Delta Mechanical, Inc. v. Garden City Group, Inc. et al

Filing 162

ORDER [PRELIMINARY] re: 152 MOTION for Summary Judgment. This order does NOT decide the motion at docket 152. Rather, this order is intended to assist counsel in preparing for oral argument. It sets forth the court's preliminary views. It does not authorize the filing of any additional motion papers. Following oral argument, the court may adopt this order in whole or in part in its disposition of the motion. See PDF for full content. Signed by Judge John W Sedwick on 3/2/15. (JWS)

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 10 11 Delta Mechanical, Inc., 12 Plaintiff, 13 vs. 14 15 16 Rheem Manufacturing Company, et al., Defendants. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2:06-cv-01095 JWS PRELIMINARY ORDER AND OPINION [Re: Motion at Docket 152] 17 18 I. PRELIMINARY NATURE OF THIS ORDER 19 This order does NOT decide the motion at docket 152. Rather, this order is 20 intended to assist counsel in preparing for oral argument. It sets forth the court’s 21 preliminary views. It does not authorize the filing of any additional motion papers. 22 Following oral argument, the court may adopt this order in whole or in part in its 23 disposition of the motion. 24 25 II. MOTION PRESENTED At docket 152 defendants Rheem Manufacturing Company, American Water 26 Heater Company, Bradford White Corporation, A.O. Smith Corporation, and Lochnivar 27 Corporation (collectively “defendants”) move pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 28 Procedure 56 for summary judgment on plaintiff Delta Mechanical’s remaining breach of contract claim and its good faith claim. Defendants assert that plaintiff has not and 1 cannot establish that it complied with the claims protocol for any of its 2,611 claims for 2 which it believes it is due payment. Plaintiff opposes the motion at docket 158. 3 Defendants reply at docket 158. Oral argument is scheduled for March 6, 2015. 4 5 III. BACKGROUND Defendants manufacture water heater tanks. Delta is a plumbing company. In 6 Heilman v. Perfection Corp.,1 a class action lawsuit against defendants, the United 7 States District Court for the Western District of Missouri approved a settlement 8 agreement by which defendants agreed to facilitate the repair of defective water 9 heaters that they had manufactured (the “Agreement”). 10 The Agreement defined the class as “all persons throughout the United States 11 who own a water heater manufactured by [defendants] containing a [dip tube 12 manufactured by Perfection Corporation] or who owned such a heater and suffered 13 damages.”2 Under Section 8.2 of the Agreement, members of the class who had not 14 yet incurred out-of-pocket expenses related to the faulty dip tubes or whose problems 15 had not yet been fully repaired were entitled to certain benefits: either a certificate for a 16 dip tube replacement or a repair of property damage or both.3 The benefits were 17 subject to a protocol set forth in Section 8.2. Class members seeking benefits under 18 the Agreement were required to submit a proof of claim form. Those who had a valid 19 claim for benefits would then receive a certificate, which could be redeemed for 20 services within six months. A list of authorized service personnel would be provided 21 along with the certificate. The Agreement stated that each certificate would have the 22 water heater’s serial number printed on it, and the certificate could “only be applied to 23 24 1 25 2 26 27 28 No. 99-0679-CW-W-6 (May 1, 2000 W.D. Mo.). Doc. 126-2 at p. 14; see also id. at p. 13 (defining “Subject Dip Tube” as “all dip tubes manufactured . . . by Perfection between August 1993 and October 1996 that were installed into [defendants’] water heaters”). A dip tube is a “plastic tube that transports cold water from the intake at the top of the water heater to the bottom of the water heater tank.” Id. at p. 10. 3 Id. at p. 15. -2- 1 that water heater by matching the serial number on the certificate to the serial number 2 on the water heater.”4 In order to receive benefits under Section 8.2, the proof of claim 3 form had to be postmarked by December 31, 2000. 5 4 Delta was among the authorized service providers enlisted to perform dip tube 5 replacements. In applying to be an authorized service provider, Delta agreed to abide 6 by the terms set forth in a pamphlet entitled “Protocols, Procedures & Processes for 7 Replacing Consumer Dip Tubes” (the “Pamphlet”).6 The Pamphlet described the 8 process a class member would go through to obtain a certificate for service and how 9 the plumbing professional would receive payment.7 Delta maintains in its complaint that 10 it performed hundreds of dip tube replacements between January 2000 and December 11 2001 for class members who had submitted proof of claim forms but that defendants, 12 through the claims administrator, never issued certificates to those class members 13 despite their eligibility for benefits. Specifically, Delta seeks payment from defendants 14 for 2,611 dip tube services it allegedly performed for customers it believes are entitled 15 to benefits under the Agreement.8 16 Delta hired a collection agency in December of 2001 to seek payment from 17 defendants. In August of 2003, defendants informed Delta that the settlement fund had 18 been exhausted. Delta subsequently moved to intervene in the Missouri action to 19 enforce the Agreement. In September 2005, the Western District of Missouri denied 20 Delta’s motion. 21 22 23 4 24 5 25 6 Id. at p. 16. Id. at p. 17. Doc. 126-6 at p. 2. 26 7 Id. at p. 3. 27 28 8 Doc. 153 at ¶ 11; Doc. 159 at ¶ 11; Delta’s list of unpaid claims is in the record at Doc. 153-1. -3- 1 In March 2006, plaintiff filed this lawsuit in Arizona state court, asserting claims 2 against defendants and the administrator of the settlement agreement9 for breach of 3 contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, unjust 4 enrichment, and promissory estoppel. The case was removed to federal court on the 5 basis of diversity. 6 In June 2007, the court dismissed Delta’s promissory estoppel and unjust 7 enrichment claims based on the applicable statutes of limitation. In a separate order, 8 following supplemental briefing that applied Missouri law, the court dismissed Delta’s 9 breach of contract and good faith claims, holding that Delta was not an intended third- 10 party beneficiary of the Agreement.10 The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the 11 court’s determination, stating that “[t]he evidentiary record on this issue demonstrates 12 that at this early stage of the case . . .whether Delta was or was not a third-party 13 beneficiary is a genuine issue of material fact that might survive summary judgment.”11 14 After discovery closed, defendants moved for summary judgment as to whether 15 Delta was a third-party beneficiary. The court granted summary judgment in favor of 16 defendants on the ground that Delta was not a third-party beneficiary of the Agreement 17 under Missouri law.12 The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed and remanded the 18 case to the district court for proceedings to determine “whether Delta and its customers 19 complied with the claims protocol for the disputed claims.”13 20 21 Defendants again move for summary judgment. They argue that Delta has not and cannot establish compliance with the claims protocol as to any of the 2,611 service 22 23 24 25 9 Garden City Group, Inc. was the third-party administrator of the settlement agreement. It was dismissed as a defendant to this lawsuit. See doc. 48. 10 Doc. 48. 26 11 27 12 28 13 Doc. 66-1 at pp. 2-3. Doc. 138. Doc. 148-1 at p. 5. -4- 1 claims Delta contends are eligible for payment under the Agreement, and because 2 compliance with the claims protocol was a condition that must have been followed 3 before a class member could avail herself of the benefits under the Agreement, 4 payment is not due. 5 6 IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW Summary judgment is appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute as to any 7 material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”14 The 8 materiality requirement ensures that “only disputes over facts that might affect the 9 outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary 10 judgment.”15 Ultimately, “summary judgment will not lie if the . . . evidence is such that 11 a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”16 However, summary 12 judgment is mandated under Rule 56(c) “against a party who fails to make a showing 13 sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on 14 which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”17 15 The moving party has the burden of showing that there is no genuine dispute as 16 to any material fact.18 Where the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial 17 on a dispositive issue, the moving party need not present evidence to show that 18 summary judgment is warranted; it need only point out the lack of any genuine dispute 19 as to material fact.19 Once the moving party has met this burden, the nonmoving party 20 must set forth evidence of specific facts showing the existence of a genuine issue for 21 22 14 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 15 24 25 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 16 Id. 26 17 27 18 28 19 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). Id. at 323. Id. at 323-25. -5- 1 trial.20 All evidence presented by the non-movant must be believed for purposes of 2 summary judgment and all justifiable inferences must be drawn in favor of the 3 non-movant.21 However, the non-moving party may not rest upon mere allegations or 4 denials, but must show that there is sufficient evidence supporting the claimed factual 5 dispute to require a fact-finder to resolve the parties’ differing versions of the truth at 6 trial.22 7 8 9 V. DISCUSSION A. Condition precedent Defendants assert that summary judgment is warranted because the record 10 demonstrates that plaintiff and its customers did not comply with the claims protocol as 11 to any of Delta’s alleged 2,611 unpaid service claims, and because the protocol is a 12 condition precedent in the Agreement defendants are not obligated to pay Delta for 13 these claims. Plaintiff asserts that the protocol set forth in the Agreement is not a 14 condition precedent. It argues that just because plaintiff or its customers did not 15 perfectly comply with the process described in the Agreement and Pamphlet does not 16 mean that defendants were absolved of all payment obligations. 17 Pursuant to Missouri law, “[a] condition precedent is an act or event that must be 18 performed or occur, after the contract has been formed, before the contract becomes 19 effective.”23 If the condition does not occur, performance thereafter is excused.24 A 20 21 20 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248-49. 22 21 23 Id. at 255. 22 24 Id. at 248-49. 23 25 26 27 28 Historic Hermann, Inc. v. Thuli, 790 S.W.2d 931, 936 (Mo. Ct. App. 1990). 24 Highland Inns Corp. v. Am. Landmark Corp., 650 S.W.2d 667, 672 (Mo. Ct. App. 1983); see also Centerco Props., Inc. v. Boulevard Inv. Co., 795 S.W.2d 521, 522 (Mo. App. 1990) (“A rational reading of the unambiguous language of the section reveals a condition precedent which must be satisfied in order for the realtors to be eligible to receive their commissions.”). -6- 1 plaintiff seeking enforcement of a contract containing conditions precedent to be 2 performed by the plaintiff must plead and show performance of such conditions or 3 provide an excuse for the nonperformance.25 However, because conditions precedent 4 are disfavored, it must be clear that the parties intended to provide for a condition 5 precedent by using terms such as “on condition,” “provided that,” or “so that.” 26 6 Here, the Agreement unequivocally makes the claims protocol set forth in 7 Section 8.2 a condition precedent. The language states that class members “shall be 8 entitled to the benefits as described below, subject to the following provisions.”27 The 9 provisions that follow include the claims protocol. The use of the term “subject to” 10 indicates that benefits were contingent upon compliance with the protocol. 28 Indeed, in 11 the order at docket 138, the court concluded that it considered the claim s protocol a 12 condition to payment. Moreover, the Ninth Circuit, in its remand to the court, described 13 the Agreement as creating a condition precedent: “the [defendants] promised to pay 14 Delta directly for the debt incurred by the customers on the condition that the claims 15 protocol was followed.”29 Although Delta is not a party to the Agreement, the 16 condition— in this case compliance with the claims protocol—must nonetheless “occur 17 to activate the right of the beneficiary just as it must occur to activate the right of a 18 promisee.”30 A third-party beneficiary is subject to any limitations imposed by the terms 19 20 21 25 Hastings & Chivetta Architects v. Burch, 794 S.W.2d 294, 296-97 (Mo. Ct. App. 1990); MFA Ins. Co. v. Murphy, 606 S.W.2d 661, 663 (Mo. 1980). 22 26 23 27 24 28 25 26 Kansas City S. Ry. Co. v. St. Louis-S.F. Ry. Co., 509 S.W.2d 457, 460 (Mo. 1974). Doc. 126- 2 at p. 15 (emphasis added). See Ginett v. Computer Task Group, Inc., 962 F.2d 1085, 1099-1100 (2d Cir. 1992) (noting that “subject to” often marks an event as a condition); Dan Bunn, Inc. v. Brown, 590 P.2d 209 (Oregon 1979) (holding that a provision that made the agreement “subject to” a certain event “clearly indicated an intent to impose a condition precedent”). 27 29 28 30 Doc. 148-1 at p. 5. See Doc. 148-1 (quoting 9-46 Corbin on Contracts § 46.1). -7- 1 of the contract.31 Thus, in order to prevail against defendants and obtain payment, 2 Delta must demonstrate that the customers associated with the outstanding 2,611 3 claims for payment were class members who complied with the protocols outlined in the 4 Agreement. 5 B. Claims protocol 6 Plaintiff, citing United States v. Mallinckrodt, Inc., 32 argues that defendants are 7 not entitled to summary judgment because they have not come “forward with admissible 8 evidence to support [their] contention that there is no record ev idence sufficient to 9 create a genuine issue of material fact.”33 Plaintiff contends that defendants need to 10 come forward with “evidence that plaintiff is not entitled to recover as to each and every 11 one of its 2,611 claims.”34 Plaintiff misunderstands defendants’ burden. Where, such 12 as here, the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial on a dispositive issue, 13 the moving party need not present evidence to show that summary judgment is 14 warranted; it need only point out the lack of any genuine dispute as to material fact.35 In 15 other words, defendants do not need to provide their own evidence to negate plaintiff’s 16 claims to be eligible for summary judgment; they can instead cite to the record to show 17 that the opposing party does not have enough evidence of an essential element of its 18 claim to support a jury finding in its favor.36 Indeed, the case plaintiff relies on, 19 20 21 31 Restatement (Second) of Contracts 309, Comment b.; see also Ceco Corp. v. Plaza Point, Inc., 573 S.W.2d 92, 94 (Mo. Ct. App. 1978) (“a third-party beneficiary’s rights on a surety contract are delineated by the specific terms contained in the contract, and his rights are no greater than those of the contracting party through whom he asserts the right or claim.”) 22 32 23 343 F. Supp. 2d 809 (E.D. Mo. 2004). 33 24 25 26 27 28 Doc. 158 at p. 6. 34 Id. 35 Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323-25. 36 Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323; Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos., Inc., 210 F.3d 1099, 1102 (9th Cir. 2000); Headlands Reserve, LLC v. Ctr. for Natural Lands Mgmt., 523 F. Supp. 2d 1113, 1123 (C.D. Cal. 2007). -8- 1 Mallinckrodt, did not set forth a different standard. It simply noted that the moving party 2 cannot meet its initial burden by alleging “some metaphysical doubt as to the material 3 facts” but rather must cite to the record submitted.37 Defendants have done so here. 4 It is clear that in order to be eligible for the benefits under the Agreement, a class 5 member had to first submit a proof of claim form. Once a valid claim form was 6 submitted, the class member would become an authorized claimant and would get a 7 certificate, which could “only be applied to that water heater by matching the serial 8 number on the certificate to the serial number on the water heater.”38 In other words a 9 certificate was required before services could be rendered. That procedure was 10 reiterated in the Pamphlet. It stated that the plumbing professional would make the 11 approved repairs “after matching the serial number on the [certificate or authorization 12 letter] to the serial number on the water heater.”39 Delta agreed to comply with the 13 terms described in the pamphlet.40 14 It is undisputed that Delta provided repair services to customers they believed 15 were class members prior to the customers submitting a proof a claim form and 16 receiving a certificate to verify the customer’s status.41 Without the certificate, Delta 17 could not match the serial numbers as required under the Agreement to ensure that the 18 customer was an authorized claimant who had a water heater eligible for services. 19 Delta instead determined eligibility on its own because it believed its employees could 20 21 22 23 37 24 38 25 39 United States v. Mallinckrodt, 343 F. Supp. 2d 809, 814, 816 (E.D. Mo. 2004). Doc. 126-2 at p. 16 (Section 8.2.3). Doc. 126-6 at p. 3 26 40 Doc. 126-6 at p. 2. 27 28 41 See, e.g., doc. 153-5 at pp. 9-10, 13 (Kitchukov depo. pp. 21-25, 40-41); doc. 153-7 at p. 77. -9- 1 easily confirm if a customer’s water heater was covered under the Agreement.42 Delta 2 had the customer fill out a proof of claim form after the repair service had been 3 completed and sign a form agreeing to send the certificate to Delta once received.43 4 The record reflects that most of the claims on Delta’s unpaid list reflect such an 5 arrangement, where Delta would perform the work first and then rely on the customer to 6 follow through on the certificate. Delta’s president, Todor Kitchukov, testified at his 7 deposition that of the 2,611 claims for which Delta believes it is entitled to payment, 8 “probably most of them” were done before the customer had a certificate.44 9 Since defendants have met their burden, the nonmoving party must set forth 10 evidence of specific facts showing the existence of a genuine issue for trial.45 Plaintiff 11 has not done so. It does not point to any testimony or documentation to show 12 compliance with the claims protocol for any of the 2,611 claims that are the subject of 13 this lawsuit. That is, plaintiff fails to point to any evidence showing an unpaid claim 14 where the customer had a certificate before Delta serviced the water heater. The only 15 evidence related to Delta’s alleged 2,611 unpaid claims is a spreadsheet of the names 16 and addresses of customers it believes should have been considered authorized 17 claimants and the amount owed as to that customer.46 Indeed, Svilen Nikolov, the 18 Delta employee in change of finance, budgeting, and accounts receivable and tasked 19 with assisting Delta’s lawyers during this litigation, could not say what type of 20 documents Delta kept to support each claim.47 The information was simply generated 21 22 23 42 Doc. 153-5 at pp. 9, 13 (Kitchukov depo. pp. 24, 40-41); doc.153-7 at p. 17 (Nikolov depo. p. 57 at ll. 17-21); doc. 153-7 at p. 78. 43 24 25 Doc. 153-5 at pp. 9, 16 (Kitchukov depo. pp. 21-25, 49-50); doc. 153-7 at pp. 68- 72. 44 Doc. 153-5 at p. 11 (Kitchukov depo. p. 31 ll. 3-19). 26 45 27 46 28 47 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248-49. Doc. 153-7 at p. 7 (Nikolov depo. pp. 18). Doc. 153-7 at pp. 7, 16 (Nikolov depo. pp. 22-23, 52-53) -10- 1 from Delta’s accounts receivable.48 Thus, plaintiff has not discovered or put forth any 2 evidence from which a jury could find that its customers complied with the necessary 3 protocol entitling them to repair services in the first place. That is, there is no 4 documentation as to whether the customer submitted a proof a claim form and whether 5 the claim resulted in the issuance of a certificate for services or was deemed invalid. 6 C. Waiver 7 Plaintiff argues that regardless of whether it strictly adhered to the claims 8 protocol, summary judgment is not warranted because there are disputed issues of fact 9 as to whether defendants waived reliance on the part of the claims protocol requiring a 10 class member to obtain a certificate before being eligible for repairs. Under Missouri 11 law, a party may waive any condition of a contract in that party’s favor.49 “Waiver of 12 rights under a contract . . . has been def ined as an intentional relinquishment of a 13 known right, on the question of which intention of the party charged with waiver is 14 controlling.”50 The waiver may be implied from conduct so long as the conduct is “so 15 manifestly consistent with and indicative of an intention to renounce a particular right or 16 benefit that no other reasonable explanation of the conduct is possible.” 51 In other 17 words, there must be a clear, unequivocal, and decisive act in order to imply a waiver.52 18 In support of its waiver argument, plaintiff points to the affidavits of two former 19 Delta employees who assert that they often called the claims administrator to check on 20 the status of a customer’s certificate.53 During such calls the employees would discuss 21 22 48 23 Doc. 153-7 at p. 6 (Nikolov depo. p. 16). 49 24 25 Spencer Reed Group, Inc. v. Pickett, 163 S.W.3d 570, 574 (Mo. Ct. App. 2005). 50 Keltner v. Sowell, 926 S.W.2d 528, 531 (Mo. Ct. App. 1996) 26 51 27 52 28 53 Spencer Reed Group, 163 S.W.3d at 574. Keltner, 926 S.W.2d at 531. Doc. 131-3 at pp. 11-19. -11- 1 the fact that the repairs had been performed prior to the certificate being issued and 2 sometimes after such calls the administrator would nonetheless issue a certificate.54 3 The affidavits state that “at no time during any of [the] calls with [the claims 4 administrator] did [the] representative state that Delta should not perform the dip tube 5 repair before obtaining a redemption certificate from the customer or that Delta would 6 not be paid for any dip tube repairs performed before a redemption certificate had been 7 issued to the customer.”55 Defendants call into question the veracity of these affidavits, 8 noting that they are identically worded and one of the affiants is the daughter of Delta’s 9 owner. They also point to a letter that was purportedly sent to all authorized service 10 providers, stating that “repairs completed before the consumer files a claim are invalid 11 and will not be paid under the [Agreement].”56 However, this letter is not written on 12 letterhead, does not list any recipient, does not provide a date or a signature, and 13 defendants do not provide any authenticating affidavit. Thus, it cannot be considered. 57 14 Regardless, at the summary judgment stage, all evidence presented by Delta, the 15 non-movant, must be believed.58 Moreover, the court cannot weigh conflicting evidence 16 or make credibility determinations.59 17 Given that there is a factual dispute about the conduct of defendants, acting 18 through the claims administrator, and whether that conduct amounted to an intentional 19 waiver of the requirement that a class member first obtain a certificate, summary 20 judgment in favor of defendants as to all of Delta’s 2,611 claims for payment is 21 22 54 23 55 24 56 25 57 26 Doc. 131-3 at pp. 12-13, ¶¶ 6-8; Doc. 131- 3 at p.18 ¶¶ 6-9. Doc. 131-3 at p. 13, ¶ 9; Doc. 131-3 at p. 18, ¶ 9. Doc. 126-6 at p. 6. Orr v. Bank of Am., 285 F.3d 764, 773 (9th Cir. 2002) (requiring authentication or some evidence that the document is what its proponent claims). 27 58 28 59 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. Id. -12- 1 inappropriate. The court stresses to plaintiff, however, that a waiver would only save 2 those claims where the customer eventually obtained a certificate but payment was 3 nonetheless denied because of the timing of Delta’s repair. It would not save those 4 claims where payment was denied for other valid reasons under the Agreement—such 5 as an ineligible water heater, an incomplete or nonexistent proof of claim form, or an 6 untimely filing— because plaintiff has not set forth any evidence showing defendants 7 waived reliance on other valid reasons for rejection.60 There is not enough admissible 8 evidence on the record at this time to establish which of the 2,611 claims were not paid 9 because of the timing of repairs and which were not paid because of other valid and 10 unwaived reasons.61 Thus, the court cannot at this time identify and narrow the number 11 of claims that would be affected in the event the trier of fact finds a waiver. 12 D. Good faith and fair dealing 13 Defendants also move for summary judgment as to plaintiff’s claim for breach of 14 the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Under Missouri law, the covenant of good 15 faith and fair dealing is “only an obligation imposed by law to prevent opportunistic 16 behavior, that is, the exploitation of changing economic conditions to ensure gains in 17 excess of those reasonably expected at the time of contracting.”62 It “does not import 18 into contract law the negligence principles of tort law,” but instead “requires behavior on 19 behalf of the parties that comports with the reasonable expectations of the parties . . . in 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 60 Plaintiff argues there is evidence to suggest that defendants may have waived reliance as to the deadline for filing proof of claim forms, but the evidence plaintiff relies on does not show that defendants accepted late proof of claims nor could the evidence support a finding that defendants intentionally waived reliance on the filing deadline. 61 Defendants’ attorney contends that a little over half of the 2,611 claims are not entitled to payment for reasons apart from the timing of Delta’s repair services, but defendants do not identify these specific claims and do not provide evidentiary support for the attorney’s findings, nor do they ask the court for summary judgment as to these specific claims. 62 Schell v. LifeMark Hospitals of Mo., 92 S.W.3d 222, 230 (Mo. Ct. App. 2002). -13- 1 light of their purposes in contracting.”63 As noted above, the record demonstrates that 2 most, if not all, of Delta’s 2,611 unpaid claims involve a situation where Delta performed 3 services before its customers had a certificate, in contravention of the claims protocol. 4 Thus, the required claims protocol was not followed and any subsequent denial of 5 payment, regardless of a subsequent implied waiver, conformed with the “reasonable 6 expectation of the parties” in light of the contract. Plaintiff does not point to any 7 evidence to show defendants intentionally undermined the fulfillment of the contract or 8 engaged in other opportunistic behavior. 9 10 VI. TENTATIVE CONCLUSION Based on the preceding discussion, defendants motion for summary judgment 11 probably should be granted in part and denied in part as follows: Plaintiff’s claim for 12 breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing probably should be dismissed. 13 Plaintiff’s claim for breach of contract probably should survive because there appears to 14 be a genuine issue of fact as to whether defendants impliedly waived the requirement 15 that a class member receive a certificate before obtaining repair services. 16 DATED this 2nd day of March 2015. 17 18 /s/ JOHN W. SEDWICK SENIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 63 Id. at 230-31. -14-

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