Keating v. Nordstrom, Inc.

Filing 237

ORDER granting in part and denying in part 228 Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. A trial setting conference is set for 5/5/20 at 11:00am. All parties shall appear telephonically by calling 877-402-9753 (Access Code 6288202) from a landline telephone five minutes prior to the scheduled hearing time. Signed by Judge Sharon L. Gleason on 4/10/20. (JLH, COURT STAFF)

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ALASKA

MAUREEN KEATING, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v.
NORDSTROM, INC.,

Case No. 3:17-cv-00030-SLG

Defendant.

ORDER RE MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Before the Court at Docket 228 is Defendant Nordstrom, Inc.’s Motion for
Partial Summary Judgment. Plaintiffs Maureen Keating, Christina Freitag, and
Nancy Rheeston responded in opposition at Docket 231 and Docket 232.
Nordstrom replied at Docket 236. Oral argument was requested by Nordstrom,
but was not necessary to the Court’s determination.
BACKGROUND
This is a dispute about Nordstrom’s sales and advertising practices. The
Court summarized the pertinent facts and procedural history of the case at length
in its first order on summary judgment, and therefore will not do so extensively
here.1 Briefly, in the operative Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”), Plaintiffs
Maureen Keating, Christina Freitag, and Nancy Rheeston allege violations by

1

Docket 216.

Nordstrom of California’s Unfair Competition Law, Business and Professions Code
§§ 17200 et seq. (“UCL”), AS 45.50.471 et seq., Alaska’s Unfair Trade Practices
and Consumer Protection Act (“UTPA”), and California Civil Code §§ 1750 et seq.,
California’s Consumer Legal Remedies Act (“CLRA”).2 Plaintiffs also sought class
certification for Nordstrom customers in Alaska and California affected by
Nordstrom’s allegedly deceptive practices.3
At issue in the current motion for summary judgment are Plaintiffs’
“preseason sale” and “summer sale” claims.4 Plaintiffs’ preseason sale claims
arise from their allegations that Nordstrom “regularly advertises pre-season sales
in which it purports to discount the prices of fashion items, which it buys in limited
quantities” and does not intend to sell “at the purported full, regular price, and/or
nor does it sell such items in any substantial quantities at the purported full value.”5
Plaintiffs’ summer sale claims are based on Plaintiffs’ contention that:
Nordstrom’s practices, including but not limited to the use of serrated
hang tags, are designed to misstate and/or omit information about the
prevailing market price for the goods offered in the summer sale by
omitting the price at which these items were offered during the preseason (by removal of the lower part of the hang tag) and misstating

2

Docket 73 at 16–22, ¶¶ 31–53.

3

Docket 73 at 15, ¶ 28 (defining the class).

The preseason sale is also referred to as the Anniversary Sale. See Docket 144 at 2,
¶ 1 (Decl. Miller). Plaintiffs’ register error claims are not at issue in this motion. Docket
228 at 3 n.1.
4

5

Docket 73 at 4–5, ¶ 10.

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the amount of the discount being offered vis-à-vis the actual savings
from the price at which substantial quantities were sold.6
Plaintiffs’ summer sale claims are limited to those items that were on sale at the
previous preseason sale.7
On April 19, 2019, Nordstrom filed a motion for partial summary judgment
on Plaintiffs’ preseason and summer sales pricing claims on three grounds: (1)
that Plaintiffs Keating and Freitag lacked standing;8 (2) that Nordstrom’s sales
practices were not deceptive as a matter of law because the goods that Plaintiffs
purchased on sale were sold at full price either before or after the sale;9 and (3)
that Plaintiffs could not establish damages because they had paid less than the full
value of the items they received.10 On November 8, 2019, the Court granted in
part and denied in part Nordstrom’s motion.11 First, with respect to standing, the
Court denied Nordstrom’s motion for summary judgment on Ms. Freitag’s claims
in light of outstanding discovery.12 It also denied Nordstrom’s motion for summary

6

Docket 73 at 7, ¶ 12.

7

Docket 91 at 17.

8

Docket 143 at 8–10.

9

Docket 143 at 10–12.

10

Docket 143 at 12–16.

11

Docket 216.

Docket 216 at 18–19. However, the Court noted that on the “existing record, the
Court would grant summary judgment” as there was no evidence that Ms. Freitag had
made a purchase at the preseason or summer sale. Docket 216 at 18.
12

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judgment on Ms. Keating’s claims arising from her 2013 purchases, without
prejudice to renew.13 The Court granted Nordstrom summary judgment on Ms.
Keating’s preseason and summer sales claims pursuant to the UCL and CLRA
arising from her 2017 purchases, as those purchases were made after the filing of
the complaint;14 however, the Court denied the motion as it related to her claims
under the UTPA, where “[a]ctual injury as a result of deception” is not required.15
Next, the Court denied Nordstrom’s motion for summary judgment with respect to
liability.16 Finally, on the issue of damages, the Court granted summary judgment
to Nordstrom on Plaintiffs’ claims for monetary restitution, but not on their claims
for other monetary relief under the CLRA and UTPA.17
On December 3, 2019, finding that Plaintiffs had failed to file a motion for
class certification by the October 31, 2019 deadline, the Court ordered Plaintiffs’
class allegations stricken from the complaint.18

13

Docket 216 at 22.

The Court found that “these post-complaint 2017 purchases cannot form the basis for
a cause of action under the CLRA or the UCL, which both require actual reliance on the
alleged misrepresentations.” Docket 216 at 19.
14

Docket 216 at 20 (alteration in original) (quoting Odom v. Fairbanks Mem’l Hosp., 999
P.2d 123, 131–32 (Alaska 2000)).
15

16

Docket 216 at 27.

17

Docket 216 at 34.

Docket 227 at 6. As the Court indicated in its order, it had extended the class
certification deadline on multiple occasions at Plaintiffs’ request, yet Plaintiffs still failed
to file a timely motion. Docket 227 at 5.
18

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On December 19, 2019, Nordstrom filed the instant motion for partial
summary judgment.19
LEGAL STANDARD
I.

Summary Judgment
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a) directs a court to grant summary

judgment if the movant “shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”20

When

considering a motion for summary judgment, “[t]he evidence of the nonmovant is
to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.”21 To
reach the level of a genuine dispute, the evidence must be such “that a reasonable
jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”22 If the evidence provided by
the nonmoving party is “merely colorable” or “not significantly probative,” summary
judgment is appropriate.23

Docket 228. Nordstrom did not renew its motion in all respects, explaining that it is
“taking a targeted approach and . . . renewing its motion only on issues that should
unquestionably be resolved on summary judgment.” Docket 228 at 2.
19

20

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

Moldex-Metric, Inc. v. McKeon Prods., Inc., 891 F.3d 878, 881 (9th Cir. 2018)
(alteration in original) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255
(1986)).
21

22

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.

23

Id. at 249–50.

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The party moving for summary judgment “bears the initial burden of
demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of fact for trial.”24 However, “[w]hen
the nonmoving party has the burden of proof at trial, the moving party need only
point out ‘that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s
case.’”25 Once the moving party has met its initial burden, the nonmoving party
“may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the adverse party’s pleading,”
but must provide evidence that “set[s] forth specific facts showing that there is a
genuine issue for trial.”26

In determining whether to grant or deny summary

judgment, a court need not “scour the record in search of a genuine issue of triable
fact.”27

A court is entitled to “rely on the nonmoving party to identify with

reasonable particularity the evidence that precludes summary judgment.”28
DISCUSSION
Nordstrom moves for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ preseason and
summer sales pricing claims on two grounds.29

First, Nordstrom moves for

24

Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1076 (9th Cir. 2001).

25

Id. (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986)).

26

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248.

Keenan v. Allan, 91 F.3d 1275, 1279 (9th Cir. 1996) (quoting Richards v. Combined
Ins. Co., 55 F.3d 247, 251 (7th Cir. 1995)).
27

28

Id. (quoting Richards, 55 F.3d at 251).

Nordstrom did not renew its motion for summary judgment on the basis that Ms.
Keating lacked standing or that Nordstrom’s sales practices were not deceptive as a
matter of law.
29

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summary judgment on Ms. Freitag’s preseason claims for lack of standing.30
Second, Nordstrom seeks summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ claims for monetary
damages in connection with their preseason sales claims under the CLRA and
UTPA.31

The Court addresses each of Nordstrom’s grounds for summary

judgment in turn.
I.

Plaintiff Freitag’s Standing

Nordstrom contends that Ms. Freitag cannot “establish . . . that she made a
purchase either at the Preseason Sale or during the Summer Sale of an item
offered at the Preseason Sale that year.”32 Accordingly, Nordstrom concludes she
does not have standing to bring a claim under either California or Alaska law.33 In
their limited opposition, Plaintiffs state that they do not oppose Nordstrom’s motion
on this claim.34
As the Court explained in its prior order on summary judgment, Plaintiffs
have not set forth any evidence or particularized facts about purchases by Ms.
Freitag at either a preseason or summer sale, and therefore cannot establish that
she suffered an injury traceable to Nordstrom’s allegedly unlawful conduct.35 The

30

Docket 228 at 7–8.

31

Docket 228 at 9–13.

32

Docket 228 at 7.

33

Docket 228 at 7–8.

34

Docket 231 at 1.

35

Docket 216 at 18.

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Court gave Plaintiffs an opportunity to supplement the record, but they have not
done so. Accordingly, the Court grants Nordstrom’s motion for summary judgment
as to Ms. Freitag’s preseason and summer sale claims.
II.

Plaintiffs’ Claims for Monetary Damages

Nordstrom contends that it is entitled to summary judgment of Ms. Keating’s
and Ms. Rheeston’s claims for monetary damages arising from the remaining
preseason and summer sales claims. The Court previously granted summary
judgment to Nordstrom on Plaintiffs’ damages claim to the extent they sought
restitution (thereby eliminating Plaintiffs’ UCL claims). Accordingly, the remaining
monetary damages claims are in connection with Ms. Keating and Ms. Rheeston’s
CLRA and UTPA claims.36

Nordstrom contends that “Plaintiffs still have not

presented any evidence of actual damages” and that because “Plaintiffs purchased
items at prices lower than the full price, and the items were sold at full price either
just a few days before or a few days after their purchases . . . [t]hey thus still cannot
present any evidence that they received something worth less than the price they
paid.”37 Nordstrom maintains that the CLRA requires a plaintiff to prove actual
damages to obtain relief, citing a handful of California state and federal court

Ms. Keating’s claims based on her 2013 purchase remain under both statutes, but
Ms. Keating’s claims based on her 2017 purchase remain only under the UTPA, as the
Court previously granted summary judgment to Nordstrom on her claims under the UCL
and CLRA arising from her post-complaint purchase. Docket 216 at 19–20.
36

37

Docket 228 at 9–10.

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decisions.38 Nordstrom also maintains that under the UTPA, a plaintiff must prove
that she suffered an “ascertainable loss of money or property” as a result of an
unlawful act to get actual damages or statutory penalties.39 Nordstrom asserts that
a plain reading of the statute’s “ascertainable loss of money or property” language
requires “a showing of actual loss – that is, actual damages.”40
Plaintiffs, for their part, propose a full-refund model of damages, contending
that their “actual damages should be measured as the price they paid for a

Docket 228 at 11–12 (collecting cases). Among Nordstrom’s cited cases are Harmon
v. Hilton Group, Wehlage v. EmpRes Healthcare, Inc., and In re iPhone Application
Litigation; in each, the District Court for the Northern District of California granted the
defendant’s motion to dismiss a plaintiff’s CLRA claim for failure to allege any damages,
a requirement for standing under the statute. See Wehlage v. EmpRes Healthcare, Inc.,
791 F. Supp. 2d 774, 784 (N.D. Cal. 2011) (“Plaintiff has not alleged that [defendants] . .
. deceived her in the sale of services to her and that she suffered damages as a result.
Accordingly, the Court grants the . . . motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s CLRA claims.”); In re
iPhone Application Litig., No. 11-MD-02250-LHK, 2011 WL 4403963, at *10 (N.D. Cal.
Sept. 20, 2011) (“Plaintiffs have not alleged ‘any damage’ as a result of Defendants’
alleged actions. Therefore, Plaintiffs’ CLRA claim necessarily fails.”); Harmon v. Hilton
Grp., No. C-11-03677-JCS, 2011 WL 5914004, at *11 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 28, 2011)
(“Plaintiff’s CLRA claim fails on the basis that he has not alleged any facts showing that
he has standing to bring his CLRA claim.”). However, this Court held that Plaintiffs’ SAC
is sufficient to state a claim under the CLRA. Docket 91 at 20. As this Court previously
noted, the CLRA’s damage requirement for purposes of standing “is a capacious one
that includes any pecuniary damage as well as opportunity costs and transaction costs
that result when a consumer is misled by deceptive marketing practices.” Docket 216
at 8 (quoting Hinojos v. Kohl’s Corp., 718 F.3d 1098, 1108 (9th Cir. 2013), as amended
on denial of reh’g and reh’g en banc (July 8, 2013), 2013 WL 3368981 (9th Cir. 2013)).
38

39

Docket 228 at 10 (quoting AS 45.50.471).

Docket 228 at 11. Nordstrom also cites this Court’s decision in Sec. Alarm Fin.
Enters., L.P. v. Alder Holdings, LLC, No. 3:13-cv-00102-SLG, 2017 WL 506237, at *4 (D.
Alaska Feb. 7, 2017), where the Court granted summary judgment to the counterclaim
defendant on claims for damages and statutory penalties under the UTPA because the
counterclaimant failed to present evidence of actual damages. Docket 228 at 11.
40

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purchase they otherwise would not have bought.”41 Plaintiffs maintain that “they
would not have made their purchases but for Nordstrom’s claims that the items
were on sale at a considerable discount and would only be available at a higher
price if not purchased during the sale.”42 Ms. Keating declares: “I would not have
spent any money at all because I would not have made the purchase at all.”43 And
Ms. Rheeston states:
I was not aware when I made my purchase that Nordstrom was not
going to raise the price, and indeed I bought it only because I thought
I was saving money. . . . I would not have bought it at all but for my
reliance on Nordstrom’s false representations. . . . [I]t was only worth
$28.90 to me on the day I bought it, if it had a value of $150 and if it
was only going to be available at $42.95 or more on future dates, not
less. I got neither the value nor the savings and thus I calculate my
damages at the full price I paid because I would not have bought this
item but for the false representations, and would otherwise have
$28.90 in my pocket.44
Plaintiffs assert that “the crux of this case is that Nordstrom made that
representation that the goods were worth more than Keating or Rheeston paid,”
whereas, in fact, “neither Rheeston nor Keating received extra value rather they
41

Docket 231 at 3.

42

Docket 231 at 2.

Docket 233 at 5 (Decl. Keating). Ms. Keating further maintains that: “I would not have
bought the Treasure & Bond wrap had I known that the discount I was getting was not
50%, and the reference price was the market for only 3 percent of total sales, I would
not have felt compelled to jump on the offer.” Docket 233 at 4.
43

Docket 235 at 4–5 (Decl. Rheeston) (emphasis in original). Ms. Rheeston adds: “I
bought those items (the two pairs of shoes in 2010 and the 2013 beauty box and all the
other items I purchased over the years at Nordstrom) because I believed Nordstrom’s
advertising at the time of my purchase that Nordstrom was going to raise the prices for
all future sales and I had to buy them before the price went up.” Docket 235 at 4.
44

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paid what was in effect the true market value.”45 Plaintiffs add that both Ms.
Keating and Ms. Rheeston “were disappointed in the quality of the goods they
purchased.”46 Plaintiffs cite Veera v. Banana Republic as holding that “wasted
time and even embarrassment from deceptive advertising [are] damages under
the CLRA.”47 However, in Veera, the Court of Appeal of California was evaluating
whether the plaintiffs’ allegations that they had been misled by sale advertisements
and purchased items out of embarrassment and frustration were economic injuries
sufficient to confer standing under the CLRA.48 It found that plaintiffs had “raised
a triable issue whether they lost ‘money or property sufficient to qualify as injury in
fact.’”49 The Veera court did not hold, as Plaintiffs suggest, that wasted time and
embarrassment are a basis for monetary damages, without more.
In response to Plaintiffs’ proposed damages model, Defendant maintains
that “[c]ourts have repeatedly and unanimously rejected such a full refund measure
of damages in these types of cases,” citing to Chowning v. Kohl’s Department
Stores, Inc., and Stathakos v. Columbia Sportswear Company.50 However, those

45

Docket 231 at 3.

46

Docket 231 at 3.

47

Docket 231 at 3 (citing 211 Cal. Rptr. 3d 769 (Cal. Ct. App. 2016)).

211 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 789. To establish standing under the CLRA, a plaintiff must show
not only that the defendant’s conduct was deceptive, but also that it caused them harm.
Id. at 776 n.3.
48

49

Id. at 781.

Docket 238 at 4 (citing Chowning v. Kohl’s Dep’t Stores, Inc., No. CV 15-08673 RGK
(SPx), 2016 WL 1072129, at *5–8 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 15, 2016), aff’d 733 F. App’x 404 (9th
50

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courts rejected a full refund model for restitutionary damages, not for actual
damages, which are at issue here.51
In addition to restitutionary relief—which this Court previously addressed—
the UTPA and the CLRA provide for damages, attorney fees, and costs, and any
other relief the court deems proper.52 Nordstrom contends that Plaintiffs have “not
presented any evidence of actual damages.”53 However, both Ms. Keating and
Ms. Rheeston declared that they would not have purchased the items they did but
for Nordstrom’s allegedly unlawful representations, and that they were damaged
in the full amount that they spent on the items.54 Nordstrom disputes the relevance
of Plaintiffs’ representations, emphasizing that Plaintiffs “cannot present any
evidence that they received something worth less than the price they paid.”55
Cir. 2018) and Stathakos v. Columbia Sportswear Co., No. 15-cv-04543-YGR, 2017 WL
1957063, at *10–11 (N.D. Cal. May 11, 2017)).
Stathakos, 2017 WL 1957063, at *9 n.7. (“[T]he Court’s discussion . . . is limited to
restitution under the UCL, FAL, and CLRA. Plaintiffs may attempt to pursue other
measures of restitution not discussed below, or damages calculations under the
CLRA.”); Chowning, 2016 WL 1072129, at *7 (“[T]he Court analyzes Plaintiff’s proposed
restitution models.”). But see Spann v. J.C. Penney Corp., No. SA CV 12-0215 FMO
(RNBx), 2015 WL 1526559, at *6 (C.D. Cal. March 23, 2015) (“Here, plaintiff has
presented evidence that every dollar she spent was as a result of JCPenney’s alleged
false advertising, and defendant cites no evidence to the contrary or any evidence to
demonstrate that a full refund would not be proper under the facts of this case.”
(citations to briefing omitted)).
51

AS 45.50.531, 45.50.537; Cal. Civ. Code § 1780(a)(1)–(5), (e); see also Doe 1 v. AOL
LLC, 719 F. Supp. 2d 1102, 1110 (N.D. Cal. 2010).
52

53

Docket 228 at 3.

54

Docket 231 at 2.

55

Docket 228 at 10.

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However, for the reasons discussed below, Nordstrom has not established that it
is entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ remaining monetary damages claims
under the UTPA and the CLRA.
1. The UTPA
The UTPA provides that:
A person who suffers an ascertainable loss of money or property as a
result of another person’s act or practice declared unlawful by AS
45.50.471 may bring a civil action to recover for each unlawful act or
practice three times the actual damage or $500, whichever is greater.
The court may provide other relief it considers necessary and
proper.56
Nordstrom correctly notes that a plaintiff must prove actual damages to
recover monetary relief under the UTPA.57 Here, Plaintiffs have put forth evidence
that they were damaged in the full amount of the price they paid for their purchases.
Ms. Keating and Ms. Rheeston declare that they would not have purchased the
items absent Nordstrom’s allegedly deceptive advertising practices, and that the
items they purchased only had value to them insofar as they were getting the deal
they thought they were getting.58 Defendant responds that Plaintiffs received items
with real value, pointing to the full-price sale of those items, either before or after

56

AS 45.50.531.

Docket 228 at 11 (citing Sec. Alarm Fin. Enters., L.P. v. Alder Holdings, LLC, No. 3:13cv-00102-SLG, 2017 WL 506237, at *4 (D. Alaska, Feb. 7, 2017)); see also Garrison v.
Dixon, 19 P.3d 1229, 1235 n.22 (Alaska 2001) (“[T]he claims ultimately failed on
summary judgment because plaintiffs could show no monetary losses, as required for a
private action under AS 45.50.531(a)”).
57

58

Docket 233 at 4–5; Docket 235 at 4–5.

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Plaintiffs purchased them.59 However, accepting Plaintiffs’ evidence as true, and
drawing all justifiable inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor, a reasonable factfinder could
conclude that Ms. Keating and Ms. Rheeston suffered an ascertainable loss of
money in connection with their preseason and summer season purchases.
Accordingly, there is a genuine dispute for trial on this topic, and Nordstrom’s
motion for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ remaining claims for monetary
damages under the UTPA is DENIED.
2. The CLRA
The CLRA provides that:
(a) Any consumer who suffers any damage as a result of the use or
employment by any person of a method, act, or practice declared to
be unlawful by Section 1770 may bring an action against that person
to recover or obtain any of the following:
(1) Actual damages, but in no case shall the total award of
damages in a class action be less than one thousand dollars
($1,000).
(2) An order enjoining the methods, acts, or practices.
(3) Restitution of property.
(4) Punitive damages.
(5) Any other relief that the court deems proper.60

59

Docket 228 at 10.

60

Cal. Civ. Code § 1780.

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Thus, under the CLRA, damages and restitution are different remedies; as one
court explained, “[d]amages under the CLRA are a legal remedy, intended to
compensate those who suffer actual damage” and are a “different remed[y]” than
“restitution under the False Advertising and Unfair Competition Laws.”61
As discussed in this Court’s prior order on summary judgment, there is no
exclusive model for calculating restitution under the CLRA, but the “price paid less
value received” is a commonly invoked model.62 Similarly, there is no lone model
for calculating actual damages. The CLRA itself does not define “actual damages,”
and a review of CLRA case law in this Circuit reveals the use of different models.
For instance, some courts have approved of the “market approach” to assess
actual damages.63 This approach is adopted from California Civil Code Section

Colgan v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc., 38 Cal. Rptr. 3d 36, 59 (Cal. Ct. App. 2006).
As one legislator stated regarding the remedies under the CLRA, they are intended “to
provide the consumer the ability to ‘rescind unfair business transactions, collect
damages, and stop future bad practices.’” 1 CA Antitrust and Unfair Competition Law §
19.09 (quoting Hayes, Report Relative to Assembly Bill 292, 4 Cal. Assem. J. 8464 at
8465).
61

62

Docket 216 at 30 (collecting cases).

See, e.g., Paz v. Playtex Prods., No. 07-cv-2133-JM, 2008 WL 111046, at *3 (S.D.
Cal. Jan. 10, 2008) (“For a CLRA award of damages, Plaintiff is entitled to his actual
damages consisting of ‘the difference between the actual value of that with which the
defrauded person parted and the actual value of that which he received, together with
any additional damage arising from the particular transaction.’” (quoting Cal. Civ. Code
§ 3343(a)); Zakaria v. Gerber Prods. Co., No. 15-cv-00200-JAK, 2017 WL 9512587, at
*20 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2017), aff’d 755 Fed. Appx. 623 (9th Cir. 2018) (same); Wiener v.
Dannon Co., 255 F.R.D. 658, 670 (C.D. Cal. 2009) (“[A]ctual damages for these [CLRA]
claims can be calculated by subtracting the value of the Products without the claimed
health benefits . . . from the price that the particular class member is able to prove he or
she paid.”).
63

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3343(a), which governs fraudulent sales and provides that “[o]ne defrauded in the
purchase, sale or exchange of property is entitled to recover the difference
between the actual value of that with which the defrauded person parted and the
actual value of that which he received, together with any additional damage arising
from the particular transaction.” Other courts have defined “actual damages” more
broadly, to mean “those which compensate someone for the harm from which he
or she has been proven to currently suffer.”64
Here, Plaintiffs have proposed a full-refund model of damages. Although
some courts have held that a “full-refund model is an inappropriate measure of
damages unless the plaintiff can prove the product conferred no benefits,”65 those
holdings have been either in the context of restitutionary damages, or in cases
where “the plaintiffs did not contend that consumers never would have purchased
the product absent the claims on the label,” as Plaintiffs do here.66 Nordstrom has
not cited any binding case law—and the Court has not found any—that expressly
precludes Plaintiffs’ full-refund model of actual damages under these
circumstances.67
Chamberlan v. Ford Motor Co., 369 F. Supp. 2d 1138, 1146–47 (N.D. Cal. 2010)
(quoting Saunders v. Taylor, 50 Cal. Rptr. 2d 395, 398 (Cal. Ct. App. 1996)).
64

Mullins v. Premier Nutrition Corp., 178 F. Supp. 3d 867, 898–99 (N. D. Cal. 2016)
(collecting cases).
65

66

Id. at 899.

67

Nordstrom also relies on Wilens v. TD Waterhouse Group, Inc., where the Court of
Appeal of California affirmed the trial court’s denial of class certification, reasoning that
the class was inappropriate because each member would have to litigate numerous
factually unique questions about their entitlement to damages. Docket 228 at 12 (citing
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Nordstrom relies on Krueger v. Wyeth, a recent federal district court case
applying California law.68 In Krueger, the court concluded that “actual damage”
under the CLRA is the “difference between the actual value of that with which the
defrauded person parted and the actual value of that which he received,”69
adopting the definition from California Civil Code Section 3343(a).70 However, as
mentioned above, the so-called market approach derived from Section 3343(a) is
not the only model for calculating damages. Accordingly, to the extent that the
Krueger court adopted that model as the exclusive model for actual damages
under the CLRA, this Court declines to follow its approach. As one court reasoned
in refusing to “interpret ‘any damage’ in the CLRA as measurable only under the
calculation provided for fraud claims in section 3343,” the “Ninth Circuit has . . .
noted that even though CLRA and UCL claims may be ‘said to be “grounded in
15 Cal. Rptr. 3d 271, 277 (Cal. Ct. App. 2003). At issue was an allegedly unconscionable
contractual provision in the named plaintiff’s agreement with the defendant, which allowed
the defendant to unilaterally terminate access to a stock trading site. Wilens, 15 Cal. Rptr.
3d at 273. The court found that the “case d[id] not lend itself to the presumption that each
class member suffered damage by the mere insertion of the termination without notice
provision in the . . . agreement.” Id. at 276. Wilens stands only for the uncontroversial
proposition that a plaintiff must prove some damages in order to recover under the CLRA
and that the particular class under consideration was not well suited for certification as
there were many distinct factual inquiries into damages. Id. at 277.
68

Docket 228 at 12 (citing 396 F. Supp. 3d 931, 950 (S.D. Cal. 2019)).

69

396 F. Supp. 3d 931, 949 (S.D. Cal. 2019) (quoting Colgan v. Leatherman Tool Grp.,
Inc., 38 Cal. Rptr. 3d 36, 42–43 (Cal. Ct. App. 2006)).
The Krueger court relies on Colgan in support of its definition of actual damages. Id.
(quoting Colgan, 38 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 42–43). However, the Colgan court did not purport
to define “actual damages,” instead commenting only that “[t]o determine the amount of
actual damages for a CLRA award, the trial court applied a market approach as set forth
in Civil Code Section 3343, subdivision (a).” 38 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 42–43.
70

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fraud” or to “sound in fraud, . . . [f]raud is not an essential element of a claim under
these statutes.’”71 Moreover, the market approach adopted in Krueger and Colgan
is, in effect, a restitutionary measure insofar as it involves “‘the return of the excess
of what the plaintiff gave the defendant over the value of what the plaintiff
received.’”72

But the CLRA distinguishes between restitutionary and actual

damages, as do courts interpreting the CLRA, including Colgan.73

For this

additional reason, the Court finds that actual damages under the CLRA are not
confined to the market approach of Section 3343(a).
The Krueger court also distinguished between the objective and subjective
valuation of the product at hand.74 It noted that in affirming a district court’s holding

Daniel v. Ford Motor Co., No. 2:11-cv-02890-WBS, 2016 WL 2899026, at *21 n.5
(E.D. Cal. May 18, 2016) (second omission and alteration in original) (quoting Vess v.
Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1103, 1105 (9th Cir. 2003). The court noted that
the defendant “ha[d] not cited a single decision from the California Supreme Court or
California appellate courts holding that section 3343 . . . provides the exclusive
measure of damages for CLRA claims.”. Id.
71

Pulaski & Middleman, LLC v. Google, Inc., 802 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting
Cortez v. Purolator Air Filtration Prods. Co., 999 P.2d 706, 713 (Cal. 2000) (defining
restitution).
72

38 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 59 (“[A] trial court could, when assessing damages under the
CLRA, apply standards different from those the trial court might use when ordering
restitution . . . .” (emphasis in original). See also Chowning v. Kohl’s Dep’t Stores, Inc.,
No. CV 15-08673 RGK (SPx), 2016 WL 1072129 (C.D. Cal. March 15, 2016)
(“[R]estitution, as distinguished from damages, must account for any value the plaintiff
received.” (citing Cortez, 999 P.2d at 712)).
73

Krueger v. Wyeth, Inc., 396 F. Supp. 3d 931, 949 (S.D. Cal. 2019) (emphasizing that
the court must “look to what actually occurred, taking into consideration that which the
Plaintiff did, in fact, receive and the market value of the product”).
74

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that a class-wide damages model was inadequate, the Ninth Circuit recently
explained that:
Under California consumer protection laws, plaintiffs can measure
class-wide damages using methods that evaluate what a consumer
would have been willing to pay for the product had it been labeled
accurately. Such methods must, however, reflect supply-side
considerations and marketplace realities that would affect product
pricing.75
However, where, as here, the Plaintiffs are not representing a class, their
subjective model of damages does not present the same challenges as it would if
applied to class-wide damages.

Plaintiffs’ full-refund model of damages

corresponds with their theory of liability, and while they may ultimately fail to prove
their damages, they have produced sufficient evidence that a reasonable factfinder
could conclude they suffered actual damages. Thus, whether Plaintiffs can prove
damages to a reasonable certainty on the basis of their full-refund model is a
question of fact that should be decided at trial. For the aforementioned reasons,
Nordstrom’s motion for summary judgment on monetary damages arising from
Plaintiffs Keating’s and Rheeston’s preseason and summer sales claims is
DENIED.
III. Plaintiffs’ Evidentiary Objections
In addition to their partial opposition, Plaintiffs also filed objections to the
evidence offered by Nordstrom in support of its renewed motion for summary

75

Id. (quoting Zakaria v. Gerber Prods. Co., 755 Fed. Appx. 623, 624 (9th Cir. 2019)).

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judgment.76 Plaintiffs contend that much of the evidence introduced through Jay
Ramsey’s and Daniel Miller’s declarations contains conclusory statements that are
inadmissible hearsay and/or lacking in foundation.77 Specifically, Plaintiffs object
to the charts introduced in Mr. Ramsey’s declaration and his “conclusory
statements” about them, maintaining that he is not qualified to comment on the
data, and that the underlying data is unauthenticated.78 Plaintiffs also take issue
with how Mr. Ramsey presents the data, challenging some of the exclusions and
cutoffs.79 Plaintiffs similarly object to Daniel Miller’s declaration, contending that it
is based on inadmissible hearsay and unsupported by any evidence in the
record.80 Moreover, Plaintiffs object to Mr. Miller’s conclusion that “substantial
quantities” of product were sold at full price, maintaining that was a “material fact
which must go to the jury.”81
The Court has reviewed Plaintiffs’ evidentiary objections, but does not rely
on the data presented in either Mr. Ramsey’s or Mr. Miller’s declaration to resolve
the questions of standing and damages at issue in this motion. Accordingly, the
Court will not further address Plaintiffs’ objections at this time.

76

Docket 232.

77

Docket 232 at 1.

78

Docket 232 at 2–3.

79

Docket 232 at 2–4.

80

Docket 232 at 6–9.

81

Docket 232 at 8.

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CONCLUSION
In light of the foregoing, Nordstrom’s Renewed Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment at Docket 228 is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part as follows:
Nordstrom’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Ms. Freitag’s Preseason and
Summer Sales claims for lack of standing is GRANTED and her preseason
and summer sales claims under the CLRA and UTPA are dismissed with
prejudice.
Nordstrom’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Ms. Keating’s and Ms.
Rheeston’s claims for monetary damages under the CLRA and the UTPA
based on the preseason and summer sale claims is DENIED.
A trial setting conference is set for May 5, 2020 at 11:00 AM.82 Due to the
coronavirus pandemic, the Court and all parties shall appear telephonically at this
hearing by calling [phone] on a land line, five minutes prior to the hearing,
and dialing in with access code 6288202.

DATED this 10th day of April, 2020 at Anchorage, Alaska.
/s/ Sharon L. Gleason
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

See Alaska District Court Miscellaneous General Order 20-11, Suspension of Court
Proceedings, Effective March 30, 2020.
82

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