Dexter v. Amedisys Holding LLC et al
Filing
70
MEMORANDUM OPINION Signed by Judge L Scott Coogler on 08/07/2013. (MSN)
FILED
2013 Aug-07 PM 12:12
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
JASPER DIVISION
BEVERLY LANE DEXTER,
Plaintiff,
vs.
AMEDISYS HOME HEALTH, INC.
OF ALABAMA
Defendant.
)
)
)
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) 6:11-CV-4019-LSC
)
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)
MEMORANDUM OF OPINION
I.
Introduction
In the above-entitled action, Beverly Lane Dexter (“Plaintiff”) claims her
former employer, Amedisys Home Health, Inc. of Alabama (“Amedisys”),
discriminated and retaliated against her for filing complaints based on her age in
violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (“ADEA”) when it
created a hostile work environment and constructively discharged her from her
employment. Before the Court is the Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 60), filed
by Amedisys. The motion has been fully briefed and is now ripe for decision.
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II.
Facts1
Amedisys is a company that delivers home health care and rehabilitation
services to patients. In January of 2009, Plaintiff interviewed with Traci Ferguson
(“Ferguson”), and Jeff Boyles (“Boyles”), for a full-time position as a Licenced
Physical Therapist Assistant (“LPTA”) at the Amedisys branch in Fayette, Alabama.
Ferguson was the Director of Operations for the Fayette branch, and Boyles was the
Rehabilitation Specialty Director and was responsible for the LPTAs. Ferguson and
Boyles offered Plaintiff a job on the day of her interview, and she started her
employment the next month. She was forty-three years old at the time. During her
1
The facts set out in this opinion are gleaned from the parties’ individual submissions of
facts claimed to be undisputed, their respective responses to those submissions, and the Court’s
own examination of the evidentiary record. All reasonable doubts about the facts have been
resolved in favor of the nonmoving party. See Info. Sys. & Networks Corp. v. City of Atlanta,
281 F.3d 1220, 1224 (11th Cir. 2002). These are the “facts” for summary judgment purposes
only. They may not be the actual facts. See Cox v. Adm’r U.S. Steel & Carnegie Pension Fund,
17 F.3d 1386, 1400 (11th Cir. 1994).
That said, certain of Plaintiff's statements of fact are not accompanied by citations to
record excerpts or are accompanied by citations to record excerpts that do not support Plaintiff’s
assertion of the facts. As to those items, the Court cannot accept counsel's representations of fact
and will not independently examine uncited portions of the record in search of support for a
particular proposition. See, e.g., Adler v. Wal–Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 672 (10th Cir.
1998) (federal courts “are wary of becoming advocates who comb the record of previously
available evidence and make a party's case for it”); Nieves v. University of Puerto Rico, 7 F.3d
270, 276 (1st Cir. 1993) (“Factual assertions by counsel in motion papers, memoranda, briefs, or
other such self-serving documents, are generally insufficient to establish the existence of a genuine
issue of material fact at summary judgment.”); Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1)(A) (litigant on summary
judgment asserting that particular facts are or are not disputed “must support the assertion by . . .
citing to particular parts of materials in the record”). On summary judgment, a district court “need
consider only the cited materials” in the record. Rule 56(c)(3).
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employment, the Fayette branch of Amedisys employed two other LPTAs: Raina
Elkins (“Elkins”) and Anita Janette Robinson (“Robinson”).
As an LPTA, Plaintiff provided physical therapy to patients at their homes. To
create her patient schedule, Plaintiff first received a calendar every Wednesday from
the Business Office Scheduler with all of the patients’ names Plaintiff would be visiting
the following week and a tentative schedule for providing therapy at their homes.
Plaintiff would then rearrange the patient visits to the dates and times of her choosing,
and would return the revised schedule to the Business Office Scheduler on or before
Friday of that week. LPTAs are paid a 15% premium for weekend visits to patients. To
keep costs under control, Saturday visits were allowed “[o]nly as needed.” (Boy.
Depo. 22:19–21.) Further, after LPTAs made their initial revisions to the calendar,
patient visits were to be moved only “as needed, and preferably [for] patient needs.”
(Id. 24:18–19.) Since the beginning of her employment, Plaintiff frequently
rescheduled her patient visits.
At the time Plaintiff started working at the Fayette branch, Amedisys matched
75% of the amount an employee put into their 401(k) plan. Subsequently, Amedisys
reduced its matched contribution rate from 75% to 37%. (Ferg. Depo. 37:15–19.) This
prompted Plaintiff to complain about the 401(k) benefits being reduced. (Pla. Depo.
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113:10–114:1.) Plaintiff also complained about mileage reimbursements not increasing
even though the price of gasoline was increasing (id. 120:6–121:4), and the lack of merit
increases. (Id. 123:10–124:1.)
In late 2010 or the early part of 2011 Amy Moye (“Moye”) became the Business
Office Scheduler. She advised the LPTAs that she would not make any unnecessary
changes to their patient schedules after they made their initial revisions. On two
separate occasions when Plaintiff attempted to change her schedule after her initial
revisions, Moye said “it may be hard, but I can teach an old dog new tricks.” (Pla.
Depo. 91:11–92:13.) Plaintiff mentioned Moye’s “old dog” comments to Boyles when
she was discussing her frustration with the changes that had taken place since Moye
became the scheduler. Boyles told Plaintiff to “take it with a grain of salt,” and “you
know how these young whippersnappers are.” (Id. 93:1–17.)
Effective February 1, 2011, Amedisys adopted a “Zero Missed Visit” policy that
required its branches to ensure visits were not missed and that missed visits were
properly documented and made up the same week. (Ferg. Decl., ¶ 9.) Pursuant to this
policy, Ferguson placed a renewed emphasis on patients being seen when scheduled.
(Id.) Plaintiff was unaware of this new policy. Additionally, Ferguson and Moye
occasionally said that the office needed “new blood” during employee conferences.
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(Pla. Depo. 73:2–16.) This phrase was used in reference to new patients and
employees. (Id. 74:1–23.)2 On one occasion Plaintiff informed Boyles that she didn’t
think she was being treated fairly by Ferguson. (Boy. Depo. 57:13–58:25.) However,
she never indicated why she felt like she was being singled out. (Id. 59:3–5.) Boyles told
Plaintiff, “don’t worry about it.” (Pla. Depo. 72:18–22.)
Around the same time that Amedysis adopted the “Zero Missed Visit” policy,
Boyles counseled Plaintiff to reduce her number of Saturday visits. Despite this,
Plaintiff moved eight visits to Saturday, April 23, 2011. On April 27, 2011, Boyles
issued a counseling form to Plaintiff because her “level of frustration with [the] office
staff [was] increasing.” (Doc. 62-3 at 9.) According to Darlene Pinion, one of the office
staff employees, Plaintiff “was hostile to her, [and] became aggravated with her and
confrontational when [she] couldn’t do the things [Plaintiff] wanted done.” (Ferg.
Depo. 79:17–20.) Moye made similar accusations about Plaintiff. (Id. 79:25–80:4.)
Boyles counseled Plaintiff to keep her frustration level with the office staff in check
and to work on her perception of the comments they made.
According to her daily activity sheets, Plaintiff continued to reschedule patient
visits after her initial revisions to the calendar, and continued to move visits to
2
Angie Johnson, a Business Office Manager, also used the phrase, but only in reference to
new patients. (Pla. Depo. 76:4–7.)
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weekends. (Ferg. Decl., ¶¶ 24, 27.) She moved eight patients to Saturday, April 30,
2011, and three patients to Sunday, May 1, 2011. The next weekend she moved one
patient to Saturday, May 7, 2011, and three patients to Sunday, May 8, 2011. The
following week, she rescheduled four patients on Monday, May 9, 2011, and three
patients on Tuesday, May 10, 2011. (Id.) Plaintiff planned on taking time off from work
on Thursday, May 12, 2011, and Friday, May 13, 2011. She was instructed to turn in
all paperwork for her missed visits before taking time off, but never did. She still took
those days off.
The following week, Plaintiff rescheduled five patients on Monday, May 16,
2011, three patients on Tuesday, May 17, 2011, and one patient on Wednesday, May
18, 2011. Later that day, Boyles counseled Plaintiff about moving patients. (Id., ¶ 19.)
Despite this, Plaintiff rescheduled two patients on Thursday, May 19, 2011, and two
patients on Friday, May 20, 2011. That weekend, she moved one patient to Saturday,
May 21, 2011, and two patients to Sunday, May 22, 2011. The next week she
rescheduled three patients on Monday, May 23, 2011.
Ferguson met with Plaintiff on May 23, 2011, regarding her rescheduling of
patient visits. She provided Plaintiff with a written warning for continuing to move
patients, accruing an unplanned absence and three tardies, and failing to turn in her
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missed visit notes by the requested date. During their counseling session, Ferguson
provided Dexter with an plan for improvement (“Action Plan”) which provided:
The following actions are required to aid you in improving your
performance in an effort to meet the minimum and expected
performance requirements. . . .
No further callins or tardies in [the second] quarter. Paperwork is due
daily by 10 am or visits for that day can not be made until[] all paper work
is here. Visits can not be moved to the weekend unless [Ferguson]
approves. [Plaintiff] will call in and out daily to [Boyles] and he will make
schedule changes. No more than [seven] visits can be made in a day and
each visit must be [forty-five] minutes or longer in length. There will be
no further excessive moving of visits.
If there is any infraction in the above action plan for [Plaintiff] it could
lead to termination . . . .
(Doc. 62-3 at 10.)
Despite Ferguson’s written warning and implementation of the Action Plan,
Plaintiff continued to move patient visits. (Ferg. Decl., ¶ 27.) According to Plaintiff’s
daily activity sheets, she rescheduled one patient on Tuesday, May 24, 2011, two
patients on Wednesday, May 25, 2011, three patients on Thursday, May 26, 2011, and
two patients on Friday, May 27, 2011. (Id.) Ferguson issued Plaintiff another written
warning on May 27, 2011, because Plaintiff failed to use the agency assigned weights
with her patients, failed to properly document her patient care, and continued to
reschedule patients. (Doc. 62-3 at 12.) Daniel Miles (“Miles”), a young male between
20 and 30 years old, was being interviewed for an LPTA position around the same time
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that Plaintiff was being written up. (Id. 70:16–18.) After being written up, Plaintiff
submitted a letter of resignation. (Doc. 62-3 at 13.) She was forty-five years old at the
time.
Following Plaintiff’s resignation, Miles assumed Plaintiff’s LPTA duties as a
full-time employee (Boy. Depo. 18:10–12), and he became eligible for full benefits.
(Ferg. Depo. 98:2–10.) He was originally intended to be hired at PRN status,
performing LPTA duties as needed. Had he been hired PRN, he would not be eligible
for health insurance, life insurance, vision insurance, dental insurance, or 401(k)
benefits. (Id. 34:22–35:19.)
After her resignation, Plaintiff filed an EEOC charge. On November 28, 2011,
she filed the current action, and on August 3, 2012, she amended her complaint,
alleging discrimination in violation of the ADEA based on a hostile work environment,
wrongful termination, and other adverse terms and conditions of her employment, and
retaliation in violation of the ADEA based on her wrongful termination for
complaining about the hostile work environment and other adverse terms and
conditions of her employment. (Doc. 28-1.)
III.
Standard
Summary judgment is proper “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
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interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled
to a judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). The party moving for
summary judgment “always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district
court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of [the evidence] which
it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp.
v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). The movant can meet this burden by presenting
evidence showing that there is no genuine dispute of material fact, or by showing that
the nonmoving party has failed to present evidence in support of some element of its
case on which it bears the ultimate burden of proof. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322–23. In
evaluating the arguments of the movant, the court must view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party. Mize v. Jefferson City Bd. of Educ., 93 F.3d 739,
742 (11th Cir. 1996).
Once the movant has met its burden, Rule 56(e) “requires the nonmoving party
to go beyond the pleadings and by her own affidavits, or by the ‘depositions, answers
to interrogatories, and admissions on file,’ designate ‘specific facts showing that there
is a genuine issue for trial.’” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324 (quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 56(e)).
“A factual dispute is genuine only if a ‘reasonable jury could return a verdict for the
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nonmoving party.’” Info. Sys. & Networks Corp. v. City of Atlanta, 281 F.3d 1220, 1224
(11th Cir. 2002) (quoting United States v. Four Parcels of Real Property, 941 F.2d 1428,
1437 (11th Cir. 1991)).
IV.
Discussion
A.
Hostile Work Environment
Plaintiff alleges that she endured a hostile work environment in violation of the
ADEA. Amedisys argues that the ADEA does not provide for a claim of hostile work
environment. See U.S. E.E.O.C. v. Massey Yardley Chrysler Plymouth, Inc., 117 F.3d
1244, 1249 n.7 (11th Cir. 1997) (“Neither party questions, hence we do not actually
decide, whether the hostile environment doctrine developed in Title VII actions
applies in an ADEA action, a question so far decided specifically by only one circuit
court of appeals, the Sixth.”) Even assuming, arguendo, that a hostile work
environment claim is cognizable under the ADEA, Plaintiff cannot show that the
elements of such a claim have been met.
In order to prove that an employer is liable for a hostile work environment
Plaintiff must show that:
(1) [s]he belongs to a protected group; (2) [s]he was subjected to
unwelcome harassment; (3) the harassment was based on [her]
membership in the protected group; (4) it was severe or pervasive
enough to alter the terms and conditions of employment and create a
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hostile or abusive working environment; and (5) the employer is
responsible for that environment under a theory of either vicarious or
direct liability.
Jones v. UPS Ground Freight, 683 F.3d 1283, 1292 (11th Cir. 2012) (quotation marks
omitted). Additionally, “[o]nly conduct that is ‘based on’ a protected category, such
as [age], may be considered in a hostile work environment analysis.” Id. (citing Gupta
v. Fla. Bd. of Regents, 212 F.3d 571, 584 (11th Cir. 2000)). “Innocuous statements or
conduct, or boorish ones that do not relate to the [age] of the actor or of the offended
party (the plaintiff), are not counted.” Id. (citation omitted).
Plaintiff claims she was harassed by Moye’s “old dog” comments, Ferguson
and Moye’s use of the phrase “new blood” during group conferences, Boyles’ failure
to act when Plaintiff informed him of these comments, the two write-ups by Ferguson,
Ferguson’s implementation of the Action Plan that no other employee had to follow,
and Miles’ interview.
First, there is nothing in the phrase “new blood,” by itself, that refers to age.
If anything, it is a “profoundly ambiguous” remark that is “much too innocuous to
transform routine managerial decisions into something more invidious.” Surez v.
Pueblo Int’l, Inc., 229 F.3d 49, 56 (1st Cir. 2000) (examining whether reference to
“new blood,” along with other comments, created an environment so abusive as to
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support a constructive discharge in an ADEA discrimination claim). Plaintiff admits
that the phrase was used in reference to “new patients” and “new employees.” (Pla.
Depo. 74:1–10.) Indeed, Moye used the phrase in reference to herself as a new
employee taking over the scheduler position (Id. 76:8–18), and Plaintiff could not
describe how Ferguson used the phrase in a sentence, only noting that she used it in
reference to new patients and new employees. (Id. 73:17–74:13.) This is in stark
contrast to a situation where Ferguson might have said that she “was ‘going to get
these old folks out of here and bring in some new blood.’” Morrison v. City of
Bainbridge, GA, 432 Fed. Appx. 877, 880 (11th Cir. 2011) (noting that one could infer
a coworker harbored an animus toward older workers by such a statement). The
phrase, then, related to the need for new—not necessarily younger—employees.
Accordingly, the Court will not consider it in determining whether Plaintiff endured
a hostile work environment.
Second, the write-ups, Action Plan, and Miles’ interview were not implemented
based on Plaintiff’s age because the actions are inherently neutral, and Plaintiff has
presented no evidence from which a reasonable jury could infer that Ferguson—the
decisionmaker—harbored an animus towards older employees. Thus, the Court will
not consider these actions in determining whether Plaintiff endured a hostile work
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environment.
Third, the remaining conduct was not severe or pervasive enough to alter the
terms and conditions of Plaintiff’s employment and create a hostile or abusive working
environment. This determination includes both a subjective and objective component.
Jones, 683 F.3d at 1299. “The burden is on [P]laintiff to demonstrate that [s]he
perceived, and that a reasonable person would perceive, the working environment to
be hostile or abusive.” Id. At summary judgment, the Court must accept that Plaintiff
subjectively perceived that the harassment rose to this level. Id.
In determining whether a reasonable person would perceive the working
environment to be hostile or abusive, a court must look at the totality of circumstances
and consider, inter alia: “(1) the frequency of the conduct; (2) the severity of the
conduct; (3) whether the conduct is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere
offensive utterance; and (4) whether the conduct unreasonably interferes with the
employee's job performance.” Miller v. Kenworth of Dothan, Inc., 277 F.3d 1269, 1276
(11th Cir. 2002). Conduct is objectively severe when the workplace is permeated with
intimidation, ridicule, and insult. Id. at 1276–77. The Supreme Court has repeatedly
emphasized that simple teasing, offhand comments, and isolated incidents, unless
extremely serious, will not amount to discriminatory changes in the terms and
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conditions of employment. See, e.g., Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S.
75, 81 (1998); Harris, 510 U.S. at 21–22.3
The frequency of the alleged harassment was not high. Moye used the phrase
“old dog” twice (Pla. Depo. 91:11–15), and Plaintiff informed Boyles about Moye’s
“old dog” comments once. This occurred over a five month period between early 2011
and late May of 2011. The Eleventh Circuit considers an incident a week to be
sufficiently frequent to bolster a plaintiff's case but considers an incident every two
months to be insufficiently frequent to do so. Compare Johnson v. Booker T. Washington
Broadcasting Service, Inc., 234 F.3d 501, 509 (11th Cir. 2000) (fifteen instances in four
months “was not infrequent”) with Mendoza v. Borden, Inc., 195 F.3d 1238, 1249 (11th
Cir. 1999) (en banc) (five inappropriate instances in eleven months were “far too
infrequent” to support a sexual harassment claim) and Gupta, 212 F.3d at 579, 584–85
(eight instances of touching, partial exposure, staring and complimenting in six or
seven months, plus repeated invitations to lunch during the same period, was not
frequent). Since the frequency in Gupta exceeded one incident a month, the frequency
3
For example, the Eleventh Circuit has found that a female plaintiff was not subjected to a
sex-based hostile work environment where a male supervisor (1) told her he was "getting fired
up," (2) rubbed his hip against her hip while smiling and touching her shoulder, (3) twice made a
sniffing sound while looking at employee's groin area, and (4) constantly followed her and stared
at her in a very obvious manner. Mendoza v. Borden, Inc., 195 F.3d 1238, 1247 (11th Cir. 1999),
cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1068 (2000).
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of conduct in this case does not support Plaintiff’s claim.
Additionally, even assuming the conduct and statements alleged by Plaintiff are
rude, disrespectful, or unprofessional, they do not create an environment “permeated
with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult” as required to establish
objectively severe conduct. Moye’s “old dog” comments occurred only in the context
of the colloquial phrase “it’s hard to teach an old dog new tricks.” (Pla. Depo.
91:11–15.) Specifically, Plaintiff was informing Moye that it was difficult for her to
avoid changing her schedule after her initial revisions were turned in, and Moye said
“it may be hard, but I can teach an old dog new tricks.” (Id. 91:22–92:8.) At most,
Moye’s comments only amount to simple teasing. Moreover, Boyles’ advice to “take
[Moye’s comments] with a grain of salt,” and “you know how these young
whippersnappers are” is not objectively severe. (Id. 93:1–17.) Moreover, none these
comments are physically threatening or humiliating, and there is no evidence that the
conduct unreasonably interfered with the Plaintiff's job performance.
Accordingly, the Court has considered the effect of these acts on the working
environment, “in context, not as isolated acts,” Mendoza, 195 F.3d at 1246, and finds
that, in their totality, the alleged incidents do not satisfy the Eleventh Circuit's
“baseline” for severity or pervasiveness that is required to survive summary judgment.
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Id. at 1244. Thus, Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim is due to be dismissed.
B.
Discrimination and Retaliation
The ADEA provides, in relevant part, that “[i]t shall be unlawful for an
employer . . . to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise
discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms,
conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s age.” 29 U.S.C.
§ 623(a)(1). The ADEA also forbids retaliation. See Hairston v. Gainesville Sun Pub.
Co., 9 F.3d 913, 919 (11th Cir. 1993). In order to be protected under the ADEA, the
employee must be at least 40 years of age. Id.§ 631(a). “A plaintiff can establish age
discrimination [and retaliation] through either direct or circumstantial evidence.”
Sims v. MVM, Inc., 704 F.3d 1327, 1332 (11th Cir. 2013).
1.
Direct Evidence
Plaintiff argues that “direct evidence of the discrimination and retaliation is
bountiful.” (Doc. 65 at 30.) The Eleventh Circuit has held that:
This Court defines direct evidence of discrimination as evidence which
reflects a discriminatory or retaliatory attitude correlating to the
discrimination or retaliation complained of by the employee. Direct
evidence is evidence, that, if believed, proves [the] existence of [a] fact
without inference or presumption. As our precedent illustrates, only the
most blatant remarks, whose intent could mean nothing other than to
discriminate on the basis of some impermissible factor constitute direct
evidence of discrimination. If the alleged statement suggests, but does
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not prove, a discriminatory motive, then it is circumstantial evidence.
Wilson v. B/E Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d 1079, 1086 (11th Cir. 2004) (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted). “[R]emarks by non-decisionmakers or remarks
unrelated to the decisionmaking process itself are not direct evidence of
discrimination.” Standard v. A.B.E.L. Servs., Inc., 161 F.3d 1318, 1330 (11th Cir. 1998).
Plaintiff first contends that she was called an “old dog” on several occasions,
and this is direct evidence of age discrimination and retaliation. (Doc. 65 at 29.)
However, this comment was made by Moye, who was not a decisionmaker (Pla. Depo.
92:18–20), and her comment was not related to the decisionmaking process. (Id.
91:19–92:13.) Plaintiff argues that direct evidence may be found under the “cat’s paw”
theory. “This theory provides that causation may be established if the plaintiff shows
that the decisionmaker followed the biased recommendation without independently
investigating the complaint against the employee. In such a case, the recommender is
using the decisionmaker as a mere conduit, or ‘cat's paw’ to give effect to the
recommender's discriminatory animus.” Stimpson v. City of Tuscaloosa, 186 F.3d 1328,
1332 (11th Cir. 1999). However, Plaintiff does not explain how this theory applies in
this case. There is no evidence that Ferguson or Boyles failed to independently
investigate any complaints by Moye against Plaintiff, or that Moye’s complaints were
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even related to the two write-ups and the Action Plan.
Next, Plaintiff contends that management stated they needed “new blood,” and
that this is direct evidence of age discrimination. (Doc. 65 at 29.) However, as
previously noted, the phrase “new blood,” is “profoundly ambiguous” and is “much
too innocuous to transform routine managerial decisions into something more
invidious.” Surez, 229 F.3d at 56. Moreover, Plaintiff admits that the phrase was used
in reference to “new patients” and “new employees,” not necessarily younger
employees. (Pla. Depo. 74:1–10.) Further, the phrase was only spoken during group
conferences, and was not directed at Plaintiff. Thus, it is not direct evidence of
discrimination or retaliation.
Finally, Plaintiff contends that the following incidents are direct evidence of
discrimination and retaliation: (1) Dexter was replaced by a younger individual after
she complained, (2) her patients were cut, (3) her job was posted before she was
written up, and (4) her replacement was less qualified than she was. Even if these
incidents are believed to be true, they are not related to the decisionmaking process,
and only suggest that Plaintiff was constructively discharged because of her age. As
such, they are circumstantial evidence of age discrimination and retaliation.
2.
Circumstantial Evidence
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In cases where the only evidence of discrimination and retaliation is
circumstantial, the court must “analyze the claim under the McDonnell Douglas
framework, which requires the plaintiff to create an inference of discrimination [or
retaliation] through her prima facie case.” Springer v. Convergys Customer Management
Group, Inc., 509 F.3d 1344, 1347 (11th Cir. 2007) (citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v.
Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973)); Hairston, 9 F.3d at 919 (the burden of proof in ADEA
retaliation cases is governed by the Mcdonnell-Douglas framework). See also Wilson v.
B/E Aerospace, Inc., 376 F.3d 1079, 1088 (11th Cir. 2004).4 Once a plaintiff establishes
a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate,
non-discriminatory reason for its actions. McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802; Tex.
Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253 (1981). If the employer meets this
burden, the plaintiff must show that the proffered reasons were pretextual. St. Mary's
Honor Center v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 511 (1993).
i.
Prima Facie Case of Discrimination Under the ADEA
4
In Gross v. FBL Financial Services, Inc., 557 U.S. 167 (2009), the Supreme Court held
that the language “because of” in the ADEA statute means that a plaintiff must prove that
discrimination was the "but-for" cause of the adverse employment action. See id. at 176. The
Eleventh Circuit recently determined that evaluation of ADEA claims based on circumstantial
evidence under the McDonnell Douglas framework is consistent with the Supreme Court's
decision in Gross. Sims, 704 F.3d at 1332–33 (finding the McDonnell Douglas framework
consistent with Gross because the burden of production shifts to the defendant, but the burden of
persuasion remains at all times with the plaintiff); Gross, 557 U.S. at 175 n.2 ("[T]he Court has
not definitively decided whether the evidentiary framework of [ McDonnell Douglas] utilized in
Title VII cases is appropriate in the ADEA context.").
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Plaintiff claims that she was discriminated against based on her age. “In order
to make out a prima facie case for an ADEA violation, the plaintiff must show that [s]he
(1) was a member of the protected age group, (2) was subject to adverse employment
action, (3) was qualified to do the job, and (4) was replaced by a younger individual.”
Williams v. Vitro Services Corp., 144 F.3d 1438, 1444 (11th Cir. 1998) (emphasis added).
It is undisputed that Plaintiff was above the age of 40 at all relevant times (Doc. 61 at
5, ¶ 7), and was qualified to do her job. (Doc. 65 at 11, ¶ 10.) Further, Plaintiff has
presented sufficient evidence demonstrating that she was replaced by Miles, a younger
individual. (Boy. Depo. 38:24–39:1.) Thus, the only question is whether she was
subject to an adverse employment action.
Plaintiff contends that she was constructively discharged.5 The Eleventh Circuit
has “recognized that constructive discharge can qualify as an adverse employment
decision under the ADEA.” Hipp v. Liberty Nat. Life Ins. Co., 252 F.3d 1208, 1230
(11th Cir. 2001), modified on other grounds, Anderson v. Cagle's, Inc., 488 F.3d 945 (11th
Cir. 2007). However, the threshold for a constructive discharge claim is higher than
that for a hostile work environment claim. Id. at 1231. A plaintiff claiming constructive
discharge must show that working conditions were “so intolerable that a reasonable
5
Although her complaint alleges discrimination in violation of the ADEA based on other
adverse terms and conditions of her employment, Plaintiff does not argue that she suffered any
adverse employment action other than constructive discharge.
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person in [her] position would have been compelled to resign.” Griffin GTE Florida,
Inc., 182 F.3d 1279, 1283 (11th Cir. 1999).
Here, because Plaintiff has failed to establish the existence of a hostile work
environment, she cannot as a matter of law establish that a constructive discharge
occurred. See Hipp, 252 F.3d at 1231 (citing Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 968 F.2d 427,
430 (5th Cir. 1992) (“To prove constructive discharge, the plaintiff must demonstrate
a greater severity or pervasiveness than the minimum requirement to prove a hostile
working environment”)); Barrow v. Ga. Pacific Corp., 144 Fed. Appx. 54, 59 (11th Cir.
2005) (The plaintiff “failed to meet even the standard for a hostile work environment.
She cannot, therefore, meet the higher standard for constructive discharge.”).
Accordingly, Plaintiff cannot establish that she was constructively discharged.
ii.
Prima Facie Case of Retaliation Under the ADEA
Plaintiff alleges that she was retaliated against for making complaints of agebased discrimination. In order to make out a prima facie case of discriminatory
retaliation, Plaintiff “must present evidence that: (1) [s]he engaged in statutorily
protected conduct; (2) [s]he was adversely affected by an employment decision; and
(3) there was a causal connection between the statutorily protected conduct and the
adverse employment decision.” Drago v. Jenne, 453 F.3d 1301, 1307 (11th Cir. 2006).
Page 21 of 30
In demonstrating that she was adversely affected by an employment decision for
purposes of retaliation, Plaintiff “must show that a reasonable employee would have
found the challenged action materially adverse, which in this context means it well
might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of
discrimination.” Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68
(2006). In speaking of material adversity, the Supreme Court felt it “important to
separate significant from trivial harms.” Id. The Court went on to stress that the
exercise of protected activity does not “immunize [an] employee from those petty
slights or minor annoyances that often take place at work that all employees
experience.” Id.
Here, Plaintiff cannot show that a majority of Amedisys’ actions would have
dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination
based on age. In assessing an employment decision, Burlington emphasizes that
“[c]ontext matters” and that “the significance of any given act of retaliation will often
depend upon the particular circumstances.” Burlington, 548 U.S. at 69. Moye’s “old
dog” comments, Ferguson and Moye’s use of the phrase “new blood” during group
conferences, Boyles’ failure to act when Plaintiff informed him of these comments, the
two write-ups by Ferguson, and Miles’ interview were all trivial harms, and do not rise
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to the level of a materially adverse employment action.
However, the Action Plan may be considered materially adverse in light of
Plaintiff’s circumstances. (Pla. Depo. 78:18–79:2) (Plaintiff “took the job based on
flexibility [and moved her] family there for that job”). See Burlington, 548 U.S. at 69
(“[a] schedule change in an employee's work schedule may make little difference to
many workers, but may matter enormously to a young mother with school-age
children”); Crawford v. Carroll, 529 F.3d 961, 973 n.13 (11th Cir. 2008) (noting that
Burlington Northern “strongly suggests that it is for a jury to decide whether anything
more than the most petty and trivial actions against an employee should be considered
‘materially adverse’ to him and thus constitute adverse employment actions”).
Regardless of whether Plaintiff suffered a materially adverse employment action,
she cannot demonstrate a causal connection between the Action Plan and any of her
protected activity.6 The Eleventh Circuit has described the causal connection
requirement as follows:
We construe the causal link element broadly so that “a plaintiff merely
has to prove that the protected activity and the . . . [adverse] action are
not completely unrelated.” Olmsted v. Taco Bell Corp., 141 F.3d 1457,
1460 (11th Cir. 1998). “A plaintiff satisfies this element if [s]he provides
6
Plaintiff argues that the following activities are protected by the ADEA: (1) her complaint
to Ferguson about mileage reimbursement, merit increases, and changes to the 401(k) benefit
plan; (2) her complaint to Boyles about Moye's "old dog" comments; (3) her complaint to Boyles
that she was not being treated fairly by Ferguson; and (4) her EEOC charge.
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sufficient evidence” of knowledge of the protected expression and “that
there was a close temporal proximity between this awareness and the
adverse . . . action.” [Shotz v. City of Plantation, Fla., 344 F.3d 1180 n.3
(11th Cir. 2003)] (quoting Farley v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 197 F.3d
1322, 1337 (11th Cir. 1999)). A “close temporal proximity” between the
protected expression and an adverse action is sufficient circumstantial
evidence of a causal connection for purposes of a prima facie case. See
Olmsted, 141 F.3d at 1460. We have held that a period as much as one
month between the protected expression and the adverse action is not
too protracted. See [Wideman v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 141 F.3d 1453, 1457
(11th Cir. 1998)] (citing Donnellon v. Fruehauf Corp., 794 F.2d 598, 601
(11th Cir. 1986)).
The Supreme Court has stated that “mere temporal proximity between
. . . knowledge of protected activity and an adverse . . . action . . . must be
‘very close.’” Clark County Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273, 121
S.Ct. 1508, 1511, 149 L.Ed.2d 509 (2001) (citations omitted). The Court
cited with approval decisions in which a three to four month disparity
was found to be insufficient to show causal connection. See id. (citing
Richmond v. ONEOK, 120 F.3d 205, 209 (10th Cir. 1997) (3-month period
insufficient) and Hughes v. Derwinski, 967 F.2d 1168, 1174-75 (7th Cir.
1992) (4-month period insufficient)). If there is a substantial delay
between the protected expression and the adverse action in the absence
of other evidence tending to show causation, the complaint of retaliation
fails as a matter of law. In Wascura v. City of South Miami, we held that
“Wascura failed to present evidence from which a reasonable jury could
find any causal connection between Wascura’s notice to the
Commissioners in January 1995 of her potential need to take time off to
care for her son and her subsequent termination on May 16, 1995.” 257
F.3d 1238, 1248 (11th Cir. 2001)
Higdon v. Jackson, 393 F.3d 1211, 1220 (11th Cir. 2011).
Plaintiff has presented no evidence that Ferguson harbored an animus against
older employees, or a retaliatory animus against Plaintiff. Nor has she presented any
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evidence that her complaints to Ferguson and Boyles occurred within a close temporal
proximity such that a causal connection could be inferred. Moreover, there is no
evidence that Ferguson knew about Plaintiff’s complaints to Boyles. Finally, Plaintiff’s
EEOC charge was filed after Plaintiff resigned; therefore Ferguson could not have
known about it when she implemented the Action Plan. Accordingly, Plaintiff cannot
establish a prima facie case of retaliation.
iii.
Legitimate, Non-Discriminatory Reason
Assuming, arguendo, that Plaintiff can meet her burden of demonstrating a prima
facie case, the burden would then shift to Amedisys to articulate a legitimate,
non-discriminatory, and non-retaliatory reason for constructively discharging Plaintiff.
McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802; Burdine, 450 U.S. at 253. Amedisys contends:
[it] counseled [Plaintiff] and issued her written warnings for her policy
violations. Pursuant to the Missed Visit Policy implemented in 2011,
Ferguson emphasized limiting scheduling changes to decrease missed
patient visits. Although [Plaintiff] was aware of this policy and was
counseled about rescheduling visits, she continued to frequently
reschedule visits. [Plaintiff] also repeatedly scheduled weekend visits
despite Boyles’ counseling in 2010 to limit such visits. Because [Plaintiff]
repeatedly moved visits, Ferguson limited [her] to seven visits per day.
The other counseling and warnings were also based upon [Plaintiff’s]
policy and procedure violations, including her attendence issues and
failure to document properly patient care and timely submit paperwork.
(Doc. 61 at 31.) Accordingly, Amedisys has articulated a legitimate, non-
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discriminatory, and non-retaliatory reason for terminating Plaintiff, and Plaintiff must
now show that the proffered reason was pretextual. Hicks, 509 U.S. at 511.
iv.
Pretext
To establish pretext, Plaintiff must “demonstrate that the proffered reason was
not the true reason for the employment decision.” Jackson v. State of Ala. State Tenure
Comm'n, 405 F.3d 1276, 1289 (11th Cir. 2005). “A reason is not pretext for
discrimination unless it is shown both that the reason was false, and that discrimination
was the real reason.” Brooks v. County Comm'n of Jefferson County, Ala., 446 F.3d 1160,
1163 (11th Cir. 2006) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Plaintiff can meet her
burden “either directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory reason more
likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer's proffered
explanation is unworthy of credence.” Id.
a.
Demonstrating Pretext Directly
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff as the non-moving
party, she cannot show that a discriminatory or retaliatory reason more likely
motivated Ferguson—the supervisor that implemented the Action Plan—than
Amedisys’ proffered reason. See Jones v. Gerwens, 874 F.2d 1534, 1541 (11th Cir. 1989)
(When determining whether an employer’s proffered reason was pretextual, it is the
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motive of the decisionmaker that is at issue). Plaintiff has not presented sufficient
evidence from which a jury could infer that Ferguson harbored a discriminatory
animus towards older employees, or a retaliatory animus towards Plaintiff.
b.
Demonstrating Pretext Indirectly
To discredit Amedisys’ explanation, Plaintiff “must demonstrate such
weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies, incoherencies, or contradictions in
[Amedisys’] proffered legitimate reasons for [her constructive discharge] that a
reasonable factfinder could find all of those reasons unworthy of credence.” Watkins
v. Sverdrup Tech., Inc., 153 F.3d 1308, 1314 (11th Cir. 1998) (quotation marks, citation,
and alteration omitted). Plaintiff cannot show that Amedisys’ proffered reasons are
unworthy of credence. It is clear from the evidence that the write-ups and Action Plan
were warranted. Plaintiff excessively rescheduled patient visits (Ferg. Decl., ¶ 27), and
moved patients to the weekend (Id., ¶ 24), even after she was counseled against doing
so. (Id., ¶ 19.) Plaintiff contends that rescheduling patient visits and moving patients
to the weekend was allowed; however, it was allowed only “as needed, and preferably
[for] patient needs.” (Boy. Depo. 24:18–19.) In light of the counseling she received
from Boyles for rescheduling patients and moving patients to the weekend, Plaintiff
should have been aware that excessive rescheduling and weekend visits were no longer
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allowed.
Additionally, Plaintiff failed to turn in her paperwork (Ferg. Decl., ¶ 33), often
failed to call the scheduler to report her visits (Boy. Depo. 68:5–70:21), and had 88
missed visits. (Ferg. Decl., ¶ 29.) In fact, Boyles observed that Plaintiff had missed
visits “just about every week.” (Boy. Depo. 63:4–64:18.) These are clear violations of
the Employee Handbook that could warrant the write-ups and Action Plan.7
Plaintiff was tardy often during her employment. (Boy. Depo. 67:3–20; 72:4–8.)
Plaintiff contends that there is no written tardy policy. However, the Employee
Handbook provides that "more than one (1) incident of tardiness in a week, or more
than three (3) incidents of tardiness in a quarter is considered excessive." (Doc. 62-5
at 37.) Moreover, Boyles and Ferguson testified that the LPTAs typically came in at
8 a.m., and an LPTA would be considered tardy if she called in the Morning and said
that she would not be able to see her visits that day (Boy. Depo. 66:24–67:7), or if she
called in and said that she wouldn’t be coming in until 11:00 a.m. (Ferg. Depo.
72:19–24.) Regardless of whether the term “tardy” was defined in the Employee
Handbook, there was certainly a written tardy policy, and the fact that Plaintiff was
written up for violating it is not evidence of pretext.
7
The Employee Handbook specifically states that an employee may receive a written
warning for "[e]xcessive tardiness or absenteeism" and "[a]bsence without proper notification,"
and the warning shall "specify the improvement that is expected." (Doc. 62-5 at 35–36.)
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Plaintiff contends that Boyles would not have given Plaintiff the written
warnings. However, Boyles only stated that he would not have done so because he
thought Plaintiff needed more time to deal with the verbal warning he had given her
five days earlier. (Boy. Depo. 54:2–9.) This does not demonstrate that the write-ups
were unwarranted, only that Boyles would have waited longer before giving Plaintiff
a written warning.
Finally, Plaintiff argues that no other employee was required to follow the
Action Plan. However, none of the other employees committed the same
transgressions as Plaintiff. Robinson had 18 missed visits and Elkins had 20 missed
visits, as opposed to Plaintiff’s 88 missed visits. (Id., ¶ 29.) While Plaintiff missed
visits "just about every week," Elkins and Robinson missed visits "very infrequently."
(Boy. Depo. 63:4–64:18.) Elkins and Robinson never saw patients on Saturday or
Sunday, unlike Plaintiff. (Ferg. Decl., ¶ 25.) Plaintiff often failed to call the scheduler
to report her visits, whereas Elkins and Robinson rarely failed to call the scheduler. (Id.
68:5–70:21.) Plaintiff was tardy often during her employment (Id. 67:3–20; 72:4–8), but
Elkins and Robinson never had three tardies in a quarter to Ferguson and Boyles'
knowledge. (Ferg. Decl., ¶ 33; Boy. Depo. 66:12–67:7.) Plaintiff failed to turn in
required paperwork as requested before being off from work, whereas Robinson and
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Elkins never failed to do so. (Ferg. Decl., ¶ 33.) Although Elkins and Robinson were
not required to call Boyles in the morning, they were required to call Moye to go over
which patients they would be visiting that day. (Ferg. Depo. 56:9–57:12.)
In light of Plaintiff’s own conduct leading up to her resignation, it is clear that
Amedisys’ proffered reasons for implementing the Action Plan and write-ups are
worthy of credence. Accordingly, even if Plaintiff could establish a prima facie case, she
cannot show that Amedisys’ proffered reasons for constructively terminating her were
pretextual.
V.
Conclusion
For the aforementioned reasons, Amedisys’ Motion for Summary Judgment is
due to be GRANTED. A separate order consistent with this opinion will be entered.
Done this 7th day of August 2013.
L. SCOTT COOGLER
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
171032
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