Hamner v. Tuscaloosa County School System et al

Filing 78

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge L Scott Coogler on 9/11/2020. (KAM)

FILED
2020 Sep-11 AM 11:51
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
WESTERN DIVISION
SHARON HAMNER,
Plaintiff,
v.
TUSCALOOSA COUNTY
SCHOOL SYSTEM, et al.,
Defendants.

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7:18-cv-01838-LSC

MEMORANDUM OF OPINION
Plaintiff Sharon Hamner (“Hamner” or “Plaintiff”) brings this action against
her former employer, Defendant Tuscaloosa County School System (“TCSS”), and
three of TCSS’s employees, Defendants Walter Davie (“Davie”), Allison Mays
(“Mays”), and Clifton Henson (“Henson”) (collectively, the “Individual
Defendants”). Hamner asserts claims against TCSS and the Individual Defendants
(collectively, the “Defendants”) for sexual harassment and retaliation in violation of
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq. (“Title VII”);
42 U.S.C. § 1981; and 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Hamner also asserts a state law battery
claim against TCSS and Henson. Before the Court are Defendants’ motions to
dismiss Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint. (Docs. 51, 54.) The motions are

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fully briefed and ripe for review. For the reasons stated below, the motions are due
to be granted in part and denied in part.
I.

BACKGROUND 1
Hamner, a Caucasian female, had been employed by TCSS for over twenty

years. She worked as a school counselor at Hillcrest Middle School (“HMS”) and
later at Collins-Riverside Middle School (“CRMS”), both operated by TCSS. While
at HMS, Hamner alleges she was subjected to what she calls “sexual harassment that
was race-based and racially discriminatory” by an African American male identified
as “Pruitt.” (See doc. 45 ¶¶ 17, 31.) Hamner spoke with a human resources director
about incidents of discrimination and filed an Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (“EEOC”) charge. Hamner proceeded to file a complaint (“Hamner
I”) alleging claims under Title VII and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. See generally Complaint,
Hamner v. Pruitt, No. 7:15-cv-00925-LSC (N.D. Ala. June 2, 2015). Hamner I was
settled in 2016.
During the settlement of Hamner I, Davie, TCSS’s superintendent, insisted
that Hamner transfer from HMS to CRMS. Hamner alleges that Davie set a

1

In evaluating a motion to dismiss, this Court “accept[s] the allegations in the complaint as true
and constru[es] them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Lanfear v. Home Depot, Inc., 679
F.3d 1267, 1275 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting Ironworkers Loc. Union 68 v. AstraZeneca Pharm., LP, 634
F.3d 1352, 1359 (11th Cir. 2011)). The following facts are, therefore, taken from the allegations
contained in Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint, and the Court makes no ruling on their
veracity.

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“retaliatory trap” by failing to include her transfer as part of her settlement
agreement, and by telling Hamner that when she transferred, “her job at CRMS
would ‘be safe’ until [she] retired.” (Doc. 45 ¶ 46.) Hamner states that she was
transferred by Davie in a manner that conflicted with TCSS’s policies and
procedures. She believes Davie intended to create a situation in which TCSS would
be able to easily terminate her employment, contrary to his assurances that her job
would be safe after her transfer.
In addition to her allegations against Davie, Hamner alleges that Mays, the
senior human resources director at TCSS, and Henson, the principal at CRMS, took
retaliatory actions against her. Hamner states that Henson prevented her from
performing aspects of her job, including responsibilities as a “building test
coordinator.” (Doc. 45 ¶ 57.) She also alleges that Davie, Mays, and Henson singled
her out for an investigation into the “504 plans,” which she oversaw as part of her
job responsibilities at HMS and CRMS. Hamner asserts that she was the only
individual who was subjected to an investigation, and she believes that but for
Hamner I, she would not have been targeted in this manner.
Furthermore, Hamner alleges that while she was at CRMS, Henson engaged
in sexually inappropriate behavior, including following Hamner on and off school
property, and placing “his hand on her without her consent and with a suggestive
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look on his face.” (Doc. 45 ¶ 86(f).) Hamner reported Henson’s conduct to Mays,
who did not investigate her claims.
Hamner insists that collectively, the Individual Defendants’ actions led TCSS
to place her on administrative leave and terminate her employment. Hamner also
alleges that the Individual Defendants continued to retaliate against her after her
termination by seeking the revocation of her counseling license with the Alabama
Board of Education.
After Hamner was discharged, she filed a timely charge with the EEOC
alleging sex discrimination and retaliation concerning the incidents at CRMS, and
retaliation stemming from Hamner I. After receiving her right to sue letter from the
EEOC, Hamner filed this complaint in November 2018.
This case was previously before Judge Abdul Kallon. On July 10, 2019, Judge
Kallon entered a Memorandum Opinion and Order granting in part and denying in
part Defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s original Complaint. (See doc. 22.)
Judge Kallon dismissed without prejudice the Title VII and § 1981 claims against the
Individual Defendants, the battery claim against TCSS, and allowed Hamner leave
to amend her complaint to replead her § 1981 retaliation claim against TCSS
pursuant to § 1983. This case was then reassigned to the undersigned in July 2019.

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Hamner then filed an Amended Complaint, repleading only the § 1981 claim
against TCSS pursuant to § 1983 and omitting all other claims from her original
Complaint. (See doc. 28.) More than eight months after Hamner filed her Amended
Complaint, the Individual Defendants filed a Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
as the Amended Complaint contained no allegations against them. (See doc. 32.)
Hamner responded to the motion, stating that she intended for her Amended
Complaint to be an “amendment” to her original Complaint, and did not intend to
abandon all claims against the Individual Defendants. (See doc. 36.) Then, Hamner
filed a Second Amended Complaint, again stating that her Amended Complaint was
intended to supplement her original complaint, not supersede it. (See doc. 45.) This
Court construed Hamner’s Second Amended Complaint as an implied motion for
leave to amend, which was granted. (See doc. 48.) This Court thereafter denied the
Individual Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings. (See id.)
Hamner’s Second Amended Complaint includes claims previously dismissed
by Judge Kallon. (See generally doc. 45.) Defendants now seek to dismiss all claims in
Hamner’s Second Amended Complaint. (Docs. 51, 54.) This Court denied in part
TCSS’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint. (See doc. 53.)
The remaining arguments presented by Defendants will be addressed below.
II.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
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In general, a pleading must include “a short and plain statement of the claim
showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). However, in
order to withstand a motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), a
complaint “must plead enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.” Ray v. Spirit Airlines, Inc., 836 F.3d 1340, 1347–48 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)) (internal quotation marks
omitted). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content
that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for
the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Stated another
way, the factual allegations in the complaint must be sufficient to “raise a right to
relief above the speculative level.” Edwards v. Prime, Inc., 602 F.3d 1276, 1296 (11th
Cir. 2010) (quoting Rivell v. Priv. Health Care Sys., Inc., 520 F.3d 1308, 1309 (11th
Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). A complaint that “succeeds in
identifying facts that are suggestive enough to render [the necessary elements of a
claim] plausible” will survive a motion to dismiss. Watts v. Fla. Int’l Univ., 495 F.3d
1289, 1296 (11th Cir. 2007) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
In evaluating the sufficiency of a complaint, this Court first “identif[ies]
pleadings that, because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the
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assumption of truth.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. This Court then “assume[s] the[]
veracity” of the complaint’s “well-pleaded factual allegations” and “determine[s]
whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief.” Id. Review of the
complaint is “a context-specific task that requires [this Court] to draw on its judicial
experience and common sense.” Id. If the pleading “contain[s] enough information
regarding the material elements of a cause of action to support recovery under some
‘viable legal theory,’” it satisfies the notice pleading standard. Am. Fed’n of Lab. &
Cong. of Indus. Orgs. v. City of Miami, 637 F.3d 1178, 1186 (11th Cir. 2011) (quoting
Roe v. Aware Woman Ctr. for Choice, Inc., 253 F.3d 678, 683–84 (11th Cir. 2001)).
“In general, if it considers materials outside of the complaint, a district court
must convert the motion to dismiss into a summary judgment motion.” SFM
Holdings, Ltd. v. Banc of Am. Sec., LLC, 600 F.3d 1334, 1337 (11th Cir. 2010).
However, a “district court may consider an extrinsic document if it is (1) central to
the plaintiff’s claim, and (2) its authenticity is not challenged.” See id. (citing Day v.
Taylor, 400 F.3d 1272, 1276 (11th Cir. 2005)). In her Second Amended Complaint,
Hamner included her EEOC charge and notice of right to sue letter. The EEOC
charge is also referred to in Defendants’ motions to dismiss. As the Court finds the
EEOC charge central to Hamner’s claims and its authenticity is not in dispute, the
Court will take it into consideration in this Opinion.
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III.

DISCUSSION
TCSS and the Individual Defendants seek to dismiss Counts I through VII of

Hamner’s Second Amended Complaint. TCSS argues that (1) claims of retaliation
in violation of § 1981 and the state law claim for battery were properly dismissed by
Judge Kallon; and (2) Hamner failed to exhaust administrative remedies for her racebased retaliation claims. 2 The Individual Defendants argue that (1) claims against
them in their individual capacities of retaliation in violation of § 1981 and all claims
against them under Title VII were properly dismissed by Judge Kallon; (2) Plaintiff
did not show good cause to add new claims, and to allow these claims to move
forward would be prejudicial to the Individual Defendants;3 and (3) Hamner cannot
state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
A. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983
Under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, “[a]ll persons within the jurisdiction of the United
States shall have the same right in every State . . . to make and enforce contracts, to

2

This Court already addressed TCSS’s third argument for dismissal, that Hamner abandoned all
original claims when she filed her Amended Complaint, and that repleading claims from her
original Complaint was untimely, prejudicial, and thus barred. This Court disagreed, finding that
“‘justice . . . requires’ the allowance of the Second Amended Complaint [and that] Plaintiff has
demonstrated good cause to amend the Scheduling Order and allow the Amendment.” (Doc. 53 at
2–3.)
3

This Court already addressed this argument when denying in part TCSS’s Motion to Dismiss
Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint. (See doc. 53.) For the same reasons previously stated, the
Court finds this argument to be without merit.

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sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and
proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white
citizens . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Section 1981 “encompasses claims of retaliation.”
Bryant v. Jones, 575 F.3d 1281, 1301 (11th Cir. 2009) (quoting CBOCS West, Inc. v.
Humphries, 553 U.S. 442, 457 (2008)). To establish a claim for race-based retaliation
under § 1981, a plaintiff must show that (1) she engaged in statutorily protected
activity; (2) she suffered an adverse employment action; and (3) a causal link exists
between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. See id. at 1307–
08. Unlike Title VII claims, a plaintiff does not need to exhaust administrative
remedies prior to filing a claim under § 1981. See Caldwell v. Nat’l Brewing Co., 443
F.2d 1044, 1046 (5th Cir. 1971). 4
Although a plaintiff may bring an action for race-based retaliation, Ҥ 1981
does not provide an implicit cause of action against state actors; therefore § 1983
constitutes the exclusive federal remedy for violation[s] by state actors of the rights
guaranteed under § 1981.” Bryant, 575 F.3d at 1288 n.1 (citing Butts v. County of
Volusia, 222 F.3d 891, 894–95 (11th Cir. 2000)).

4

The Eleventh Circuit has adopted as precedent decisions of the former Fifth Circuit rendered
prior to October 1, 1981. Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc).

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When a plaintiff brings an action against a state actor in his official capacity,
this represents “another way of pleading an action against an entity of which [the
official] is an agent.” Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165 (1985) (quoting Monell
v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 690 n.55 (1978)). Official capacity
suits are the “functional equivalent” of claims against the entity that employs the
official, and therefore are no longer necessary because the entity can be sued directly.
Busby v. City of Orlando, 931 F.2d 764, 776 (11th Cir. 1991).
1. § 1981—Count II
Hamner cannot state a claim of retaliation against TCSS under § 1981.
“County boards of education are . . . local agencies of the state.” Ex parte Hale Cnty.
Bd. of Educ., 14 So. 3d 844, 848 (Ala. 2009) (quoting Bd. of Sch. Comm’rs of Mobile
Cnty. v. Architects Grp., 752 So. 2d 489, 491 (Ala. 1999)). TCSS is a local agency of
the state and therefore is a “state actor.” Hamner must pursue her claim of
retaliation against TCSS under § 1983. Hamner attempts to avoid this result by
arguing that TCSS is an entity that has a “right to sue,” thus it should have an
implied “right to be sued” under § 1981. The Eleventh Circuit’s precedent set forth
above is clear on this matter; therefore, Hamner’s argument fails. Accordingly,
Hamner’s § 1981 claim of retaliation against TCSS is due to be dismissed.

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Hamner also cannot state a claim of retaliation under § 1981 against the
Individual Defendants in their individual capacities. Hamner must enforce her
§ 1981 claim against the Individual Defendants pursuant to § 1983. See Bryant, 575
F.3d at 1288 n.1; Ebrahimi v. City of Huntsville Bd. of Educ., 905 F. Supp. 993, 995–
96 (N.D. Ala. 1995) (determining that § 1981 claims against school officials in their
individual capacities “must be redressed pursuant to the explicit remedial provisions
of § 1983”). Accordingly, Hamner’s § 1981 claim of retaliation against the Individual
Defendants is due to be dismissed.
2. § 1983—Count I
In Count I, Hamner asserts claims for retaliation pursuant to § 1983 against
TCSS and the Individual Defendants in their official and individual capacities.
TCSS does not challenge this claim other than to state generally in its Motion to
Dismiss Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint that “each count is due to be
dismissed.” (Doc. 52 at 1.) The only argument TCSS provides as justification for
dismissing Hamner’s race-based retaliation claims is that she failed to exhaust
administrative remedies. That requirement is inapplicable to § 1981 retaliation
claims brought pursuant to § 1983. See Patsy v. Bd. of Regents, 457 U.S. 496, 501
(1982). Accordingly, TCSS’s Motion to Dismiss Count I is due to be denied.

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The Court notes that the Individual Defendants did not challenge the
sufficiency of Hamner’s § 1983 claim in their Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Second
Amended Complaint. They only raised a ground for dismissal of Count I in their
Reply to Plaintiff’s Response to the Individual Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint. (See doc. 72.) The Individual Defendants
argue in their Reply that because they lacked the authority to suspend and terminate,
Hamner cannot demonstrate she suffered a materially adverse employment outcome
because of the Individual Defendants’ actions. 5
Not only did the Individual Defendants improperly raise this defense by failing
to include it in their Motion to Dismiss, they apply an incorrect standard for the
adverse employment action element. An adverse employment action need not be as
serious as outright termination, but it may include “adverse actions which fall short
of ultimate employment decisions,” such as written reprimands. Wideman v. WalMart Stores, Inc., 141 F.3d 1453, 1456 (11th Cir. 1998). Generally, “[a]n action is
materially adverse if it might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or
supporting a charge of discrimination.” Chapter 7 Tr. v. Gate Gourmet, Inc., 683 F.3d

5

Under Alabama law, the County Board of Education has the power to “suspend or
dismiss . . . superintendents, principals, teachers or any other employees.” ALA. CODE. § 16-8-23.

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1249, 1259 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548
U.S. 53, 68 (2006)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In Count I, Hamner alleges that in addition to her suspension and termination,
she was subjected to a retaliatory investigation regarding her “504 plans.” Hamner
claims that she was the only individual who was investigated, and that the Individual
Defendants pursued this investigation because of her participation in Hamner I. At
this stage, this allegation is sufficient to support an adverse employment action, thus
Hamner states a claim of retaliation against the Individual Defendants in their
individual capacities under § 1983. Accordingly, the Individual Defendants’ Motion
to Dismiss Count I in their individual capacities is due to be denied.6
B. Title VII—Counts III, IV, V, VI
Title VII prohibits employment discrimination based on race and sex.
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2. “[A] Title VII claim may be brought against only the employer
and not against an individual employee.” Dearth v. Collins, 441 F.3d 931, 933 (11th
Cir. 2006); see also Busby, 931 F.2d at 772.

6

The Individual Defendants do not address the allegations in Count I against them in their official
capacities. Regardless, the Court notes that as a matter of law, this claim cannot move forward. See
Busby, 931 F.2d at 776 (stating that official capacity suits are the “functional equivalent” of claims
against the entity therefore the entity is the proper party to sue). As such, only the § 1983 claims
against the Individual Defendants in their individual capacities can proceed at this time.

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In addition, a plaintiff may bring a Title VII action in district court against an
employer that discriminates against her based on race and sex but only after
exhausting administrative remedies. See Wilkerson v. Grinnell Corp., 270 F.3d 1314,
1317 (11th Cir. 2001). Typically, exhaustion requires a plaintiff to file a charge with
the EEOC. See id. The EEOC charge limits the scope of the plaintiff’s allegations.
See Gregory v. Ga. Dep’t of Hum. Res., 355 F.3d 1277, 1280 (11th Cir. 2004). However,
“the scope of an EEOC complaint should not be strictly interpreted.” Sanchez v.
Standard Brands, Inc., 431 F.2d 455, 465 (5th Cir. 1970). 7 Rather, a plaintiff’s district
court complaint “is limited by the scope of the EEOC investigation which can
reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination.” Gregory, 355
F.3d at 1280 (quoting Sanchez, 431 F.2d at 465). Thus, claims that “amplify, clarify,
or more clearly focus” the allegations in the EEOC charge are permissible, but those
that make allegations of new acts of discrimination are disallowed. See id. at 1279
(quoting Wu v. Thomas, 863 F.2d 1543, 1547 (11th Cir. 1989)).
1. Retaliation—Counts III, VI
TCSS does not argue that Hamner failed to comply with the exhaustion
requirements for her claims of retaliation in Count VI but insists that Hamner failed
to exhaust administrative remedies relative to Count III: Title VII retaliation for

7

See n.4.

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“race based racially discriminatory sexual harassment.” (Doc. 45 ¶ 98.) TCSS
interprets Hamner’s EEOC charge too narrowly. TCSS argues that nothing in the
EEOC charge refers to Hamner I, race or race-based retaliation. However, in
Hamner’s narrative in her EEOC charge, she states that the “most recent
retaliation . . . is the latest and the culmination of a long line of retaliation . . . after I
previously complained about sexual harassment and retaliation, filed an EEOC
charge and lawsuit under Title VII against TCSS.” (Doc. 45–1.) Hamner appears to
be referring to her previous lawsuit, Hamner I, which she describes in her Second
Amended Complaint as a lawsuit based upon “race based racially discriminatory
sexual harassment.” (Doc. 45 ¶ 98.)
Hamner’s failure to expressly state in her EEOC charge that Hamner I
included a race-based as well as a gender-based claim is not fatal to her retaliation
claim. She incorporated these claims by reference, and the EEOC had access to her
prior charge from Hamner I. 8
Concerning Count VI, Title VII retaliation for opposing sexual harassment
and a sexually hostile work environment, the only grounds for dismissal raised by

8 In Hamner’s first EEOC charge in Hamner I, she selected race, sex, and retaliation as the grounds

for her complaint of discrimination. See Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend Complaint at 2–2, Hamner v.
Pruitt, No. 7:15-cv-00925-LSC (N.D. Ala. Mar. 2, 2016).

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TCSS are procedural, which the Court previously denied for reasons there stated
(see doc. 53); thus, TCSS’s Motion to Dismiss Counts III and VI is due to be denied.
Hamner’s claims against the Individual Defendants in their official capacities
in Counts III and VI are due to be dismissed because Title VII allows for recovery
against the employer, not against individual employees. 9 Accordingly, Hamner’s
Title VII retaliation claims against the Individual Defendants are due to be
dismissed.
2. Gender Discrimination and Hostile Work Environment—
Counts IV, V
The only grounds for dismissal raised by TCSS are procedural, which this
Court previously denied (see doc. 53), therefore TCSS’s Motion to Dismiss Counts
IV and V is due to be denied. Because a Title VII claim must be brought against the
employer and not the employee, Hamner’s Title VII claims for gender
discrimination and hostile work environment against the Individual Defendants are
due to be dismissed.
C. Battery—Count VII
Under Alabama law, “the State of Alabama shall never be made a defendant
in any court of law or equity.” ALA. CONST. of 1901, art. 1, § 14. “This absolute

9

Plaintiff references several cases for the proposition that both the employer and individual
employees may be sued under Title VII, but she misinterprets Eleventh Circuit precedent.

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immunity extends to arms or agencies of the state.” Ex parte Montgomery Cnty. Bd.
of Educ., 270 So. 3d 1171, 1173 (Ala. 2018) (quoting Ex parte Hale Cnty. Bd. of Educ.,
14 So. 3d at 848). As agencies of the state, boards of education are “immune from
tort actions.” Id. (quoting Ex parte Hale Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 14 So. 3d at 848). As an
agency of the state, TCSS is immune from tort actions under the Alabama
Constitution. Accordingly, Hamner’s claim of battery against TCSS is due to be
dismissed. The only argument raised by the Individual Defendants against this claim
is procedural, which the Court finds to be without merit for reasons previously stated
in this Opinion. Accordingly, the Individual Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Count
VII against Henson is due to be denied. 10
IV.

CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, Defendants’ motions to dismiss (docs. 51 & 54)

are due to be granted in part and denied in part. Plaintiff’s § 1981 claims of retaliation
are due to be dismissed against Defendants. All Title VII claims are due to be
dismissed against the Individual Defendants. Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim against the
Individual Defendants in their official capacities is due to be dismissed. Plaintiff’s
state law battery claim is due to be dismissed against TCSS. All other claims remain

10

Although the Individual Defendants raised this argument, the claim was brought solely against
Defendant Henson.

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pending. An order consistent with this opinion will be entered contemporaneously
herewith.
DONE and ORDERED on September 11, 2020.

_____________________________

L. Scott Coogler
United States District Judge
202892

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