Manuel v. Charter Foods, Inc.

Filing 27

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Senior Judge Inge P Johnson on 10/22/13. (ASL)

FILED
2013 Oct-22 AM 11:13
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA

THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
NORTHEASTERN DIVISION
JAMES MANUAL,
Plaintiff,
vs.

CASE NO. CV-12-J-973-NE

CHARTER FOODS, INC., d/b/a
LONG JOHN SILVER’S,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Pending before the court is the defendant’s motion for summary judgment (doc.
17), a brief in support of said motion (doc. 18) and evidence (doc. 17). Plaintiff filed
a response (doc. 22), and further evidence (doc. 21), and the defendant thereafter
submitted a reply (doc. 26). Also pending is the plaintiff’s motion to strike (doc. 24),
which the court shall grant by separate Order.
I. Factual Background
The plaintiff filed suit for violations for Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981,
asserting that the defendant discriminated against him due to his race (AfricanAmerican) and retaliated against him, in further violation of these statutes. According
to his EEOC charge (doc. 17-1 at 33), this lawsuit concerns both plaintiff’s treatment

by a coworker while employed by defendant, as well as his termination on February
16, 2011.
The plaintiff was hired as an assistant manager by defendant in July 2009 by
Amanze Nwokochah, the district manager. Plaintiff depo. at 12, 18, 30. Several
weeks later, Kevin Leeper was also hired as an assistant manager. Id. at 12, 14.
Leeper used racist words and terms on an ongoing basis. Plaintiff depo. at 12;
plaintiff declaration, ¶ 2. Plaintiff complained to Steven Clark, the general manager.
Plaintiff depo. at 12-13; plaintiff declaration, ¶ 5.1 Clark took no action and in fact
laughed at many of the comments Leeper made. Id.
According to defendant’s chain of command, employees reported to assistant
managers, and they went to the general manager. Over the general manager (Clark),
was the district manager,2 and over the district manager was the operations manager,
James Fultz. Plaintiff depo. at 16; Fultz depo. at 6-7.
The plaintiff asserts that Leeper told people he would get plaintiff fired.
Plaintiff depo. at 36; plaintiff declaration, ¶ 3. At one time, Leeper wanted to place
1

Plaintiff’s declaration contains two paragraphs numbered “5.” The court cites to the first
of these, which begins on page 2 of the declaration.
2

When plaintiff was hired, Amanze Nwokochah was the district manager or district
coach. Fultz depo. at 7. All testimony about him refers to him as “Amanze” and the court shall
do the same. At some point, he was replaced by Don Crockett. Plaintiff depo. at 30. Crockett
was then replaced by Missy Lyons. Plaintiff depo. at 31.; see also doc. 17-1, at 39. At the time
of her deposition, Missy Lyons had married and changed her name to Missy Neal. However, the
court refers to her as “Lyons” in this opinion, but cites to her deposition as “Neal.”.
2

a counterfeit bill in plaintiff’s cash drawer, but someone else working there said not
to do that. Plaintiff depo. at 36-37. Leeper also removed money from plaintiff’s cash
drawer in an attempt to get plaintiff fired, but someone saw him so he put it back. Id.
at 37. The plaintiff reported this to Clark. Id. at 37-39. Because Clark took no
action, plaintiff went to Amanze, who called Fultz. Id. at 38. Fultz claimed he never
heard anything from plaintiff about cash handling procedures. Fultz depo. at 25.
After Amanze was replaced by Crockett, the plaintiff also complained to
Crockett about Leeper. Plaintiff’s declaration, ¶ 5.3 Crockett told Clark the treatment
of plaintiff needed to stop, but Clark did nothing. Id. Similarly, the plaintiff
complained to Lyons about Leeper’s treatment of him. Id., ¶ 6. Although Lyons told
him she would look into it, nothing changed. Id. The plaintiff also reported to Lyons
that money from the drive-through was being manipulated. Neal depo. at 20.
However, she found no evidence of voids or shortages from the drive through. Id. at
20-21. She asked plaintiff for written statements from witnesses about these
shortages, but he never produced any. Id. at 21-22. According to Lyons, plaintiff
never complained to her about Leeper, racial discrimination, or about being called
names. Neal depo. at 24-25. Similarly, Clark never heard plaintiff complain about

3

This citation is to the second paragraph 5 in plaintiff’s declaration, contained on page 3
of the same.
3

Leeper making racist remarks, and said plaintiff only told him Leeper called him
“stupid.”4 Clark depo. at 67-68.
According to plaintiff, Leeper referred to plaintiff as a “black African
monkey,” and asked, “Who do you think you are to come to this country and work in
this place here?”5 Plaintiff depo. at 48. He also told plaintiff, “I wish they would kill
you in this place here, kill Obama,” and “I will get you fired.” Id. at 48. Leeper also
accused plaintiff of assaulting him. Id. at 57. Leeper made a comment to plaintiff
about plaintiff’s wife, and when plaintiff reported it to Amanze, Leeper asserted
plaintiff assaulted him. Id. at 57-59. Plaintiff was told if he did not sign the ensuing
write-up he would be fired, so he signed it. Id. at 59; exhibit 6 to plaintiff depo., doc.
17-1 at 62. Leeper was also given a similar write-up at the same time. Doc. 17-1 at
64; Fultz depo. at 9-10. Due to the ongoing conflict between Leeper and plaintiff, in
February 2010 Amanze undertook an investigation. Fultz depo. at 8-9. Statements
taken from other employees during this time period reflect an ongoing conflict
between plaintiff and Leeper. See e.g, exhibit 8 to plaintiff depo., doc. 17-1 at 69-78,
4

Although Clark testified that 70 percent of the crew and managers at the Huntsville store
were black, a spreadsheet listing all store employees and their positions reflects that plaintiff was
the only black manager at the Huntsville location from February 1, 2010, until March 31, 2011,
the dates for which this information was submitted. See Clark depo. at 69; doc. 17-1 at 184.
That same document reflects that of the three employees terminated during that time period, all
three of them were black.
5

The plaintiff is from Liberia. He came to the United States at age 20 for college.
Plaintiff depo. at 6-7.
4

82-123, 132-135. Because Leeper was unhappy with the results of the investigation,
Fultz asked to have questionnaires completed. Fultz depo. at 13. At one point Fultz
and Amanze came to the store to try to get plaintiff and Leeper to get along better, but
Leeper still would not speak to plaintiff. Plaintiff depo. at 70-71; doc. 17-1 at 40-41.
Plaintiff asked Clark about it, who told him Leeper did not like him and then laughed
about it. Plaintiff depo. at 71.
Plaintiff complained to his manager, and then his district manager about the
discrimination. Plaintiff depo. at 79. Fultz asserts that the plaintiff never complained
to him about any racial remarks. Fultz depo. at 18. Although plaintiff stated he had
heard racial remarks in completing the form Fultz created in February 2010, Fultz
never asked the plaintiff what those remarks were. Id. at 19-20.
Leeper was disciplined in October 2009 for padding inventory, which resulted
in a warning. Doc. 17-1, at 212. He was never disciplined for being short on cash,
and Clark had no knowledge of Leeper not following cash handling procedures, or
borrowing money from the safe. Clark depo. at 13, 79.
According to the plaintiff, he was terminated for not following company policy
in counting money from the safe when opening the store. Plaintiff depo. at 19.
Policy required that two people be present when counting money from the safe. Id.
at 20. On the day before he was fired, February 15, 2011, he checked the computer
5

to see how much money should be in the safe. Plaintiff declaration, ¶ 9. He opened
the safe and one of the drop bags from the prior evening was missing.6 Plaintiff depo.
at 19. He added the listed money drops from the drop sheet and all the money was
there except for the final drop, which was not listed on the sheet. Plaintiff
declaration, ¶ 9. Leeper had been the manager working the night before. Id.
A cashier was there, but did not watch him count the money. Plaintiff depo.
at 25-26. He called Clark around 10 a.m. and told him about the shortage and that
Leeper had not made the drop the night before. Plaintiff declaration, ¶ 9. Clark came
in later in the day to look for the missing money, and also called Missy Lyons, the
district manager. Plaintiff depo. at 19; Neal depo. at 68; Clark depo. at 73. When
Clark got there, plaintiff showed him the drop sheet with no signature and no witness
signature. Plaintiff declaration, ¶ 9. Clark relayed this same information to Lyons.
Id. Clark showed plaintiff the security video from the night previous on which
Leeper is not seen making the night drop. Plaintiff declaration, ¶ 9.
The plaintiff asked Lyons to review the security video to see if Leeper placed
the money in the safe, but she responded that it was not important. Plaintiff depo.

6

Because the safe locks from 8:00 p.m. until the next morning, money received after that
is “dropped” into the safe through a drawer. Neal depo. at 30-31. Store policy required someone
to be present when money was counted for verification. Id. at 30, 32.
6

at 20. He also told Lyons he had never been short on money before. Id. at 23. Lyons
was not physically present in the restaurant that day. Neal depo. at 75-76.
Clark told Lyons that plaintiff did not have anyone verify his count.7 Neal
depo. at 70. He claims he was told from the other employee working that morning
that when she came in at 8:00 a.m., the plaintiff already had the money in bags and
told her he was missing $471. Clark depo. at 74. Fultz got a call from Lyons stating
the restaurant was short $426.00 when plaintiff counted the money.8 Fultz depo. at
26. He asserts the first question he asked was whether plaintiff followed procedure,
and whether the money had been double verified the night before.9 Id. at 26. Lyons
informed Fultz that plaintiff did not follow procedure because no one watched him

7

According to plaintiff, he reported to Lyons, Amanze, Crockett and Fultz that Leeper and
Clark were taking money from the safe. Plaintiff depo. at 21-22. When Crockett found out
Clark and Leeper were using money from the safe, he created a procedure that required counting
the money in the safe, writing it down on a log sheet, then giving the money to the person
watching you to count it, and then both signed the log sheet. Plaintiff depo. at 26-27, 29.
According to plaintiff, no manager followed this policy. Plaintiff depo. at 29; plaintiff’s
declaration, ¶ 8. Plaintiff also reported this failure of the other managers to Lyons. Plaintiff’s
declaration, ¶ 8. The plaintiff told Lyons and James Fultz that Clark and Leeper were not
following this procedure, but nothing was done about it. Plaintiff depo. at 35. According to
Lyons, she was unaware of other managers doing a morning count without having it verified.
Lyons depo. at 88-89.
8

Although the exact amount of money missing is neither relevant nor contested, the
amount is represented to be $426.00 in some pleadings, $471.00 in other pleadings, and $476.60
in yet other pleadings. The court makes no factual finding as to which amount is correct.
9

The defendant uses a form which is completed during the day to record money drops,
deposit amounts and money counts. The form contains a place for a second person to initial that
the count was verified. Neal depo.. at 74-75. These forms are not retained. Neal depo. at 74-75;
Clark depo. at 55, 58.
7

count the money in the morning, but that it had been followed the night before. Id.
at 26; Neal depo. at 27-28. She recommended terminating plaintiff because of the
amount of the shortage and the failure to follow procedure. Neal depo. at 67. Since
the shortage was so large, Fultz had “no choice but to terminate.” Fultz depo. at 26.
According to plaintiff, when they looked at the video, he did not see Leeper
putting the money in the safe. Plaintiff depo. at 21. He also testified that Leeper had
not signed to drop log sheet the evening before. However, Clark testified that on the
video Leeper and another employee walked to the safe, put the money in the
envelope, dropped it, and signed the sheet. Clark depo. at 78.
The following day, the plaintiff was told to come to the store to see Lyons.
Plaintiff depo. at 20; Neal depo. at 76-77. When he got there, Lyons told him
opening the safe by himself violated company policy, and terminated him. Plaintiff
depo. at 20. Although Lyons did not remember whether she spoke with plaintiff, she
did remember him asking to review the video from the night before. Neal depo. at
76-77. She does not remember plaintiff asserting that the night drop had not been
witnessed. Neal depo. at 78-79. Lyons did so before plaintiff came in that day, to
make sure someone had verified the drop. Neal depo. at 77-78. However, she does
not remember if she reviewed the form with the drops from the night before. Neal
depo. at 77.

8

Confusingly, when asked what her investigation involved, Lyons answered
that, in addition to looking at the video tape from the night before, she got statements
"from other people." Neal depo. at 82. However, Lyons also testified she only had
one statement, from Amanda Young, and defendant could not locate it. Id. at 82-83.
Clark had told Amanda Young to write, then type her statement and sign it. Clark
depo. at 74-75. Both copies of that statement were given to Lyons, and Clark never
saw either of them again.10 Id. at 75. The log sheet from the previous evening was
also given to Lyons. Id. at 94.
According to Clark, at least two people were always scheduled. Clark depo.
at 22, 25-26. If there was not a second employee present when the manager got to the
store in the morning, the manager had to wait to count the money until the second
person arrived. Id. at 22-23.
Clark stated that the video showed the plaintiff with two bags in his hand.
Clark depo. at 65, 72, 81. Plaintiff asserts this simply is not true.11 Plaintiff
10

Although both Clark and Lyons testified in their depositions as to what Amanda Young
told them, the court declines to accept Clark and Lyons’ testimony of what Amanda Young said
plaintiff said to her as evidence. The same is triple or quadruple hearsay, and as such due to be
stricken. “The general rule is that inadmissible hearsay cannot be considered on a motion for
summary judgment.” Macuba v. Deboer, 193 F.3d 1316, 1322 (11th Cir.1999) (citations
omitted).
11

In Evans v. Stephens, 407 F.3d 1272 (11th Cir.2005) (en banc), the Eleventh Circuit held
that the court should not consider for summary judgment purposes even non-hearsay testimony of
a witness that is more favorable on a factual issue than the nonmoving party's own testimony. On
that occasion the Eleventh Circuit explained that
9

declaration, ¶ 10. Clark testified the video was placed onto a CD several days after
plaintiff’s termination and given to Fultz or Lyons. Clark depo. at 65-66. Clark also
called the police to watch him search everyone’s car, but nothing was found in any
of the cars. Id. at 72-73. By the time he did this however, plaintiff had already gone
to the bank and returned to the store. Id. at 73, 75. Clark does not believe that
plaintiff stole the money, but does think it was done to get Leeper in trouble because
“they hated each other since the first day they got there.” Clark depo. at 76. Leeper
was the manager the night before. Clark depo. at 77-78. He was not written up for
this incident because the video showed him doing everything he was supposed to do.
Clark depo. at 77-78.
Plaintiff told all the managers did what he did. Plaintiff depo. at 20. He
testified that Clark, Leeper, Tabitha (Collins, shift leader), and Joey all counted cash
without following the verification procedures. Plaintiff depo. at 32-33, 45, 47; doc.
we accept the nonmovant's version of the events when reviewing a decision on
summary judgment. When the nonmovant has testified to events, we do not ...
pick and choose bits from other witnesses’ essentially incompatible accounts (in
effect, declining to credit some of the nonmovant’s own testimony) and then
string together those portions of the record to form the story that we deem most
helpful to the nonmovant. Instead, when conflicts arise between the facts
evidenced by the parties, we credit the nonmoving party’s version. Our duty to
read the record in the nonmovant’s favor stops short of not crediting the
nonmovant's testimony in whole or part: the courts owe a nonmovant no duty to
disbelieve his sworn testimony which he chooses to submit for use in the case to
be decided.
Id. at 1278 (footnote omitted) (citing Draper v. Reynolds, 369 F.3d 1270, 1272 (11th Cir.2004);
Rowe v. Ft. Lauderdale, 279 F.3d 1271, 1279 n. 9 (11th Cir.2002)).
10

17-1 at 246. He knew this because there was no second signature verifying the cash
count on the drop sheets. Plaintiff depo. at 33, 34-35, 40. Lyons does not recall
plaintiff saying this. Neal depo. at 78-79. However, if that had been the case, than
both Leeper and plaintiff would have been terminated. Neal depo. at 80-81.
In its response to the EEOC, the defendant asserts there was no evidence of
racial discrimination and that the plaintiff was fired for improper cash handling that
resulted in a large cash loss. Doc. 17-1 at 42. Plaintiff’s termination notice states that
he opened the safe and counted the money without a person to verify the count.
Exhibit 3 to plaintiff depo., doc. 17-1 at 54. According to that notice, the amount
missing, $476.60, was equal to the first drop the night before. Id. That document
states plaintiff was terminated for not following proper procedures, which resulted
in the loss of $476.60.12 Id. Fultz admits that, although he had no knowledge of other
managers not following procedure, but if someone had not, it would not result in
termination unless there was a large cash shortage. Fultz depo. at 32-33. He testified
that as an operations manager with 76 stores under him, there are shortages every day,
but rarely over $50.00. Fultz depo. at 46-47. When asked if other employees have
been terminated for shortages over $50.00, Fultz responded, “If they didn’t follow

12

From a logical standpoint, not having a person there to verify the count could not have
CAUSED the loss. Despite the lack of logic, the defendant asserted to the EEOC because there
were no other significant shortages, no other manager committed the same or a similar offense as
plaintiff. Doc. 17-1 at 179.
11

procedure...”13 Fultz depo. at 47. According to Lyons, plaintiff was terminated
because the shortage was more than $20.00. Neal depo. at 57-58.
No one was hired to replace the plaintiff. Fultz depo. at 48-49.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A moving party is entitled to summary judgment if there is no genuine issue of
material fact, leaving final judgment to be decided as a matter of law. See Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 56; Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475
U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 1355-56 (1986); Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide,
Inc., 525 F .3d 1139, 1143 (11th Cir.2008). An issue is material of it is a legal
element of the claim under the applicable substantive law which might affect the
outcome of the case. It is genuine if the record taken as a whole could lead a rational
trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party. Allen v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 121 F.3d
642, 646 (11th Cir.1997).
The facts, and any reasonable inferences therefrom, are to be viewed in the
light most favorable to the non-moving party, with any doubt resolved in the
nonmovant’s favor. See Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 158, 90 S.Ct.
1598, 1609 (1970). Once met by the moving party, however, the burden shifts to the
non-moving party to come forward with evidence to establish each element essential
13

There is no testimony as to whether plaintiff would have been terminated if he had
followed procedures and $476. 60 was still missing when he opened the safe in the morning.
12

to that party’ case sufficient to sustain a jury verdict. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 2552 (1986); Earley v. Champion Int’l Corp., 907
F.2d 1077, 1080 (11th Cir.1990).
A party opposing a properly submitted motion for summary judgment may not
rest upon mere allegations or denials of his pleadings, but must set forth specific facts
showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. Eberhardt v. Waters, 901 F.2d 1578,
1580 (11th Cir.1990). In addition, the non-moving party's evidence on rebuttal must
be significantly probative and not based on mere assertion or be merely colorable.
See Rule 56(e); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249-50, 106 S.Ct.
2505, 2511 (1986). Speculation does not create a genuine issue of fact. Cordoba v.
Dillard’s, Inc., 419 F.3d 1169, 1181 (11th Cir.2005).
The court must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff
and may not make credibility determinations nor weigh the parties’ evidence.
Frederick v. Sprint/United Management Co. 246 F.3d 1305, 1311 (11th Cir.2001);
Stewart v. Booker T. Washington Ins., 232 F.3d 844, 848 (11th Cir.2000). With these
standards in mind, the court considers each of the plaintiff’s claims.
III. LEGAL ANALYSIS
As there is no direct evidence of discrimination, the court applies the analysis
required for circumstantial evidence. See Wilson v. B/E Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d

13

1079, 1087 (11th Cir.2004). See also McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S.
792, 93 S.Ct. 1817 (1973); Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450
U.S. 248; 252-253; 101 S.Ct. 1089, 1093-1094 (1981).
Plaintiff asserts that the above facts constitute race discrimination, hostile
environment and retaliation under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Whether
this case is pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 2000e or § 1981, the same substantive proof is
required and it is analyzed under the same framework. See e.g., Bass v. Board of
County Com'rs, Orange County, Florida, 256 F.3d 1095, 1109 n. 4 (11th Cir.2001);
Standard v. A.B.E.L. Services, Inc., 161 F.3d 1318, 1330 (11th Cir.1998).
First, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of discrimination.
McDonnell Douglas Corp., 411 U.S. at 802, 93 S.Ct. at 1824. Establishment of a
prima facie case creates a presumption that the employer unlawfully discriminated
against the employee. Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254, 101 S.Ct. at 1094; Combs v.
Plantation Patterns, 106 F.3d 1519, 1527-1528 (11th Cir. 1997). Assuming the
employee meets this burden, the burden then shifts to the defendant to articulate a
legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the alleged discriminatory employment
action. Rojas v. Florida, 285 F.3d 1339, 1342 (11th Cir.2002); Harris v. Shelby
County Board of Education, 99 F.3d 1078, 1083 (11th Cir.1996). Once a defendant
presents a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its action, the presumption of

14

discrimination drops from the case. Burdine, 450 U.S. at 255, 101 S.Ct. at 1094 and
n. 10. The plaintiff must then demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that
the reason offered by the defendant was not the true reason for the employment
decision, but rather a mere pretext for discrimination. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S.
at 804, 93 S.Ct. at 1825.
A. Race Discrimination:
To establish a prima facie case of race discrimination, the plaintiff must show
that (1) he is a member of a protected class; (2) he was subjected to an adverse
employment action; (3) the employer treated similarly situated employees outside the
class more favorably; and (4) he was qualified to do his job. See Rice-Lamar v. City
of Fort Lauderdale, 232 F.3d 836, 842-43 (11th Cir.2000); EEOC v. Joe’s Stone Crab,
Inc., 220 F.3d 1263, 1286 (11th Cir.2000). See also Smith v. Lockheed-Martin Corp.,
644 F.3d 1321, 1325 (11th Cir.2011). As an African-American, he is a member of a
protected class. Neither party disputes that the plaintiff was qualified to do his job.
According to defendant, the plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case of
discrimination because he cannot point to another manager who failed to have a cash
count verified where the missing cash was more than $50.00 and that James Fultz
knew it. Defendant’s memorandum, at 19. The court finds the law does not require
such a comparator. Rather, the plaintiff must show a similarly situated employee who

15

was not African American, who was accused of similar misconduct and not
terminated.14 Jones v. Bessemer Carraway Medical Center, 137 F.3d 1306, 1311
(11th Cir.) as modified by 151 F.3d 1321 (11th Cir.1998). The Eleventh Circuit
requires “that the quantity and quality of the comparator’s misconduct be nearly
identical to prevent courts from second-guessing employers’ reasonable decisions and
confusing apples with oranges.” Burke–Fowler v. Orange Cnty., Fla., 447 F.3d 1319,
1323 (11th Cir.2006) (quotation marks and brackets omitted). In the facts before this
court, the standard requires the plaintiff to point to another assistant manager who
failed to double verify the cash count. The court bases this finding on defendant’s
contention that the plaintiff was terminated for “a clear violation of company
policy.”15 Defendant’s memorandum, at 1.

14

In Jones v. Gerwens, the Eleventh Circuit stated, “we hold that, in cases
involving alleged racial bias in the application of discipline for violation of work rules,
the plaintiff, in addition to being a member of a protected class, must show either (a) he
did not violate the work rule or (b) he engaged in misconduct similar to a person outside
the protected class and that the disciplinary measures imposed were more severe.... The
law is clear that, even if a Title VII claimant did not in fact commit the violation with
which he is charged, an employer successfully rebuts any prima facia case of disparate
treatment by showing that it honestly believed the employee committed the violation.”
Jones, 874 F.2d at 1540; citing Chaney v Southern Railway Co., 847 F.2d 718, 723-724
(11th Cir. 1988). Furthermore, the plaintiff must also show that the supervisor or foreman
was aware of violations of rules by other employees and that the known violations were
consciously overlooked. Jones, 874 F.2d at 1542.
15

From the defendant’s pleadings, the court finds a reasonable conclusion can be drawn
that had the plaintiff had a second employee watch him count the money, and the same amount
had been missing, he would not have been terminated.
16

The plaintiff points to evidence which clearly suggests Kevin Leeper failed to
have cash verified, failed to make a drop the previous evening, and yet was not
terminated. This is sufficient for plaintiff to satisfy his prima facie burden. Thus, the
defendant must set forth a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for its actions. The
reason offered by an employer for an action “‘does not have to be a reason that the
judge or jurors would act on or approve’ ... Instead, all that matters is that the
employer advance an explanation for its action that is not discriminatory in nature.”
Schoenfeld v. Babbitt, 168 F.3d 1257, 1269 (11th Cir.1999). Defendant claims the
failure to follow procedures combined with the missing cash is a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason.
Given the defendant’s reason, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to produce
evidence that the defendant’s reason was not the true reason, but rather a pretext for
discrimination. A plaintiff may show a pretext either “directly by persuading the
court that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly
by showing that the employer's proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.”
Jackson v. Ala. State Tenure Comm’n, 405 F.3d 1276, 1289 (11th Cir.2005). In both
instances, a plaintiff must show pretext with “concrete evidence in the form of
specific facts.”

Bryant, 575 F.3d at 1308. Mere “conclusory allegations and

assertions” will not suffice. Id. To demonstrate pretext, the plaintiff must meet the

17

employer’s proffered nondiscriminatory reason “head on and rebut it, and the
employee cannot succeed by simply quarreling with the wisdom of that reason.”
Chapman v. AI Transport, 229 F.3d 1012, 1030 (11th Cir.2000). Even if the decisionmaker’s belief was not accurate, the plaintiff must show that the decision-maker knew
the proffered reason was false in order to rebut the defendant’s non discriminatory
reason. See e.g., St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515, 113 S.Ct.
2742, 2752, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993).
The plaintiff points out that the evidence which could conclusively demonstrate
that the previous evening’s drop either was made or not made is “missing.” The
video of the safe, which would show Leeper placing or not placing money in it, has
disappeared. Similarly, the drop sheet from the evening before plaintiff claims money
was missing “disappeared.” The video of plaintiff removing the money from the safe
in the morning has vanished as well. The plaintiff states that if Leeper failed to make
the drop, he should have been terminated, but was not. Plaintiff’s response, at 23.
According to plaintiff, all the other managers in the store failed to follow the double
verification procedure, but only he was terminated.

While plaintiff is the only

manager to be short a large sum of money in his morning count, plaintiff asserts the
lack of evidence that Leeper ever put the money in the safe should have been
considered by the defendant.

18

The defendant argues that because there were no other significant shortages,
no other manager committed the same or a similar offense as plaintiff. Doc. 17-1 at
179. As previously noted, not having a person there to verify the count could not
have caused the loss. Hence, defendant’s assertion that plaintiff was terminated
because of the size of the loss rings hollow. If the money was not placed in the safe
the evening before, then plaintiff’ failure to double verify the cash had nothing to do
with the money missing. It is the failure to double verify, not the sum of missing
money, that the plaintiff must show other, non African-American managers, did
without termination. The plaintiff has advanced evidence of the same, sufficient for
a reasonable jury to find that the defendant’s true reason for terminating the plaintiff
was discrimination.
Racial Harassment
“[W]hen the workplace is permeated with [racially] discriminatory
intimidation, ridicule, and insult[ ] that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the
conditions of the victim's employment and create an abusive working environment,
Title VII is violated.” Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 116, 122
S.Ct. 2061, 2074, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). The
same is true under § 1981. Jones v. UPS Ground Freight, 683 F.3d 1283, 1292 (11th
Cir.2012). To establish a hostile work environment claim, plaintiff must show that:

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1) he belongs to a protected group; 2) he was subject to harassment; 3) that
harassment was based on a protected characteristic; 4) the “harassment was
sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the terms and conditions of employment and
create a discriminatorily abusive working environment”; and 5) defendant is
responsible for the hostile environment under either a theory of direct or vicarious
liability. Bryant v. Jones, 575 F.3d 1281, 1296 (11th Cir.2009) (quotation marks
omitted).
In considering whether the harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive, the
law requires that the environment be both objectively and subjectively abusive. Miller
v. Kenworth of Dothan, Inc., 277 F.3d 1269, 1276 (11th Cir.2002). The court must
look at all the circumstances to determine whether an environment is hostile or
abusive, including “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether
it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether
it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Harris v. Forklift
Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 23, 114 S.Ct. 367, 371, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993).
According to plaintiff, the comments by Leeper concerning his race, such as
calling him a “black African monkey” and “nigger,” were made every time plaintiff
and Leeper worked together. The Eleventh Circuit has recognized that
The use of the term ‘monkey’ and other similar words have been part of
actionable racial harassment claims across the country.” Green v.
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Franklin Nat'l Bank of Minneapolis, 459 F.3d 903, 911 (8th Cir.2006);
see also Goldsmith v. Bagby Elevator Co., 513 F.3d 1261, 1269 (11th
Cir.2008) (describing “racial slurs,” including the term “monkey” that
were used against an African–American employee); Walker v.
Thompson, 214 F.3d 615, 626 (5th Cir.2000) (citing “comparisons to
slaves and monkeys” among other harassment as sufficient to create a
jury question with respect to a racially hostile work environment),
abrogated on other grounds by White, 548 U.S. 53, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165
L.Ed.2d 345. “Given the history of racial stereotypes against
African–Americans and the prevalent one of African–Americans as
animals or monkeys, it is a reasonable—perhaps even an
obvious—conclusion that” the use of monkey imagery is intended as a
“racial insult” where no benign explanation for the imagery appears.
United States v. Jones, 159 F.3d 969, 977 (6th Cir.1998) (addressing a
selective prosecution claim); cf. Ellis v. CCA of Tenn. LLC, 650 F.3d
640, 647–48 (7th Cir.2011) (describing contexts in which managers
might use monkey imagery for legitimate workplace purposes).
Jones v. UPS Ground Freight, 683 F.3d 1283, 1297 (11th Cir.2012).
Plaintiff merely must show that defendant knew of the harassment and failed
to stop it. See e.g., Reeves v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 594 F.3d 798, 808 (11th
Cir.2010). Plaintiff reported Leeper’s actions to multiple managers, but Leeper’s
behavior never improved, which is sufficient to demonstrate Clark, Lyons, and Fultz
were all aware of plaintiff’s contentions concerning Leeper. Viewed in its totality,
and in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the evidence before the court
would allow a rational trier of fact to conclude Leeper’s comments were severe or
pervasive harassment, which the defendant failed to prevent or correct.
Retaliation
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The plaintiff also alleges that his termination was in retaliation for his prior
complaints of discrimination. To establish retaliation for engaging in protected
activity, the court again must use the McDonnell-Douglas burden shifting standard.
The plaintiff must prove (1) he participated in a protected activity; (2) he suffered an
adverse employment action; and (3) there is a causal connection between the
participation in the protected activity and the adverse employment decision. Gupta
v. Board of Regents, 212 F.3d 571, 587 (11th Cir. 2000), citing Farley v. Nationwide
Mut. Ins., 197 F.3d 1322, 1336 (11th Cir.1999). See also Sullivan v. National
Railroad Passenger Corp., 170 F.3d 1056, 1059 (11th Cir.1999); Holifield v. Reno,
115 F.3d 1555, 1566 (11th Cir.1997). The plaintiff “need not prove the underlying
claim of discrimination which led to [his] protest,” so long as “[]he had a reasonable
good faith belief that the discrimination existed.” Gupta, 212 F.3d at 586, citing
Meeks v. Computer Assocs. Int'l., 15 F.3d 1013, 1021 (11th Cir.1994) (quoting Tipton
v. Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, 872 F.2d 1491, 1494 (11th Cir.1989)).
The court finds a reasonable jury could conclude that plaintiff was terminated
in retaliation for his repeated complaints of harassment. The court has evidence
before it from which a trier of fact could rationally conclude that plaintiff repeatedly
complained about Leeper’s treatment of him, Clark, Lyons and Fultz failed to remedy

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the harassment, and plaintiff was them terminated.16 The court also has evidence
before it from which a trier of fact could conclude that the plaintiff and Leeper
harassed each other, thus convincing the court that this issue retains genuine issues
of material fact, properly left for resolution by a jury.
CONCLUSION
Having considered the foregoing, and finding that summary judgment is due
to be denied on all counts of the plaintiff’s complaint;
It is hereby ORDERED by the court that the defendant’s motion for summary
judgment be and hereby is DENIED.
DONE and ORDERED this the 22nd day of October, 2013.

INGE PRYTZ JOHNSON
SENIOR U.S. DISTRICT JUDGE

16

These managers claim plaintiff referred to Leeper as a “white devil.” The court has no
evidence before it that Leeper ever alleged this until management launched an investigation into
plaintiff’s complaints against Leeper.
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