Family Medicine Pharmacy, LLC v. Impax Laboratories, Inc.

Filing 50

Order granting 48 MOTION for Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement and Certification of Settlement Class, as set out. Class Action Hearing set for 3/6/2018 10:00 AM in Courtroom 2A before District Judge William H. Steele. Signed by District Judge William H. Steele on 9/29/17. (tgw)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA
SOUTHERN DIVISION
FAMILY MEDICINE PHARMACY, LLC, )
)
Plaintiff,
)
)
v.
)
)
IMPAX LABORATORIES, INC.,
)
)
Defendant.
)

CIVIL ACTION 17-0053-WS-MU

ORDER
This matter comes before the Court on Plaintiff’s Unopposed Motion for Preliminary
Approval of Class Action Settlement and Certification of Settlement Class (doc. 48). The
Motion has been briefed and is now ripe for disposition.
I.

Background.
Plaintiff, Family Medicine Pharmacy, LLC, brought this putative class action against

defendant, Impax Laboratories, Inc., alleging violations of the Telephone Consumer Protection
Act of 1991, 47 U.S.C. § 227, as amended by the Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005 (the
“TCPA”). In particular, Family Medicine maintained that it had received an unsolicited “junk
fax” advertising the commercial availability and qualities of Impax’s epinephrine auto-injector
device on December 21, 2016, in violation of the TCPA’s prohibition on transmission of
unsolicited advertisements by facsimile machine, computer, or other device. See 47 U.S.C. §
227(b)(1)(C). Plaintiff further alleged that this fax transmission violated the TCPA by failing to
provide the recipient with a cost-free mechanism to opt out of receiving such transmissions in the
future. See 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(2)(D). By its terms, the TCPA provides for a private right of
action, and authorizes recovery of the greater of actual damages or statutory damages of $500, or
up to treble that amount for willful or knowing violations. See 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(3).
This action has been litigated vigorously, with substantial motion practice, amended
pleadings, and both formal and informal sharing of discovery materials. A critical legal issue
concerns Impax’s assertion that the subject fax transmissions were outside the scope of the

TCPA because they were not commercial advertisements, but were rather informational in
nature. The parties negotiated extensively for several months, with such negotiations
culminating in a mediation session on July 18, 2017 that yielded settlement of this dispute in its
entirety. The agreement is memorialized in a 41-page Settlement Agreement and Release
executed by the parties on August 23, 2017. (See doc. 49, Exh. 1.) In summary, the key
settlement terms include the following: (i) Impax will pay the sum of $4,815,700 in cash into a
settlement fund, to be distributed on a pro rata basis to class members making claims, such
distributions not to exceed $500 per compensable fax transmission; (ii) Impax will pay an
additional sum of $75,000 toward the costs of notice and claims administration; (iii) plaintiff’s
attorney’s fees and litigation expenses of up to one-third of the settlement fund less
administration costs will be paid from the settlement fund, subject to court approval; and (iv)
plaintiff, Family Medicine Pharmacy, LLC, will request a class representative incentive award of
up to $20,000, to be paid from the corpus of the settlement fund. Family Medicine, with the
acquiescence of Impax, now petitions the Court for preliminary approval of the settlement
agreement and conditional certification of a settlement class pursuant to Rule 23 of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure.
II.

Motion for Conditional Certification of Settlement Class.
Plaintiff seeks conditional certification of a settlement class (the “Settlement Class”)

whose parameters would be defined as follows:
“All individuals and/or entities who[] or which received one or more unsolicited
advertisements via facsimile from Defendant between December 1, 2013 and the
date of entry of the Preliminary Approval Order.”
(Doc. 49, Exh. 1, § 8.3.) Through formal and informal discovery, including fax records supplied
by the third party retained by Impax to send the subject facsimiles, the parties have identified
approximately 48,157 individuals and entities that fall within the boundaries of this Settlement
Class definition.
“A class action may be maintained only when it satisfies all the requirements of
Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a) and at least one of the alternative requirements of Rule 23(b).” Rutstein v.
Avis Rent-A-Car Systems, Inc., 211 F.3d 1228, 1233 (11th Cir. 2000) (citation omitted). Here,
Family Medicine seeks certification of a settlement class under Rules 23(a) and 23(b)(3). Before
reaching the Rule 23 criteria, the Court must determine whether the proposed class is
“adequately defined and clearly ascertainable.” Little v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 691 F.3d 1302,

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1304 (11th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted).1 “In order to establish ascertainability, the plaintiff
must propose an administratively feasible method by which class members can be identified.”
Karhu v. Vital Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 621 Fed.Appx. 945, 947 (11th Cir. June 9, 2015).
“Administrative feasibility means that identifying class members is a manageable process that
does not require much, if any, individual inquiry.” Bussey v. Macon County Greyhound Park,
Inc., 562 Fed.Appx. 782, 787 (11th Cir. Apr. 2, 2014) (citations and internal quotation marks
omitted). Family Medicine has met this requirement by proposing a manageable, logistically
straightforward means of identifying class members. In particular, Family Medicine explains
that Impax used a third party to send facsimiles; that said third party has supplied fax records to
Impax showing the names and fax numbers of the fax recipients; that Impax maintained certain
additional records; and that using these records, defendant has compiled a list (the “Notice List”)
containing the name of each recipient, along with that recipient’s city, state, zip code, fax
number, and frequency and dates of faxes transmitted. As such, the Notice List provides a
readily available, administratively feasible means of identifying and locating all class members
via a manageable process that will require little, if any, individual inquiry. The ascertainability
prerequisite for class certification is thus satisfied here.
1

Actually, the very first question to examine in the class certification context is
whether “at least one named class representative has Article III standing to raise each class
subclaim.” Murray v. Auslander, 244 F.3d 807, 810 (11th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted). It is a
“well-settled rule” that “any analysis of class certification must begin with the issue of standing.”
Id. (citation omitted). “To establish Article III standing, an injury must be concrete,
particularized, and actual or imminent; fairly traceable to the challenged action; and redressable
by a favorable ruling.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 133 S.Ct. 1138, 1147, 185 L.Ed.2d 264
(2013) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Here, it cannot seriously be questioned
that Family Medicine, as the recipient of an unsolicited fax from Impax, possesses the requisite
Article III standing to raise claims under the TCPA. See Palm Beach Golf Center-Boca, Inc. v.
John G. Sarris, D.D.S., P.A., 781 F.3d 1245, 1251 (11th Cir. 2015) (in TCPA junk fax case,
“[w]e find that Palm Beach Golf has Article III standing sufficient to satisfy the injury
requirement because it has suffered a concrete and personalized injury in the form of the
occupation of its fax machine for the period of time required for the electronic transmission of
the data (which, in this case was one minute)”). In Palm Beach Golf, the Eleventh Circuit
reasoned that the plaintiff had satisfied the “injury” requirement for Article III standing because
“it is indisputable that Palm Beach Golf’s fax machine was occupied during B2B’s successful
transmission of the unsolicited fax advertisement.” Id. at 1253. The same is true with respect to
Family Medicine’s receipt of an Impax fax. Thus, Family Medicine has Article III standing to
pursue the class claims.

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Having determined that Family Medicine’s proposed settlement class is adequately
defined and clearly ascertainable, the Court moves on to consider the specifications of Rule
23(a). See Little, 691 F.3d at 1304 (“If the plaintiff’s proposed class is adequately defined and
clearly ascertainable, the plaintiff must then establish the four requirements listed in Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 23(a).”). The Rule 23(a) requirements for certification of any class action are
that “(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) there are
questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative
parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and (4) the representative parties will
fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” Rule 23(a), Fed.R.Civ.P.; see also
Calderone v. Scott, 838 F.3d 1101, 1104 (11th Cir. 2016) (“Rule 23(a) requires every putative
class to satisfy the prerequisites of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of
representation.”).
With respect to the Rule 23(a)(1) “numerosity” requirement, the parties have identified
approximately 48,157 class members within the scope of the proposed class definition. That
volume of class members is plainly “so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable,”
so as to satisfy Rule 23(a)(1).
For purposes of the “commonality” requirement of Rule 23(a)(2), “even a single common
question will do.” Carriuolo v. General Motors Co., 823 F.3d 977, 984 (11th Cir. 2016) (citation
omitted). “That common contention … must be of such a nature that it is capable of classwide
resolution – which means that determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is
central to the validity of each one of the claims in one stroke.” Id. (citations omitted). Family
Medicine identifies as common issues of fact or law the following, among others: whether Impax
is subject to the TCPA, whether Impax’s facsimile transmissions violated the TCPA, whether the
subject faxes were informational or commercial in nature, whether class members consented to
receive fax advertisements or were in an established business relationship with Impax, and
whether class members are entitled to statutory damages and injunctive relief. Under the
circumstances, the Court agrees with plaintiff that Rule 23(a)(2) commonality has been
adequately established.
The Rule 23(a)(3) “typicality” requirement turns on whether “the claims or defenses of
the class and the class representative arise from the same event or pattern or practice and are
based on the same legal theory.” Williams v. Mohawk Industries, Inc., 568 F.3d 1350, 1357 (11th

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Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). Here, Family Medicine and all proposed class members are alleged
to have been harmed in the same manner (i.e., receipt of unsolicited junk faxes occupying their
fax machines for a brief period of time) by the same course of conduct by the same defendant in
the same time period, with the same legal remedy (i.e., statutory damages for violation of the
TCPA). Family Medicine’s claims appear unremarkable and facially indistinguishable from
those of other putative class members; therefore, the “typicality” requirement of Rule 23(a)(3) is
satisfied.
The last of the Rule 23(a) factors is found at Rule 23(a)(4), which imposes an “adequacy
of representation” requirement. “This adequacy of representation analysis encompasses two
separate inquiries: (1) whether any substantial conflicts of interest exist between the
representatives and the class; and (2) whether the representatives will adequately prosecute the
action.” Valley Drug Co. v. Geneva Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 350 F.3d 1181, 1189 (11th Cir. 2003)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The record reveals no perceptible conflicts of
interest between Family Medicine and class members; to the contrary, their economic interests
and litigation objectives appear fully aligned. Moreover, plaintiff has shown that Family
Medicine will adequately prosecute this action. Indeed, Family Medicine has established a
proven track record in this case of prosecuting its claims vigorously, and there is no reason to
believe it will not continue to do so on behalf of the class following conditional certification.
The same holds true for Family Medicine’s counsel of record, who are well qualified to represent
classwide interests here. See id. (observing that named representatives must “vigorously
prosecute the interests of the class through qualified counsel” in order to satisfy Rule 23(a)(4)).
On this showing, the Court concludes that Family Medicine will fairly and adequately protect the
interests of the class, as required by Rule 23(a)(4). Thus, plaintiff has met its burden of
establishing all four Rule 23(a) prerequisites. For class certification to be appropriate, however,
Family Medicine must also satisfy one prong of Rule 23(b). Plaintiff has designated this case as
fitting within the parameters of Rule 23(b)(3), so the analysis shifts to that subsection.
In order to satisfy Rule 23(b)(3), the plaintiff must show (in addition to the Rule 23(a)
factors discussed previously) “(1) that common questions of law or fact predominate over
questions affecting only individual class members (‘predominance’); and (2) that a class action is
superior to other available methods for adjudicating the controversy (‘superiority’).” Calderone,
838 F.3d at 1105 (citations omitted); see also Vega v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 564 F.3d 1256, 1265

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(11th Cir. 2009) (same). As to the Rule 23(b)(3) predominance requirement, the test is whether
common issues “have a direct impact on every class member’s effort to establish liability and on
every class member’s entitlement to injunctive and monetary relief.” Carriuolo, 823 F.3d at 985
(citation omitted). The predominance requirement is not met if, “as a practical matter, the
resolution of an overarching common issue breaks down into an unmanageable variety of
individual legal and factual issues.” Id. Here, the Court finds that common issues of law and
fact predominate. Common fact questions include whether Impax sent the subject faxes and
whether those faxes were unsolicited. Common legal questions include whether Impax is subject
to the TCPA and whether the fax transmissions in question violate the TCPA (which subsumes
such questions as whether they are commercial or informational). Resolution of those common
questions will directly impact every class member’s effort to establish liability and a right to
relief. Thus, Rule 23(b)(3) predominance is properly found here.2 Moreover, class treatment is
superior to other available means of adjudicating the controversy given the sheer volume of
potential class members, the identity or near-identity of factual and legal issues implicated by
their claims, and the administrative simplicity of identifying and notifying potential class
members using available fax records. Plaintiff has thus met its burden of showing that
conditional certification is appropriate pursuant to Rules 23(a) and 23(b)(3).
For all of the foregoing reasons, and for purposes of settlement only, the Court
preliminarily grants Plaintiff’s Motion for Certification of Settlement Class. The TCPA claims
2

That said, the Court recognizes that there are scenarios in which resolution of the
common questions could break down into a fragmentary, plaintiff-specific morass. For example,
if defendant was pursuing the statutory exemption set forth at 47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(C)(i)-(iii),
which relates to consent by the recipient, it requires no leap of logic to envision the litigation
bogging down in individual-specific queries such as whether defendant had “an established
business relationship with the recipient” and whether the recipient engaged in “voluntary
communication” to supply defendant with its fax number, all on a class-member-by-classmember basis. Those types of concerns could render the Rule 23(b)(3) predominance analysis
problematic, at best. Here, however, the parties’ proposed settlement removes consent as a
contested issue, and Impax specifically states that it “does not contest the appropriateness of
certification of the class for settlement.” (Doc. 49, at 19.) The point is that, while the Court
finds the Rule 23(b)(3) requirements to be satisfied in the specific procedural posture of this
litigation – with its proposed settlement agreement, the request for conditional certification to
implement the settlement, and the elimination of any consent defense – the undersigned
expresses no opinion as to the viability of Rule 23(b)(3) certification in a case like this in the
absence of a settlement removing individual-specific issues from the field of play.

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presented in Counts I, II and III of the Amended Class Action Complaint are conditionally
certified as a class action that Family Medicine (as class representative) may pursue on behalf of
the following settlement class:
“All individuals and/or entities who[] or which received one or more unsolicited
advertisements via facsimile from Defendant between December 1, 2013 and the
date of entry of the Preliminary Approval Order.”
Named plaintiff, Family Medicine Pharmacy, LLC, is preliminarily appointed as the
representative of the settlement class.
A remaining aspect of the conditional certification portion of plaintiff’s Motion is
plaintiff’s request for appointment of class counsel. See Rule 23(c)(1)(B), Fed.R.Civ.P. (“An
order that certifies a class action must define the class and the class claims, issues, or defenses,
and must appoint class counsel under Rule 23(g).”). Based on its determinations that they are
qualified, capable and willing to provide competent, zealous, and conflict-free representation to
the class, the Court provisionally appoints Diandra S. Debrosse Zimmermann and James H.
McFerrin as class counsel to represent the settlement class, pursuant to Rule 23(g)(1)-(2),
Fed.R.Civ.P.3
III.

Motion for Preliminary Approval of Class Action Settlement.
In its Motion, Family Medicine also seeks preliminary approval of the parties’ proposed

classwide settlement. Of course, any such settlement requires judicial approval. See Rule 23(e),
Fed.R.Civ.P. (“The claims, issues, or defenses of a certified class may be settled, voluntarily
dismissed, or compromised only with the court’s approval.”). “Preliminary approval of a
proposed class action settlement does not involve a determination of the merits of the proposed
settlement or affect the substantive rights of any class member.” Figueroa v. Sharper Image
Corp., 517 F. Supp.2d 1292, 1299 (S.D. Fla. 2007). During the preliminary approval process,
“the court simply determines whether the proposed settlement falls within the range of possible
approval.” Id. at 1298 (citations omitted); see also In re Checking Account Overdraft Litigation,
275 F.R.D. 654, 661 (S.D. Fla. 2011) (“Preliminary approval is appropriate where the proposed
settlement is the result of the parties’ good faith negotiations, there are no obvious deficiencies
3

Counsel have made an adequate showing on the record of their qualifications and
experience in a manner that satisfies the requirements of Rule 23(g)(1). See Zimmermann Decl.
(doc. 49, Exh. 5), ¶¶ 12-16; McFerrin Decl. (doc. 49, Exh. 6), ¶¶ 14-16 & n.1.

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and the settlement falls within the range of reason.”) (citation omitted). If so, then the approving
judge proceeds “to communicate the proposed settlement to the class, review and approve the
proposed form of notice to the class, and to authorize the manner and form of dissemination of
the notice.” Figueroa, 517 F. Supp.2d at 1299.
A.

Terms of Settlement.

As noted, the settlement contemplates that class members will receive cash, with
defendant also contributing limited additional funds for notice and claims administration. The
cash component of the settlement would entail Impax making a payment of $4,815,700 to be
distributed on a pro rata basis to those class members who submit timely claims, with such pro
rata share not to exceed $500 per compensable fax. Before distribution, this gross settlement
fund will be reduced by the following amounts: (i) a deduction for notice and claims
administration costs in excess of $75,000; (ii) a deduction for class counsel’s attorney’s fees and
litigation expenses, up to a maximum of one-third of the gross settlement fund less
administration costs; and (iii) a deduction for an incentive award to the class representative,
Family Medicine, of up to $20,000. Additionally, defendant would make a separate $75,000
payment toward notice and claims administration costs, with the remaining such costs to be
deducted from the gross settlement fund.
Because of uncertainty over the number of claims that will be submitted, it is impossible
to ascertain with precision what the pro rata payout per fax might be. Although calculations
may be made to reach a ballpark estimate, the results vary widely depending on assumptions
concerning class participation rate and the total number of compensable faxes for which valid
claims are submitted.4 What is clear, however, is that within any reasonable range of
assumptions, the pro rata share will fall below both the $500 - $1,500 per violative fax that the
4

As a hypothetical exercise, suppose that 20% of the conditionally certified class
of approximately 48,157 persons or entities files a claim. Suppose further that participating class
members received, on average, two compensable faxes. Suppose further that attorney’s fees,
litigation expenses and deductions for claims administration costs consume one-third of the total
settlement fund. In that event, the pro rata share per compensable fax would be equal to $166.67
(or ($4,815,700 x 2/3) divided by (48,157 x .2 x 2)). The higher the participation rate by the
settlement class and the larger the average number of compensable faxes per participating class
member, the greater the denominator will be and, hence, the smaller the pro rata share. Thus, if
40% of the class submitted claims and the average number of compensable faxes was four, then
the pro rata share would drop to $41.67 (or ($4,815,700 x 2/3) divided by (48,157 x .4 x 4)).

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TCPA provides as statutory damages, and the $500 cap to which the parties agreed. That is not
necessarily a fatal defect. After all, it is far from certain that class members would have
recovered anything had the claims proceeded to judgment, particularly in light of Impax’s
informational defense. Furthermore, it also bears consideration that the proposed settlement
brings an end to the litigation now, without a delay of years (and the accompanying expense of
litigation) to obtain a judgment. And the Court understands that the parties (represented by
experienced counsel) negotiated this settlement at arm’s length over a period of months, with the
assistance of a qualified mediator and with the benefit of both formal and informal discovery.
All of these factors favor a preliminary conclusion that the settlement terms fall within the range
of reason. See, e.g., Nelson v. Mead Johnson & Johnson Co., 484 Fed.Appx. 429, 434 (11th Cir.
July 20, 2012) (“In determining whether the class action settlement is fair, reasonable, and
adequate, the district court considers these factors: (1) the likelihood of success at trial; (2) the
range of possible recovery; (3) the point on or below the range of possible recovery at which a
settlement is fair, adequate and reasonable; (4) the complexity, expense and duration of
litigation; (5) the substance and amount of opposition to the settlement; and (6) the stage of
proceedings at which the settlement was achieved.”).
The Court makes no final determination at this time as to the fairness, reasonableness and
adequacy of the settlement. Indeed, it would be premature to do so without having first given
notice and an opportunity to object to all members of the settlement class. Nothing herein
forecloses or pretermits any class member’s ability to object to the settlement as unfair,
unreasonable or inadequate; to the contrary, any such objections will be scrutinized closely
before any ruling on the issue of final approval is made. What the Court does conclude at this
time is that the terms of the proposed settlement fall within the range of possible approval, and
that there are no obvious defects; therefore, preliminary approval is appropriate.
B.

Notice.

Prior to final approval of a class action settlement, “[t]he court must direct notice in a
reasonable manner to all class members who would be bound by the proposal.” Rule 23(e)(1),
Fed.R.Civ.P. Because the settlement class has been conditionally certified pursuant to Rule
23(b)(3), the rules also require that “the court must direct to class members the best notice that is
practicable under the circumstances, including individual notice to all members who can be
identified through reasonable effort.” Rule 23(c)(2)(B), Fed.R.Civ.P. The notice requirement,

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which is derived from Rule 23 and the Due Process Clause, applies to both the content of the
notice and the manner of its distribution. See Adams v. Southern Farm Bureau Life Ins. Co., 493
F.3d 1276, 1285-86 (11th Cir. 2007) (explaining that class actions “are subject to the
requirements of due process” and that, in determining whether class notice satisfies such
requirements, one must look to both “the language of the notices and the manner of their
distribution”) (citation omitted); In re Nissan Motor Corp. Antitrust Litigation, 552 F.2d 1088,
1103 (5th Cir. 1977) (to comport with due process, “it is not only necessary that the notice reach
the parties affected but that it convey the required information”) (citations omitted).
In terms of content, Rule 23 dictates that the notice transmitted to class members “must
clearly and concisely state in plain, easily understood language: (i) the nature of the action; (ii)
the definition of the class certified; (iii) the class claims, issues, or defenses; (iv) that a class
member may enter an appearance through an attorney if the member so desires; (v) that the court
will exclude from the class any member who requests exclusion; (vi) the time and manner for
requesting exclusion; and (vii) the binding effect of a class judgment on members under Rule
23(c)(3).” Rule 23(c)(2)(B), Fed.R.Civ.P. Additionally, due process requires that the notice
adequately describe class members’ substantive claims and “must also contain information
reasonably necessary to make a decision to remain a class member and be bound by the final
judgment.” Adams, 493 F.3d at 1286 (citation omitted).
Plaintiff has submitted a proposed form of notice as Exhibit 3 to its Memorandum Brief
(doc. 49) in support of the motion for preliminary approval. The proposed notice includes the
following disclosures, all in plain, easy-to-understand language: (i) the recipient is receiving
notice because records show that it may have received an unsolicited fax advertisement from
Impax Laboratories; (ii) the lawsuit involves claims under the TCPA for unsolicited fax
advertisements promoting Impax’s goods or services without prior consent or an established
business relationship; (iii) the precise class definition; (iv) the names and contact information of
class counsel; (v) the terms of settlement; (vi) an explanation that the recipient’s share of
settlement proceeds depends on the number of claims, along with a statement that distributions
are capped at $500 per fax; (vii) a detailed description of each class member’s options, including
the right to submit a claim form to receive settlement funds, the right to exclude oneself from the
settlement by submitting a notice of exclusion, the right to object in a specified manner, and the
option of doing nothing and remaining bound by the settlement without receiving compensation;

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(viii) a clear statement that if the recipient remained in the class, and the settlement were
approved, then he or she would release all TCPA-related claims against Impax; (ix) the date,
time and location of the final approval hearing, and the right of class members and/or their
attorneys to attend and be heard; and (x) on the bottom of each page of the notice, a toll-free
telephone number and website to which class members may direct questions. (Doc. 49, Exh. 3.)
After careful examination of the proposed form of notice, the Court is satisfied that its content
comports with both Rule 23(c)(2)(B) and due process requirements.5
As for the method of notice, again, “the court must direct to class members the best
notice that is practicable under the circumstances, including individual notice to all members
who can be identified through reasonable effort.” Rule 23(c)(2)(B), Fed.R.Civ.P. Plaintiff
explains that JND Class Action Administration will transmit class notice and claim forms to the
last known fax number of each potential class member. (Horn Decl. (doc. 49, Exh. 2), ¶ 6.) If
JND’s facsimile transmissions to a given class member fail on two occasions, then JND will mail
the documents to that class member at the last known address, after running each such address
through the U.S. Postal Service’s National Change of Address database. (Id., ¶ 7.) For any
mailed notices that may be returned as undeliverable, JND may undertake further reasonable
efforts to locate updated addresses. (Id.) As to class members who do not respond to the class
notice within 21 days, JND will retransmit the class notice and claim form via facsimile. (Id., ¶
8.) JND will also create and maintain a case-dedicated website that will allow class members to
obtain information about the settlement, review key settlement documents, and submit claims
5

Nonetheless, two minor revisions to the proposed form of notice are necessary.
On page 2, the notice indicates as follows: “If you do not wish to participate in the Settlement,
you may exclude yourself from the Settlement by sending (via US Mail) a letter of notice of your
intent to be excluded from the settlement to the Settlement Class Administrator, JND Class
Action Administration.” (Doc. 49, Exh. 3, § V(2).) Nowhere in that paragraph – or anywhere
else in the proposed notice, for that matter – is a mailing address for JND Class Action
Administration listed. Of course, it would be difficult for class members to send a notice of
exclusion “via US Mail” to a claims administrator for which no mailing address is provided. (To
be sure, the claims administrator’s address is set forth on the claim form; however, it is
unreasonable to expect class members who do not intend to file a claim to scrutinize a claim
form to locate an address to which they must transmit notice of exclusion.) This omission must
be corrected. Likewise, the notice explains that notices of exclusion “must be received or
postmarked on or before DATE, 2017.” (Doc. 49, Exh. 3, § V(2).) Which is it, “received” or
“postmarked”? This statement must be clarified to eliminate ambiguity.

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online. Among other features, this case-dedicated website will allow class members to search
their facsimile number to confirm the number and date(s) of fax transmissions associated with
that number as provided on the Notice List. (Id., ¶ 9.)
The Court is preliminarily satisfied that the proposed notice constitutes the best notice
practicable under the circumstances and that it comports with Rule 23 and due process. Notice
by facsimile transmission, which other federal courts have approved in TCPA class action
settlements, appears particularly appropriate here, given that (i) all class members, by definition,
received facsimile transmissions from Impax during the relevant period; (ii) Impax and its agent
have maintained records showing the facsimile numbers to which such transmissions were sent;
and (iii) it can be reasonably expected that businesses and individuals change their facsimile
numbers infrequently. Thus, the vast majority of class members should be reachable via those
same fax numbers to which the offending faxes giving rise to their claims were sent.
Presumably, as to most class members whose fax numbers have changed in the interim, the
settlement administrator’s efforts to send faxed notice will result in failed transmissions, thus
prompting the administrator to locate valid mailing addresses for them. The Court perceives no
obvious flaws in this notice plan; therefore, the Motion for Preliminary Approval is granted as
to both the manner and content of notice.6
IV.

Conclusion and Establishment of Deadlines.
For all of the foregoing reasons, it is ordered as follows:
1.

Plaintiff’s Unopposed Motion for Preliminary Approval of Class Action
Settlement and Certification of Settlement Class (doc. 48) is granted, as set out
below;

6

That said, final approval of the manner of notice must await receipt of information
regarding the results of class counsel’s notification efforts. And, of course, nothing herein
forecloses or prevents any class member from objecting that notice was inadequate as to either
content or manner. Such objections will be addressed on a case-by-case basis at the fairness
hearing. Similarly, the Court makes no determination as to whether due process requirements
are satisfied with respect to any class member who may not receive fax transmissions and for
whom the claims administrator is unable to determine a current mailing address. See, e.g., Juris
v. Inamed Corp., 685 F.3d 1294, 1321 (11th Cir. 2012) (“Where certain class members’ names
and addresses cannot be determined with reasonable efforts, notice by publication is generally
considered adequate.”). The parties here have not provided for notice by publication.

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2.

The following class is conditionally certified solely for the purpose of settlement
pursuant to Rules 23(a) and 23(b)(3):
All individuals and/or entities who or which received one or more
unsolicited advertisements via facsimile from Defendant between
December 1, 2013 and the date of entry of the Preliminary Approval
Order.

3.

The Court preliminarily appoints plaintiff, Family Medicine Pharmacy LLC, as
class representative of the settlement class;

4.

The Court preliminarily appoints as settlement class counsel James H.
McFerrin, Esq. of McFerrin Law Firm LLC in Birmingham, Alabama, and
Diandra S. Debrosse Zimmerman, Esq. of Zarzaur Mujumdar & Debrosse in
Birmingham, Alabama;

5.

JND Class Action Administration is appointed as settlement administrator. In
this capacity, JND is ordered to establish an escrow account in the name of
Family Medicine Pharmacy LLC v. Impax Laboratories, Inc., Settlement Account
at Signature Bank, which account shall be held in custodia legis and remain
subject to this Court’s jurisdiction;

6.

Impax is ordered to deposit into said escrow account the estimated Pre-Effective
Date Administration Costs (which estimate was to have been furnished by JND to
the parties within seven days after execution of the Settlement Agreement) not
later than October 16, 2017, which funds (less $75,000) shall be deemed to have
been paid by Impax toward the settlement amount;

7.

On or before October 10, 2017, defendant’s counsel shall provide the settlement
administrator with a list (the “Notice List”) of persons and entities who were
potential recipients of unsolicited fax advertisements transmitted by defendant
during the class period, as indicated by the fax records of Impax and/or its agent.
The Notice List shall include, where available, the number and dates of such fax
transmissions believed to have been received by each such person or entity during
the class period, as indicated by the fax records of Impax and/or its agent;

8.

The settlement administrator shall give notice to class members in the form found
at Exhibit A annexed to the Settlement Agreement, subject to the specific
modifications directed in footnote 5 of this Order. The Court preliminarily

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determines that class counsel’s proposed plan for class notice is the best notice
practicable under the circumstances, and that it satisfies both Rule 23(c)(2)(B) and
due process requirements;
9.

By no later than November 6, 2017, the settlement administrator shall transmit
the notice described in paragraph 8, supra, and a claim form substantially in the
form found at Exhibit B annexed to the Settlement Agreement to all settlement
class members.7 Transmission shall be via facsimile and/or U.S. mail, as set forth
in this Order and the Settlement Agreement;

10.

Within 21 days after notice is first sent by facsimile, the settlement administrator
shall send the class notice and claim form by facsimile to each class member who
has not yet submitted a claim form or otherwise responded to the class notice by
that date. Should the initial transmission fail, the settlement administrator shall
make at least two attempts to transmit such supplemental notice. The settlement
administrator shall also make reasonable efforts to identify the mailing address of
each class member to whom fax transmission fails, and to send the class notice
and claim form by mail to each such class member. The settlement administrator
must also publish notice of the settlement on a website. In that regard, the
settlement administrator shall also create and maintain a website that will (i) allow
for electronic submission of claim forms, (ii) contain copies of the class notice,
the claim form, this Order, the Settlement Agreement (excluding exhibits), the
petition for attorney’s fees, and IRS form W-9, and (iii) feature a searchable
database allowing class members to locate their fax number and ascertain the
number and dates of faxes sent to them, according to defendant’s records. The

7

One substantive modification to the claim form is necessary. In bold print in the
final paragraph, the claim form directs class members as follows: “You should go to the
settlement administrator’s web-site [sic], search the list of fax numbers for your fax number, and
review the number and date of faxes sent to you, if any.” (Doc. 49, Exh. 1, at Exh. B.) Nowhere
in that paragraph is the specific URL of the “settlement administrator’s website” identified, and
the only website address recited on that entire page is not identified as that of the settlement
administrator. Accordingly, in the interests of clarity, Exhibit B must be revised to recite the
specific website address for the “settlement administrator’s web-site” in the last full paragraph of
the claim form.

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settlement administrator must also maintain a toll-free telephone number for class
members to call with any questions they may have concerning the settlement, and
must conspicuously display that number and the availability of that hotline service
to class members on the website, in the class notice, and on the claim form;
11.

Plaintiff’s counsel will cause to be published at www.zarzour.com copies of the
class notice, the claim form, this Order, the Settlement Agreement (excluding
exhibits), the petition for attorney’s fees and IRS form W-9;

12.

The settlement administrator and/or plaintiff’s counsel shall provide the class
notice and claim form to all settlement class members who request them;

13.

To effectuate the settlement, the Court establishes the following deadlines for the
events set forth in the Settlement Agreement and directs the parties to incorporate
such deadlines into the class notice and claim form:
(a)

Claim forms shall be returned by settlement class members to the
settlement administrator online, by fax, by electronic mail, or by
mail with a postmark on or before January 5, 2018. Claims not
submitted by this deadline shall be barred;

(b)

Objections of settlement class members or any appearance of an
attorney on behalf of a settlement class member shall be filed with
the Clerk of Court and served by mail on plaintiff’s counsel and
defendant’s counsel on or before January 5, 2018, or shall be
barred. Any objections must contain, at a minimum, the objector’s
name and address, the fax number(s) at which that class member
received Impax fax transmissions, a statement of the objection, an
explanation of the legal and factual bases for same, and any
supporting documentation;

(c)

All memoranda filed by any settlement class member in support of
objections must be filed with the Clerk of Court and served by mail
on plaintiff’s counsel and defendant’s counsel on or before
January 5, 2018, or shall be barred;

(d)

Requests by any settlement class member for exclusion from the
class and to opt out of the settlement must be mailed to plaintiff’s

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counsel and the settlement administrator on or before January 5,
2018, or shall be barred. A notice of intent to opt out of the
settlement must include the following information, at a minimum:
(a) the settlement class member’s name, address, and the fax
number(s) at which it received one or more faxes from Impax; and
(b) a statement to the effect that the class member does not wish to
participate in the settlement;
14.

The settlement administrator shall file an affidavit attesting to the fact that
notice was issued in accordance with the Settlement Agreement by
December 7, 2017;

15.

By no later than January 19, 2018, plaintiff’s counsel or the settlement
administrator shall file with the Clerk of Court and serve on defendant’s
counsel the opt-out list. The Court understands that as part of their
settlement, the parties have agreed that Impax shall have the right to
terminate the settlement agreement under certain circumstances,
depending on the total number of class members submitting valid requests
to opt out. Insofar as Impax may wish to exercise that right of termination
on this basis, it must do so by no later than February 2, 2018;

16.

Defendant’s counsel shall file proof of compliance with the notice
requirements of the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, 28 U.S.C. §
1715(b), by no later than January 26, 2018;

17.

On or before January 26, 2018, the settlement administrator shall file
with the Clerk of Court a declaration detailing the number of claims,
exclusions, and objections received, and the particulars thereof;

18.

All papers in support of the settlement agreement shall be filed no later
than February 2, 2018. The parties have proposed the Auburn University
School of Pharmacy’s general scholarship fund as the cy pres recipient,
should any funds remain to be distributed. Any responses to objections
shall be filed with the Clerk of Court on or before February 2, 2018.
Plaintiff’s counsel shall file an attorney’s fee petition and any request for
class representative incentive payments no later than February 2, 2018.

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Any objection to requests for approval/award of attorney’s fees, class
representative incentive payments or reimbursement of expenses may be
made in writing filed no later than February 16, 2018, or orally at the
final approval hearing;
19.

Pursuant to Rule 23(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Court
will hold a Final Approval Hearing in Courtroom 2A, United States
Courthouse, Mobile, Alabama, on March 6, 2018 at 10:00 a.m.;

20.

Pending the Final Judgment and Order, neither plaintiff nor any class
member shall either directly, representatively, or in any other capacity,
commence or prosecute any action or proceeding in any court or tribunal
asserting any released claims against any released party unless such person
or entity has opted out of the settlement class in this action in accordance
with the terms of the Settlement Agreement or this Order; and

21.

The Court may, for good cause, extend any deadlines set forth herein or
continue the Final Approval Hearing without further direct notice to
members of the settlement class who do not file timely objections to the
proposed settlement.

DONE and ORDERED this 29th day of September, 2017.
s/ WILLIAM H. STEELE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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