Doe #1 et al v. MG Freesites LTD et al

Filing 147

MEMORANDUM OPINION OF OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR CLASS CERTIFICATION - Given the foregoing, Plaintiff's Motion for Class Certification (Doc. 95 ) is hereby GRANTED. The Court hereby CERTIFIES the following class unde r Rule 23(b)(2) and 23(b)(3): All persons who were under the age of 18 when they appeared in a video or image that has been made available for viewing on any website owned or operated by Defendants anytime from February 12, 2011, through the present. Within twenty-one (21) days of this Order's entry, the parties are DIRECTED to meet, confer, and file a written plan for how the class-related portion of this case will proceed. Signed by Judge L Scott Coogler on 12/19/2023. (MEB2)

FILED
2023 Dec-19 AM 11:27
U.S. DISTRICT COURT
N.D. OF ALABAMA

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
WESTERN DIVISION
JANE DOE,
on behalf of herself and all
others similarly situated,

)
)
)
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
vs.
)
)
MG FREESITES, LTD, d/b/a
)
“PORNHUB”, a foreign entity;
)
MG FREESITES II LTD, a foreign )
entity; MINDGEEK, S.A.R.L., a )
foreign entity; MINDGEEK USA, )
INCORPORATED, a Delaware
)
corporation; MG CY HOLDINGS )
LTD, a foreign entity; MINDGEEK )
CONTENT RT LIMITED, a
)
foreign entity; 9219-1568 QUEBEC )
INC. d/b/a MINDGEEK, a foreign )
entity; MG BILLING LTD, a
)
foreign entity,
)
)
Defendants.
)

7:21-cv-00220-LSC

MEMORANDUM OF OPINION AND ORDER
GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR CLASS CERTIFICATION
I.

Introduction
The Court has for consideration Plaintiff Jane Doe’s motion, filed on

September 13, 2023, to certify a class under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23.
(Doc. 95.) Plaintiff describes the class as follows:
Page 1 of 54

All persons, who were under eighteen years of age at the time they were
depicted in any video or image, (1) in any commercial sex act as defined
under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1591 and 1595, or (2) in any child pornography as
defined under 18 U.S.C. § 2252A, that has been made available for
viewing on any website owned or operated by the Defendants.
(Id. at 2.) Defendants—MG Freesites, LTD, d/b/a “Pornhub”; MG Freesites II,
LTD; Mindgeek S.A.R.L.; Mindgeek USA Incorporated; MG CY Holdings LTD;
Mindgeek Content RT Limited; 9219-1568 Quebec, Inc., d/b/a Mindgeek; and MG
Billing LTD—oppose class certification (doc. 102; see also docs. 132 & 137), and
Plaintiff has replied in support of her motion. (Doc. 129; see also doc. 126).1 For the
following reasons, Plaintiff’s motion will be granted.
II.

Background
The Court assumes that the parties are familiar with Plaintiff’s complaint

allegations. This Court described them in detail in its Memorandum of Opinion and
Order denying Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss. (Doc. 42; Doe #1 v. MG Freesites,

The parties originally filed redacted motions and briefs and were then
permitted to file unredacted versions under seal. This Court believes that this
opinion should be in the public domain to the extent possible. Thus, some portions
of this opinion are redacted, and an unredacted version will be filed under seal
contemporaneously. Additionally, Doc. 126, which is Plaintiff’s motion for a status
conference to discuss an expedited ruling on the pending class certification motion,
is hereby DENIED as MOOT.

1

Page 2 of 54

LTD, 2022 WL 407147 (N.D. Ala. Feb. 9, 2022)). In short, the allegations—and
evidence submitted by the parties in conjunction with this motion—show the
following.
Plaintiff, an Alabama woman proceeding pseudonymously, is a victim of
childhood sex trafficking, and she brings this putative class action against
Defendants, who are a network of related companies that own or operate several of
the most-visited pornographic websites in the world, including www.Pornhub.com.
Pornhub is a tube site, meaning much of the site’s content comes from individual
users who create pornographic videos or images and upload them to Pornhub
themselves, subject to Pornhub’s terms and conditions. But the content is not
publicly available until Defendants allow it to be so. Defendants actively review all
content before it appears on their websites, create thumbnails, tags, and titles for that
content, and determine which uploaded content will and will not appear on their
websites. Defendants then offer the uploaders the opportunity to share in the
advertising revenue from the content they upload, through, among other things,
their Content Partner and ModelHub programs. Defendants also monetize the
content on their sites by selling premium subscriptions and harvesting user data that
they share with advertisers.

Page 3 of 54

Plaintiff alleges that Defendants have constructed and continue to use a
business model that enables them to profit from sex trafficking ventures involving
tens of thousands of children, and in so doing have also received and distributed vast
amounts of child sexual abuse material (“CSAM”) on their pornography websites.
Defendants’ business model is predicated on maximizing views and traffic to their
websites, and Plaintiff alleges that they edit the titles, tags, and keywords of content
that violates or potentially violates their terms of service so that such content can
remain live and publicly available. According to Plaintiff, this active role has not only
allowed Defendants to profit from content with tags commonly associated with
CSAM, such as “young,” “teenager,” and “tiny teen,” it has also led to the
proliferation of CSAM on their websites. For instance, Plaintiff’s abuser—who has
since been convicted of displaying obscene material depicting a minor and sexual
abuse—filmed her engaging in sexual acts while she was still a minor and uploaded
the videos to Pornhub. The videos, one of which contained the diminutive term
“Lil” in the title, were publicly available for over two years, despite several take
down requests, until law enforcement intervened.
Plaintiff brings this case on behalf of herself and all other victims whose
CSAM appeared on Pornhub and Defendants’ other sites as a result of Defendants’
business practices. Her Amended Complaint contains two counts: one alleging that

Page 4 of 54

Defendants knowingly benefitted from participation in what they knew or should
have known was a sex trafficking venture, in violation of the Trafficking Victims
Protection Reauthorization Act (“TVPRA”), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1591 and 1595 (Count I),
and the other that Defendants received and distributed child pornography in
violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252 and 2252A (Count II). Plaintiff requests that the
Court award damages and issue injunctive and equitable relief, including requiring
Defendants to identify and remove CSAM and implement corporate-wide policies
to prevent continued dissemination of CSAM on their platforms. Indeed, although
Defendants describe a variety of technological tools that they now use that were
developed in recent years that were designed to detect CSAM before it is viewable
to the public, Plaintiff contends that these new moderation practices and tools
remain ineffective in eliminating CSAM on Pornhub and the other sites.
III.

Legal Standards
Class actions, in which representative litigants may bring claims on behalf of

absent class members, are “an exception to the usual rule that litigation is conducted
by and on behalf of the individual named parties only.” Califano v. Yamasaki, 442
U.S. 682, 700–01 (1979). The class representative must be a part of the class and
“possess the same interest and suffer the same injury” as the class members. WalMart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 348 (2011).

Page 5 of 54

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 governs class certification. Id. at 345. The
class representative has the burden of proof. Valley Drug Co. v. Geneva Pharm., Inc.,
350 F.3d 1181, 1187 (11th Cir. 2003). The class representative must do three things:
1) satisfy an implied ascertainability requirement, 2) show that the class meets each
of the requirements specified in Rule 23(a), and 3) show that the class falls under at
least one of Rule 23(b)’s categories of class actions. Little v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 691
F.3d 1302, 1304 (11th Cir. 2012).
Rule 23(a) “ensures that the named plaintiffs are appropriate representatives
of the class whose claims they wish to litigate.” Wal-Mart Stores, 564 U.S. at 349.
The four requirements found in Rule 23(a) are that:
(1)

the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is
impracticable;

(2)

there are questions of law or fact common to the class;

(3)

the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of
the claims or defenses of the class; and

(4)

the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the
interests of the class.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). Courts and litigants refer to these requirements as numerosity,
commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation. Valley Drug Co., 350 F.3d
at 1188.

Page 6 of 54

Plaintiff is moving for class certification pursuant to Rule 23(b)(2) and (3). A
Rule 23(b)(3) class action must satisfy two additional requirements: (1) the
“questions of law or fact common to class members [must] predominate over any
questions affecting only individual members” and (2) a class action must be
“superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the
controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). On the other hand, Rule 23(b)(2) allows class
treatment where “the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds
that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding
declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
23(b)(2).
“Rule 23 does not set forth a mere pleading standard. A party seeking class
certification must affirmatively demonstrate [her] compliance with the Rule—that
is, [she] must be prepared to prove that there are in fact sufficiently numerous
parties, common questions of law or fact, etc.” Wal-Mart Stores, 564 U.S. at 351.
Accordingly, this Court may consider the merits of Plaintiffs’ claims “to the extent
[ ] that they are relevant to determining whether the Rule 23 prerequisites for class
certification are satisfied.” Amgen Inc. v. Conn. Ret. Plans & Tr. Funds, 568 U.S. 455,
466 (2013). This Court resolves any factual disputes by a preponderance of the
evidence standard. Wal-Mart Stores, 564 U.S. at 350–51.

Page 7 of 54

IV.

Discussion 2
A.

The Implied Ascertainability Requirement

Plaintiff’s first hurdle is to establish that the proposed class is “adequately
defined and clearly ascertainable.” Cherry v. Dometic Corp., 986 F.3d 1296, 1302
(11th Cir. 2021) (“Class representatives . . . must satisfy this requirement before the
district court can consider whether the class satisfies the enumerated prerequisites
of Rule 23(a).”). The Eleventh Circuit has traditionally “collapsed class definition
and ascertainability into one inquiry.” Id. The proposed class cannot be defined
“through vague or subjective criteria.” Id. Instead, class membership must be
capable of being determined through objective criteria so that the Court is able to
ascertain who belongs in the class. Id. at 1303–04. Importantly, “membership can be
capable of determination without being capable of convenient determination.” Id.

“[A]nalysis of class certification must begin with the issue of standing.”
Griffin v. Dugger, 823 F.2d 1476, 1482 (11th Cir. 1987). See also Wooden v. Bd. of
Regents of the Univ. Sys. of Ga., 247 F.3d 1262, 1283 n. 20 (11th Cir. 2001) (“[T]he
fact that this suit was brought as a class action does not alter [the proposed class
representative’s] obligation to show that [s]he individually satisfies the
constitutional requirements of standing.”). Defendants do not challenge Plaintiff’s
standing to pursue the present action as a general matter, although they do argue that
she lacks standing to seek injunctive relief, an argument that is addressed infra. The
Court, in independently reviewing the record, has not identified any standing
problems or other “case or controversy” concerns (e.g., ripeness or mootness) that
would prevent this case from proceeding as a class action.
2

Page 8 of 54

This means that, at least in the Eleventh Circuit, “[a]dministrative feasibility is not
an inherent aspect of ascertainablity.” Id. Administrative feasibility refers to whether
identifying class members is a “‘a manageable process that does not require much,
if any, individual factual inquiry.’” Id. at 1304 (quotation omitted).
As noted, Plaintiff defines the proposed class as follows:
All persons, who were under eighteen years of age at the time they were
depicted in any video or image, (1) in any commercial sex act as defined
under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1591 and 1595, or (2) in any child pornography as
defined under 18 U.S.C. § 2252A, that has been made available for
viewing on any website owned or operated by the Defendants.
(Doc. 95 at 2.) From this definition, it appears that the following objective criteria
can be used to ascertain who belongs in the class: 1) the age of class members at a
specific point in time; 2) the type of media depicting the class members; 3) the
specific acts or circumstances in which the class members are depicted; and 4) the
availability of the videos or images on specific websites. Indeed, none of these criteria
is subject to opinion or interpretation.
Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s class definition is impermissibly vague for
several reasons, but their arguments overcomplicate the ascertainably inquiry. First,
they say that it will be difficult to determine the identities of class members from
images or videos on Pornhub or Defendants’ other sites, since faces depicted in
pornographic videos are often obscured. They also say that it will be nearly

Page 9 of 54

impossible to determine, by merely viewing the images or videos, whether class
members were underage at the time the content depicting them was created,
especially if they were post-pubescent minors at the time of creation.
However, Plaintiff has already established her minority at the time her CSAM
was created through direct evidence, without anyone having to resort to attempting
to determine her age from a video or photo. (Ex. 18 to Doc. 95 [Plaintiff’s declaration
in which she confirms her age at the time of the creation of her CSAM]; Ex. 20 to
Doc. 95 [Defendants’ records showing date of upload of CSAM depicting Plaintiff
to Pornhub].) Class members can similarly self-identify.
In any event, Defendants’ arguments pertain more to the administrative
feasibility of the class, which the Eleventh Circuit has instructed courts not to
consider as a part of the ascertainability analysis. See Cherry, 986 F.3d at 1304. See
also Morris v. Walmart Inc., 2022 WL 1590474, at *6 (N.D. Ala. Mar. 23, 2022)
(finding ascertainability and explaining that a fact “may complicate the identification
of class members and even necessitate some self-identification, but it does not make
identification impossible”). Certainly, class members may be required to establish
their minority during any future claims administration processes in order to qualify
as members of the class and participate in any class monetary relief. But for class
certification purposes, the CSAM content documented in Defendants’ own records

Page 10 of 54

shows who the class members are. They are the people in those CSAM images on
Defendants’ websites—20,000 of which Defendants have reported to the National
Center for Missing and Exploited Children (“NCMEC”) since 2020. (Exs. 1 & 22
to Doc. 95).
Defendants also say that Plaintiff’s inclusion of references to 18 U.S.C. §§
1591, 1595, and 2252A in the class definition makes it a prohibited “fail-safe” class.
A fail-safe class is “a class whose membership can only be ascertained by a
determination of the merits of the case because the class is defined in terms of the
ultimate question of liability.” Rodriguez v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 695 F.3d
360, 369–70 (5th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted); accord Messner v. Northshore Univ.
HealthSystem, 669 F.3d 802, 825 (7th Cir. 2012) (defining a fail-safe class as “one
that is defined so that whether a person qualifies as a member depends on whether
the person has a valid claim”). The Eleventh Circuit has suggested in dicta that failsafe classes are disfavored, while not outright prohibiting them. See Cordoba v.
DIRECTV, LLC, 942 F.3d 1259, 1277 (11th Cir. 2019).
However, even if the wording of Plaintiff’s class definition runs the risk of
making it a fail-safe class, the Court needn’t deny class certification on this basis.
Rather, this Court can redefine the class to more clearly describe the class of
individuals affected by Defendants’ conduct. See Moody v. Circle K Stores, Inc., 2023

Page 11 of 54

WL 404018, at *4 (N.D. Ala. Jan. 25, 2023) (the Court has discretion to “revise the
class on its own, or permit the plaintiff to cure the flawed definition”) (citing
Messner, 669 F.3d at 825 (“the fail-safe problem is “more of an art than a science . .
. and often should be resolved by redefining the class definition rather than flatly
denying class certification on that basis.”) (quotation omitted)); Cox v. Community
Loans of Am., Inc., 2014 WL 1216511, at *14 (M.D. Ga. Mar. 24, 2014) (explaining
that the court may “redefine the class to bring it within the scope of Rule 23”); 5
James W. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 23.24[7] (3d ed. 2007).
Plaintiff has already suggested an alternative class definition, which is:
All persons who were under the age of 18 when they appeared in a video
or image that has been made available for viewing on any website owned
or operated by [Defendants] anytime from February 12, 2011 through
the present.
(Doc. 129 at 56 n.35.) The Court finds that this alternative definition adequately
defines the class and avoids putting it in the fail-safe category and will thus use it
going forward.
Finding that the class is ascertainable, the Court now turns to the four
requirements found in Rule 23(a).
B.

The Rule 23(a) Requirements
1.

Numerosity

Page 12 of 54

Rule 23(a)(1) requires that the class be “so numerous that joinder of all
members is impracticable.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1). Numerosity is “generally [a]
low hurdle,” Vega v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 564 F.3d 1256, 1267 (11th Cir. 2009), and
a class of “more than forty” members is “generally” adequate, Cox v. Am. Cast Iron
Pipe Co., 784 F.2d 1546, 1153 (11th Cir. 1986). Here, Plaintiff contends that the
proposed class numbers at least in the thousands. As noted, Defendants’ own
records indicate that they have made over 20,000 reports to NCMEC of apparent
CSAM on their websites. (Exs. 1 & 22 to Doc. 95.) The Court finds that the
numerosity requirement is met.
2.

Commonality

To satisfy the commonality requirement, a party seeking class certification
must demonstrate “there are questions of law or fact common to the class.” Fed. R.
Civ. P. 23(a)(2). The class members’ claims must “depend upon a common
contention . . . of such a nature that it is capable of classwide resolution—which
means that determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to
the validity of each one of the claims in one stroke.” Wal-Mart Stores, 564 U.S. at
350. “For purposes of Rule 23(a)(2) even a single common question will do.” Id. at
359. See also Williams v. Mohawk Indus., Inc., 568 F.3d 1350, 1355 (11th Cir. 2009)
(“Commonality requires ‘that there be at least one issue whose resolution will affect

Page 13 of 54

all or a significant number of the putative class members.’”) (quoting Stewart v.
Winter, 669 F.2d 328, 335 (5th Cir. 1982)).
Plaintiff seeks to certify a class based on the violations of the federal child
pornography prohibitions and the TVPRA. To establish liability under the federal
child pornography statutes, Plaintiff must prove that Defendants knowingly received
or distributed child pornography in interstate or foreign commerce. 18 U.S.C. §
2252A(a)(2). To prevail under the TVPRA, Plaintiff must show that Defendants
knowingly benefitted financially or by receiving anything of value from participation
in a venture that Defendants knew or should have known has engaged in child sex
trafficking. 18 U.S.C. § 1595(a). Plaintiff has identified the following common
questions that she says will be relevant to her claims and that are susceptible to classwide proof:
•

Whether CSAM has appeared on Defendants’ websites;

•

How Defendants obtain content for their websites;

•

How Defendants review and moderate content that appears on their websites;

•

Whether Defendants’ policies and practices allowed CSAM to appear on
their websites or were inadequate to stop CSAM from appearing on
their websites;

•

How Defendants monetize content on their websites and whether they
profited from CSAM appearing on their websites;

Page 14 of 54

•

Whether Defendants knew or should have known that CSAM has appeared
on their websites;

•

Whether Defendants knowingly benefitted from sex trafficking ventures;

•

Whether Defendants’ conduct constitutes sex trafficking, dissemination of
videos depicting minors in commercial sex acts or child pornography, or child
exploitation in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1591, 1595, and 2252A.

(Doc. 95-1 at 14–15).
The Court agrees with Plaintiff that these questions and issues all relate to the
same practices and policies that Defendants have used to operate their websites that
have resulted in Plaintiff’s and the putative class members’ CSAM being distributed
to the public in violation of federal sex trafficking and child pornography laws, and,
therefore, all are susceptible of being resolved by class-wide proof. See Menocal v.
GEO Grp., Inc., 882 F.3d 905, 916–17 (10th Cir. 2018) (commonality requirement
satisfied where “all members of the TVPA [forced labor] class based their claims on
the [same] Policy” of defendants). Defendants have failed to persuade the Court that
there is not “at least one issue whose resolution will affect all or a significant number
of the putative class members.” Mohawk, 568 F.3d at 1355. 3 Thus, the commonality
requirement is met.

Although Defendants vigorously argue that sex trafficking crimes are highly
individualized in their circumstances and that making the determination as to

3

Page 15 of 54

3.

Typicality

The third Rule 23(a) requirement, typicality, “measures whether a sufficient
nexus exists between the claims of the named representatives and those of the class
at large.” Busby v. JRHBW Realty, Inc., 513 F.3d 1314, 1322–23 (11th Cir. 2008)
(quotation omitted). “A sufficient nexus is established if the claims or defenses of
the class and the class representative arise from the same event or pattern or practice
and are based on the same legal theory.” Kornberg v. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 741
F.2d 1332, 1337 (11th Cir. 1984). “Typicality, however, does not require identical
claims or defenses. A factual variation will not render a class representative’s claim
atypical unless the factual position of the representative markedly differs from that
of other members of the class.” Id. (citation omitted).
The court easily finds that a “sufficient nexus” exists between Plaintiff’s
claims and those of the putative class. See id. Plaintiff and the class contend that
Defendants’ websites hosted pornographic videos depicting them when they were
minors. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants’ policies and practices made dissemination
of this CSAM, both of her and the putative class members, possible. In other words,

whether a particular individual was trafficked cannot be done on group basis, their
arguments are better addressed when the Court discusses the predominance
requirement found in Rule 23(b)(3), infra.
Page 16 of 54

she alleges the same conduct of Defendants caused injuries common to all class
members. See Menocal, 882 F.3d at 917 (typicality requirement satisfied where “the
claims of all the class members—including the representatives—share the same
theory: that GEO knowingly obtained class members’ labor by means of the
Sanitation Policy . . . . The class representatives allege that they—just like all other
Aurora Facility detainees in the relevant period—performed ‘mandatory,
uncompensated work . . . under [GEO’s] Housing Unit Sanitation policy.’”).
Defendants argue that Plaintiff is not typical of the class because her claims
may be subject to “unique defenses” that other class members may not have. (Doc.
102 at 43–44 (citing Bryant v. Southland Tube, 294 F.R.D. 633, 648 (N.D. Ala.
2013))). Specifically, Defendants argue that because Plaintiff suffered many
injustices in her life prior to learning that videos of her had been uploaded onto
Pornhub, including parental abuse, sexual assaults, attempted suicides and
institutionalization at a residential mental health treatment facility, 4 it would be

Defendants submitted the declaration of a trauma psychologist who reviewed
records pertaining to Plaintiff. (Ex. 4 to Doc. 102.) The psychologist opined that the
mental disorders that Plaintiff has been diagnosed with “do not arise solely from
exposure to one or two stressful events such as the nonconsensual posting of
pornographic material [Plaintiff] described.” (Id. at 1.) The psychologist did not
examine Plaintiff, nor did she “draw diagnostic conclusions about her mental status,
diagnoses, and/or psychological functioning.” (Id. at 2.)
4

Page 17 of 54

difficult for the trier of fact to determine what injury is attributable to the uploading
of content to Pornhub versus what injury would be attributable to these other life
events.
This argument ignores that each CSAM victim suffers a personal injury due
to the very fact that CSAM of them exists, regardless of whether that injury
manifests in emotional distress, physical symptoms, or in some other fashion. See
New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 758-59 (1982) (“[T]he use of children as subjects
of pornographic materials is harmful to the physiological, emotional, and mental
health of the child. . . . and the harm to the child is exacerbated by their
circulation.”); Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. 234, 249 (2002) (“[A]s a
permanent record of a child’s abuse, the continued circulation itself would harm the
child who had participated. Like a defamatory statement, each new publication . . .
would cause new injury to the child’s reputation and emotional well-being.”); St.
Louis v. Perlitz, 176 F. Supp. 3d 97, 99 (D. Conn. 2016) (“Congress has recognized
that distribution of child pornography on the Internet inflicts an injury on the minor
victims depicted in the pornographic material.”). As a result, Plaintiff and every
other minor whose CSAM appeared on Defendants’ websites suffered at least this
same injury.

Page 18 of 54

Further, the case on which Defendants rely is an employment discrimination
case where the court found typicality lacking because each named class
representative had different factual circumstances surrounding the defendant’s
failure to promote them: they were employed in different positions; they desired
different training and promotions; some asked for a promotion while others never
did; some had issues with their job performance or attendance that made them
unlikely candidates for promotion or merit raises; yet others were promoted
numerous times. Bryant, 294 F.R.D. at 648. Additionally, the defendant in Bryant
stated that its reasons for awarding promotions were specific to the individual and
not based on a policy of race discrimination. Id. This case bears no similarity to
Bryant, or to any discrimination case, because Plaintiff’s claims concern Defendants’
common business practices and policies.
Finally, any differences in the emotional distress suffered by class members
could be addressed during any future claims administration process as individuals
participate in any monetary relief award, or even in separate actions brought by class
members who might choose to opt out of this class action to pursue their own
individual damages claims. See In re Checking Account Overdraft Litig., 2022 WL
472057, at *5 (11th Cir. Feb. 16, 2022) (rejecting the argument that the named
plaintiff “lacks the typicality needed for Rule 23(a)(3) because he has a unique

Page 19 of 54

defense” and noting that even if the “defense would be dispositive as to most class
members if they attempted to sue individually, there is still a ‘sufficient nexus’ . . .
between [the plaintiff’s] claims and the class’s claims to render [the plaintiff] typical
under Rule 23(a)(3).”). As such, the typicality requirement is satisfied.
4.

Adequate Representation

“Adequacy of representation” is the final Rule 23(a) requirement. “The
adequacy inquiry under Rule 23(a)(4) serves to uncover conflicts of interest between
named parties and the class they seek to represent.” Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor,
521 U.S. 591, 625 (1997). The adequacy-of-representation requirement thus
“encompasses two separate inquiries: (1) whether any substantial conflicts of
interest exist between the representatives and the class; and (2) whether the
representatives will adequately prosecute the action.” Valley Drug, 350 F.3d at 1189
(quotations omitted).
There is no evidence that Plaintiff or her counsel has any conflict of interest
with other class members. Rather, Plaintiff’s claims are consistent with those of the
class members, who would all allege to have suffered the same type of injury because
of Defendants’ conduct. See Amchem Prods., Inc., 521 U.S. at 625–26 (to satisfy the
adequacy of representation requirement, the class representative “must be part of
the same class and possess the same interest and suffer the same injury as the class

Page 20 of 54

members”) (quotation omitted); Valley Drug, 350 F.3d at 1189 (for the adequacy of
representation requirement, conflicts of interest exist only “where some party
members claim to have been harmed by the same conduct that benefitted other
members of the class”).
Further, Plaintiff has already demonstrated her commitment to prosecuting
her claims by making a large discovery production, including being deposed, and she
has declared her intention to see this litigation through to its conclusion. (Ex. 18 to
Doc. 95.) The same is true of Plaintiff’s counsel, who are qualified, experienced, and
financially able to prosecute this case, and who have already invested significant
resources into it. (Ex. 19 to Doc. 95 [Plaintiff’s counsel’s declaration discussing
counsel’s experience representing victims of sex trafficking, sexual abuse, and sexual
exploitation, as well as extensive experience with complex litigation, including class
actions and criminal cases involving sex crimes].)
Defendants argue that Plaintiff is not an adequate representative because, by
suggesting that this Court could, in its discretion, certify a class for statutory
liquidated damages only, 5 she has constructively abandoned pursuit of actual

Under 18 U.S.C. § 2255, a victim may choose to recover liquidated damages
of $150,000, as an alternative to actual damages, for both a child pornography claim
(i.e., a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A) and for a sex trafficking beneficiary liability
claim (i.e., a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591).

5

Page 21 of 54

compensatory damages to the detriment of absent class members who may wish to
seek them. To the contrary, the Court does not read Plaintiff’s motion as abandoning
any type of damages. Plaintiff clearly seeks all forms of damages on behalf of the
class—statutory, compensatory, and punitive. (Doc. 95-1 at 40.) Accordingly,
Plaintiff is an adequate representative of the class.
Finding that Plaintiff has met the four requirements for a class action under
Rule 23(a), the Court now turns to the two categories of classes found in Rule 23(b)
that Plaintiff requests be certified.
C.

Categories of Class Actions Under Rule 23(b)

In addition to the Rule 23(a) requirements, Plaintiff must also establish one or
more of the grounds for maintaining a class action under Rule 23(b). Klay v. Humana,
Inc., 382 F.3d 1241, 1250 (11th Cir. 2004) (every putative class must meet “at least
one of the requirements set forth in Rule 23(b)”). Plaintiff seeks certification under
Rule 23(b)(3) and 23(b)(2).
1.

Rule 23(b)(3) Common Questions Class

Rule 23(b)(3) allows certification when the court finds that (1) “questions of
law or fact common to the members of the class predominate over any questions
affecting only individual members,” and (2) “a class action is superior to other
available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R.

Page 22 of 54

Civ. P. 23(b)(3). The Court will address predominance and superiority in turn,
finding that Plaintiff meets both requirements.
i.

The Predominance Requirement

“Common issues of fact and law predominate if they ‘ha[ve] a direct impact
on every class member’s effort to establish liability and on every class member’s
entitlement to injunctive and monetary relief.’” Williams, 568 F.3d at 1357 (quoting
Klay, 382 F.3d at 1255). Assessing predominance requires “a pragmatic assessment
of the entire action and all the issues involved.” Id. (quoting 5 James Wm. Moore et
al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 23.45[1] (3d ed. 2008)). “Where, after adjudication of
the classwide issues, plaintiffs must still introduce a great deal of individualized proof
or argue a number of individualized legal points to establish most or all of the
elements of their individual claims, such claims are not suitable for class certification
under Rule 23(b)(3).” Id. (quoting Klay, 382 F.3d at 1255). Rule 23(b)(3)’s
predominance inquiry is “far more demanding” than Rule 23(a)’s commonality
requirement. Id. (quoting Amchem Prods., 521 U.S. at 623–24).
In this circuit, the predominance inquiry involves three steps. See Brown v.
Electrolux Home Prods., Inc., 817 F.3d 1225, 1234–35 (11th Cir. 2016). First, the court
“must . . . identify the parties’ claims and defenses and their elements.” Id. at 1234
(citing Klay, 382 F.3d at 1254 & n.7). Second, the court “should . . . classify these

Page 23 of 54

issues as common questions or individual questions by predicting how the parties
will prove them at trial.” Id. (citing Klay, 382 F.3d at 1255). “Common questions are
ones where ‘the same evidence will suffice for each member,’ and individual
questions are ones where the evidence will ‘var[y] from member to member.’” Id.
(quoting Blades v. Monsanto Co., 400 F.3d 562, 566 (8th Cir. 2005)). Third, “[a]fter
identifying the common and individual questions, the district court should
determine whether the common questions predominate over the individual ones.”
Id. at 1234–35. Predominance is a “qualitative assessment, too;” meaning that the
“relative importance” of the common versus individual questions is also a
consideration. Id. at 1235 (quotation omitted).
The Court will consider whether common questions of law or fact
predominate as to each of Plaintiff’s claims.
a.

Common Questions Predominate Over
Individual Ones on Plaintiff’s Sex Trafficking
Beneficiary Liability Claim under 18 U.S.C. §§
1591(a)(2) and 1595(a)

Count I of Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint alleges that Defendants knowingly
benefitted from participation in what they knew or should have known was a sex

Page 24 of 54

trafficking venture, in violation of the TVPRA, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1591(a)(2) & 1595(a). 6
To prove “beneficiary liability” under the TVPRA, Plaintiff must prove that 1)
Defendants knowingly participated in a venture, 2) they knowingly received a benefit
from their participation in the venture, 3) the venture violated the TVPRA as to
Plaintiff, and 4) Defendants knew or should have known that the venture violated
the TVPRA as to Plaintiff. See Doe #1 v. Red Roof Inns, Inc., 21 F.4th 714, 723 (11th
Cir. 2021) (TVPRA beneficiary liability claim against a hotel franchisor). See also Doe
v. Twitter, 2021 WL 3675207, at *25 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 19, 2021) (defining the elements
of a TVPRA beneficiary liability claim similarly, in a case against an electronic
services provider).
Before turning to whether common questions predominate over individual
ones as to each of these four elements, the Court notes that Plaintiff argued for the
first time in her reply brief that she is also claiming that Defendants committed direct
sex trafficking in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)—every time they allowed CSAM
of a victim to be viewed by the public. (See doc. 129 at 24–25.) Arguments raised for

Section 1591(a) defines the violations (both direct and beneficiary), 18 U.S.C.
§ 1591(a), and section 1595 permits a party to bring a civil claim against perpetrators
of sex trafficking and against persons or entities who, although not the direct
perpetrator, knowingly benefitted from participating in what they knew or should
have known was a sex trafficking venture. See 18 U.S.C. § 1595(a).
6

Page 25 of 54

the first time in a reply memorandum are ordinarily not considered. See Herring v.
Sec’y, Dep. of Corr., 397 F.3d 1338, 342 (11th Cir. 2005). The Court did allow
Defendants to submit a sur-reply, in which they responded in opposition to this
argument. (See doc. 137.) Nonetheless, Plaintiff never alleged a direct trafficking
claim in her Amended Complaint, nor did she argue that theory in opposition to
Defendants’ motion to dismiss. A complaint may not be amended through
responsive briefing. See Huls v. Llabona, 437 F. App’x 830, 832 n.5 (11th Cir. 2011)
(finding that a claim is not properly raised where asserted for the first time in
response to a motion to dismiss). Accordingly, the Court will not entertain Plaintiff’s
direct sex trafficking allegation at this time.
To prove section 1591(a)(2) beneficiary liability, Plaintiff must first prove that
Defendants knowingly participated in a venture. The Eleventh Circuit has defined
“participation in a venture” for purposes of TVPRA beneficiary liability as “taking
part in a common undertaking or enterprise involving risk and potential profit.” Red
Roof Inns, 21 F.4th at 726. The beneficiary must be shown to have associated with
Plaintiff’s trafficker in order to serve the beneficiary’s business objective. Id. (citing
Ricchio v. McLean, 853 F.3d 553, 555 (1st Cir. 2017)). Plaintiff may prove a “direct
association” or a “continuous business relationship” between the beneficiary and

Page 26 of 54

the plaintiff’s trafficker. J.G. v. Northbrook Indus., Inc., 619 F. Supp. 3d 1228, 1235
(N.D. Ga. 2022).
Plaintiff can easily use evidence common to all class members to try to prove
that Defendants participated in a venture with her sex trafficker and class members’
sex traffickers. Plaintiff can show that Defendants obtained CSAM through their
direct association and contractual relationships with sex traffickers. Defendants’
own business records demonstrate that uploaders submit content to Defendants’
websites pursuant to the same terms and conditions, that Defendants actively review
all content before it appears on their websites, that they create thumbnails, tags, and
titles for that content, and they determine what uploaded content will and will not
appear on their websites. Defendants’ entire business model is premised on their
contractual relationship with individuals who submit pornographic content to be
uploaded, some of whom sadly are sex traffickers as the TVPRA defines that term.
Plaintiff must next demonstrate that Defendants “knew [they were] receiving
some value from participating in the alleged venture.” Red Roof Inns, 21 F.4th at 724.
Plaintiff can easily attempt to prove this element through generalized evidence
common to all class members from Defendants’ own business records of how
Defendants profited from uploaded videos and images. CSAM is a commodity and a
“thing of value” under the TVPRA. United States v. Cook, 782 F.3d 983, 989 (8th

Page 27 of 54

Cir. 2015) (child pornography “photographs and videos” are “things of value”
within the meaning of “commercial sex act” under 18 U.S.C. § 1591). Evidence that
would be the same for all class members shows that advertisements appear next to
all videos on Defendants’ websites; Defendants share in advertising revenue with
uploaders based on the advertisements that appear next to their content; uploaders,
like Plaintiff’s trafficker, have uploaded CSAM onto Defendants’ websites; and
Defendants generate revenue from tags commonly associated with CSAM found on
their websites, like “young,” “teenager,” “teen,” and “petite.” (Ex. 2 to Doc. 95
[listing tags]; Ex. 6 to Doc. 95 [listing the highest-to-lowest revenue generating tags
on Defendants’ websites in November 2019, with “young” ranked second,
“teenager” ranked third, “teen” ranked 13th, “petite” ranked 18th, and various
combinations thereof, such as “young tiny teen” ranking in the top hundreds].)
Third, Plaintiff must also prove that the venture violated the TVPRA as to
her—and as to the other class members. See Northbrook Indus., 619 F. Supp. 3d at
1238 (citing Red Roof Inns, 21 F.4th at 725). With regard to herself, Plaintiff alleges
that she was trafficked in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a), which makes it a crime to
cause a person under 18 years old to “engage in a commercial sex act.” 18 U.S.C. §
1591(a). Consequently, Plaintiff must [prove] that the venture in which [Defendants]
participated caused Plaintiff to engage in a commercial sex act.” Northbrook Indus.,

Page 28 of 54

619 F. Supp. 3d at 1238 (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)). Under the TVPRA, the “term
‘commercial sex act’ means any sex act, on account of which anything of value is
given to or received by any person.” 18 U.S.C. § 1591(e)(3). Accordingly, the
TVPRA makes it illegal to benefit from the dissemination of videos or images of
minors engaging in sex acts for which anyone received something of value. In this
case, the exposure, platform, and financial incentives provided to Defendants’
uploaders and the profits Defendants’ themselves reap from traffic on their websites
constitute things of value. With regard to the absent class members, independent of
how each class member was trafficked in the first place, Plaintiff can certainly
attempt to demonstrate through the evidence that would be the same for all class
members that Defendants violated the TVPRA as to Plaintiff and the class members
by the fact that their CSAM has appeared on Defendants’ websites, and someone
received something of value from the CSAM.
Finally, Plaintiff must prove, at the least, that Defendants should have known
that she—and the other class members—were victims of sex trafficking.
Constructive knowledge has been defined as “that knowledge which ‘one using
reasonable care or diligence should have.’” Red Roof Inns, 21 F.4th at 725 (quoting
Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019)). As to Plaintiff specifically, she has already
submitted evidence showing that her trafficker uploaded her CSAM onto Pornhub,

Page 29 of 54

where it remained publicly available for viewing for over two years and—despite
several requests that were submitted to Defendants in February 2020 that it be taken
down—it was not removed until law enforcement contacted Defendants in July
2020. (Exs. 21 & 15 to Doc. 95.) Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that Defendants had
constructive knowledge of her CSAM on Pornhub.
But Plaintiff must also prove that Defendants had constructive knowledge that
the absent class members were sex trafficking victims. Defendants argue that
Plaintiff will not be able to use common evidence to demonstrate this because each
class member’s circumstances are unique, and a general awareness of CSAM being
present on Defendants’ sites is not enough. However, Plaintiff has come forward
with evidence regarding Defendants’ policies and practices that could be used to
meet this element of the TVPRA claim. For instance, Defendants’ internal content
moderation policies, until recently, directed moderators to give “significant
leniency” to Content Partner and ModelHub members in terms of moderating their
content for CSAM. (Ex. 7 to Doc. 95.) Defendants’ records show that tags such as
“infant,” “kiddy,” “preteen,” and “underage” were not banned on their websites
until 2019. (Ex. 29 to Doc. 95.) Defendants’ corporate representative testified that
they still do not verify the ages of co-performers in videos. (Ex. 30 at 33 to Doc. 95.)
Email and chat feature conversations among Defendants’ employees demonstrate

Page 30 of 54

instances where they knew that CSAM has appeared on their websites. (See, e.g., Ex.
31 to Doc. 95 [employees discussing a 15-year-old whose CSAM was on websites].)
Defendants’ records showed 252 legal requests, 24 of which explicitly involved
CSAM, that Defendants received between May and July 2020. (Ex. 32 to Doc. 95.)
Evidence such as this, which is common to all class members, can demonstrate that
Defendants have participated in a venture that they knew or should have known
violated the TVPRA as to the class members. This issue will obviously be vigorously
litigated, but importantly, Rule 23(b)(3) requires a showing only that “questions
common to the class predominate, not that those questions will be answered, on the
merits, in favor of the class.” Amgen, 568 U.S. at 459.
The Court is also not persuaded by Defendants’ argument that individual
issues as to how each absent class member was trafficked will bog the Court down.
Specifically, Defendants contend that the Court will have to determine whether each
class member was a minor when the content was created; the specific manner in
which they were trafficked as described in section 1591(a); whether their trafficker
had knowledge or reckless disregard that they were a minor; and whether their
trafficker intended to profit from the videos at the time they were made. Each
contention is addressed in turn.

Page 31 of 54

First, Defendants say that each class member will have to establish that he or
she was a minor at the time the content was created, which is in most cases nearly
impossible to do by just inspecting a video or image. However, as already discussed,
class members may self-identify, as Plaintiff has done. Absent class members may
have to establish that they were minors at the time their CSAM was created, which
they can do as part of the claims administrative process to participate in any class
monetary relief. At that time, Defendants may challenge these claims. And contrary
to Defendants’ suggestion, Defendants’ due process right to ensure that each class
member prove his or her claim to relief is not offended by the class certification
process. See In re Takata Airbag Prod. Liability Lit., -- F. Supp. 3d --, 2023 WL
4925368, at *12 (S.D. Fla. June 20, 2023) (“[S]o long as the defendant is given a fair
opportunity to challenge the claim to class membership and to contest the amount
owed each claimant during the claims administration process, its due process rights
have been protected.”) (quoting Mullins v. Direct Digital, LLC, 795 F.3d 654, 671
(7th Cir. 2015)).
Second, Defendants argue that determining whether a class member was
recruited, enticed, harbored, transported, provided, obtained, advertised,
maintained, patronized, or solicited—taking the language from 18 U.S.C. §
1591(a)(1) that describes the different ways a victim may be sex trafficked—will differ

Page 32 of 54

from class member to class member, will require investigation, and would not be
information that is even available to Defendants. But regardless of how the person
who uploaded the CSAM to Defendants’ websites or committed sexual abuse
committed the direct sex trafficking, the fact remains that the CSAM somehow made
its way onto Defendants’ websites. The very fact that Plaintiff’s CSAM and
thousands of other CSAM videos have appeared on Defendants’ websites
demonstrates that the people who uploaded the videos “obtained,” “maintained,”
or “provided” minors for “commercial sex acts” within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. §
1591(a).
Third, Defendants assert that proving whether the trafficker “knew or
recklessly disregarded” the age of a person is an individualized inquiry that is not
susceptible to a common method of proof. 7 But regardless of the state of mind of the
perhaps thousands of third-party direct sex traffickers, this case is about what
Defendants knew or should have known, and as discussed, Plaintiff can show that

Plaintiff makes another argument for the first time in her reply brief, which is
that she need not prove the mens rea of either the uploader or of Defendants because
she can utilize section 1591(c) of the TVPRA, which removes that requirement as
long as the defendant “had a reasonable opportunity to observe the [minor].” 18
U.S.C. § 1591(c). The Court is not considering this argument because it was raised
for the first time in Plaintiff’s reply brief. See Herring, 397 F.3d at 342. In any event,
the Court is not convinced that this section of the TVPRA applies to in this case
factually or legally.
7

Page 33 of 54

CSAM was prevalent on Defendants’ sites, Defendants allowed titles and tags
associated with CSAM on uploaded content, they knew uploaders were posting
significant amounts of CSAM to their websites and, despite that knowledge,
Defendants did not implement sufficient policies and practices to prevent that from
occurring over and over again. Defendants’ policies certainly show their
constructive knowledge.
Finally, Defendants argue that each class member would have to prove that
their uploader intended to make money from the videos at the time they were made,
and the circumstances and motives behind the creation of each video vary
considerably. However, there is no such requirement in the TVPRA. Section 1591(a)
does not require evidence of such intent but only requires that the sex trafficker have
“knowledge” or “reckless disregard of the fact” that the victim “will be caused to
engage in a commercial sex act.” 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a). “The term ‘commercial sex
act’ means any sex act, on account of which anything of value is given to or received
by any person.” Id. § 1591(e)(3). And Defendants’ own business records and entire
business model shows that they certainly monetize all of the content on their
websites through advertisements and have contractual relationships with uploaders
in which Defendants place a monetary value of the content each uploader provides.

Page 34 of 54

In sum, Plaintiff is not required to establish that every single element of her
claims is susceptible to class-wide proof. Rather, “[t]he predominance inquiry asks
whether the common, aggregation-enabling, issues in the case are more prevalent or
important than the non-common, aggregation-defeating, individual issues.” Tyson
Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo, 577 U.S. 442, 453 (2016) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). To “require a plaintiff to show that no individual issues exist . . .
would be an impossibly high standard.” Doe 1 v. JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A., 2023
WL 3945773, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Jun. 12, 2023). Here, the Court will not need to
consider the individual actions and circumstances of every class member or every
underlying sex trafficker to resolve the question of Defendants’ liability on Plaintiff’s
sex trafficking claims on a class wide basis. The focus of Plaintiff’s claims is what
Defendants did with the class members’ CSAM, their failure to prevent CSAM from
appearing on their sites, and that can be proven from Defendant’s own business
records regardless of how each piece of CSAM was created and uploaded. Failure to
prevent the CSAM affects every class member the same, and it predominates over
every other issue.
Further, while the TVPRA cases against hotel franchisors may be instructive
in espousing the elements of a beneficiary liability claim, they are factually
distinguishable from this case. In Red Roof Inns, relied upon by Defendants, the

Page 35 of 54

plaintiffs alleged that they were trafficked in Atlanta-area hotels and that the
defendant hotel franchisors were liable as TVPRA beneficiaries by knowingly
allowing criminals to use their hotels for prostitution and profiting from renting
rooms to them. 21 F.4th at 719–20, 726. In support, they alleged that the defendants
sent inspectors to the hotels who “would have seen signs of sex trafficking” and that
they had “received [online] reviews mentioning sex work occurring at the hotels.”
Id. at 727. The Eleventh Circuit found no liability, explaining that the TVPRA
requires proof the defendant “participated in a common undertaking . . . that
violated the TVPRA—i.e., the alleged sex trafficking ventures” and that even if the
defendants knew of and profited from the trafficking, “observing something is not
the same as participating in it.” Id. at 726-27.
However, the evidence discussed above demonstrates that Plaintiff can
attempt to show that Defendants have done much more in this case than simply
“observ[e] something.” See id. Indeed, Defendants are more like the hotel
franchisees (who owned and operated the local hotels at issue) upon which liability
was established based on the hotel franchisees’ direct “ongoing business relationship
with known pimps and prostitutes in which they rented rooms to be used for
commercial sex.” See Does 1–4 v. Red Roof Inns, Inc., 2023 WL 5444261, at *3 (N.D.
Ga. Aug. 10, 2023). In light of that direct relationship between the hotel franchisee

Page 36 of 54

and the traffickers who rented its rooms, evidence that the hotel franchisee regularly
observed the traffickers and the victims (including some who appeared “young or
underage”), had received complaints about prostitution, and booked the traffickers
into remote rooms that were less visible to others, presented genuine issues of
material fact regarding whether the hotel franchisee “knowingly participated in a sex
trafficking venture.” Id. Similarly, Defendants here permitted traffickers to have
space on their platforms, were able to regularly observe both the traffickers and
victims through the upload and review process, and participated in and facilitated
the trafficking by creating thumbnails, tagging, titling, otherwise altering,
disseminating, and then monetizing the CSAM.
In sum, the Court finds that common questions predominate on Plaintiff’s
TVPRA claim.
b.

Common Questions Predominate Over
Individual Ones on Plaintiff’s Receipt or
Distribution of Child Pornography Claim under
18 U.S.C. § 2252A

Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint also alleges that Defendants received and
distributed child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252 and 2252A. The
elements Plaintiff must prove under 18 U.S.C. § 2252A are that: (1) the defendant
“receive[d] or distribute[d]” child pornography”; (2) in interstate or foreign
commerce “by any means, including by computer”; and (3) the defendant did so
Page 37 of 54

“knowingly.” 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2). “Any person aggrieved by reason of the
conduct prohibited under subsection [2252A(a)(2)] may commence a civil action.”
18 U.S.C. § 2252A(f)(1).
Plaintiff can use evidence common to all class members to attempt to prove all
of the elements of the child pornography claims in this case. As to the first element,
receipt or distribution of child pornography, evidence of Defendants’ own practices
and business operations demonstrates that when Defendants receive content from
third parties, that content sometimes constitutes CSAM, and Defendants have
distributed CSAM on their websites. Indeed, since 2020, Defendants have reported
to NCMEC over 20,000 instances of CSAM that had been on their websites. (Ex. 1
to Doc. 95.) As to the second element, “in interstate or foreign commerce,” 18
U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2), Plaintiff can show that Defendants operate some of the largest
commercial pornography websites in the world, and those websites are available
throughout the United States and worldwide.
With regard to the knowledge element, a person “knowingly receives” child
pornography when he “intentionally views, acquires, or accepts child pornography
on a computer from an outside source.” United States v. Pruitt, 638 F.3d 763, 766
(11th Cir. 2011). A person “knowingly possesse[s]” child pornography when he
“knew the [videos] in question contained a visual depiction of minors engaging in

Page 38 of 54

sexually explicit conduct.” United States v. Dixon, 589 F. App’x 427, 428 (11th Cir.
2014) (citing United States v. Alfaro–Moncada, 607 F.3d 720, 733 (11th Cir. 2010)).
Circumstantial evidence can be used to prove that a defendant knowingly received
or distributed CSAM. See id.; see also Alfaro-Moncada, 607 F.3d at 733 (explaining
that “the jury was free to reject [the defendant’s] testimony” that “he had bought
the DVDs without knowing that they contained child pornography” because the
“the covers of the DVD cases” showed “young girls [of unstated ages] engaging in
sex acts” and the defendant admitted that “he watched a ‘little bit’ of the DVDs
inside” those cases). Here, circumstantial evidence that would be common to all
class members from Defendants’ business records can be used to demonstrate their
knowledge that they received and possessed CSAM on their sites. Indeed,
Defendants have internal procedures for reviewing and identifying CSAM and
reporting it to NCMEC. They have documentation of all CSAM on their websites
including date of upload and documentation of when it was reported. There is also
evidence that almost half of all CSAM identified on Defendants’ sites was removed
after it had already been made publicly available. (Ex. 16 to Doc. 95.) Defendants’
own actions in reporting and removing apparent CSAM is common evidence that all
class members can use to prove that Defendants had knowledge that content on their
websites constituted CSAM.

Page 39 of 54

Finally, though each class member may have to demonstrate that they qualify
to participate in any class monetary judgment at the claims administration stage by
confirming their age when their CSAM was created, this is not an individual issue
that predominates over the many issues common to the class on Plaintiff’s child
pornography claim.
c.

Plaintiff’s Request for Damages Does not Defeat
Predominance

Defendants also argue that Plaintiff’s demand for actual and punitive damages
defeats predominance and make class treatment unmanageable. The Court sees no
impediment to class certification based on the issue of damages.
As an initial matter, the availability of statutory liquidated damages for sex
trafficking and child pornography victims means that damages are a common, rather
than an individualized, issue. As noted previously, 18 U.S.C. § 2255 provides
persons who were victims of violations of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1591 and 2252A while a minor
with civil causes of action for which the victims can recover their actual damages or
liquidated damages of $150,000. Accordingly, statutory damages are available in this
case as an alternative remedy on both of Plaintiff’s claims, meaning that
individualized proof of personal injury or actual damages is not necessary for Plaintiff
or the class to prevail. As the Sixth Circuit aptly explained:

Page 40 of 54

The point of [18 U.S.C. § 2255’s] minimum-damages requirement is to
allow victims of child pornography to recover without having to endure
potentially damaging damages hearings. Were it otherwise, a fresh
damages hearing might inflict fresh wounds, increasing the child’s
suffering and increasing the compensatory damages to which she is
entitled. . . . Once a child has shown she was the victim of a sex crime,
there is little point in forcing her to prove an amount of damages, only
to have the court disregard that figure and award the statutory
minimum.
Doe v. Boland, 698 F.3d 877, 882–83 (6th Cir. 2012). Of course, the Court cannot
predict what any class member would do, but it is certainly possible that class
members would accept liquidated damages in lieu of enduring a damages hearing in
which they may be forced to relive past trauma and reveal sensitive personal
information.
Even if some class members choose to pursue their actual damages under the
TVPRA and the child pornography statute pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §§ 1595 and
2255(a) rather than accept liquidated damages, this does not mean that individual
issues predominate. See Brown, 817 F.3d at 1239 (the “presence of individualized
damages issues does not prevent a finding that the common issues in the case
predominate”); see also JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A., 2023 WL 3945773, at *10 (it “is
commonplace in class actions certified under Rule 23(b)(3)” that damages may
“have to be resolved on an individualized basis”). Individualized damages issues
only predominate if “computing them will be so complex, fact-specific, and difficult
Page 41 of 54

that the burden on the court system would be simply intolerable” or if “significant
individualized questions go[ ] to liability.” Green-Cooper v. Brinker International, Inc.,
73 F.4th 883, 893 (11th Cir. 2023) (quoting Brown, 817 F.3d at 1240). In contrast,
“[i]ndividualized damages issues are of course least likely to defeat predominance
where damages can be computed according to some formula, statistical analysis, or
other easy or essentially mechanical methods.” Id. (quoting Sacred Heart Health
Sys., Inc. v. Humana Mil. Healthcare Servs., Inc., 601 F.3d 1159, 1179 (11th Cir. 2010)).
Given the option of liquidated damages for class members on both of Plaintiff’s
claims, the Court simply does not foresee that there will be thousands of mini-trials
on damages. In fact computing damages could be based upon a formula that
calculates the number of instances of CSAM, the length of time the CSAM was
publicly available, and the number of views, among other things.
Nor is the Court concerned by the fact that punitive damages are available for
Plaintiff’s TVPRA and child pornography claims. See Adhikari v. Kellogg Brown &
Root, Inc., 845 F.3d 184, 206 (5th Cir. 2017) (punitive damages available for TVPRA
claims); 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(f)(2)(B). The “focus [of punitive damages] is on the
character of the [defendant’s] conduct.” Hoever v. Marks, 993 F.3d 1353, 1359 (11th
Cir. 2021). Accordingly, a punitive damages award could be a common, rather than
individualized, issue.

Page 42 of 54

Additionally, this Court has various tools at its disposal “to effectively and
efficiently deal with individualized damages issues that may arise in a class action.”
Herman v. Seaworld Parks & Entertainment, Inc., 320 F.R.D. 271, 299 (M.D. Fla.
2017). Such tools include: “(1) bifurcating liability and damage trials with the same
or different juries; (2) appointing a magistrate judge or special master to preside over
individual damages proceedings; (3) decertifying the class after the liability trial and
providing notice to class members concerning how they may proceed to prove
damages; (4) creating subclasses; or (5) altering or amending the class.” Brown, 817
F.3d at 1239 (quotation omitted); 2 Newberg and Rubenstein on Class Actions § 4:54
(6th ed. June 2023 Update) (“a class may also be certified solely on the basis of
common liability, with individualized damages determinations left to subsequent
proceedings”). The Court need not weed through these options at this juncture, but
their availability further persuades the Court that should any manageability issues
arise with regard to damages, the Court will be well-equipped to address them.
In sum, given that Plaintiff can attempt to prove Defendants’ liability in this
case through evidence common to all class members from Defendants’ business
practices and operations, and the fact that statutory liquidated damages are available,
the Court finds that the issue of individual damages does not predominate.
ii.

The Superiority Requirement

Page 43 of 54

The second requirement of a Rule 23(b)(3) common issues class is that “a
class action [be] superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently
adjudicating the controversy.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). Four criteria for
consideration are offered:
(A)

the class members’ interests in individually controlling the
prosecution or defense of separate actions;

(B)

the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy
already begun by or against class members;

(C)

the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of
the claims in the particular forum; and

(D)

the likely difficulties in managing a class action.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). The superiority inquiry requires the Court to “consider the
relative advantages of a class action suit over whatever other forms of litigation might
be realistically available to the plaintiffs.” Klay, 382 F.3d at 1269. The outcome of
the Court’s predominance analysis “has a tremendous impact on the superiority
analysis” because “the more common issues predominate over individual issues, the
more desirable a class action lawsuit will be as a vehicle for adjudicating the plaintiffs’
claims.” Id.
Here, the four factors weigh in favor of finding that a class action is superior
to alternative forms of litigation. As to the first factor, class members would probably
not have a great interest in individually suing Defendants for several reasons.
Page 44 of 54

Discovery would be intrusive and bring to light highly sensitive material and likely
cause CSAM victims to relive past traumas. Defendants have substantial resources,
and their legal team is aggressively defending this case. Thus, CSAM victims, who
may have limited resources themselves, would have a strong interest in joining the
class, not only to avail themselves of Plaintiff’s similarly strong legal representation
and resources but also to take advantage of the fact that Plaintiff is offering to endure
the stressors of litigation on their behalf. Certifying a class also helps more vulnerable
CSAM victims come forward with their claims and potentially receive relief than
might otherwise come forward individually.
The second factor is “intended to serve the purpose of assuring judicial
economy and reducing the possibility of multiple lawsuits.” 7A Charles Alan Wright,
Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1780 at 568–70
(2d ed. 1986) (footnotes omitted). This factor appears to be concerned with the
existence of multiple individual, as opposed to class, actions. See id. (“If the court
finds that several other actions already are pending and that a clear threat of
multiplicity and a risk of inconsistent adjudications actually exist, a class action may
not be appropriate . . . Moreover, the existence of litigation indicates that some of
the interested parties have decided that individual actions are an acceptable way to
proceed, and even may consider them preferable to a class action.”). The Court is

Page 45 of 54

aware of another pending class action against Defendants asserting the same claims
and two individual lawsuits.8 The existence of two individual actions certainly does
not persuade the Court that CSAM victims would prefer individual actions to class
treatment.
Turning to the third factor, this forum certainly seems desirable because
Plaintiff is an Alabama resident, the actions giving rise to the claims occurred in this
state, and at least some Plaintiff’s lawyers are local. Perhaps most importantly, this
Court has already approved of a discovery protocol whereby the Alabama Attorney
General’s office has agreed to serve as a repository for potentially illegal imagery and
videos that may be produced in discovery or may be needed to prove or administer
the class members’ claims. (Doc. 92.) The parties, as well as this Court, have
invested substantial time and resources into crafting this solution to the problem of
how CSAM may be discovered in a civil proceeding, and the Court is not aware of a
similar protocol in any of these other cases.

The U.S. District Court for the Central District of California recently certified
a class in Doe v. MindGeek USA Inc., et al., No. 8:21-cv-00338-CJC-ADS (C.D. Cal)),
in which a plaintiff brings identical sex trafficking and child pornography claims
against Defendants, among other state law claims. Individual plaintiffs are also
asserting similar claims only on their own behalf against Defendants in two cases,
Fleites v. MindGeek S.A.R.L., No. 21-cv-04920 (C.D. Cal.) and Mother v. Franklin et
al., No. 2:22-cv-00605-ECM-KFP (M.D. Ala.)).
8

Page 46 of 54

Finally, the fourth manageability factor is a comparative inquiry that “focuses
on whether a class action ‘will create relatively more management problems than any
of the alternatives.’” Cherry, 986 F.3d at 1304 (quoting Klay, 382 F.3d at 1273).
Here, the difficulties in managing this class action do not outweigh the benefit of
maintaining a class instead of separate lawsuits. Indeed, if this class is not certified,
the individual lawsuits could number in the tens of thousands. See Carnegie v.
Household Intern., Inc., 376 F.3d 656, 660 (7th Cir. 2004) (explaining that class
actions with large number of class members generally satisfy superiority because the
“more claimants there are, the more likely a class action is to yield substantial
economies in litigation” regardless of any individual issues). Class manageability
issues, such as identifying class members or calculating individual damages, still
appear to be more manageable than thousands of individual lawsuits across the
country brought against the same network of companies. “[A]dministrative
difficulties—whether in class-member identification or otherwise—do not alone
doom a motion for certification. Indeed . . . manageability problems will ‘rarely, if
ever, be in [themselves] sufficient to prevent certification.’” Cherry, 986 F.3d at
1304 (quoting Klay, 382 F.3d at 1272); see also Klay, 382 F.3d at 1273 (“[Where a
court has already made a finding that common issues predominate over

Page 47 of 54

individualized issues, we would be hard pressed to conclude that a class action is less
manageable than individual actions.”).
In sum, the Court finds not only that common questions predominate over
individual questions on both of Plaintiff’s claims, but also that all of the relevant
factors support the conclusion that a class action is superior to other available
methods for adjudication of the claims in dispute here. A Rule 23(b)(3) class will thus
be certified. The Court now turns to Plaintiff’s additional request for an injunctive
relief class.
2.

Rule 23(b)(2) Injunctive Relief Class

Rule 23(b)(2) allows class treatment when “the party opposing the class has
acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final
injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the
class as a whole.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(1). “The key to the (b)(2) class is the
indivisible nature of the injunctive or declaratory remedy warranted—the notion
that the conduct is such that it can be enjoined or declared unlawful only as to all of
the class members or as to none of them.” Wal–Mart Stores, 564 U.S. at 360–61. Rule
23(b)(2) “requires common behavior by the defendant towards the class.” Casa
Orlando Apartments Ltd. v. Federal Nat. Mortg. Ass’n, 624 F.3d 185, 198 (5th Cir.
2010).

Page 48 of 54

The Court has no trouble concluding that, should it award declaratory or
injunctive relief, such relief would be the same for all class members. Simply put,
Plaintiff seeks an injunction to change Defendants’ practices and policies to
effectively eliminate CSAM on their websites. This injunction would benefit the
class as a whole, in the same way.
Defendants advance three arguments against certification under Rule
23(b)(2). First, they assert that Plaintiff lacks standing because she is unable to show
a threat of “actual or imminent” future harm, see Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S.
555, 560 (1992), because the videos about which she is suing were removed from
Defendants’ sites in July 2020, fingerprinted, and reported to NCMEC to protect
against re-uploading. According to Defendants, any fear Plaintiff may harbor about
the videos being re-uploaded is “conjectural [and] hypothetical,” see id., or an
insufficient expression of future harm that does not confer Article III standing.
The Court could not disagree more with Defendants’ position. Plaintiff has
standing to represent the Rule 23(b)(2) class because her videos appeared on
Defendants’ websites. As a result, and like every other potential class member
would, Plaintiff has a justifiable fear that her CSAM lives forever on the Internet and
could reappear at any moment on Defendants’ websites or elsewhere. Indeed, once
content is posted to public websites like Pornhub, where it can be copied or recorded,

Page 49 of 54

there is no way to ensure it will never reappear again. This is especially true
considering that the effectiveness of identifying an image by “fingerprinting” or
“hash valuing” can easily be undone by make the slightest alternation to it. (See Ex.
6 to Doc. 129 at 8-9 [transcript of this Court’s previous hearing relating to discovery
of CSAM].) Defendants cite several products liability cases where victims of past
harms did not have standing as class representatives for a Rule 23(b)(3) injunctive
relief class because they had no intention of purchasing the product in the future.
See, e.g., See Williams v. Reckitt Benckiser LLC, 65 F.4th 1243, 1255 (11th Cir. 2023).
Plaintiff is vastly different from those consumers because she has no control over
whether her CSAM will reappear on Defendants’ sites. As she testified, she lives in
fear of this happening. (Ex. 4 to Doc. 129 at 257.)
Second, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not identified an injunction that
would provide relief to the class because Defendants have already taken steps to
address much of the challenged conduct. Inherent in this contention is Defendants’
assertion that they are currently employing the best content moderation tools in the
pornography industry and that their content moderators disable any content that
could potentially be CSAM before it is publicly available. On the other hand, Plaintiff
submitted the declaration of Timothy Weaver, a forensic examiner, in which he
suggests certain practices that Defendants could implement to more effectively

Page 50 of 54

eliminate CSAM on their sites, essentially requiring the best state-of-the-art
verification for all persons in all videos or images. (Ex. 15 to Doc. 95.) Defendants
disparage Weaver’s suggestions and seek to have his declaration excluded on
grounds that he does not qualify as an expert under Federal Rule of Evidence 702
and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). (Doc. 120.)
The motion to exclude is DENIED at this stage of this proceeding. This Court did
not rely upon Weaver’s declaration in deciding Plaintiff’s motion for class
certification. Defendants’ policies and practices have obviously not been successful
in completely eradicating CSAM from their websites, as tens of thousands of items
of CSAM have been reported over the years. It does not take an expert to reach that
conclusion. The issue of which methodology and tools would be best to eliminate
CSAM on Defendants’ sites seems to be more appropriately resolved at summary
judgment or trial. Indeed, Weaver’s opinion merely offers practices that
Defendants’ could implement. At this stage, the Court is merely concerned with
whether Plaintiff has established that Defendants have policies that affect everyone
in the class in the same way, not whether Plaintiff’s specific requested form of
injunctive relief is appropriate. Thus, while the Court denies Defendants’ motion to
exclude, Defendants may re-file should Plaintiff use Weaver’s opinions at a future
stage of this proceeding.

Page 51 of 54

Third, Defendants argue that Plaintiff cannot be granted certification of a Rule
23(b)(2) class because she is also seeking damages separately in a Rule 23(b)(3) class.
To the contrary, it is permissible to certify both types of classes. Wal-Mart Stores,
relied upon by Defendants, holds only that a class cannot be certified under Rule
(b)(2) alone when a plaintiff seeks damages that are more than just “incidental” to
her request for injunctive relief. 564 U.S. at 360. Wal-Mart Stores did not address
and does not bar requests, like Plaintiff’s here, for certification of both a Rule (b)(2)
injunctive relief class and a separate Rule (b)(3) damages class. See 2 Newberg and
Rubenstein on Class Actions § 4:38 (this approach “insulates the (b)(2) class piece
from the money damage portion of the case, hence complying with Wal-Mart’s
admonition against adjudicating individual damage claims in a (b)(2) class action”).
Accordingly, the requirements for class certification for injunctive relief are
satisfied, and a Rule 23(b)(2) class will be certified.
V.

Class Counsel
Rule 23(g)(1) provides that “a court that certifies a class must appoint class

counsel.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(g)(1). “In appointing class counsel, the court: (A) must
consider: (i) the work counsel has done in identifying or investigating potential
claims in the action; (ii) counsel’s experience in handling class actions, other
complex litigation, and the types of claims asserted in the action; (iii) counsel’s

Page 52 of 54

knowledge of the applicable law; and (iv) the resources that counsel will commit to
representing the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(g)(1)(a).
Since filing this case, counsel has successfully defended against a motion to
dismiss, conducted extensive discovery, mediated this dispute, and facilitated
handling of potential CSAM by the Alabama Attorney General’s Office. Further,
Plaintiff’s counsel has substantial experience handling cases involving child sexual
abuse and child sex trafficking, as well as complex litigation including class actions.
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s counsel meets Rule 23(a)(4)’s adequacy requirement and
are thus appointed class counsel.
VI.

Conclusion
Given the foregoing, Plaintiff’s Motion for Class Certification (doc. 95) is

hereby GRANTED. The Court hereby CERTIFIES the following class under Rule
23(b)(2) and 23(b)(3):
All persons who were under the age of 18 when they appeared in a video
or image that has been made available for viewing on any website owned
or operated by Defendants anytime from February 12, 2011, through the
present.
Within twenty-one (21) days of this Order’s entry, the parties are
DIRECTED to meet, confer, and file a written plan for how the class-related portion
of this case will proceed.

Page 53 of 54

DONE and ORDERED on December 19, 2023.

_____________________________
L. Scott Coogler
United States District Judge

Page 54 of 54

160704