Accident Insurance Company v. Greg Kennedy Builder, Inc. et al

Filing 39

ORDER re: 34 Motion to Dismiss or Stay. The motion to dismiss is denied and the motion to stay is granted in part denied in part. Signed by Chief Judge William H. Steele on 1/29/2016. (tgw)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
SOUTHERN DIVISION
ACCIDENT INSURANCE COMPANY, )
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
v.
) CIVIL ACTION 15-0306-WS-B
)
GREG KENNEDY BUILDER, INC.,
)
et al.,
)
)
Defendants.
)
ORDER
This matter is before the Court on the defendants’ motion to dismiss or
stay. (Doc. 34). The parties have filed briefs in support of their respective
positions, and the motion is ripe for resolution. After careful consideration, the
Court concludes that the motion to dismiss is due to be denied and that the motion
to stay is due to be granted in part and denied in part.
BACKGROUND
The plaintiff filed this action under the Declaratory Judgments Act (“the
Act”) against its insured (“Kennedy”) and the plaintiff in the underlying lawsuit
(“Benitez”), which was filed against Kennedy and others. The original complaint
sought a declaration that the plaintiff has no duty to indemnify Kennedy. (Doc. 1
at 9). The complaint did not seek a declaration as to the plaintiff’s duty to defend.
The defendants filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that the indemnification
issue is not ripe and that the Court thus should dismiss the action or at least stay it
pending resolution of the underlying lawsuit. (Doc. 14). The plaintiff promptly
amended its complaint, as of right, to add a request for a declaration that the
plaintiff has no duty to defend Kennedy in the underlying litigation. (Doc. 16 at
10). The Magistrate Judge thereafter ruled that the amended pleading rendered

moot the motion to dismiss or stay. (Doc. 18). A second motion to dismiss or stay
followed, (Doc. 20), but the Court denied it as moot after the plaintiff had filed a
second amended complaint and the defendants had filed the instant motion to
dismiss or stay. (Doc. 35).
The defendants argue that the Court lacks jurisdiction but that, even if
jurisdiction exists, the Court should exercise its discretion to dismiss the action
without consideration.
DISCUSSION
“In a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction, ... any court of the
United States, upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, may declare the rights
and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such a declaration,
whether or not further relief is or could be sought.” 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a). To be
“within [the] jurisdiction” of the Court, there must exist an independent fount of
jurisdiction. Appling County v. Municipal Electric Authority, 621 F.2d 1301, 1303
(5th Cir. 1980). Here, as the Court has previously ruled, (Doc. 32), that fount is
diversity of citizenship.
The statutory “actual controversy” requirement mirrors the constitutional
“case or controversy” requirement of Article III, section 2. Provident Life &
Accident Insurance Co. v. Transamerica-Occidental Life Insurance Co., 850 F.2d
1489, 1491 (11th Cir. 1988). In the statutory context, that requirement looks to
“‘whether the facts alleged, under all the circumstances, show that there is a
substantial controversy, between parties having adverse legal interests, of
sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant the issuance of a declaratory
judgment.’” GTE Directories Publishing Corp. v. Trimen America, Inc., 67 F.3d
1563, 1567 (11th Cir. 1995) (quoting Maryland Casualty Co. v. Pacific Coal & Oil
Co., 312 U.S. 270, 273 (1941)).
Even when an “actual controversy” exists that falls “within [the]
jurisdiction” of the district court, the plaintiff has no absolute right to a federal
2

forum. “In the declaratory judgment context, the normal principle that federal
courts should adjudicate claims within their jurisdiction yields to considerations of
practicality and wise judicial administration.” Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 515 U.S.
277, 288 (1995). The Act “confer[s] unique and substantial discretion in deciding
whether to declare the rights of litigants,” and the district court’s decision whether
to exercise jurisdiction is reviewable on appeal only for abuse of that discretion.
Id. at 286, 290.
A. Actual Controversy.
As noted, the original complaint sought a declaration only as to indemnity.
The defendants string three concepts together in an effort to show that the original
complaint fatally failed to invoke the Court’s jurisdiction: (1) ripeness goes to a
court’s subject matter jurisdiction; (2) any question as to indemnity is unripe
before the insured is cast in judgment; and (3) subject matter jurisdiction must
exist when the complaint is filed, such that its initial absence cannot be cured by
subsequent events. (Doc. 34 at 8-12; Doc. 38 at 1-5).
Each of these concepts finds case support. As to the first, “[t]he
determination of ripeness goes to whether the district court had subject matter
jurisdiction to hear the case.” Digital Properties, Inc. v. City of Plantation, 121
F.3d 586, 590 (11th Cir. 1997) (internal quotes omitted); see also Elend v. Basham,
471 F.3d 1199, 1204 (11th Cir. 2006) (“[R]ipeness originate[s] from the
Constitution’s Article III requirement that the jurisdiction of the federal courts be
limited to actual cases and controversies.”).
As to the defendants’ second premise, this Court has observed that “[c]ase
law is legion for the proposition that an insurer’s duty to indemnify is not ripe for
adjudication unless and until the insured or putative insured has been held liable in
the underlying action.” Pennsylvania National Mutual Casualty Insurance Co. v.
King, 2012 WL 280656 at *5 (S.D. Ala. 2012). Thus, a plaintiff “cannot dispute

3

that the duty-to-indemnify issue joined in this action is not yet ripe because there
has been no liability determination in the underlying suit.” Id.1
And as to the defendants’ third premise, “[s]ubject matter jurisdiction is
ordinarily tested as of the time of filing the complaint.” Damiano v. F.D.I.C., 104
F.3d 328, 333 (11th Cir. 1997).
Based on these principles, the defendants conclude that, by limiting its
original complaint to the existence vel non of a duty to indemnify, the plaintiff
failed to assert a ripe controversy, which failure deprives the Court of jurisdiction,
the absence of which cannot be cured by the amended complaint’s expansion of
the lawsuit to challenge the plaintiff’s duty to defend.
The defendants’ argument is not unreasonable, but it fails to capture the
entire landscape. In an opinion the defendants cite but do not address in pertinent
part, this Court examined the relevant authorities2 and concluded, in a case
involving only the duty to indemnify, that “the complaint presents an ‘actual
controversy’ under the Act despite the absence of a verdict or settlement against
the plaintiff’s insureds.” Employers Mutual Casualty Co. v. All Seasons Window
& Door Manufacturing, Inc., 387 F. Supp. 2d 1205, 1210 (S.D. Ala. 2005).
Since the defendants do not acknowledge All Seasons, the Court is not
inclined to revisit it sua sponte, but the Court does pause to suggest that the
existence of an actual controversy despite a lack of ripeness is not as incongruous
as it might appear. “Ripeness” as a doctrine has two components – a jurisdictional
1

The Court has frequently repeated this observation. E.g., Pennsylvania National
Mutual Casualty Insurance Co. v. Roberts Brothers, Inc., 550 F. Supp. 2d 1295, 1302-03
(S.D. Ala. 2008); Apex/FCC, LLC v. FlexiCrew Staffing, Inc., 2012 WL 5398803 at *2-3
(S.D. Ala. 2012); W.G. Yates & Sons Construction Co. v. Zurich American Insurance
Co., 2008 WL 161921 at *6 (S.D. Ala. 2008); Atlantic Casualty Insurance Co. v. GMC
Concrete Co., 2007 WL 4335499 at *5 (S.D. Ala. 2007).
2

These included Maryland Casualty Co. v. Pacific Coal & Oil Co., 312 U.S. 270
(1941); Edwards v. Sharkey, 747 F.2d 684 (11th Cir. 1984); Allstate Insurance Co. v.
Employers Liability Assurance Corp., 445 F.2d 1278 (5th Cir. 1971); American Fidelity &
Casualty Co. v. Pennsylvania Threshermen & Farmers’ Mutual Casualty Insurance Co.,
280 F.2d 453 (5th Cir. 1960), and appellate cases from other circuits.
4

one arising out of the constitutional “case or controversy” requirement, and a
prudential one arising independently of Article III. E.g., National Advertising Co.
v. City of Miami, 402 F.3d 1335, 1339 (11th Cir. 2005). There is thus nothing
inherently inconsistent between saying a claim is not ripe from a prudential
standpoint and saying it presents an actual controversy for purposes of the Act and
the Constitution.3
Nor does the absence of ripeness when an action is filed necessarily require
dismissal regardless of later events. In Yacht Club Condominium Association, Inc.
v. Lexington Insurance Co., 509 Fed. Appx. 919 (11th Cir. 2013), the plaintiff
insured sued its primary insurer for breach of contract before the insurer had
denied the plaintiff’s claim. The Eleventh Circuit ruled that, although the contract
claim was not “ripe at the time the lawsuit was filed, … this conclusion does not
end the Court’s inquiry, because ripeness can be affected by events occurring after
the case is filed.” Id. at 922. Since the insurer denied the claim before the trial
court dismissed the action, “the district court erred in concluding that these claims
were not ripe and dismissing the case.” Id. at 923. On a second appeal, the
Eleventh Circuit confirmed that the prior panel “determined that while the suit was
not ripe at the time it was filed, subsequent events [denial of the insured’s claim]
made [the plaintiff’s] breach of contract claim ripe for review.” Yacht Club
Condominium Association, Inc. v. Lexington Insurance Co., 599 Fed. Appx. 875,
878 (11th Cir. 2015).
The Yacht Club Court relied on Blanchette v. Connecticut General
Insurance Corp., 419 U.S. 102 (1974), and on Henley v. Herring, 779 F.2d 1553
3

Opinions addressing the ripeness of claims seeking a declaration that no
indemnity obligation exists generally do not specify whether it is the constitutional or the
prudential aspect of ripeness being considered; thus, it cannot be assumed that they rest
on the former. Indeed, in many instances the term may be used loosely to describe
concerns other than those the formal doctrine addresses. Moreover, judicial discussions
of ripeness often become entangled with considerations regarding the appropriate
exercise of discretion under the Act, further indicating that constitutional concerns are not
at issue.
5

(11th Cir. 1986). In Blanchette, the trial court had ruled one issue “premature” for
resolution. 419 U.S. at 118. The Supreme Court noted that a subsequent “change
in circumstance has substantially altered the posture of the case as regards the
maturity of” this issue. Id. at 139-40. “And, since ripeness is peculiarly a
question of timing, it is the situation now rather than the situation at the time of the
District Court’s decision that must govern.” Id. at 140. Thus, the Supreme Court
found the issue “now ripe for adjudication.” Id. at 145.
In Henley, the plaintiffs challenged the defendants’ efforts to vacate a
public street. 779 F.2d at 1554. The defendant city asserted the claim was not
ripe because, when suit was filed, it had not formally approved the vacation, nor
had an interested landowner (“UAB”) made the necessary court filings to
accomplish vacation. “Subsequently, however, and before the date of the
judgment, UAB made the necessary filings and the City did formally approve the
vacation. Since ripeness is ‘peculiarly a question of timing’ these intervening
events are significant … [and] [t]he case was ripe when the district court ruled.”
Id. at 1555 (quoting Blanchette, 419 U.S. at 140).
Both Blanchette and Henley concluded that a case initially unripe had
become ripe in sufficient time to uphold the “basic rationale” of ripeness, which is
“to prevent the courts, through premature adjudication, from entangling
themselves in abstract disagreements.” Thomas v. Union Carbide Agricultural
Products Co., 473 U.S. 568, 580 (1985) (internal quotes omitted). So here, the
plaintiff’s filing of an amended complaint implicating its duty to defend, barely
two months after the case was filed and before anything of substance had
occurred, cured any initial unripeness.4

4

The defendants argue there is no ripe issue concerning a duty to defend, on the
grounds that the plaintiff is in fact providing a defense. (Doc. 38 at 2-3). But the
plaintiff asserts – without contradiction by the defendants – that it is defending “pursuant
to a strict reservation of rights” and that it “retained the right to withdraw the defense.”
(Doc. 37 at 5). The defendants have not explained (and the Court cannot) their odd
6

In short, there is an actual controversy, and this action is not subject to
dismissal for want of one.
B. Discretion.
1. Duty to defend.
As noted, the Court has discretion not to exercise its jurisdiction under the
Act. The defendants suggest this as the appropriate course, on the grounds that a
declaration of no duty to defend “could improperly and prejudicially influence the
proceedings in the underlying action.” (Doc. 34 at 13). As the defendants see it, a
critical issue in the underlying action is whether Benitez was an employee of
Kennedy, an independent contractor, or a trespasser. According to the defendants,
if Benitez was a trespasser, two results flow: (1) Kennedy owed Benitez no duty;
and (2) the policy exclusion on which the plaintiff relies would not apply. If, on
the other hand, Benitez was an employee or independent contractor, two opposite
results flow: (1) Kennedy owed Benitez a duty; and (2) the policy exclusion is in
play. (Id. at 13, 18, 20; Doc. 38 at 6). Because Benitez’s status is central both to
Kennedy’s liability and the plaintiff’s duty to defend, the defendants worry that
the issue could be resolved differently in the two jurisdictions. (Doc. 34 at 13).
Worse, they fear that a ruling favorable to the plaintiff on the duty to defend could
be used against Kennedy in the underlying action as evidence (or perhaps as a

position that an insurer with the power and the desire to cease providing a defense fails to
present an actual controversy when it seeks a declaration that it owes no duty to defend.
“This Court has previously held that the duty to defend a suit against the insured
is a present obligation existing during the pendency of the suit, such that a dispute
concerning defense obligations presents a ripe controversy.” White-Spunner
Construction, Inc. v. Zurich American Insurance Co., 2010 WL 3489956 at *1 (S.D. Ala.
2010). The defendants concede that the duty-to-defend aspect of this case “may be ripe.”
(Doc. 34 at 17). Accordingly, as in White-Spunner, the Court “follows the path it has trod
before” and finds the issue ripe. 2010 WL 3489956 at *1.

7

preclusive finding) that Benitez was not a trespasser and that Kennedy thus owed
him a duty of care. (Id. at 13-14).
The overt premise of the defendants’ argument is that the Court, in
resolving the plaintiff’s duty to defend, will make a definitive ruling as to whether
Benitez was or was not a trespasser. But the very case on which the defendants
rely acknowledges that “‘[a]n insurance company’s duty to defend its insured is
determined by the language of the insurance policy and by the allegations in the
complaint giving rise to the action against the insured.’” National Trust Insurance
Co. v. Magnolia Enterprises, Inc., 2012 WL 38441 at *4 (S.D. Ala. 2012) (quoting
Ajdarodini v. State Auto Mutual Insurance Co., 628 So. 2d 312, 313 (Ala. 1993)).
That is, it is not the “real” facts that matter when assessing the duty to defend, but
the facts alleged in the complaint. E.g., King, 2012 WL 280656 at *3 n.5.5
The defendants cite National Trust for the proposition that the Court “may
… consider facts which may be proved by admissible evidence,” (Doc. 34 at 1314), but they fail to note that such evidence is admissible only for the purpose of
“deciding whether the complaint alleges” something within the policy’s coverage.
2012 WL 38441 at *4 (emphasis added). The case on which Judge DuBose relied
for this proposition confirms the limitation. Pacific Indemnity Co. v. Run-A Ford
Co., 161 So. 2d 789, 795 (Ala. 1964) (“We are of the opinion that in deciding
whether a complaint alleges such injury [as is covered by the policy], the court is
not limited to the bare allegations of the complaint in the action against the insured
but may also look to facts which may be proved by admissible evidence in a suit
for declaratory relief ….”) (emphasis added). Thus, while the Court perhaps can
consider evidence beyond the underlying complaint in assessing what that
pleading alleges as to Benitez’s status, it cannot make a definitive ruling as to

5

The plaintiff agrees that “the existence of the duty [to defend] is determined by
the policy and the allegations of the complaint ….” (Doc. 37 at 6 (internal quotes
omitted)).
8

what his status was in fact. The defendants’ fear otherwise furnishes no grounds
for the Court to decline its jurisdiction under the Act.
The Eleventh Circuit has developed a list of “factors for consideration to
aid district courts in balancing state and federal interests” when making a
“discretionary decision whether to abstain from exercising jurisdiction over statelaw claims in the face of parallel litigation in the state courts.” Ameritas Variable
Life Insurance Co. v. Roach, 411 F.3d 1328, 1331 (11th Cir. 2005) (internal quotes
omitted). The defendants admit there is “no parallel state action,” (Doc. 34 at 15,
17), but they still urge the Court to apply the Ameritas factors here. The Court
retains the skepticism it has long expressed concerning the applicability of
Ameritas absent a parallel state proceeding,6 and it hews to its position that, “[a]t a
minimum …, the absence of parallel proceedings is a substantial factor bearing on
the Wilton/Brillhart analysis.” Essex Insurance Co. v. Foley, 2011 WL 290423 at
*2 (S.D. Ala. 2011). As in Foley, “[e]ven if the Ameritas analysis were fully
applicable in the absence of parallel litigation in state court, the Court is of the
opinion that a stay is unwarranted here.” Id. at *3.
There are nine Ameritas factors. 411 F.3d at 1331. The defendants rely on
the second, third, fourth, seventh and eighth of them. (Doc. 34 at 17-20).7 As this
6

King, 2012 WL 280656 at *4 (“As an initial matter, considerable precedent
supports the notion that a Wilton/Brillhart analysis does not even apply in the absence of
parallel litigation.”); GMC Concrete, 2007 WL 4335499 at *3 (“It could be convincingly
argued that a Wilton/Ameritas analysis has no place in this case because there are no
parallel proceedings.”); Travelers Casualty and Surety Co. of America, Inc. v. East Beach
Development, LLC, 2007 WL 3407049 at *12 (S.D. Ala. 2007) (“In the absence of
parallel state-court proceedings, Wilton/Brillhart abstention is inappropriate on its face.”).
7

These factors are:

(2) whether the judgment in the federal declaratory action would
settle the controversy;
(3) whether the federal declaratory action would serve a useful
purpose in clarifying the legal relations at issue;
(4) whether the declaratory remedy is being used merely for the
purpose of “procedural fencing” – that is, to provide an arena for a race
9

Court ruled in a similar situation, the seventh and eighth Ameritas factors “only
favor abstention when both the state and federal courts are asked to decide the
same legal or factual issues.” Atlantic Casualty Insurance Co. v. GMC Concrete
Co., 2007 WL 4335499 at *3 (S.D. Ala. 2007). As discussed above, while the
underlying litigation must decide whether Benitez was in fact a trespasser,
resolution of the duty to defend in this action will not encompass any such
ultimate determination of Benitez’s actual status; nor will the underlying litigation
resolve whether the complaint therein makes allegations falling within the policy’s
coverage.
The third factor “unquestionably favor[s] allowing this case to proceed[,
since] [i]t cannot be reasonably be disputed that declaration of insurance coverage
issues would clarify the parties’ legal relations.” GMC Concrete, 2007 WL
4335499 at *3. And the second factor is at best neutral because, since the issues
are not joined in both actions, “the coverage and liability issues will inevitably
have to be resolved in two different actions, regardless of whether the Court
exercises jurisdiction or not.” Id. at *4.
Which means the defendants must cast all on “procedural fencing.” It
seems unlikely that this single Ameritas factor could justify declining to exercise
jurisdiction to decide the plaintiff’s duty to defend, but in any event the
defendants’ showing is unequal to the task. For starters, the defendants cannot
even muster an allegation that the plaintiff has actually engaged in procedural
fencing; instead, they assert only that “[a] declaratory remedy could be used” by
the plaintiff for procedural fencing. (Doc. 34 at 18 (emphasis added)).
for res judicata or to achieve a federal hearing in a case otherwise not
removable;
…
(7) whether the underlying factual issues are important to
an informed resolution of the case; [and]
(8) whether the state trial court is in a better position to
evaluate those factual issues than is the federal court ….
411 F.3d at 1331.
10

The defendants’ argument is disjointed and not entirely cohesive but seems
to make the following points. First, the plaintiff waited nine months before filing
this action, and did so only a week after accepting defense of the underlying
lawsuit under a reservation of rights. This sequence “[a]rguably” suggests the
plaintiff sought to “avoid becoming a third-party defendant in the underlying
action” (had Kennedy filed a third-party complaint regarding coverage in the
underlying action), which third-party action would have constituted a parallel
proceeding and thus exposed this action to a full Ameritas analysis. (Doc. 34 at
16).
Second, Kennedy could still file a third-party complaint, and might do so if
the plaintiff withdraws its defense. According to the defendants, the filing of such
a pleading, even after the filing of a federal declaratory judgment action by the
plaintiff, often results in dismissal of the federal proceeding under an Ameritas
analysis. But, should the plaintiff prevail in this action and Kennedy thereafter file
a third-party complaint, the plaintiff would gain “procedural advantages” in the
form of having had a federal court decide state insurance law issues. (Doc. 34 at
19).
Third, “[b]y undertaking to provide a defense first and then filing a
declaratory judgment action, Plaintiff precludes [Kennedy] from filing a ‘parallel
state action’ seeking a declaration of its rights ….” (Doc. 38 at 3 n.1).
The short answer to the defendants’ arguments is that they ignore the test of
procedural fencing – a race for res judicata or to gain a federal hearing in a case
not otherwise removable. Ameritas, 411 F.3d at 1331. Since, as discussed above,
the state action will not resolve what the complaint does or does not allege about
Benitez’s status and will not decide whether the plaintiff has a duty to defend, it is
difficult to see how a race for res judicata is underway. And since the plaintiff is
not a party to the state proceedings, it is difficult to see how the “removab[ility]”
vel non of the state action to federal court could be relevant.

11

Nor do the defendants’ indicia of procedural fencing hold up well to
examination. In the first place, the assertion in their reply brief that the filing of
this action “precludes” Kennedy from filing a third-party complaint is flatly
contradicted by the assertion in their principal brief Kennedy remains entitled to
file a third-party complaint but chooses not to do so as long as the plaintiff
provides a defense. But even if the defendants are right about the preclusion, it is
not a result of any sneaky conduct by the plaintiff. By the defendants’ own
statement of the facts, the plaintiff withheld a defense for almost nine months
before providing one under a reservation of rights while, almost simultaneously,
filing this action. (Doc. 34 at 3-5). Kennedy fumes over being yanked around by
the plaintiff before it finally offered a defense, so it cannot seriously suggest the
plaintiff impeded its ability, or chilled its desire, to file a third-party complaint at
some point during that nine-month period. And if the mere fact that a state-law
issue is decided by a federal court could demonstrate procedural fencing, such
fencing would exist in every single Ameritas case – a result plainly at odds with
the Ameritas framework.
In short, nothing presented by the defendants persuades the Court that it
should decline to exercise its jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s request for a
declaration that it has no duty to defend Kennedy in the underlying lawsuit.
2. Duty to indemnify.
“It is simply inappropriate to exercise jurisdiction over an action seeking a
declaration of the plaintiff’s indemnity obligations absent a determination of the
insured’s liability to the movants.” All Seasons, 387 F. Supp. 2d at 1211-12.
Neither side seriously disagrees with this assessment, but they do disagree about
whether the appropriate response is to dismiss the indemnity aspect of the case or
to stay it.
The defendants note that the Court has previously opted for dismissal
rather than a stay. (Doc. 34 at 14). “In those cases, however, no issue of a duty to
12

defend remained, and the Court declined to retain a case with no ripe aspects.”
White-Spunner Construction, Inc. v. Zurich American Insurance Co., 2010 WL
3489956 at *2 n.3 (S.D. Ala. 2010).8 When, as here, the action includes a ripe
request for a declaration as to the duty to defend, the Court has consistently stayed
an accompanying, unripe request for a declaration as to the duty to indemnify. Id.
at *2; Apex/FCC, 2012 WL 5398803 at *3; King, 2012 WL 280656 at *5; GMC
Concrete, 2007 WL 4335499 at *5-6. For the reasons stated in these cases, the
indemnity aspect of this action will be stayed “until the earlier of (i) a final
determination of the duty-to-defend issue herein; or (ii) a determination (or other
resolution) in the underlying action of whether [Kennedy] is liable to [Benitez].”
Apex/FCC, 2012 WL 5398803 at *3.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, the defendants’ motion to dismiss is
denied. The defendants’ motion to stay is granted with respect to the duty to
indemnify and denied with respect to the duty to defend. The indemnity aspect of
this action is stayed until the earlier of a final determination of the duty-to-defend
issue herein or resolution in the state action of whether Kennedy is liable to
Benitez.
DONE and ORDERED this 29th day of January, 2016.
s/ WILLIAM H. STEELE
CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE !
8

The Court in White-Spunner was describing Roberts Brothers, W.G. Yates, and
All Seasons, but the same is true of other cases dismissed by the Court, in each of which
there were parallel state proceedings and the Ameritas analysis called for abstention
regarding the entire declaratory judgment action, leaving no duty-to-defend issue fit for
federal resolution. Lexington Insurance Co. v. Rolison, 434 F. Supp. 2d 1228, 1243-44
(S.D. Ala. 2006); East Beach Development, 2007 WL 3407049 at *11; Canal Insurance
Co. v. Morgan, 2007 WL 174387 at * 4 (S.D. Ala. 2007).
13