore, the contract specifies
that any change (including a decrease) to the rates must be agreed upon by both
parties. (Id. at 5-6). A “Schedule of Terms and Conditions” incorporated in the
contract gives specific procedures that govern when and how the parties can make
adjustments to Arab’s resale rates. (Id. at 22-24). Additionally, the contract limits the
possible uses Arab can make of revenue earned from the sale of TVA-produced
electricity. Any surplus revenue (revenue remaining after electric system operating
expenses, debt payments, and reasonable reserves) is to be used for new construction
or early debt retirement. (Id. at 6).
III.

APPLICABLE LAW
“Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. They possess only that power

authorized by Constitution and statute.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of
America, 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). For removal to be proper, the court must have
subject matter jurisdiction in the case. The notice of removal in this case premises
jurisdiction on 28 U.S.C. § 1442, which states,
(a) A civil action or criminal prosecution that is commenced in a State court
and that is against or directed to any of the following may be removed by them
to the district court of the United States for the district and division embracing
the place wherein it is pending:
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(1) The United States or any agency thereof or any officer (or any person
acting under that officer) of the United States or of any agency thereof,
in an official or individual capacity, for or relating to any act under color
of such office or on account of any right, title or authority claimed under
any Act of Congress for the apprehension or punishment of criminals or
the collection of the revenue.
28 U.S.C. § 1442(a). It is well-established that private parties can qualify as “acting
under” a United States agency or officer. See, e.g., Isaacson v. Dow Chem. Co., 517
F.3d 129, 137 (2d Cir. 2008) (applying this section to “non-governmental
defendants”).
The Supreme Court has explained that the “basic purpose” of the removal
jurisdiction in 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a) is
to protect the Federal Government from the interference with its operations that
would ensue were a State able, for example, to arrest and bring to trial in a State
court for an alleged offense against the law of the State, officers and agents of
the Federal Government acting within the scope of their authority. State-court
proceedings may reflect local prejudice against unpopular federal laws or
federal officials. In addition, States hostile to the Federal Government may
impede through delay federal revenue collection or the enforcement of other
federal law. And States may deprive federal officials of a federal forum in
which to assert federal immunity defenses.
Watson v. Philip Morris Companies, Inc., 551 U.S. 142, 150 (2007) (internal citations
and quotation marks omitted). The Court has stated that § 1442(a) “must be liberally
construed.” Id. at 147.1
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This makes the statute a rare exception to the general rule that federal courts construe
removal statutes strictly. See, e.g., City of Vestavia Hills v. Gen. Fid. Ins. Co., 676 F.3d 1310,
1313 (11th Cir. 2012).
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IV.

ANALYSIS
The Eleventh Circuit has laid out a two-part2 test for removing under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1442(a) . First, “the defendant must advance a colorable defense arising out of his
duty to enforce federal law.” Magnin v. Teledyne Cont'l Motors, 91 F.3d 1424, 1427
(11th Cir. 1996). Second, the defendant must establish a “causal connection,” i.e., that
the lawsuit arises from actions taken pursuant to official authority. Id. at 1427-28. In
this case, both parts of the two-part test laid out in Magnin are satisfied. The two parts
will be addressed in turn.
A.

The Defendant Has A Colorable Federal Defense

To meet the first element, the removing defendant must only allege a federal
defense that is “plausible,” not one that ultimately is determined valid. Magnin, 91
F.3d at 1427. The removal petition alleges that Mr. Kritner’s claims are preempted by
the TVA Act because these claims arise under Alabama state law and would impose
obligations that conflict with the terms and conditions of the contract between the
TVA and Arab. (Doc. 1 at 7-8; see also Doc. 18 at 18-19). Arab argues that the TVA

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Some district courts within this circuit have added a third element to this test: that the
defendant “acted under the direction of a federal officer.” See, e.g., Alfa Mut. Ins. Co. v.
Nicholson, No. 1:13-CV-322-MEF, 2014 WL 903126, at *3 (M.D. Ala. Mar. 7, 2014). It is not
apparent to the court how this element could be considered separately from the second element:
the requirement of a causal connection between the defendant’s action and the plaintiff’s claim.
To the extent that it might be considered a separate element, the court considers it adequately
addressed by the analysis in Section IV.B of this memorandum opinion and order.
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Act gives “a broad grant of discretion to the TVA Board to set power rates at the
consumer level and dictate how excess revenues generated by Defendant are used,”
and that this authority “is not subject to modification or interference by state
legislation.” (Doc. 1 at 7). Arab goes on to argue that Mr. Kritner’s claims are not
subject to judicial review under the TVA Act. Id.
Mr. Kritner disputes the existence of a colorable federal defense. He argues that
the TVA Act has only been found to preclude “direct claims against the TVA
challenging its rate-making authority,” as opposed to a claim against another party.
(Doc. 15 at 8-9). It is worth reiterating here that the standard for a defense to be
colorable is not whether the defense is ultimately determined to be valid, but whether
it is plausible. Magnin, 91 F.3d at 1427. A survey of case law involving the TVA does
not find support for Mr. Kritner’s contention that the TVA Act precludes only “direct
claims against the TVA” and not claims against distributors. Indeed, the Sixth Circuit
affirmed a decision which suggests the exact opposite to be true. See Ferguson v. Elec.
Power Bd. of Chattanooga, Tenn., 378 F. Supp. 787, 789-90 (E.D. Tenn. 1974), aff'd
sub nom. Ferguson v. Elec. Power Bd. of Chattanooga, 511 F.2d 1403 (6th Cir. 1975)
(holding that state law usury claim against municipal distributor of electricity, which
purchased electricity through contract with TVA, was precluded by the TVA Act’s
grant of rate-making authority to the TVA). It is true that, in Ferguson, the TVA was
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joined as a co-defendant with the distributor, but the court dismissed the claim as to
both defendants on the ground of the TVA Act, and made no mention of the TVA’s
status as a party as a reason for dismissal. Id at 790. In any case, this argument by Mr.
Kritner certainly does not go so far as to show that Arab’s federal defense does not
reach the level of “colorable.”3
Mr. Kritner also argues that the TVA Act “does not address excess revenues
retained by Alabama electric cooperatives.” (Doc. 16 at 9). Although he is technically
correct that the TVA Act does not explicitly discuss excess revenue retention, it is
clear that the issue of rate-making is not separable from that of excess revenues. A
refund of revenues is more or less functionally equivalent to a rate reduction, as shown
by Alabama law and Mr. Kritner’s own complaint. The portion of the Alabama Code
upon which Mr. Kritner relies states that electric cooperatives’ excess revenues “shall
be distributed [to members] . . . either as patronage refunds . . . or by way of general
rate reductions.” Ala. Code § 37-6-20 (emphasis added). In the same vein, Mr.
Kritner’s complaint requests “a permanent injunction requiring the Defendant to
distribute excess revenue each year in the form of either refunds and/or rate
reductions.” (Doc. 1-1 at 9) (emphasis added).

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Additionally, the court is granting the TVA’s Motion to Intervene (Doc. 13) in this case
contemporaneous with this order.
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Therefore, Arab has made out a colorable defense that federal law preempts this
claim, and established the first element required to remove under § 1442(a).
B.

A Causal Connection Exists Between The Acts Giving Rise To The
Complaint And The TVA’s Directions

The Second Circuit has helpfully explained the causal connection requirement
in the context of non-governmental defendants: “such entities must demonstrate that
the acts for which they are being sued . . . occurred because of what they were asked
to do by the Government.” Isaacson, 517 F.3d at 137. This requirement is “quite low.”
Id. The Supreme Court has directed courts to consider “the [defendant’s] theory of the
case for purposes of the jurisdictional inquiry.” Jefferson Cnty., Ala. v. Acker, 527
U.S. 423, 424 (1999). If there is a question as to whether the removing defendant
actually acted pursuant to official authority when committing the acts that gave rise
to the suit, “then [the defendant] should have the opportunity to present [its] version
of the facts to a federal, not a state, court. . . . [and] the validity of [its] defenses should
be determined in the federal courts. ” Willingham v. Morgan, 395 U.S. 402, 409
(1969).
Mr. Kritner cites several district court cases for the proposition that a removing
defendant must show that it was under the “direct and detailed control” of a federal
agency. (Doc. 19 at 6-8). He goes on to argue that the TVA does not have “direct and
detailed control” of patronage capital, and so Arab cannot meet this standard. (Id. at
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7). However, the language he cites for the “direct and detailed control” standard is
taken out of context; it stems from cases where defendants claimed only the fact of
federal regulation as a causal connection. (See id. at 7-8). In these cases, the courts
held that federal regulations cannot bring a party within the meaning of § 1442(a)
unless they subject the party to “direct and detailed control.” (See id.). Arab does not
point to any federal regulations as a causal connection, but rather to obligations arising
from contracts with the TVA pursuant to the agency’s congressionally granted
authority. Therefore, the “direct and detailed control” standard does not govern the
present case.
Arab easily meets the standard for a causal connection. A sworn declaration
from Dwain Lanier, the TVA’s Vice President of Operations and Regulatory
Assurance, states that the TVA does not permit its distributors to give patronage
refunds, as it considers them to be equivalent to a rate reduction. (Doc. 17-1 at 4).4 As
discussed in the preceding section, the court agrees that the two are functionally
almost equivalent, and, apparently, Alabama law and Mr. Kritner himself (as
evidenced by his complaint) also so agree. Mr. Kritner focuses extensively on the
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Mr. Kritner argues that Lanier’s declaration constitutes “expert testimony regarding the
interpretation of a contract,” which is inadmissible except in the case of ambiguity in the
contract. (Doc. 19 at 10). However, it appears to the court that Arab offers the declaration not to
prove a particular interpretation of a contract term, but rather to show that the TVA does not
permit Arab to distribute patronage capital. (See Doc. 17 at 26 (discussing “TVA’s statement that
Defendant is not permitted to distribute patronage capital under the TVA Contract”)).
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language of the contract, arguing that its terms do not actually require Arab to
withhold patronage refunds. (Doc. 15 at 6-7, Doc. 19 at 11-12). However, whether or
not there is a causal connection does not require determining whether TVA’s
interpretation of the contract is correct. Even if Mr. Kritner is correct that the contract
is best interpreted not to prohibit Arab from giving a patronage refund, Lanier’s
declaration is still sufficient evidence that the TVA has a policy prohibiting
distributors such as Arab from granting patronage refunds. Therefore, when Arab
declined to distribute patronage refunds — the acts for which it is being sued — it did
so because it “was asked to do [so] by the Government.” Isaacson, 517 at 137. This
meets the standard for a causal connection, thereby establishing the second element
for removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a).
V.

CONCLUSION
As the requirements for removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a) are satisfied, the

court determines that it has subject matter jurisdiction over this removed action. Mr.
Kritner’s Motion To Remand is due to be and hereby is DENIED.
DONE and ORDERED this 14th day of May, 2015.

VIRGINIA EMERSON HOPKINS
United States District Judge
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