Criswell et al v. Mobile Housing Board

Filing 81

ORDER granting in part and denying in part the Housing Board's 51 Motion for Summary Judgment as follows: DENIED as to Plaintiffs FLSA claims; GRANTEDas to Plaintiffs AADEA/ADEA claims; and GRANTED as to Plaintiffs state law claims forbreac h of contract, intentional misrepresentation/fraud, promissory fraud, promissory estoppeland equitable estoppel; andgranting in part and moot in part the Personnel Board's 54 Motion for Summary Judgment as follows: MOOT as to Plaintiffs FLS A claims;MOOT as to Plaintiffs AADEA/ADEA claims; GRANTED as to Plaintiffs state law claimsfor breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation/fraud, promissory fraud, promissoryestoppel, and equitable estoppel. Only the FLSA claims of Criswell, Coffman, Knight, McCord, Peacock and Smiley, against the Housing Board remain in this case to proceed to trial. Signed by Judge Kristi K. DuBose on 2/23/2016. (cmj)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
SOUTHERN DIVISION
TY CRISWELL, et al.,
Plaintiffs,

)
)
)
vs.
)
)
MOBILE HOUSING BOARD and
)
MOBILE COUNTY PERSONNEL BOARD, )
Defendants.
)

CIVIL ACTION 14-00447-KD-N

ORDER
This matter is before the Court on Defendant Mobile Housing Board (Housing Board)’s
Motion for Summary Judgment (Docs. 51-52, 58, 59, 66), Defendant Mobile County Personnel
Board (Personnel Board)’s Motion for Summary Judgment (Docs. 54, 55, 59), Plaintiffs’
Response (Docs. 73, 75), the Housing Board’s Reply (Docs. 78, 80), and the Personnel Board’s
Reply (Doc. 79).1
I.

Findings of Fact2

A.

The Parties
Plaintiffs are Alabama residents who were former hourly employees of the Housing

Board’s Maintenance Department and civil service merit system employees. (Doc. 69 at 3-4;
Doc. 52-1 (Decltn. Dees (Personnel Board Executive Director); (Doc. 58-1 at 2 (Decltn. Bryant)

1 The following claims were voluntarily dismissed with prejudice by the plaintiffs: 1) Plaintiff Weaver’s
FLSA claim and state law claims for breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation/fraud, promissory fraud/false
promise, promissory estoppel and equitable estoppel, against both defendants; 2) all of the Plaintiffs’
ADEA/AADEA claims against the Personnel Board; 3) all of the Plaintiffs’ claims ERISA claims against both
defendants; and 4) all of the Plaintiffs’ ADA claims against both defendants. (Docs. 50, 57).
2 On summary judgment, the Court must “resolve all issues of material fact in favor of the [non-movant],
and then determine the legal question of whether the [movant] is entitled to judgment as a matter of law under that
version of the facts.” McDowell v. Brown, 392 F.3d 1283, 1288 (11th Cir. 2004).

1

(Housing Board Human Resources Coordinator).3 Defendant Housing Board is a public body
comprised of five (5) commissioner appointed by the Mayor of the City of Mobile, chartered
under Alabama law to provide and administer affordable housing programs for local citizens, and
created and maintained per the Housing Authorities Law, Ala. Code § 24–1–1, et seq. (Doc. 661 at 1 (Decltn. Vaughn (Housing Board Executive Director)); Doc. 69 at 2; Doc. 58-1 at 2
(Decltn. Bryant)). Defendant Personnel Board of Mobile County, Alabama, is an organization
created by the Alabama Legislature, Local Act 470 (1939), which governs and controls
individuals in the Classified Service. (Doc. 69 at 3; Doc. 52-2 at 2; Doc. 52-1 at 1 (Decltn.
Dees)).
B.

Employment at the Housing Board
Plaintiffs were long-time hourly employees of the Housing Board, when their

employment terminated in September 2014; Criswell has been employed since 1991, Knight
since 1992, McCord since 1989, Peacock since 1997, Smiley since 2001, and Weaver since
2009. (Doc. 69 at 4; Docs. 52-4; 52-6; 52-8; 52-10; 52-12, 52-14, 52-16). Specifically, Plaintiff
Weaver was employed as a painter, while Plaintiffs Coffman, Criswell, Knight, McCord,
Peacock and Smiley held various jobs over the years but ultimately each became a Public
Service Supervisor I or Project Housing Building Maintenance Supervisor (a/k/a Maintenance
Supervisor). (Doc. 52-1 (Decltn. Dees at 6); Docs. 52-4; 52-6; 52-8; 52-10; 52-12, 52-14, 5216). As Maintenance Supervisors, the Housing Board classified those Plaintiffs as “exempt” for

3 A number of declarations submitted by the Housing Board are unsworn. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
56 requires that ‘[a]n affidavit or declaration used to support or oppose a motion must be made on personal
knowledge, set out facts that would be admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant or declarant is competent to
testify on the matters stated. ‘ Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4). The advisory committee notes to Rule 56 explain that under
Rule 56(c)(4), ‘[a] formal affidavit is no longer required. 28 U.S.C. § 1746 allows a written unsworn declaration,
certificate, verification, or statement subscribed in proper form as true under penalty of perjury to substitute for an
affidavit.‘ Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4), advisory committee notes (2010 amendments). However, the declarations of
Dees, Bryant and Vaughn -- while not sworn -- are in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746 as such have been
submitted “under penalty of perjury,” and so can be considered on summary judgment.

2

purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act. (Doc. 58-1 at 2 (Decltn. Bryant)).
The Housing Board receives approximately 98% of its funding from the U.S. Department
of Housing an Urban Development (HUD). (Doc. 66-1 at 1 (Decltn. Vaughn)). In 2013,
sequestration was imposed on federal discretionary spending resulting in automatic proration and
a mid-year cut of almost 15% to the Housing Board maintenance and management department
funding. (Id.) In 2014, HUD again prorated its public housing funding to the Housing Board,
and the Housing Board underwent a second substantial reduction in funding. (Id.) The Housing
Board implemented cost saving measures on several occasions, but by the Summer of 2014 could
not balance its budget without a lay-off. (Id.) The Housing Board management believed it could
achieve higher productivity by restructuring its Maintenance Department, moving towards a
centralized maintenance operation. (Id.) The Housing Board eliminated middle management
represented by the Maintenance Supervisors, whose duties were absorbed by higher level
managers, to avoid a lay-off. (Id.) The Housing Board selected other employees for lay-offs,
which included one (1) painter (out of 12). (Doc. 66-1 at 1 (Decltn. Vaughn)).
On August 11, 2014, pursuant to Personnel Board procedures, the Housing Board’s
Executive Director Vaughn formally requested a lay-off list from the Personnel Board, which
was provided. (Doc. 52-1 at 5 (Decltn. Dees)). Per Rule XIII, the Personnel Board prepared the
lay off list, ranking employees within each job classification, based on seniority, service ratings,
etc. (Id.) This established the order in which employees within each classification must be laid
off. (Id.) In September 2014, the Housing Board laid-off 12 merit system employees from the
following classifications: Housing Manager I, Maintenance Supervisor, Painter, Public Service
Worker I, Housing Counselor, Utility Clerk, Office Assistant I.

(Id.)

The lay-offs were

implemented in the order mandated by Personnel Board Rules and Local Act 470. (Id.)

3

At the time of these lay-offs six (6) Plaintiffs, Coffman, Criswell, Knight, McCord,
Peacock and Smiley, were classified as Maintenance Supervisors. (Doc. 52-1 at 6 (Decltn.
Dees)). The Housing Board laid off six (6) of the seven (7) Plaintiffs per Personnel Board rules
and Local Act 470, and laid off one (1) of 12 Painters, Plaintiff Weaver. (Id.; Doc. 58-1 at 3
(Decltn. Bryant)). On September 2, 2014, these employees were given 15 days notice, with an
effective termination date of September 27, 2014. (Doc. 58-1 at 3 (Decltn. Bryant)).
C.

Post-Employment
Following their termination, Plaintiffs filed a complaint under the Personnel Board’s

grievance procedure, claiming they had the right to assume lower class positions at the Housing
Board in lieu of being laid-off (that they should have been “bumped back” per Personnel Board
Rule XIII).

(Doc. 52-1 at 5-6 (Decltn. Dees)). Their grievances were denied by the Housing

Board, which found Rule XIII inapplicable because Plaintiffs were not promoted to their
positions through a promotional test but through an “open competitive” process, and thus, did not
have the right to a lower classified position in lieu of lay off. (Id. at 6, 8).
As a result, Plaintiffs initiated this action on September 26, 2014, alleging federal claims
for violations of Fair Labor Standards Act, as amended, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq. (FLSA) (against
the Housing Board), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq.
(ADEA) (against the Housing Board), and state claims for violations of the Alabama Age
Discrimination in Employment Act, Ala. Code § 25-1-20 et seq. (against the Housing Board),
breach of contract (against both defendants), intentional misrepresentation/fraud (against both
defendants), promissory fraud/false promise (against both defendants), promissory estoppel
(against both defendants), and equitable estoppel (against both defendants). (Docs. 1, 6, 38, 69).4

4 The Fourth Amended Complaint (Doc. 69) is the operative complaint in this case.

4

See also Docs. 50, 57.
II.

Standard of Review
“The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED.
R. CIV. P. 56(a). Rule 56(c) provides as follows:
(1) Supporting Factual Positions. A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is
genuinely disputed must support the assertion by:
(A) citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including
depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or
declarations, stipulations (including those made for purposes of the motion only),
admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials; or
(B) showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or
presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible
evidence to support the fact.
(2) Objection That a Fact Is Not Supported by Admissible Evidence. A party
may object that the material cited to support or dispute a fact cannot be presented
in a form that would be admissible in evidence.
(3) Materials Not Cited. The court need consider only the cited materials, but it
may consider other materials in the record.
(4) Affidavits or Declarations. An affidavit or declaration used to support or
oppose a motion must be made on personal knowledge, set out facts that would be
admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant or declarant is competent to
testify on the matters stated.
FED.R.CIV.P. Rule 56(c).
Defendants, as the parties seeking summary judgment, bear the “initial responsibility of
informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of ‘the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any,’ which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.”
Clark v. Coats & Clark, Inc., 929 F.2d 604, 608 (11th Cir. 1991) (quoting Celotex Corp. v.

5

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)). If the nonmoving party fails to make “a sufficient showing
on an essential element of her case with respect to which she has the burden of proof,” the
moving party is entitled to summary judgment. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. “In reviewing whether
the nonmoving party has met its burden, the court must stop short of weighing the evidence and
making credibility determinations of the truth of the matter. Instead, the evidence of the nonmovant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Tipton v.
Bergrohr GMBH-Siegen, 965 F.2d 994, 998-999 (11th Cir. 1992).
III.

Sham Affidavits
Before turning to the substantive claims, the Court must address the Housing Board’s

contention that Plaintiffs’ summary judgment Declarations are “sham affidavits”5 which directly
contradict their prior sworn deposition testimony regarding management duties. (Doc. 80 at 515). The Housing Board adds that Plaintiffs’ Declarations improperly include conclusions of law
concerning management duties, invading the province of the court. (Id. at 16).
The Court has reviewed Plaintiffs’ Declarations (Doc. 75-2 through 75-7) against the
deposition testimony cited by the Housing Board (Doc. 80 at 6-15). The Court is not persuaded
that Plaintiffs’ Declarations constitute sham affidavits because the Declarations do not directly
contradict the specific pages of deposition testimony cited. Instead, the Housing Board appears

5 Under the law of this Circuit, we may disregard an affidavit submitted solely for the purpose of opposing
a motion for summary judgment when that affidavit is directly contradicted by deposition testimony.” McCormick v.
City of Fort Lauderdale, 333 F.3d 1234, 1240 n. 7 (11th Cir. 2003); Fisher v. Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corp., 238
F.R.D. 273, 284 (S.D. Ala. 2006) (explaining and applying “sham affidavit” rule). Specifically, Rule 56(e) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that a party opposing a properly supported motion for summary judgment
set forth specific facts, admissible as evidence, showing the existence of a genuine issue for trial. The rule
specifically allows the court to consider the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on
file, together with affidavits submitted by the opposing party in determining whether a genuine issue exists.
However, “[w]hen a party has given clear answers to unambiguous questions which negate the existence of any
genuine issue of material fact, that party cannot thereafter create such an issue with an affidavit that merely
contradicts, without explanation, previously given clear testimony.” Van T. Junkins & Assoc., Inc. v. U.S. Indus.,
Inc., 736 F.2d 656, 657 (11th Cir. 1984). In order to be stricken as a sham, an affidavit must be inherently
inconsistent. See, e.g., Rollins v. TechSouth, Inc., 833 F.2d 1525 (11th Cir. 1987).

6

to base its argument on a unilateral interpretation of Plaintiffs’ deposition testimony – namely, as
testimony admitting they engaged in management duties and how they so engaged. However,
the deposition testimony does not directly indicate that Plaintiff’s were performing management
duties and could just as readily be interpreted by a jury as describing how Plaintiffs dispatched
work orders, kept the work flowing to maintenance staff on a daily basis, etc. --- all for work
assigned to the staff by someone else, with Plaintiffs essentially being a “pass through.”
Additionally, the Housing Board characterizes Plaintiffs’ deposition testimony as conceding that
they engaged in supervisory work of crews and assigned work to staff that they controlled. (Doc.
80 at 4). However, the deposition testimony could be interpreted as Plaintiffs acting as more of a
facilitator than a manager. There is also no evidence that Plaintiffs created their own work
orders or assigned their own work to the staff. And while Plaintiffs may have attended weekly
meetings with the Maintenance Department and monthly meetings with management (Doc. 80 at
8), such attendance does not de facto result in Plaintiffs being management. A reasonable jury
could find that Plaintiffs attended such meetings in order to receive their instructions from others
who were management. In short, a jury could find that Plaintiffs were not managers.
Additionally, a comparison of Plaintiffs’ deposition testimony and the Declarations
reveals they are not clearly or inherently inconsistent. See, e.g., Fisher v. Ciba Specialty Chem.
Corp., 238 F.R.D. 273, 284 (S.D. Ala. 2006). There is no obvious inconsistency with the
deposition testimony cited; thus, the “sham affidavit” rule is inapplicable. See, e.g., King v.
ADT Sec. Servs., 2007 WL 2713212, *3 (S.D. Ala. Nov 17, 2007); Kerns v. Sealy, 2007 WL
2012867, *10-11 (S.D. Ala. Jul. 6, 2007) (citing Van T. Junkins and Assoc., Inc. v. U.S. Indus.,
Inc., 736 F.2d 656 (11th Cir. 1984)). As set forth in King, 2007 WL 2713212, *3:
…the Eleventh Circuit has recently cautioned that the sham affidavit rule “is applied
sparingly because of the harsh effect it may have on a party's case.” Allen v. Board of

7

Public Educ. for Bibb County, --- F.3d ----, *8, 2007 WL 2332506 (11th Cir. Aug. 17,
2007) (citation and internal quotations omitted). For that reason, and to avoid depriving
the trier of fact of the opportunity to discern which witnesses are telling the truth and
when, this Circuit “require [s] the court to find some inherent inconsistency between an
affidavit and a deposition before disregarding the affidavit.” Id. (citation omitted). For
any lesser variation in testimony, the proper approach is to test that inconsistency through
cross-examination at trial and allow the jury to weigh it in determining the witness's
credibility. There being nothing more than a possible inconsistency, and certainly much
less than an inherent inconsistency…the sham affidavit rule has no application, and the
Motion to Strike is denied as to this passage.
At best, the Housing Board (arguably) presents a “lesser variation in testimony.” Such is a
matter to be tested at trial and assessed by a jury, not by the undersigned on summary judgment.
Further, as to the Housing Board’s contention that Plaintiffs’ Declarations improperly
include conclusions of law concerning management duties, invading the province of the court,
the undersigned cannot agree. In the Declarations, Plaintiffs are simply attesting to factual
information about their daily activities and duties in the job. Plaintiffs make no legal conclusions
or legal assertions.
Upon consideration, the Court does not find clear and direct contradiction between the
Declarations and prior deposition testimony meriting their exclusion. Thus, the Housing Board’s
request for the Court to disregard Plaintiffs’ Declarations is DENIED.
IV.

FLSA Violations: The Housing Board6
Plaintiffs7 allege that they were employees of the Housing Board who worked off the

clock in excess of the scheduled 40 hours/week, but did not receive overtime pay in violation of
FLSA Section 207(a).
Specifically, in the Complaint, Plaintiffs allege the following FLSA violations:
A. FLSA
6 Plaintiffs do not allege FLSA claims against the Personnel Board. As such, it is ORDERED that the
portion of the Personnel Board’s motion for summary judgment on the FLSA claims is MOOT.
7 Weaver does not allege an FLSA claim.

8

13. Plaintiffs Criswell, Coffman, Knight, McCord, Peacock, and Smiley were hourly employees
of MHB for at least three years prior to September 2014, when their employment with MHB
ceased.
14. MHB only scheduled Plaintiffs to work forty (40) hours per week but Plaintiffs did not
“punch a time clock” and worked “off the clock” for which time they were not paid.
15. During their employment Plaintiffs regularly worked hours during the week and on the
weekend for which they were not compensated.
16. Plaintiffs worked in excess of 40 hours per week for which they were not compensated.
17. MHB did not maintain time records on Plaintiffs and, therefore, did not keep a records of
overtime hours worked by Plaintiffs.
18. Plaintiffs were required to report to work and begin working prior to the time MHB had
scheduled them. Plaintiffs were not paid for this work.
19. Plaintiffs were required to work during their lunch period and were not paid for this time
worked.
20. Plaintiffs worked after hours and at night and were not paid for this time worked.
21. Plaintiffs worked on weekends and were not paid for this time worked.
22. For one week out of every seven weeks Plaintiffs were required to be “on call” twenty-four
(24) hours each of the seven days and were not paid for either being on-call (standby) or for when
they actually worked during this week.
23. Plaintiffs were not paid for any time worked before their scheduled time began, were not paid
for any time worked during their lunch period, were not paid for any time worked after their
scheduled time stopped, were not paid for any weekend work, were not paid for any call time
either while on standby or while actually performing work.
24. Plaintiffs did not received overtime pay as required by Section 207(a) of the FLSA during the
weeks they worked more than 40 hours. Plaintiffs’ job title was Housing Maintenance Supervisor;
however, they did not have any employees of their own and did not have the authority to hire,
fire, promote, determine starting pay of, give pay raises to, or discipline any other MHB
employee. They did not recommend or determine budgets or policies on behalf of MHB.
25. Plaintiffs were not paid for time spent away from work for any reason including, but not
limited to, personal reasons, sickness, and/or vacation unless they had and took accrued sick or
vacation pay.
***
A. FLSA
60. Plaintiffs incorporate each and every paragraph above as if fully set out herein.
61. Plaintiffs were not exempt from the overtime provisions of the FLSA.
62. Defendant MHB failed to pay Plaintiffs for time worked which compensable as overtime or
otherwise under the FLSA.
63. Defendant MHB’s failure to pay Plaintiffs was both unreasonable and in bad faith.
64. This action by Defendant MHB violates Plaintiffs’ rights under the FLSA.
65. Plaintiffs have suffered economic damages as a result of Defendant MHB’s unlawful
practices which were both unreasonable and in bad faith. Plaintiffs have and continue to incur
expenses and fees as a result of this unlawful practices.

(Doc. 69 at 4-5).
The Housing Board argues that it is entitled to summary judgment on the FLSA claims
because of the applicability of certain overtime pay exemptions.

However, in its reply the

Housing Board concedes that Plaintiff Smiley has created an issue of fact as to whether he was

9

exempt from FLSA overtime during the latter part of his employment. (Doc. 80 at 19-20). The
Housing Board also concedes that all plaintiffs have “succeeded in creating an issue of fact
whether they are entitled to over compensation during the weeks in which MHB imposed a
furlough day….” (Id. at 3).
The FLSA requires that employers pay their employees a minimum wage of no less than
$7.25/hour, and that they compensate their employees for overtime pay at a rate of 1½ times the
regular rate for each hour worked in excess of 40 hours/week. 29 U.S.C. §§ 206(a), 207(a).
However, the FLSA provides overtime pay exemptions for “[a]ny employee employed in a bona
fide executive, administrative, or professional capacity,” 29 U.S.C. § 213(a)(1), as those terms
are defined by the DOL’s regulations. Even so, the overtime provisions of the FLSA are
construed narrowly, and the employer bears the burden of proving the applicability of any
exemption. Hogan, 361 F.3d at 625; Evans v. McClain of Ga., Inc., 131 F.3d 957, 965 (11th Cir.
1997). The employer must do so “by clear and affirmative evidence.” Klinedinst v. Swift Invs.,
Inc., 260 F.3d 1251, 1254 (11th Cir. 2001).

Moreover, as set forth in Calvo v. B&R

Supermarket, Inc., 63 F.Supp.3d 1369, 1379 (S.D. Fla. 2014) (internal citations omitted):
“Congress expressly authorized the Secretary of Labor to define the scope of
the…exemptions…“To determine whether a genuine issue exists about whether Plaintiff
qualified as an “administrative” or “executive” employee…the Court looks to applicable
case law and to the Code of Federal Regulations.”…“Such legislative regulations are
given controlling weight unless they are arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to
the statute.”….
In this case, the Housing Board relies upon the Executive, Administrative, and
Combination exemptions, as the basis for not paying Plaintiffs overtime. At the outset, under the
DOL rules, three (3) tests must be satisfied for an employee to be considered an exempt
employee: 1) the salary basis test, requiring that the employee receive “a predetermined amount”
of compensation that is “not subject to reduction because of variations in the quality or quantity

10

of the work performed” by the employee; 2) the salary level test, requiring that the employee
earn at least $455/week, equivalent to $23,600 per year; and 3) the primary duty test, which
focuses on whether the employee performs the “primary duty” of an executive, professional or
administrative employee. 29 C.F.R. §§ 541.602 (salary basis), 541.600 (salary level), 541.700
(primary duty). See, e.g., Acs v. Detroit Edison Co., 444 F.3d 763 (6th Cir. 2006).
The salary level test simply requires that the employee earn at least $455/week,
equivalent to $23,600 per year, for the exemption to apply. 29 C.F.R. § 541.600. The salary
basis test provides that “…an employee must be paid on a salary basis[]” within the meaning of
the DOL regulations. Avery v. City of Talladega, Ala., 24 F.3d 1337, 1340 (11th Cir. 1994); 29
C.F.R. § 541.602. An employee is considered “paid on a ‘salary basis'” if he regularly receives
each pay period on a weekly, or less frequent basis, a predetermined amount constituting all or
part of his compensation, which amount is not subject to reduction because of variations in the
quality or quantity of the work performed. 29 C.F.R. § 541.602; Hogan, 361 F.3d at 625. The
salary basis of pay is lacking for employees whose “employers have reduced their salaries
because of how much or how well they worked.” Nicholson v. World Business Network, Inc.,
105 F.3d 1361, 1365 (11th Cir. 1997).
The primary duty test provides that for an employee whose salary exceeds $455/week,
the exemption applies only where: 1) the employee's primary duty is the performance of exempt
work -- office or non-manual work directly related to the management or general business
operations of the employer or the employer's customers[;]” and 2) the employee's “primary duty
includes the exercise of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of

11

significance.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.700; Rock v. Ray Anthony Int'l, LLC, 2010 WL 2089636, *2
(11th Cir. May 26, 2010).8
A.

Executive Exemption
An employee qualifies for the Executive Exemption if: 1) he is compensated on a salary

basis at a rate of not less than $455/week (per § 541.602); 2) his primary duty is management of
the enterprise in which the employee is employed or of a customarily recognized department or
subdivision thereof (per § 541.700); 3) he customarily and regularly directs the work of two (2)
or more other employees (per § 541.701); and 4) he has the authority to hire or fire other
employees, or whose suggestions/recommendations as to the hiring, firing, advancement,
promotion or any other change of status of other employees are given particular weight. 29
C.F.R. § 541.100. All of these requirements must be met for the Executive Exemption to apply.
1.

Salary Basis

As to “salary basis,” the Housing Board contends that such is met because Plaintiffs’ pay
was reduced due to absences from work9 and budget-related furlough days -- which they contend
are allowed actions by public agencies. (Doc. 66 at 32-33). Plaintiffs do not appear to dispute
that the salary basis was met. Plaintiffs also “do not dispute that they were compensated at a rate
of not less than $445 a week.” (Doc. 73 at 3). As such, Plaintiffs have conceded that the salary
basis prong is satisfied for regular work days/periods (non-furlough periods) alleged in the
8 “Factors to consider when determining the primary duty of an employee include, but are not limited to,
the relative importance of the exempt duties as compared with other types of duties; the amount of time spent
performing exempt work; the employee's relative freedom from direct supervision; and the relationship between the
employee's salary and the wages paid to other employees for the kind of nonexempt work performed by the
employee.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.700(a). Additionally, “employees who spend more than 50 percent of their time
performing exempt work will generally satisfy the primary duty requirement. Time alone, however, is not the sole
test, and nothing in this section requires that exempt employees spend more than 50 percent of their time performing
exempt work. Employees who do not spend more than 50 percent of their time performing exempt duties may
nonetheless meet the primary duty requirement if the other factors support such a conclusion.” Id. § 541.700(b).
9 Arguing that Personnel Board Local Act 470 requires that pay be reduced when Plaintiffs took personal
or sick leave after his/her accrued leave had been exhausted. (Doc. 66 at 32).

12

Complaint.
2.

Primary Duty as Management

To satisfy the “primary duty is management” prong, a plaintiff’s primary duty is
management of the enterprise in which the employee is employed or of a customarily recognized
department or subdivision thereof (per § 541.700).10 The Housing Board contends that primary
duty test is satisfied by a reading of Plaintiffs’ job descriptions and thus:
….each plaintiff’s primary responsibility was supervising maintenance personnel
working in one or more of the building trades, which was work directly related to
assisting with running MHB’s operations. Each Maintenance Supervisor was responsible
for: planning and assigning work to the maintenance staff, and inspecting their completed
work for quality control purposes; administering MHB’s work order system at his/her
site, including assigning work orders, and closing them in MHB’s system; controlling
inventory for his/her site; maintaining productivity records on their maintenance staff –
called Time-In-Motion; preparing and/or signing annual Service Ratings for the
employees under their supervision; dealing with employee complaints or concerns; and
initiating formal disciplinary action when required…Thus each was engaged in
management or work directly related to management.
***
Holding independent responsibility for the maintenance operations of an apartment
complex or group of complexes, the Maintenance Supervisors exercised discretion and
independent judgment.
(Doc. 66 at 35, 39). Additionally, the Housing Board – relying heavily on the Declaration of
Neese, the Director of Maintenance (Doc. 66 at 35-36) -- contends that each plaintiff’s primary
responsibility matched their job description.

(Doc. 66 at 35; Doc. 51-25 (Decltn Neese)).

Specifically, according to Neese, as of 2000, the Housing Board assigned each
Maintenance Supervisor to an apartment complex or property, and that each plaintiff had
independent responsibility for maintenance operations at that property, including day-to-day
repairs, making the units ready between tenants, curb appeal, and performing ongoing capital
10 “Management” includes directing the work of employees; maintaining production records; appraising
employees’ productivity; handling employee complaints and grievances; disciplining employees; planning the work;
apportioning the work among the employees; determining the type of materials, supplies, machinery, equipment or
tools to be used or merchandise to be bought, stocked and sold; and controlling the flow and distribution of materials
or merchandise and supplies. 29 CFR § 541.102.

13

improvements.

(Doc. 51-25 (Decltn. Neese)). The maintenance staff assigned to each site

(maintenance mechanics, painters, and public service workers) reported directly to the
Maintenance Supervisor for the property. (Id.) The primary job of a Maintenance Supervisor
was to supervise building and maintenance work in one or more of the building trades, and each
was responsible for: 1) planning/assigning work to maintenance staff and inspecting completed
work for quality control purposes; 2) administering the Housing Board’s work order system at
his site, including assigning work orders and closing them in the system; 3) controlling inventory
for his site; 4) maintaining productivity records on their maintenance staff – called Time-InMotion; 5) preparing and/or signing annual Service Ratings for the employees under their
supervision; 6) dealing with employee complaints or concerns; and 7) initiating formal
disciplinary action when required. (Id.; Doc. 58-1 (Decltn. Bryant)). Additionally, at times, the
Maintenance Supervisors performed hands-on maintenance, at their own choice, and they
remained responsible for the supervision of their maintenance operation even when so engaged.
(Doc. 52-25 (Decltn. Neese)). Moreover, Maintenance Supervisors had responsibility regarding
after-hours service requests by Housing Board tenants: when tenants called for service afterhours, they received notification from the Housing Board answering service and they were then
responsible for calling the tenant, determining whether the request justified an after-hours visit,
and, if so, dispatching the on-call maintenance staff member to perform the maintenance. (Id.)
Further, the productivity records of Plaintiffs Coffman, Criswell, Knight, McCord, Peacock and
Smiley indicate that each spent more than 50% of his/her time on supervisory duties. (Doc. 5125 and 51-26 (Delctn. Neese)).
In stark contrast, Plaintiffs assert that they spent a small fraction of their time performing
management related duties, and that management was not their primary duty. First, Linda Day,

14

the Director of Housing Management at the Housing Board when Plaintiffs were Maintenance
Supervisors (through her retirement), asserts that:
•
•

•

Plaintiffs spent about 10-15% of their time (no more than 20%) managing employees
Plaintiffs had “little to no input into hiring, firing, promotions, demotions or changing
the status of any employees who worked at the Housing Board and their suggestions
and/or recommendations were not given any particular weight [for same]” and
Maintenance employees worked independently.

(Doc. 75-1 (Decltn. Day). Second, Plaintiffs, through their own Declarations, assert that:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•

They spent 10-15% of their time managing employees
The majority of their time was spent looking at time on work orders
They did not supervise or control staff work
They had no independent responsibility for maintenance operations
They did not make or supervise daily repairs
They did not supervise or control making the units ready for tenants
They did not supervise curb appeal and had no say in ongoing capital improvements
Maintenance staff went out and filled out the orders, returning them to Plaintiffs, who
recorded how much time was spent completing same
Some picked up garbage/trash off the streets but all other curb appeal work was
contracted out and they lacked any authority over independent contractors. Some may
have signed documents noting contractor’s work was complete but had no influence over
those contractors
On a daily basis, they came into work, reviewed work orders prepared by someone else,
and distributed them to maintenance staff and kept up with their time
They never exercised discretion or independent judgment with significant matters
They sporadically/occasionally inspected maintenance staff work for quality control, but
did not supervise or control their work and/or have independent responsibility for
maintenance operations.

(Docs. 75-2 (Decltn. Coffman), 75-3 (Decltn. Criswell), 75-4 (Decltn. Knight), 75-5 (Decltn.
McCord), 75-6 (Decltn. Smiley), 75-7 (Decltn. Peacock)).
Clearly then, the parties present dramatically different versions of Plaintiffs’ duties,
notably the primary duty of each, such that genuine issues of material fact exist. Because all four
(4) prongs of the executive exemption must be satisfied for it to apply, and there is an issue of
fact as to the second, the Court need not address the remaining prongs. At this point, the

15

Housing Board’s motion is DENIED.
B.

Administrative Exemption
Concerning the Administrative Exemption, an employee may qualify if: 1) he is

compensated on a salary or fee basis at a rate of not less than $455/week (defined by § 541.602);
2) his primary duty is the performance of office or non-manual work directly related to the
management or general business operations of the employer or the employer’s customers
(defined by § 541.700); and 3) the employee’s primary duty includes the exercise of discretion
and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance (defined by § 541.700). 29
C.F.R. § 541.200. All three (3) prongs must be satisfied for the exemption to apply.
Additionally, per Crabtree v. Volkert, Inc., 2012 WL 6093802, *7 (S.D. Ala. Dec. 7, 2012):
… “[t]o qualify for the administrative exemption, an employee's primary duty must
include the exercise of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of
significance.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.202(a). The regulations emphasize that this is a highly
fact-bound inquiry. See 29 C.F.R. § 541.202(b) (explaining that “discretion and
independent judgment” must be evaluated “in the light of all the facts involved in the
particular employment situation in which the question arises,” and reciting lengthy list of
relevant factors). Three noteworthy clarifications of the “discretion and independent
judgment” concept are (i) that the term “implies that the employee has authority to make
an independent choice, free from immediate direction or supervision;” (ii) that the term
excludes the performance of “mechanical, repetitive, recurrent or routine work;” and (iii)
that the employee's primary duty “must be more than the use of skill in applying wellestablished techniques, procedures or specific standards described in manuals or other
sources.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.202(c), (e).
As to the first prong of salary, Plaintiffs have conceded this prong is satisfied (for nonfurlough weeks). For the second prong, primary duty, such duty must be the performance of
office or non-manual work directly related to the management or general business operations of
the employer or the employer’s customers (defined by § 541.700). As stated supra, issues of fact
surround whether Plaintiffs’ work directly related to management and thus this prong is not
satisfied on summary judgment.

And even assuming arguendo, for purposes of summary

16

judgment, that the Housing Board could satisfy the “directly related to the general business
operations” alternative of this prong, there exists an issue of fact as to the third prong.
Specifically, the third prong – whether the employee’s primary duty includes the exercise
of discretion and independent judgment with respect to matters of significance – is also in
dispute. The exercise of discretion and independent judgment implies that the employee has
authority to make an independent choice, free from immediate direction or supervision.
However, an employee can exercise “discretion and independent judgment” even if his decisions
or recommendations are reviewed at a higher level:
the term “discretion and independent judgment” does not require that the decisions made
by an employee have a finality that goes with unlimited authority and a complete absence
of review. The decisions made as a result of the exercise of discretion and independent
judgment may consist of recommendations for action rather than the actual taking of
action. The fact that an employee’s decision may be subject to review and that upon
occasion the decisions are revised or reversed after review does not mean that the
employee is not exercising discretion and independent judgment.
29 CFR § 541.202(c).
The Housing Board contends that Plaintiffs exercised discretion and independent
judgment because they held independent responsibility for the maintenance operations of an
apartment complex or group of complexes. Plaintiffs assert they did not, and specifically and
repeatedly contend that they exercised no independent discretion or independent judgment. (See
supra; Doc. 75-2 through 75-7 (Decltns. Plaintiffs). As this dispute creates an issue of fact as to
the third prong, the Housing Board’ motion is DENIED as to this exemption.
C.

Combination Exemption
29 C.F.R. § 541.708 provides that “[e]mployees who perform a combination of exempt

duties as set forth in the regulations in this part for executive, administrative…employees may
qualify for exemption. Thus, for example, an employee whose primary duty involves a

17

combination of exempt administrative and exempt executive work may qualify for exemption.
In other words, work that is exempt under one section of this part will not defeat the exemption
under any other section.”

Additionally, the DOL regulations provide for tacking different

exemptions together for a combined exemption when “(1) an employee performs more than one
type of work that would be exempt except that (2) neither type of work alone can be termed the
employee's primary duty, but (3) all of the putatively exempt work taken together constitutes the
employee's primary duty.” See, e.g., Cobb v. Finest Foods, Inc., 582 F. Supp. 818, 822 (E.D. La.
1984), aff'd 755 F.2d 1148 (5th Cir. 1985).
On summary judgment, the Housing Board provides no additional factual support for this
exemption’s applicability, but instead summarily asserts that it applies.

(Doc. 66 at 40).

Presumably, this assertion is based on the purported applicability of certain aspects of the
executive and administrative exemptions, which the Housing Board briefed in its motion.
However, because there are genuine issues of material fact concerning the applicability of those
exemptions, see supra, there are likewise issues of fact for the combination exemption which
“cobbles together” different factors from the those exemptions. See, e.g., Kuntsmann v. Aaron
Rents, Inc., 903 F.Supp.2d 1258, 1265-1266 (N.D. Ala. 2012) (discussing the cobbling together
of exemptions to satisfy the combination exemption); Talbott v. Lakeview Ctr., Inc., 2008 WL
4525012, *8 (N.D. Fla. Sept. 30, 2008) (“[b]ecause of the court's finding that summary
judgment…is not appropriate for either the administrative or learned professional
exemptions,…summary judgment as to the application of the combination exemption will also
be denied[]”). As such, the Housing Board’s motion is DENIED as to this exemption.
V.

ADEA and AADEA: The Housing Board11

11 Plaintiffs do not allege AADEA/ADEA claims against the Personnel Board. As such, it is ORDERED
that the portion of the Personnel Board’s motion for summary judgment on such claims is MOOT.

18

In the Complaint, Plaintiffs allege disparate impact and disparate treatment violations of
the ADEA and AADEA against the Housing Board as follows:
Criswell, Coffman, Weaver, Knight, Smiley, Peacock, and McCord were each over the age of 40
and had each worked for [the Housing Board]…in excess of twenty (20) years.
During the Summer of 2014, MHB, citing financial reasons, sought to terminate, lay off, or
otherwise rid itself of employees and, with respect to employees in the Classified Service
including [Plaintiffs]…and sought approval from the MCPB to take such action.
In September 2014, [Plaintiffs]…were informed that they were being laid off which…amounts to
their termination.
[Plaintiffs]…each had held numerous positions prior to their terminal position of Housing
Maintenance Supervisor and were qualified and able to perform duties in multiple positions
including, but not limited to, Public Service Worker 1, Public Service Worker 2, and Maintenance
Mechanic. Each would have accepted a lower paying job for which they were qualified in order
to maintain employment; however, none were offered any opportunity to remain employed under
any circumstances.
The procedure used by MHB, Rule XIII of the Rules and Regulations of the Personnel Board for
Mobile County, Alabama, and the implementation of that procedure had a disparate impact in that
it resulted in older employees in the protected class being identified for lay off including
[Plaintiffs]…
Younger, less qualified employees were not laid off or considered for lay-off.
[Plaintiffs]…maintain that they were treated differently and less favorably than other similarly
situated but younger employees in the determination of criteria for lay off as well as the
application of that criteria.
Absent other non-legitimate and/or illegal reasons, [Plaintiffs]…but for their age, would still be
employed.

(Doc. 69 at 5-6).
The standards governing AADEA cases are identical to those established for the ADEA.
See, e.g., Taylor v. City of Demopolis, 2005 WL 3320735, *8 (S.D. Ala. Dec. 6, 2005); Bonham
v. Mortgage Inc., 129 F. Supp. 2d 1315 (M.D. Ala. 2001). The AADEA provides “the remedies,
defenses, and statutes of limitations, under this article shall be the same as those authorized by”
the ADEA, with the only noted exception being that plaintiffs are not required to pursue an
administrative remedy prior to filing suit. Ala. Code § 25-1-29. Id. Thus, the same analytical

19

framework applies to both. See, e.g., Robinson v. Ala. Cent. Credit Union, 964 So.2d 1225,
1228 (Ala. 2007).
The ADEA prohibits an employer from discriminating on the basis of age. 29 U.S.C. §
623(a). Specifically, the ADEA makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against an
employee due to his being 40 years of age or older – i.e., to fail or refuse to hire him or to
discharge him because of his age. 29 U.S.C. §§ 623(a)(1); Ramsey v. Chrysler First, Inc., 861
F.2d 1541, 1543-1544 (11th Cir. 1988). A plaintiff may support a claim of age discrimination
with either direct or circumstantial evidence. Mora v. Jackson Mem'l Found., Inc., 597 F.3d
1201, 1204 (11th Cir. 2010); Pace v. S. Ry. Sys., 701 F.2d 1383, 1388 (11th Cir. 1983).
Where there is only circumstantial evidence, courts apply a variation of the framework in
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See, e.g., Chapman v. AI Transp.,
229 F.3d 1012, 1024 (11th Cir. 2000); Damon v. Fleming Supermarkets of Fla., Inc., 196 F.3d
1354, 1358 (11th Cir. 1999). Under McDonnell Douglas, the plaintiff has the initial burden of
establishing a prima facie case of age discrimination. Chapman, 229 F.2d at 1024. In an ADEA
case for failure to hire, a plaintiff must establish that: 1) he was a member of the protected group
(between the ages of 40–70; 2) he was subject to adverse employment action;12 3) a substantially
younger person filled the position that he sought or from which he was discharged; and 4) he was
qualified to do the job for which he was rejected. Id. See also Damon, 196 F.3d at 1359; Hudson
v. Shaw Environmental & Infrastructure, Inc., 267 Fed. Appx. 892, 893 (11th Cir. 2008). If the
plaintiff establishes his prima facie case, the employer must articulate a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason for the challenged employment action. Chapman, 229 F.3d at 1024.

12 “An adverse employment action is an ultimate employment decision, such as…failure to hire, or other
conduct that ‘alters the employee's compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, deprives him or
her of employment opportunities, or adversely affects his or her status as an employee.’” Nettles v. LSG Sky Chefs,
211 Fed. Appx. 837, 838–839 (11th Cir. 2006).

20

Then, the plaintiff must show that the employer's stated reason is a pretext for unlawful
discrimination -- i.e., the plaintiff has the opportunity to come forward with evidence, including
the previously produced evidence establishing the prima facie case, sufficient to permit a
reasonable factfinder to conclude that the reasons given by the employer were not the real
reasons for the adverse employment decision. Kragor v. Takeda Pharm. Am., Inc., 702 F.3d
1304, 1307 (11th Cir. 2012); Crawford v. City of Fairburn, 482 F.3d 1305, 1308 (11th Cir. 2007);
Combs v. Plantation Patterns, 106 F.3d 1519, 1528 (11th Cir. 1997).
A plaintiff may overcome the employer's asserted legitimate reasons “either directly by
persuading the court that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or
indirectly by showing that the employer's proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.”
Taylor v. Runyon, 175 F.3d 861, 867 (11th Cir. 1999). To meet his burden of showing pretext,
the plaintiff must rebut all legitimate non-discriminatory reasons that the employer proffers for
the adverse action. Id.13 A plaintiff “must meet [the] reason head on and rebut it, and the
employee cannot succeed by simply quarreling with the wisdom of that reason.” Chapman, 229
F.3d at 1030. The Court's inquiry, ultimately, “is limited to whether the employer gave an
honest explanation of its behavior.” Id. A plaintiff's showing that the employer was incorrect in
its decision is insufficient: if the employer honestly believed the employee engaged in
misconduct, even if mistaken, no discrimination exists. Elrod v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 939 F.2d
1466, 1470 (11th Cir. 1991).
13 A plaintiff can accomplish this by pointing to “weaknesses, implausibilities, inconsistencies,
incoherencies, or contradictions” in the employer's explanation, Brooks v. County Comm’n of Jefferson Cty., Ala.,
446 F.3d 1160, 1163 (11th Cir. 2006), and/or by “either directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory reason
more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer's proffered explanation is unworthy
of credence[,]” Kragor v. Takeda Pharm. Am., Inc., 702 F.3d 1304, 1308 (11th Cir. 2012). Additionally, a plaintiff
may produce evidence that “permits the jury to reasonably disbelieve the employer's proffered reason.” Steger v.
Gen. Elec. Co., 318 F.3d 1066, 1079 (11th Cir. 2003). “But a reason cannot...be ‘a pretext for discrimination ‘unless
it is shown both that the reason was false, and that discrimination was the real reason.'' St. Mary's Honor Ctr. v.
Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515 (1993) (emphasis in original).

21

Further, in Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 176 (2009), the United States
Supreme Court held that the language “because of” in the ADEA means that a plaintiff has to
prove that age discrimination is the “but for” cause of the adverse act. Following Gross, the
Eleventh Circuit reaffirmed the propriety of evaluating ADEA claims based on circumstantial
evidence under the McDonnell Douglas framework. See e.g., Mora v. Jackson Mem. Fdtn., Inc.,
597 F.3d 1201 (11th Cir. 2010) (explaining that under the ADEA after Gross, an “employer either
acted ‘because of’ the plaintiff's age or it did not[]”).14 However, “it is a long-recognized tenet of
tort law that a plaintiff’s injury can have multiple ‘but-for’ causes, each of which may be
sufficient to support liability. Requiring proof that a prohibited consideration was the ‘but for’
cause of an adverse job action does not equate to a burden to show that such consideration was
the ‘sole’ cause….This remains so even after Gross. Moreover, a plaintiff is authorized to plead
and pursue alternative theories of recovery, even if they are inconsistent….” Bailey v. City of
Huntsville, Ala., 2012 WL 2047672, *9 (N.D. Ala. 2012).

Thus, Gross does not place a

heightened evidentiary requirement on ADEA plaintiffs to prove age was the “sole” cause of the
adverse employment action. Pearson v. Lawrence Med. Ctr., 2012 WL 5265774 (N.D. Ala. Oct.
24, 2012); Goodridge v. Siemens Energy, Inc., 276 F.R.D. 540, 542 and n. 1 (N.D. Ala. 2011);
Ross v. Renaissance Mont. Hotel & Spa at the Convention Ctr., 2012 WL 1030323, *4-5, report
adopted as modified, 2012 WL 1032618 (M.D. Ala. Feb. 27, 2012); Archie v. Home–Towne
Suites, LLC, 749 F.Supp.2d 1308, 1315 (M.D. Ala. 2010); Freeman v. Koch Foods of Ala., 2010
WL 9461668, *2 (M.D. Ala. Jun. 15, 2010); Collins v. Fulton Cty. Sch. Dist., 2012 WL
7802745, *17-18 (N.D. Ga. Dec. 26, 2012).

14 In Mora the Eleventh Circuit stated that an ADEA plaintiff must now “establish ‘but for’ causality,”
such that “no ‘same decision’ affirmative defense can exist: the employer either acted ‘because of’ the plaintiff's age
or it did not.” Id. at 1204 (citing Gross, 557 U.S. at 180). The Eleventh Circuit concluded, it was unnecessary to
consider the district court's analysis of the employer's “same decision” affirmative defense. Id. at 1204.

22

Finally, in Sims v. MVM, Inc., 704 F.3d 1327, 1332-1333 (11th Cir. 2013), the Eleventh
Circuit clarified that the McDonnell Douglas framework is not the sine qua non for a plaintiff to
survive summary judgment in a discrimination case. See Smith v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 644
F.3d 1321, 1328 (11th Cir. 2011). Instead, “the plaintiff will always survive summary judgment
if he presents circumstantial evidence that creates a triable issue concerning the employer's
discriminatory intent.” Id. A triable issue of fact exists “if the record, viewed in a light most
favorable to the plaintiff, presents ‘a convincing mosaic of circumstantial evidence that would
allow a jury to infer [ ] intentional discrimination by the decisionmaker.’” Id. Nevertheless, the
burden of persuasion always remains on a plaintiff in an ADEA case to proffer evidence
sufficient to permit a reasonable fact finder to conclude that the discriminatory animus was the
“but-for” cause of the adverse employment action. Gross, 557 U.S. at 176.
For disparate treatment, such a claim arises “when an employer treats some people less
favorably because of a protected characteristic, such as race, religion, sex, or in our case, age. To
prove this type of claim, a plaintiff must establish that the employer had the intent to
discriminate.” Villarreal v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 806 F.3d 1288, 1293 (11th Cir. 2015).
“When a plaintiff alleges disparate treatment, ‘liability depends on whether the protected trait
(under the ADEA, age) actually motivated the employer's decision.’ That is, the plaintiff's age
must have ‘actually played a role in [the employer's decisionmaking] process and had a
determinative influence on the outcome.’” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., 530
U.S.133, 141 (2000) (citations omitted).
For disparate impact, such a claim arises when an employer “uses ‘practices that are
facially neutral in their treatment of different groups but that in fact fall more harshly on one
group than another[]’ [--] [n]o proof of discriminatory intent is required for disparate impact

23

claims.” Villarreal, 806 F.3d at 1293. The plaintiff must ultimately show statistical evidence that
the employment practice impacts members of a protected group. E.E.O.C. v. Joe's Stone Crab,
Inc., 220 F.3d 1263, 1274 (11th Cir. 2000). A prima facie case of age discrimination based on
disparate impact requires a plaintiff to show: 1) a specific, facially-neutral employment policy or
practice; 2) a significant statistical disparity among members of different [age] groups; and 3) a
causal nexus between the specific policy or practice and the statistical disparity. Cardelle v.
Miami Beach Fraternal Order of Police, 593 Fed. Appx 898, 901 (11th Cir. 2014). See also
Meacham v. Knolls Atomic Power Lab., 554 U.S. 84, 99 (2008).
On summary judgment, Plaintiffs conclusorily address their AADEA/ADEA claims in a
seven (7) sentences, failing to submit, cite, or reference any evidence in support:
Plaintiffs….were all within the protected class and older than employees who were
maintained in the position of maintenance mechanic, the position to which they were
qualified to assume and had, in fact, worked for years prior to being promoted to
Supervisor. Rather than allow Plaintiffs to assume the maintenance mechanic position
and displace younger, less senior employees who were not as skilled as Plaintiffs,
the…[Housing Board] opted for their lay off. Defendant [Housing Board] at all times
was aware of the ages of Plaintiffs and the obligations under the acts that prohibit
employers from age discrimination in employment.
(Doc. 73 at 13-14). Plaintiffs’ complete failure to submit and/or cite to any evidentiary support,
to assert any factual allegations (e.g., direct or circumstantial evidence, age-based
comments/statements, identification of similarly situated younger employees treated more
favorably, statistical evidence, examples of age bias, etc.) and/or to provide any materials in
support, undermines their AADEA/ADEA claims to the point of abandonment.15

15 “Pursuant to Eleventh Circuit case law, a plaintiff's failure to support a claim constitutes abandonment
of that claim. Coal. for the Abolition of Marijuana Prohibition v. City of Atlanta, 219 F.3d 1301, 1326 (11th Cir.
2000) (“[F]ailure to brief and argue [an] issue during the proceedings before the district court is grounds for finding
that the issue has been abandoned[]”); Wilkerson v. Grinnell Corp., 270 F.3d 1314, 1322 (11th Cir. 2001) (claim that
was included in complaint but not again raised until the plaintiff's supplemental reply brief is abandoned)[]” Davis
v. Edwards Oil Co. of Lawrenceburg, Inc., 2012 WL 5954139, *4 (N.D. Ala. Nov. 28, 2012). See also generally
Road Sprinkler Fitters Local Union No. 669 v. Independent Sprinkler Corp., 10 F.3d 1563, 1567 (11th Cir. 1994)
(same); Floyd v. Home Depot USA, Inc., 274 Fed. Appx. 763, 765 (11th Cir. 2008) (same); Resolution Trust Corp.

24

Moreover, even if plaintiff has established a prima facie case, the Housing Board has
articulated a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the challenged employment action: severe
funding cuts obligated the Housing Board to make equally severe budget cuts, including
imposing furlough days and reducing its force by restructuring its maintenance operations and
eliminating middle-management. Plaintiffs have failed to even attempt to show that this reason
is pretextual or unworthy of credence.
As a result, for disparate treatment, the Court is unable to piece together a “convincing
mosaic” (Smith, 644 F.3d at 1328) from which a reasonable jury could infer an unlawful
discriminatory intent in the Housing Board’s decisions. Plaintiffs did not present any evidence
of age discrimination, much less any such evidence tying the Housing Board’s decisions to age
bias. See, e.g., Connor v. Bell Microproducts-Future Tech, Inc., 492 Fed. Appx. 963, 967 at n. 1
(11th Cir. 2012) (finding insufficient evidence of age discrimination under the Smith standard).
With regard to disparate impact, Plaintiffs have cited no employment policy or practice, no
significant statistical disparity among members of different age groups, and no causal nexus
between a policy/practice and any alleged statistical disparity. Accordingly, the Housing Board’s
motion on Plaintiffs’ AADEA/ADEA claims is GRANTED.
VI.

State Law Claims of Plaintiffs Coffman, Criswell, Knight, McCord, Peacock and
Smiley16
Plaintiffs allege breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation/fraud, promissory fraud,

promissory estoppel and equitable estoppel. (Doc. 69 at 6-14). Defendants move for summary
judgment as to these claims, on a variety of grounds that are well developed and persuasive.
(Doc. 66 at 13-25 and Doc. 55 at 11-20).
v. Dunmar Corp., 43 F.3d 587, 599 (11th Cir. 1995) (same).
16 Plaintiff Weaver dismissed his state law claims. (Docs. 50, 57).

25

However, in response to summary judgment, Plaintiffs engage in no discussion of the
legal elements for these claims and only reference them once, collectively, as their “common law
claims.” Rather Plaintiffs argue, most relevantly in support of their breach of contract claim,
that: 1) Plaintiffs received their jobs as maintenance supervisors through a promotion; 2) there is
no “functional” difference in a promotion and an appointment through the open competitive
process; and 3) Plaintiffs could have been demoted instead of laid-off.
As to Plaintiffs’ contention that they received their jobs through promotion, there are no
facts to support this claim.

In contrast, the Defendants have presented evidence that the

Plaintiffs were appointed to their jobs through an open competitive process (meaning the general
public could apply) as opposed to a promotional test (which is limited to current employees).
(Doc. 66 at 9).
Moreover, Plaintiffs’ contention that there is no “functional” difference between getting a
job through a promotional test and getting a job through open competitive process is of no
moment. Whether it is sensible to distinguish between the methods is not the issue. The fact is,
the Personnel Board Rules do distinguish between the methods and provide additional rights for
jobs obtained through a promotional test. Along the same lines, it also does not matter whether
plaintiffs “could” have been demoted. The question is whether they had a right to be demoted as
opposed to laid-off. Because the Plaintiffs fail to adequately support their claim that they were
promoted “through a promotional test,” their claim that Defendants breached a contract by
failing to demote rather than lay-off the Plaintiffs fail.
Plaintiffs do not specifically address the remaining state law claims. Moreover, Plaintiffs
do not address the summary judgment arguments raised by Defendants concerning these claims.
As previously stated, the Court finds the arguments of the Defendants persuasive and adopts the

26

reasoning found in Doc. 66 at 13-25 and Doc. 55 at 11-20 as the finding of the Court. As such,
the Defendants’ respective motions on these claims is GRANTED.
VII.

Conclusion
As such, it is ORDERED that:

1) the Housing Board’s motion for summary judgment (Docs. 51-53, 66) is GRANTED
in part and DENIED in part as follows: DENIED as to Plaintiffs’ FLSA claims;17 GRANTED
as to Plaintiffs’ AADEA/ADEA claims; 18 and GRANTED as to Plaintiffs’ state law claims for
breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation/fraud, promissory fraud, promissory estoppel
and equitable estoppel; and
2) the Personnel Board’s motion for summary judgment (Docs. 54, 55, 58, 59) is
GRANTED in part and MOOT in part as follows: MOOT as to Plaintiffs’ FLSA claims;19
MOOT as to Plaintiffs’ AADEA/ADEA claims; 20 GRANTED as to Plaintiffs’ state law claims
for breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation/fraud, promissory fraud, promissory
estoppel, and equitable estoppel.
Thus, only the FLSA claims of Criswell, Coffman, Knight, McCord, Peacock and
Smiley, against the Housing Board remain in this case to proceed to trial.
DONE and ORDERED this 23rd day of February 2016.
/s/ Kristi K. DuBose
KRISTI K. DuBOSE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

17 Excluding Weaver as he previously dismissed his FLSA claim against the Housing Board.
18 Excluding Weaver as he previously dismissed his AADEA/ADEA claims against the Housing Board.
19 Excluding Weaver as he previously dismissed his FLSA claim against the Personnel Board.
20 Excluding Weaver as he previously dismissed his AADEA/ADEA claims against the Personnel Board.

27