Rolta International Inc et al v. Pinpoint Multi-Strategy Master Fund et al
Filing
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MEMORANDUM OPINION - Because the bankruptcy court's order is interlocutory, the Rolta Debtors must seek the court's permission to appeal. And because the Rolta Debtors have not identified any unsettled questions of law, any likelihood of qu ickening the resolution of the bankruptcy case by permitting an interlocutory appeal, or any irreparable harm caused by the lack of an interlocutory appeal, the court declines to exercise its jurisdiction to hear the interlocutory appeal. Signed by Judge Annemarie Carney Axon on 3/31/2021. (KEK)
FILED
2021 Mar-31 PM 04:02
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
NORTHEASTERN DIVISION
ROLTA INTERNATIONAL INC., et al., ]
]
Appellants,
]
]
v.
]
]
PINPOINT MULTI-STRATEGY
]
MASTER FUND, f/k/a Pinpoint
]
Multi-Strategy Fund, et al.,
]
]
Defendants.
]
5:21-cv-00335-ACA
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Rolta India, Ltd. (“Rolta India”) is the parent company of at least six Rolta
entities, including Rolta International, Inc. (“Rolta International”); Rolta Middle
East FX-LLC (“Rolta ME”); Rolta UK Limited (“Rolta UK”); Rolta, LLC; Rolta
Americas LLC; and Rolta Global B.V. All six of the Rolta subsidiaries filed for
chapter 11 bankruptcy in the Northern District of Alabama. The bankruptcy court
jointly administered the cases of three of these entities: Rolta ME, Rolta UK, and
Rolta International (the “Rolta Debtors”). Before the court is the Rolta Debtors’
second amended motion for leave to file an interlocutory appeal, in which they seek
to appeal the bankruptcy court’s denial of their motion for a temporary restraining
order . (Doc. 5). Because they sought an expedited review of their motion for leave
to appeal, the court entered an order denying the motion with the promise of a
memorandum opinion to follow. (Doc. 13). The court now enters that memorandum
opinion, explaining its denial.
Because the bankruptcy court’s order is interlocutory, the Rolta Debtors must
seek the court’s permission to appeal. And because the Rolta Debtors have not
identified any unsettled questions of law, any likelihood of quickening the resolution
of the bankruptcy case by permitting an interlocutory appeal, or any irreparable harm
caused by the lack of an interlocutory appeal, the court declines to exercise its
jurisdiction to hear the interlocutory appeal.
I.
BACKGROUND
Non-parties Rolta, LLC and Rolta Americas LLC issued bonds to a number
of entities, including Appellees Pinpoint Multi-Strategy Master Fund, Value
Partners Fixed Income SPC-Value Partners Credit Opportunities Funds SP, and
Value Partners Greater China High Yield Income Fund (collectively, the “Judgment
Creditors”). In re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 126, at 85, 292
(Bankr. N.D. Ala. Dec. 7, 2020). The parent company of all the Rolta entities, Rolta
India, served as the parent guarantor, and several Rolta entities, including the Rolta
Debtors, served as subsidiary guarantors for the indenture agreements. Id., Doc.
126, at 85, 210, 292, 419.
In September 2020, a New York court found that the issuers of the bonds, the
parent guarantor, and the subsidiary guarantors had breached the indenture
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agreements and entered a partial judgment in favor of the Judgment Creditors,
totaling over $180 million, plus interest. In re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 20-82282-CRJ11,
Doc. 126 at 510–17. On October 20, 2020, the New York court entered a “turnover
order.” In re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 126 at 643. Among other
provisions, the turnover order required various Rolta entities, including the Rolta
Debtors, to satisfy the September 2020 partial judgment by turning over to the
Judgment Creditors all cash on hand as well as shares or membership interests in the
Debtors. Id. The court informed the defendants that they must turn over the cash
within seven days, id. at 677, and that they need to have a plan to turn over the shares
or membership interests within thirty days, id. at 679.
Nine days later, the Rolta Debtors filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy in the
Northern District of Alabama. In re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 1.
As a result, the automatic stay took effect with respect to the Rolta Debtors. See 11
U.S.C. § 362.
However, their parent company, Rolta India, did not file for
bankruptcy. It also has not complied with the New York court’s turnover order. In
re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 126 at 34 ¶ 12. Instead, in November
2020, Rolta India filed an action in the High Court of Bombay, India, seeking an
injunction and declaration that the partial judgment and turnover order cannot be
executed against the defendants located in India. In re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 2082282-CRJ11, Doc. 126 at 684.
3
In December 2020, the Judgment Creditors moved the bankruptcy court to
dismiss the Rolta Debtor’s bankruptcy cases for cause under 11 U.S.C. § 1112(b)
because, among other reasons, the Rolta Debtors could not realistically reorganize
under chapter 11. In re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 126 at 18–19,
23–27. In December 2020 and January 2021, the bankruptcy court held hearings on
the motion to dismiss. See id., Docs. 164, 185, 217.
On January 8, 2021, the Judgment Creditors moved the New York court to
appoint one of the Judgment Creditors as receiver over all of Rolta India’s shares or
membership interests in various Rolta entities. In re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 20-82282CRJ11, Doc. 234-4. Four days later, the New York court ordered Rolta India to
show cause why it should not grant the receivership motion and scheduled a hearing
for February 17, 2021. Id., Doc. 234 at 4. Without citation, the Rolta Debtors
represent that the state court has since denied the request to appoint one of the
Judgment Creditors as receiver and has instead instructed the Judgment Creditors to
submit a list of three proposed receivers from a panel list maintained by the New
York court. (See Doc. 5 at 17).
On January 22, 2021, the bankruptcy court granted the Judgment Creditors’
motion to dismiss the chapter 11 cases on the ground that the Rolta Debtors had not
shown they had a realistic chance of successfully reorganizing. In re Rolta Int’l,
Inc., no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 224 at 1–2. On February 9, 2021, the Rolta Debtors
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moved for reconsideration of the dismissal. Id., Doc. 228. Several days later, the
Rolta Debtors moved to stay the effectiveness of the dismissal order pending a ruling
on the motion to reconsider. In re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 234.
They also filed an adversary proceeding against the Judgment Creditors, seeking
(1) an extension of the automatic stay or an injunction preventing the Judgment
Creditors from taking any action with respect to the Rolta Debtors’ shares, equity,
membership interests, property, or employees, In re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 21-80016CRJ, doc. 3 at 2 ¶ 2, 5 ¶ 17, 9–11 ¶¶ 43–57, and (2) a temporary restraining order
preventing the Judgment Creditors from taking those same actions, id., doc. 2.
The bankruptcy court held an expedited hearing on the Rolta Debtors’ motions
to stay and for a temporary restraining order on February 17, 2021—the same day
as the New York court’s hearing on the Judgment Creditor’s receivership motion.
In re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 242. At the expedited hearing, the
bankruptcy court denied the motions for a stay and for a temporary restraining order.
(Docs. 5-1, 5-2). The bankruptcy court denied the motion to stay in part because no
party had alleged that the bankruptcy code had been transgressed—a necessary
precondition to the court’s ability to stay the case—and because it was unclear
whether staying the effectiveness of the dismissal order would prevent the New York
from appointing a receiver. (Doc. 5-6 at 28–29).
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On March 3, 2021, the Rolta Debtors filed their notice of appeal, In re Rolta
Int’l, Inc., no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 268, and moved for leave to file an
interlocutory appeal (doc. 1-2), a motion they have since amended (doc. 5). 1 Both
the main bankruptcy case and the adversary case remain pending. See In re Rolta
Int’l, Inc., no. 20-82282-CRJ11; In re Rolta Int’l, Inc., no. 21-80016-CRJ.
Since the Rolta Debtors filed their notice of appeal and motion for leave to
appeal, the Judgment Creditors purchased the defaulted debt owed by another Rolta
company, Rolta AdvizeX Technologies LLC (“AdvizeX”), which was secured by
one of the Rolta Debtors’ equity interest in AdvizeX. (Doc. 12-1 at 2–3). The
Judgment Creditors have scheduled a sale of the equity interest in AdvizeX for April
1, 2021, with the intent of paying off the defaulted debt and then distributing the
excess proceeds to themselves pursuant to the turnover order. (Id. at 3; Doc. 12-2 at
2–6).
II.
DISCUSSION
The district court has jurisdiction to hear appeals from “final judgments,
orders, and decrees” and, “with leave of the court, from other interlocutory orders
and decrees” of the bankruptcy court. 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), (a)(3). Accordingly,
if the denial of the motion to stay is a final order, the Rolta Debtors may appeal as
1
The Rolta Debtors also seek interlocutory review by this court of the bankruptcy court’s
denial of a temporary restraining order. See Rolta Int’l, Inc. v. Pinpoint Multi-Strategy Master
Fund, no. 21-00340-ACA, Doc. 5.
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of right, but if the denial is interlocutory, the Rolta Debtors must obtain the court’s
permission to appeal.
The Rolta Debtors contend that the denial of a motion to stay should be
considered final under three narrow exceptions to the rule that parties may appeal
only final orders: the Forgay-Conrad 2 doctrine of practical finality, the collateral
order doctrine, and the marginal finality doctrine. (Doc. 5 at 18–26). They ask that,
to the extent the order is not final, the court grant leave to appeal immediately on the
same grounds. (Id. at 18).
1. Final Order
“A final judgment or order is one which ends the litigation on the merits and
leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.” In re Celotex Corp.,
700 F.3d 1262, 1265 (11th Cir. 2012) (quotation marks omitted). “Finality is given
a more flexible interpretation in the bankruptcy context, however, because
bankruptcy is an aggregation of controversies and suits. Instead, it is generally the
particular adversary proceeding or controversy that must have been finally resolved
rather than the entire bankruptcy litigation.” In re Donovan, 532 F.3d 1134, 1136
(11th Cir. 2008) (citation, quotation marks, and alteration omitted).
Thus, a
bankruptcy court order is considered final if it “completely resolve[s] all of the issues
2
Forgay v. Conrad, 47 U.S. (6 How.) 201 (1848).
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pertaining to a discrete claim.” In re Celotex Corp., 700 F.3d at 1265 (quotation
marks omitted).
The bankruptcy court’s denial of the Rolta Debtors’ motion to stay the
effectiveness of the dismissal is not a final order. The Rolta Debtors have a pending
motion for reconsideration before the bankruptcy court. In re Rolta Int’l, Inc.,
no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 228. Accordingly, the order denying the Rolta Debtors’
motion to stay does not resolve the issues of their claim. Even under bankruptcy’s
more flexible interpretation of finality, the pending motion for reconsideration
illustrates that the bankruptcy proceeding remains unresolved.
Nor does the denial of the motion to stay fit within the narrow exceptions to
the final order requirement. First, the Rolta Debtors argue that the order is final
under the doctrine of practical finality, also known as the Forgay-Conrad rule. (Doc.
5 at 21–25). “[T]he doctrine of practical finality, or the Forgay-Conrad rule, . . .
permits a court to review an interlocutory order that decides the right to the property
in contest, and directs it to be delivered up by the defendant to the complainant, or
directs it to be sold, or directs the defendant to pay a certain sum of money to the
complainant, and the complainant is entitled to have such decree carried immediately
into execution.” In re F.D.R. Hickory House, Inc., 60 F.3d 724, 726 (11th Cir. 1995).
Application of the doctrine requires the party seeking to appeal to show that delay
in the appeal will cause irreparable harm. See id.; In re Regency Woods Apartments,
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Ltd., 686 F.2d 899, 902 (11th Cir. 1982) (“Under the Forgay-Conrad rule an order
is treated as final if it directs the immediate delivery of physical property and
subjects the losing party to irreparable injury if appellate review must await the final
outcome of the litigation.”).
The Rolta Debtors acknowledge that the denial of a motion to stay is not an
order deciding the right to property. (Doc. 5 at 19–20 n.12). They argue, however,
that “the spirit of the Forgay-Conrad rule” (id. at 25) is “rooted in the notion that an
appellate court need not wait to review an order that results in the involuntary
disposition of property that subjects the appellant to irreparable harm” (id. at 24).
Although they are correct about the rationale behind the rule, see Forgay, 47 U.S. at
204–05, they stretch the rule too far by attempting to apply it to any situation in
which an order may “result” in the disposition of property.
The Forgay-Conrad rule applies where a court enters an order directing the
disposition of property and execution of the order is immediate. See id.; see also In
re F.D.R. Hickory House, Inc., 60 F.3d at 726. The bankruptcy court’s order does
not direct the Rolta Debtors to take any particular action with respect to their
property. The New York court’s turnover order does direct the immediate execution
of the New York partial judgment, but the New York court’s orders and judgments
are not before this court. The order before this court is the bankruptcy court’s order
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denying the Rolta Debtors’ motion to stay, which amounts to a refusal to interfere
in the New York court proceedings.
Even if the court agreed with the Rolta Debtors’ attempt to stretch the ForgayConrad rule to cover any order that “results” in the disposition of property, the Rolta
Debtors have not shown that a delay in the appeal will cause them irreparable harm.
See In re Regency Woods Apartments, Ltd., 686 F.2d at 902. They contend that,
absent an immediate appeal and reversal of the bankruptcy court’s denial of their
motion to stay, the Judgment Creditors will obtain from the New York court the
appointment of a receiver, who will allow them to take control of the Rolta Debtors
and “short circuit” the bankruptcy case and appeal. (Doc. 5 at 13, 21).
The Rolta Debtors have not shown irreparable harm. First, the Rolta Debtors
themselves caused the delay in the bankruptcy court’s resolution of their motion to
reconsider. The bankruptcy court had set a March 24 hearing on that motion, but it
has continued the hearing in light of the Debtors’ attempt to appeal. See In re Rolta,
no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 285. But setting that aside and assuming harm in the
form of the appointment of a receiver who will perform at the Judgment Creditors’
direction, the harm is reparable. The New York court provides legal remedies by
which the Rolta Debtors can stay the order while challenging the appointment. See
N.Y. C.P.L.R. R. 2221(a) (permitting motions “for leave to appeal from, or to stay,
vacate or modify” orders); id. R. 5513 (setting out the requirements for appeals as
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of right and motions for leave to appeal); id. R. 5519(a), (c) (permitting motions for
stay of enforcement of judgments or orders “pending the appeal or determination on
the motion for permission to appeal”). In short, the bankruptcy court’s order denying
the motion to stay does not qualify as a final order under the Forgay-Conrad rule.
Next, the Rolta Debtors argue that the order is final under the collateral order
doctrine. (Doc. 5 at 25–26). “[T]he collateral order doctrine permits [an appellate
court] to review interlocutory orders that (1) finally determine a claim separate and
independent from the other claims in the action; (2) cannot be reviewed after the
final judgment because by then effective review will be precluded and rights
conferred will be lost; and (3) are too important to be denied review because they
present a significant and unresolved question of law.” In re F.D.R. Hickory House,
Inc., 60 F.3d at 726 (quotation marks omitted).
The bankruptcy court’s denial of the motion to stay does not qualify as final
under the collateral order doctrine. First, the motion to stay is deeply intertwined
with the issues underlying the bankruptcy court’s dismissal of the chapter 11 case as
well as the Rolta Debtors’ pending motion for reconsideration of that dismissal. But
even if the motion to stay were separate and independent, the Rolta Debtors have not
even attempted to explain what “significant and unresolved question of law” this
appeal presents. See In re F.D.R. Hickory House, Inc., 60 F.3d at 726.
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Finally, the Rolta Debtors argue that the denial of the motion to stay qualifies
as a final order under the doctrine of marginal finality. (Doc. 5 at 21–24). That
doctrine is the “most extreme exception to the final judgment rule,” under which an
appellate court “will review immediately even an order of marginal finality if the
question presented is fundamental to further conduct of the case.” In re F.D.R.
Hickory House, Inc., 60 F.3d at 727 (citation, alteration, and quotation marks
omitted).
The Supreme Court introduced the marginal finality doctrine in Gillespie v.
U.S. Steel Corporation, 379 U.S. 148, 152–53 (1964), when it held that a district
court’s order striking parts of a complaint was immediately appealable where the
danger of denying justice by delay outweighed the costs and inconvenience of
piecemeal review. The Supreme Court has since explained that Gillespie permitted
immediate review because the “marginally final order . . . disposed of an unsettled
issue of national significance,” “review of that issue unquestionably implemented
the same policy Congress sought to promote in [28 U.S.C.] § 1292(b),” and “the
arguable finality issue had not been presented to [the] Court until argument on the
merits, thereby ensuring that none of the policies of judicial economy served by the
finality requirement would be achieved were the case sent back with the important
issue undecided.” Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 477 n.30 (1978)
(quotation marks omitted), superseded by statute on other grounds, Fed. R. Civ. P.
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23(f). As the Eleventh Circuit has explained, the marginal finality doctrine has been
limited “to the unique facts of Gillespie.” United States v. Shalhoub, 855 F.3d 1255,
1262 (11th Cir. 2017) (quotation marks and alteration omitted).
The court notes at the outset that the Rolta Debtors’ assertion of both the
collateral order doctrine and the doctrine of marginal finality is inconsistent. In
Shalhoub, the Eleventh Circuit declined to exercise appellate jurisdiction based on
that inconsistency. See 855 F.3d at 1262 (“[I]t is inconsistent for a litigant to assert
that we have appellate jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine, which requires
the issue resolved to be completely separate from the merits, and the marginal
finality doctrine, which addresses the review of intermediate issues fundamental to
the further conduct of the case.”) (quotation marks omitted) (emphases in original).
But even if the Rolta Debtors had not presented this inconsistent argument to the
court, they have not satisfied the other requirements of this “extreme” exception to
the final order rule. See In re F.D.R. Hickory House, Inc., 60 F.3d at 727.
The Rolta Debtors contend that this appeal could resolve a question
fundamental to the further conduct of the case because without the motion to stay,
the Judgment Creditors will be able to take the Rolta Debtors over, withdraw the
motion for reconsideration, and abandon the bankruptcy cases. (Doc. 5 at 21). But
as the Eleventh Circuit has explained, the doctrine of marginal finality is applicable
only in circumstances like those presented in Gillespie. Shalhoub, 855 F.3d at 1262.
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This case bears no resemblance to Gillespie. See 379 U.S. 152–53. Even if factual
similarity were not required, the Rolta Debtors have identified any unsettled area of
law, much less one of national significance, presented by this appeal, nor have they
made any argument about why an interlocutory appeal would be appropriate under
the § 1292(b) standard. See Coopers & Lybrand, 437 U.S. at 477 n.30. Finally, in
this case, unlike the Gillespie case, the issue of finality was presented to this court
at the earliest possible opportunity. See id.
The bankruptcy court’s order denying the motion to stay is not final.
Accordingly, the Rolta Debtors must instead seek the court’s permission to appeal.
See 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(3). The court now turns to whether an interlocutory appeal
is appropriate under these circumstances.
2. Interlocutory Order
Under 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(3), district courts have discretion to hear appeals of
“interlocutory orders and decrees” by the bankruptcy court. Section 158(a)(3) “does
not provide the district courts any criteria for determining whether to exercise their
discretionary authority to grant leave to appeal . . . .” In re Charter Co., 778 F.2d
617, 620 n.5 (11th Cir. 1985). Thus, district courts deciding whether to permit an
interlocutory appeal under § 158(a)(3) frequently look to the standard set out in 28
U.S.C. § 1292(b)(2) for a circuit court deciding whether to permit an interlocutory
appeal. See, e.g., Matter of Ichinose, 946 F.2d 1169, 1176 (5th Cir. 1991); see also
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Laurent v. Herkert, 196 F. App’x 771, 772 (11th Cir. 2006) (unpublished) (stating
that courts look to § 1292(b) for guidance in determining whether to grant leave to
appeal under § 158(a)).
But the court can grant leave to appeal even if the
requirements of § 1292(b) are not satisfied. See Chrysler Fin. Corp. v. Powe, 312
F.3d 1241, 1245 (11th Cir. 2002) (“[T]he § 1292(b) requirements need not be
satisfied when an interlocutory appeal is taken from the bankruptcy court to the
district court.”). The court concludes that interlocutory appeal is not appropriate,
either under § 1292(b) or in the interest of justice.
Section 1292(b) gives courts of appeals jurisdiction over appeals from
interlocutory orders where a district court has certified that the “order involves a
controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of
opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the
ultimate termination of the litigation.” The decision to permit an interlocutory
appeal under § 1292(b) “is wholly discretionary” and the standard to obtain
interlocutory review is high. OFS Fitel, LLC v. Epstein, Becker & Green, P.C., 549
F.3d 1344, 1359 (11th Cir. 2008).
The Rolta Debtors make no argument about the applicability of § 1292(b) in
either their second amended motion for leave to appeal or in their reply. (See Docs.
5, 10). And it is clear that the bankruptcy court’s order does not satisfy the
requirements of § 1292(b).
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First, the order denying the motion to stay does not present a controlling
question of law as to which there is a substantial ground for difference of opinion.
Without a question of law for the court to resolve “quickly and cleanly without
having to study the record,” interlocutory appeal of the bankruptcy court’s order is
inappropriate. McFarlin v. Conseco Services, LLC, 381 F.3d 1251, 1258 (11th Cir.
2004). The bankruptcy court’s denial of the motion to stay rests on a mixed question
of law and fact about the Rolta Debtors’ opportunity to reorganize, the bankruptcy
court’s ability to stay the dismissal order as requested, and the effectiveness of such
a stay in preventing the New York court’s appointment of a receiver. (Doc. 5-6 at
28–30). Moreover, even if the order presented a question of law for the court to
decide, there is no indication that a substantial ground for difference of opinion about
that question exists. See 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b).
Second, even assuming that the appeal presented a controlling and unsettled
question of law, an interlocutory appeal from the bankruptcy court’s order would not
“materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.” 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b).
This element of § 1292(b) is straightforward: the “resolution of a controlling legal
question would serve to avoid a trial or otherwise substantially shorten the
litigation.” McFarlin, 381 F.3d at 1259. But here, an interlocutory appeal will serve
only to extend the litigation. All that remains to be decided in the bankruptcy court
is whether to grant or deny the Rolta Debtors’ motion for reconsideration. By filing
16
this appeal, the Rolta Debtors have delayed the bankruptcy court’s resolution of that
motion and, in turn, the entry of a final order that they can appeal as of right. See In
re Rolta, no. 20-82282-CRJ11, Doc. 285.
Even if the court disregards the § 1292(b) standard, interlocutory appeal is not
appropriate. “[I]nterlocutory appeals are inherently disruptive, time-consuming, and
expensive.” Prado-Steiman ex rel. Prado v. Bush, 221 F.3d 1266, 1276 (11th Cir.
2000) (quotation marks omitted). The Rolta Debtors would need to present good
cause to persuade the court to permit an interlocutory appeal. But the Rolta Debtors’
arguments in favor of an interlocutory appeal are the same as their arguments about
why the order should be considered final. (See Doc. 5 at 18, 21–26). All of those
arguments failed because the Rolta Debtors had not shown the existence of unsettled
questions of law, any likelihood of quickening the resolution of the bankruptcy case
by permitting an immediate appeal, or irreparable harm caused by the lack of an
immediate appeal. Those reasons also establish that an interlocutory appeal is not
appropriate.
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The least disruptive, least time-consuming, and least expensive option is to
permit the bankruptcy court to resolve the motion for reconsideration without
interference from this court.
DONE and ORDERED this March 31, 2021.
_________________________________
ANNEMARIE CARNEY AXON
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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