In the Matter of the Search of: Google Email Accounts
Filing
10
ORDER Granting 2 Motion for Ex Ante Amendments to Search Warrant 3:14-mj-00352-KFM and Motion for Unsealing. See pdf for full details.Signed by Judge Kevin F. McCoy on 4/13/15. (NKD, COURT STAFF)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA
Case Nos. 3:14-mj-00352 KFM
3:15-mc-00009-KFM
In the Matter of the Search of
ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR
EX ANTE AMENDMENTS TO SEARCH
WARRANT 3:14-mj-00352-KFM AND
MOTION FOR UNSEALING
Google Email Accounts.
I. MOTION PRESENTED
Before the Court is Google, Inc.’s (Google’s) motion in case 3:15-mc-00009KFM, 1 which relates to a series of search-warrant applications filed by the government to obtain
the contents of six Gmail accounts. Google seeks an order modifying its production duties under
search warrant 3:14-mj-00352-KFM, and asks that its filing and any order that follows be unsealed.
This order grants Google’s request for ex ante amendments to search warrant 3:14mj-00352-KFM, and absolves Google of any responsibility to review email content. Because the
order addresses matters related to an ongoing government investigation, it has been drafted in a
manner designed not to compromise that investigation. A separate, contemporaneous order filed
under seal outlines without redaction this Court’s ex ante amendments to search warrant 3:14-mj00352-KFM. Finally, Google’s request that all filings in connection with this order be unsealed is
granted, with one exception.
II. BACKGROUND
This Court issued a search warrant in In the Matter of the Search of Google Email
Accounts, 3:14-mj-00352-KFM (the first warrant). The first warrant directed Google to provide
1
Docket No. 2, 3:15-mc-00009-KFM.
the government with email correspondence from six Gmail accounts that were exchanged during
brief periods of time these accounts were used to respond to Craigslist advertisements posted by
[Redacted poster]@yahoo.com that solicited sexual encounters with minors. Specifically, for
these narrow periods of time, the warrant directed Google to produce:
[T]he contents of electronic or wire communications held in the
SUBJECT ACCOUNTS, including:
a)
all electronic or wire communications with a minor
or any person purporting to be a minor, or claiming to have access
to a minor, or that otherwise involve the enticement of a minor to
engage in sexual activity for which any person can be charged with
a criminal offense (including email text, attachments, and imbedded
files) in electronic storage by the PROVIDER, or held by the
PROVIDER as a remote computing service (if any), within the
meaning of Stored Communications Act;
b)
all photos, files, data, or information in whatever
form and by whatever means they have been created or stored
relating to a minor, or individuals claiming to have access to a
minor, or otherwise involve the enticement of a minor to engage in
sexual activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal
offense.
Google declined to produce the requested email correspondence.
The government responded to Google’s resistance with a second warrant
application, In the Matter of the Search of Google Email Accounts, 3:14-mj-00387-KFM (the
second warrant application). The second warrant application sought judicial authorization to
search the same six Gmail accounts. However, the government reported that Google declined to
comply with the first warrant because it lacked the ability to provide email content for only the
narrow date ranges. In other words, according to the government, Google was only able (or
willing) to produce everything in the Gmail accounts, and would not produce content for only a
narrow period of time. Consequently, the second warrant application sought access to the entire
In the Matter of the Search of Google Email Accounts
Case Nos. 3:14-mj-00352 KFM & 3:14-mc-00009-KFM
Order Granting Ex Ante Amendments to Search Warrant and Unsealing of Filings
Page 2
content of the six Gmail accounts, without any date-range limitation. In a published order, this
Court denied the second warrant application as overbroad because it failed to establish probable
cause to obtain email content outside the narrow date ranges the accounts were used to respond to
the problematic Craigslist advertisements. 2
Google filed the instant motion in response to the published order. 3 Google
contends it resisted the first warrant, not because of the narrow date-range limitation—in fact,
Google represents that it “prefers date range limitations,” and regularly responds to warrants for
email content circumscribed by date range limitations. 4 Rather, Google asserts it objected to the
first warrant because it required Google to inspect email content for relevancy and evidentiary
value—the warrant directed Google to produce “communications with a minor, a person
purporting to be or have access to a minor or which otherwise related to the ‘enticement of a minor
to engage in sexual activity for which any person can be charged with a criminal offense.’” 5
Google contends that it is not competent to perform such an analysis, and requiring it to do so is
unfair and unduly burdensome. 6
Hence, Google’s two requests. First, Google asks for ex ante amendments to the
first warrant, relieving it of any obligation to inspect email content for relevance and for
evidentiary value. Second, Google asks that its motion and any order that follows be unsealed so
that Google’s rationale for resisting the first warrant is corrected in the public record; Google
In re Search of Google Email Accounts Identified in Attachment A, 3:14-mj-00387 KFM, 2015
WL 926619, at *7 (D. Alaska March 3, 2015).
3
Docket No. 2, 3:15-mc-0009-KFM.
4
Id. at 11.
5
Id. at 2 (internal quotation omitted).
6
Id. at 5-7.
2
In the Matter of the Search of Google Email Accounts
Case Nos. 3:14-mj-00352 KFM & 3:14-mc-00009-KFM
Order Granting Ex Ante Amendments to Search Warrant and Unsealing of Filings
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acknowledges that any unsealing must be done in a manner that does not compromise an ongoing
government investigation into suspected sexual exploitation of children. 7
After Google’s filing, the Court identified the United States as an interested party,
and directed the Clerk of Court to serve a copy of Google’s motion on the government. 8 The Court
then invited, but did not require, the government to respond to Google’s two requests. 9 Time has
expired without a response from the government, and the matter is now ripe for resolution.
III. ANALYSIS
Title 18 United States Code Section 2703(d) of the Stored Communications Act
authorizes a court, upon motion by a service provider such as Google, to modify the terms of a
search warrant ex ante if compliance with the warrant would be unduly burdensome. 10 Relying
on § 2703(d), Google asks the Court to amend the first warrant, relieving it from any requirement
to inspect the content of email correspondence for relevance and evidentiary value. Google asserts
that such content review of email is a law-enforcement function that cannot properly be delegated
to service providers. Google also notes that it is “not steeped in the investigation,” and does not
After Google’s filing, the Court entered an order declaring 3:14-mj-00352-KFM (the first
warrant), 3:14-mj-00387-KMF (the second warrant application), and 3:15-mc-00009-KFM (Google’s
Motions for Ex Ante Amendments and Unsealing) to be related cases, see Docket No. 9, 3:15-mc-00009KFM.
8
Docket No. 8, 3:15-mc-00009-KFM
9
Id.
10
18 U.S.C. § 2703(d) (“A court issuing an order pursuant to this section, on a motion made
promptly by the service provider, may quash or modify such order, if the information or records requested
are unusually voluminous in nature or compliance with such order otherwise would cause an undue burden
on such provider.”), see, e.g., In re Facebook, Inc., 923 F. Supp. 2d 1204, 1206 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (quashing
subpoena as violating the Stored Communications Act, 18 U.S.C.§ 2701, et. seq.).
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In the Matter of the Search of Google Email Accounts
Case Nos. 3:14-mj-00352 KFM & 3:14-mc-00009-KFM
Order Granting Ex Ante Amendments to Search Warrant and Unsealing of Filings
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have the background, expertise, or resources to sift through email correspondence for content to
determine relevancy and evidentiary value under the warrant. 11
For these reasons, Google asserts that the first warrant is unduly burdensome. 12 It
illustrates the burden by pointing out that over the twelve month period between July 2013 and
June 2014, Google received 23,113 pieces of legal process from law enforcement agencies seeking
information on 39,830 accounts. 13 These legal process requests ran “the gamut from fraud cases,
kidnapping and other emergencies, to routine civil and criminal demands for records.” 14 To
respond to the myriad requests for assistance from law enforcement, Google maintains a
“dedicated team” exclusively devoted to responding to legal process requests from law
enforcement. 15 Notwithstanding its policy of cooperation, Google asserts that the first warrant
goes too far and imposes an undue burden on it because it does not have the resources necessary
to review email content for relevance and for evidentiary value in a particular case. Moreover,
even if it did have the resources, Google contends that the review of email content for investigative
value should remain with law enforcement, should not be delegated to service providers. 16
These arguments are persuasive. Google is not equipped to determine whether
particular content reflects innocent behavior or is evidence of criminal behavior. Indeed, Google,
lacking law enforcement expertise, very well may overlook important evidence. 17 And, finally,
Docket No. 2 at 5 (quoting In the Matter of a Warrant for All Content & Other Info. Associated
with the Email Account xxxxxxx gmail.com Maintained at Premises Controlled by Google, Inc., 33 F. Supp.
3d 386, 395 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)).
12
Docket No. 3 at 3, 3:15-mc-00009-KFM.
13
Id.
14
Id. at 3-4.
15
Id.
16
Id.
17
In the Matter of a Warrant for All Content & Other Info. Associated with the Email Account
xxxxxxx gmail.com Maintained at Premises Controlled by Google, Inc., 33 F. Supp. 3d at 394-95 (unduly
burdensome to require Google to duplicate government’s efforts regarding the content of email); United
11
In the Matter of the Search of Google Email Accounts
Case Nos. 3:14-mj-00352 KFM & 3:14-mc-00009-KFM
Order Granting Ex Ante Amendments to Search Warrant and Unsealing of Filings
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Google should not be burdened with duplicating efforts that ultimately will be repeated by law
enforcement once content is disclosed. 18
This Court readily agrees with Google, particularly given the facts of this case.
Here, there was absolutely no reason to ask Google to inspect content. Law enforcement knew
precisely when the problematic advertisements were posted, precisely when emails related to the
advertisements were exchanged, and the very email addresses that were used to correspond with
[Redacted poster]@yahoo.com in apparent response to the problematic advertisement. It is a
simple matter to draft a search warrant giving the government access to the content of
communications at issue in this case without requiring Google to review that correspondence for
content. That warrant need only identify the date range to be searched in each account, with a
direction to seize all correspondence between the suspect Gmail account and [Redacted
poster]@yahoo.com for the specified date range. Law enforcement then could easily assess the
relevance and evidentiary value of the content and, if appropriate, return to the Court seeking
broader access to the email accounts at issue.
IV. EX ANTE AMENDMENTS TO SEARCH WARRANT 3:14-mj-00352-KFM
(THE FIRST SEARCH WARRANT)
Accordingly, the Court enters the following order ex ante, narrowing the scope of
the search authorized by search warrant 3:14-mj-00352-KFM. These amendments relieve Google
of any obligation to inspect content of the six Gmail accounts, while also providing the government
with full access to the content of emails for which its application establishes probable cause.
States v. Deppish, 994 F. Supp. 2d 1211, 1220 (D. Kan. 2004) (“[H]aving YAHOO technicians search for
the information requested would have placed an unreasonable burden on YAHOO.”).
18
Id.
In the Matter of the Search of Google Email Accounts
Case Nos. 3:14-mj-00352 KFM & 3:14-mc-00009-KFM
Order Granting Ex Ante Amendments to Search Warrant and Unsealing of Filings
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A.
Location to Be Searched
The locations to be searched in accordance with the ex ante amendments to search
warrant 3:14-mj-00352-KFM are described as follows:
E-Mail Address to be Searched
Date Range
1. [Redacted 1]@gmail.com
30 days, from [redacted date] to [redacted date]
2. [Redacted 2]@gmail.com
30 days, from [redacted date] to [redacted date]
3. [Redacted 3]@gmail.com
7 days, from [redacted date] to [redacted date]
4. [Redacted 4]@gmail.com
7 days, from [redacted date] to [redacted date]
5. [Redacted 5]@gmail.com
8 days, from [redacted date] to [redacted date]
6. [Redacted 6]@gmail.com
8 days, from [redacted date] to [redacted date]
all of which are stored at premises owned, maintained, controlled, or operated by Google, Inc.,
headquartered at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, California.
B.
Items to Be Seized
The following email correspondence shall be seized from the six specifically
identified Gmail accounts:
1.
From [Redacted 1]@gmail.com – the content of all email
correspondence for a 30 day period from [redacted date], to [redacted date], between
[Redacted 1]@gmail.com and [Redacted poster]@yahoo.com.
2.
From [Redacted 2]@gmail.com – the content of all email
correspondence for a 30 day period from [redacted date], to [redacted date], between
[Redacted 2@gmail.com] and [Redacted poster]@yahoo.com.
In the Matter of the Search of Google Email Accounts
Case Nos. 3:14-mj-00352 KFM & 3:14-mc-00009-KFM
Order Granting Ex Ante Amendments to Search Warrant and Unsealing of Filings
Page 7
3.
From [Redacted 3]@gmail.com – the content of all email
correspondence for a 7 day period from [redacted date] to [redacted date], between
[Redacted3]@gmail.com and [Redacted poster]@yahoo.com.
4.
From [Redacted 4]@gmail.com – the content of all email
correspondence for a 7 day period from [redacted date] to [redacted date] between
[Redacted 4]@gmail.com and [Redacted poster]@yahoo.com.
5.
From [Redacted 5]@gmail.com – the content of all email
correspondence for an 8 day period from [redacted date] to [redacted date] between
[Redacted 5]@gmail.com and[Redacted poster]@yahoo.com.
6.
From [Redacted 6]@gmail.com – the content of all email
correspondence for an 8 day period from [redacted date] to [redacted date] between
[Redacted 6]@gmail.com and [Redacted poster]@yahoo.com.
C.
Google Is Not Required to Inspect Email Content
Search warrant 3:14-mj-0352-KFM will no longer direct Google to inspect any
email content seized pursuant to this warrant.
V.
GOOGLE’S REQUEST TO UNSEAL 3:15-mc-00009-KFM
Finally, Google asks that its application and resulting orders in In the Matter of the
Search of Google Email Accounts, 3:15-mc-00009-KFM be unsealed so that Google’s stance on
disclosing email content is corrected in the public record. In support of this request, Google has
demonstrated that the government misapprehended Google’s reasons for resisting the first warrant
in the second warrant application. 19 And, this Court relied on the government’s description of
19
Docket No. 2 at 4, 11, 3:15-mc-00009-KFM.
In the Matter of the Search of Google Email Accounts
Case Nos. 3:14-mj-00352 KFM & 3:14-mc-00009-KFM
Order Granting Ex Ante Amendments to Search Warrant and Unsealing of Filings
Page 8
Google’s position in its published order denying the second warrant application, stating “Google
was unable to comply with the warrant as written because the time frame was too narrow . . . .”20
It now has been shown that Google’s objection to the first warrant stemmed not from the narrow
date range limitation, but rather from the direction to review content. 21
The public has a presumed right of access to virtually all proceedings and records
in a criminal case. 22 Thus, records in criminal cases historically have been open to the public.23
The presumption favoring disclosure can be overcome only if (1) sealing serves a compelling
interest; (2) there is a substantial probability that, in the absence of sealing, this compelling interest
would be harmed; and (3) there are no alternatives to sealing that would adequately protect the
compelling interest. 24
This case involves a sensitive ongoing investigation into the suspected sexual
exploitation of children. However, this Court’s order denying the second warrant application, as
well as Google’s pleadings in 3:15-mc-00009-KFM all reflect sensitivity to the one aspect of this
case that merits continued protection; namely, details that might compromise the government’s
ongoing investigation. A review of Google’s filings demonstrate nothing contained therein would
compromise the government’s investigation. Accordingly, the Clerk of Court is hereby directed
to unseal all filings and Court orders issued in 3:15-mc-00009-KFM, with one exception. Docket
No. 11 in 3:15-mc-00009-KFM, the order setting forth this Court’s un-redacted ex ante
amendments to the search warrant issued in 3:14-mj-00352-KFM contains information which, if
In re Search of Google Email Accounts Identified in Attachment A, 2015 WL 926619, *3 (D.
Alaska March 3, 2015).
21
Id.
22
Seattle Times Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court for W. Dist. Of Washington, 845 F.2d 1513, 1516 (9th Cir.
1988).
23
United States v. Index Newspapers LLC, 766 F.3d 1072, 1096 (9th Cir. 2014).
24
Press-Enter. Co. v. Superior Court of California for Riverside Cnty., 478 U.S. 1, 13-14 (1986).
20
In the Matter of the Search of Google Email Accounts
Case Nos. 3:14-mj-00352 KFM & 3:14-mc-00009-KFM
Order Granting Ex Ante Amendments to Search Warrant and Unsealing of Filings
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publicly available, could compromise the government’s investigation. Consequently Docket
No. 11 in 3:15-mc-00009-KFM shall remain sealed.
VI. CONCLUSION
For all the reasons set forth above, this order grants Google’s request for ex ante
amendments to the search warrant issued in 3:14-mj-00352-KFM as set forth above, and absolves
Google from any responsibility to review email content when responding to the warrant A separate
contemporaneous order filed under seal at Docket No. 11 in 3:15-mc-00009-KFM outlines without
redaction this Court’s ex ante amendments to the search warrant issued in 3:14-mj-00352-KFM.
The Clerk of Court is directed to serve the order at Docket No. 11 in 3:15-mc-00009-KFM on
Google and on the government. Finally, the Clerk of Court is directed to unseal all pleadings and
orders filed in connection with 3:15-mc-00009-KFM, with the exception of Docket No. 11, which
shall remain sealed. Numbers 3:14-mj-00352-KFM and 3:14-mj-00387-KFM shall remain sealed,
with the exception of this Court’s order at Docket No. 2 in 3:14-mj-00387-KFM, which was never
sealed.
DATED this 13th day of April, 2015, at Anchorage, Alaska.
/s/ Kevin F. McCoy
Kevin F. McCoy
United States Magistrate Judge
In the Matter of the Search of Google Email Accounts
Case Nos. 3:14-mj-00352 KFM & 3:14-mc-00009-KFM
Order Granting Ex Ante Amendments to Search Warrant and Unsealing of Filings
Page 10
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