Chase v. Rivas et al

Filing 22

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION re 14 Brief (Non Appeal), 1 Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus : Recommending that the Petition and Supplemental Brief be Denied. Signed by Magistrate Judge Lawrence O Anderson on 3/24/09. (DMT, )

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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

Kerry Allyn Chase, Petitioner, vs. David Rivas, et al. Respondents.

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No. CV-08-402-PHX-GMS (LOA) REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

On February 28, 2008, Petitioner filed a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus by Person in State Custody Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 challenging his conviction and sentence in Arizona Superior Court Case Number CR2003-34552. (docket # 1) Petitioner subsequently filed a Supplemental Brief in Support of Petition for Habeas Corpus, docket # 14, expanding his claims. Respondents filed an Answer, but did not address all of the claims in the Supplemental Brief. (docket # 15) The Court, therefore, directed Respondents to file a supplemental answer and advised Petitioner that he could file a reply on or before November 30, 2008. (docket # 18) Respondents filed a Supplemental Answer, docket # 21, but Petitioner has not filed a reply. I. Factual and Procedural Background A. Factual Background, Charges, Trial and Sentence On June 4, 2003, the State of Arizona filed an indictment in CR2003-34552 in the Arizona Superior Court, Maricopa County, charging Petitioner with three counts of molestation of a child, class 2 felonies and dangerous crimes against children (Counts 1, 2,

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and 3); one count of sexual conduct with a minor, a class 2 felony and dangerous crime against children (Count 4); one count of sexual abuse, a class 3 felony and dangerous crime against children (Count 5); and one count of furnishing obscene or harmful items to minors, a class 4 felony (Count 6). (Respondents' Exh. E1) At Petitioner's initial appearance on October 23, 2003, the court appointed Petitioner counsel from the Maricopa County Public Defender's Office. (Respondents' Exh. F) Thereafter, Petitioner's appointed counsel, Michelle Lawson, filed a motion for temporary removal of official court files, transcripts, or exhibits which the court granted. (Respondents' Exhs. G, H) Lawson also filed a motion for extension of time to challenge grand jury proceedings, which the trial court granted. (Respondents' Exh. I) At a December 19, 2003 pretrial conference,2 Petitioner filed a pro se motion to waive his right to counsel. (Respondents' Exhs. L, M) The court addressed Petitioner's motion during the conference. (Respondents' Exhs. B, EE3) Petitioner informed that court that he wanted to waive his right to counsel and represent himself. The trial court advised Petitioner of the rights he was waiving, warned him of the dangers and disadvantages of representing himself, and conducted a waiver of counsel colloquy. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 9-36) The court inquired whether Petitioner had consumed any alcohol or medicine with the past 24 hours. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 7) Petitioner advised the court that he had taken 20 milligrams of Prozac the day before pursuant to a prescription. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 7) He assured the court that nothing, including that medication, was making him confused or making it difficult for him to think clearly. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 7) The Respondents' Exhibits A-DD are attached to Respondents' Answer to Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, docket # 15. Respondents' Exhibits EE-GG are attached to Respondents' Supplemental Answer to Petitioner's Supplemental Brief, docket # 21.
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The Honorable Mark F. Aceto presided.

The transcript of the 12/19/2003 pretrial hearing attached to Respondents' initial Answer, docket # 15, as Exhibit B did not include pages 6, 7, and 28 of the transcript. Respondents submitted a complete copy of the 12/19/2003 hearing as part of Respondents' Supplemental Exhibit EE, attached to docket # 21.
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court then advised Petitioner of the potential sentences he faced. (Respondents' Exh. EE) The court also informed Petitioner that if he represented himself, he would "be held to the same standard as an attorney regarding the presentation of his case." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 17) The court explained that this standard includes knowledge of "courtroom procedures, applicable case law, and rules of evidence and rules of criminal procedure." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 17-18) Petitioner indicated that he understood those "matters," and had studied "the Rule," including the Rules of Criminal Procedure, while in custody during the last two years. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 18-19) Petitioner stated: Your honor, I am aware of the dangers. I feel that there's a lot of issues that weren't previously addressed by counsel that was appointed. I feel that I need to take control. Previous counsel that had stated to me that they would control the direction of the case, regardless of my wishes. And for that reason, your Honor, I'm requesting to represent myself. However, I would like to retain [advisory counsel]. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 8-9) After a lengthy discussion, the court granted Petitioner's motion to represent himself and appointed his then-counsel, Toby Schmich, as advisory counsel. (Respondents' Exhs. EE at 21, M, N) Petitioner informed the court that he did not want Ms. Schmich as advisory counsel because of "irreconcilable differences" between them as a result of an argument they had had during a conference the day before. (Respondents' Exh. Ee at 21-22) Petitioner explained that Ms. Schmich had made comments to Petitioner regarding the court's likely rulings, and Petitioner did not think "she had the authority to make those comments to [Petitioner] since she didn't have the authority to make decisions on [the court's] behalf." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 22-23) After being assured by Ms. Schmich that she could serve as advisory counsel, the court denied Petitioner's request for new advisory counsel. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 25) On January 26, 2004, Petitioner filed a Motion to Suppress Evidence based on the prosecution's failure to provide disclosure. Petitioner argued that the alleged lack of disclosure hindered his ability to determine whether to accept the State's plea offer. (Respondents' Exh. FF) Petitioner claimed that "when the prosecution made the offer Dec.
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17, 2003, via letter (Exhibit # 1), and pursuant to paragraph 2 line 2 of said letter `plea agreement is on absolute deadline,' the prosecution impacted Defendant's constitutional rights. Defendant could not, nor can he, make a knowingly (sic) and intelligent decision or an informed decision, as to plea offer." (Respondents' Exh. FF at 3) In its responsive pleading, the State noted that Petitioner "has failed to demonstrate in his motion that he considered the State's offer in this case and his consideration was impacted by the lack of any disclosure. Indeed the [Petitioner] has not indicated any desire for a plea offer during any hearings or in any motions submitted to this court; rather he has only expressed a desire to proceed to trial." (Respondents' Exh. GG at 2) However, in this same pleading, the State agreed to "extend the plea offer dated December 17, 2003 another 30 days from February 6, 2004 until March 5, 2004." (Respondents' Exh. GG at 3) On June 30, 2004, the parties and the court engaged in settlement negotiations. (Respondents' Exhs. C, O, P) Petitioner represented himself at the June 30, 2004 proceeding and advisory counsel, William Peterson, was present. (Respondents' Exh. C) The trial court engaged in a lengthy plea colloquy with Petitioner. The court asked if Petitioner was taking any medications, to which Petitioner replied he was "taking a prescription for an anti-inflammatory" and Prozac. (Respondents' Exh. C at 43-44) Petitioner assured the court that nothing about his "condition or medicines that [he had] taken [made] him confused or ma[d]e it difficult for [him] to think clearly. . . ." (Respondents' Exh. C at 44) The court then noted that Petitioner "is thinking clearly at this point in time." (Respondents' Exh. C at 44) Petitioner plead guilty in CR2003-34552 to attempted molestation of a child, a class 3 felony and dangerous crime against children (Amended Count 1); attempted molestation of a child, a class 3 felony and dangerous crime against children (Amended Count 2); and attempted sexual conduct with a minor, a class 3 felony and dangerous crime against children (Amended Count 4). (Respondents' Exhs. C, O, P) At the August 2, 2004 sentencing hearing, Petitioner continued to represent himself and advisory counsel, William Peterson, was present. The court sentenced Petitioner on the
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molestation charges in Amended Count 1, to an aggravated term of 15 years' imprisonment. (Respondents' Exh. R) For Amended Counts 2 and 4, the trial court suspended sentence and imposed a term of lifetime probation. (Respondents' Exhs. Q, R) Petitioner was notified of his right to file a petition for post-conviction relief. (Respondents' Exh. R) B. Post-Conviction Proceedings Although the record does not include a notice of post-conviction relief, on October 22, 2004, Petitioner filed a motion for extension of time to file a petition for post-conviction relief pursuant to Ariz.R.Crim.P. 32. (Respondents' Exh. S) Thereafter, the trial court issued an order noting that Petitioner had filed a notice of post-conviction relief and that he requested to proceed pro se. (Respondents' Exh. T) The court ordered that Petitioner shall represent himself, ordered preparation of the transcripts, and set filing deadlines. (Respondents' Exh. T) The trial court apparently construed Petitioner's motion for extension of time as his notice of post-conviction relief. (Respondents' Exh. V) Petitioner subsequently requested, and the court granted, the "appointment of advisory counsel" to assist him with his petition for post-conviction relief. (Respondents' Exh. U) On March 28, 2006, Petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction relief. (Respondents' Exh. V) On June 28, 2006, the trial court dismissed Petitioner's petition for post-conviction relief. (Respondents' Exh. Y) On August 18, 2006, Petitioner filed a petition for review in the Arizona Court of Appeals seeking review of the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief. (Respondents' Exh. Z) On September 5, 2006, the Arizona Court of Appeals dismissed the appeal as untimely. (Respondents' Exh. AA) Petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration of the order dismissing the petition for review. (Respondents' Exh. BB) The Arizona Court of Appeals reconsidered its order and reinstated the petition for review for consideration by the court. (Respondents' Exh. CC) On September 12, 2007, the Arizona Court of Appeals summarily denied review. (Respondents' Exh. DD) C. Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus

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On February 28, 2008, Petitioner filed a timely petition for writ of habeas corpus challenging his convictions and sentences in CR2003-34552. (docket # 1; docket # 15 at 68; docket # 21 at 9-10) In his support of his claims, Petitioner states, "for factual support and legal argument see `Brief.'" (docket # 1 at 5-8) Petitioner, however, did not submit a supporting brief with his Petition. (docket # 1) Rather, several months later, and with leave of Court, Petitioner filed a Supplemental Brief in Support of Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus expanding his claims. (docket # 14) Petitioner raises the following claims: (1) he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel and that denial deprived the court of subject matter jurisdiction; (2) he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel; (3) his waiver of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel was invalid; (4) he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial on aggravating factors pursuant to Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2000); (5) his Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures was violated; (6) Arizona's post-conviction and appellate process did not protect Petitioner's constitutional rights, and (7) Petitioner's guilty plea was not knowingly and voluntarily entered because (a) counsel did not advise Petitioner of the "acts" required to be guilty of the charges, (b) counsel did not advise Petitioner that probation was not mandatory, and (c) the trial judge coerced Petitioner's guilty plea by "removing Petitioner from an ambulance prior to his transfer to the hospital for injuries sustained the morning of 6/30/2004 prior to the plea colloquy. (dockets # 1, # 14) In accordance with Court orders, Respondents filed an Answer and a Supplemental Answer addressing Petitioner's claims. (dockets # 15, # 21) Petitioner did not file a reply and the time for doing so has long passed. II. Exhaustion and Procedural Bar A federal court may not grant a petition for writ of habeas corpus unless the petitioner has exhausted the state remedies available to him. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b). When seeking habeas relief, petitioner bears the burden of showing that he has properly exhausted each claim. Cartwright v. Cupp, 650 F.2d 1103, 1104 (9th Cir. 1981) (per curiam). The exhaustion inquiry focuses on the availability of state remedies at the time the petition for
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writ of habeas corpus is filed in federal court. O'Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838 (1999). The prisoner "shall not be deemed to have exhausted . . . if he has the right under the law of the State to raise, by any available procedure, the question presented." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(c). In other words, proper exhaustion requires the prisoner to "give the state courts one full opportunity to resolve any constitutional issues by invoking one complete round of the State's established appellate review process." O'Sullivan, 526 U.S. 845. "One complete round" includes filing a "petition[] for discretionary review when that review is part of the ordinary appellate review procedure in the State." Id. State prisoners may skip a procedure occasionally employed by a state's courts to provide relief only if a state law or rule precludes use of the procedure, or the "State has identified the procedure as outside the standard review process and has plainly said that it need not be sought for purposes of exhaustion." Id. at 848, 850. A. Proper Forum To exhaust state remedies, a petitioner must afford the state courts the opportunity to rule upon the merits of his federal claims by "fairly presenting" them to the state's "highest" court in a procedurally appropriate manner. Castille v. Peoples, 489 U.S. 346, 349 (1989); Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 29 (2004) (stating that "[t]o provide the State with the necessary `opportunity,' the prisoner must "fairly present" her claim in each appropriate state court . . . thereby alerting the court to the federal nature of the claim."). Contrary to Respondents' assertion, in Arizona, unless a prisoner has been sentenced to death, the "highest court" requirement is satisfied if the petitioner has presented his federal claim to the Arizona Court of Appeals either on direct appeal or in a petition for post-conviction relief. Crowell v. Knowles , 483 F.Supp.2d 925 (D.Ariz. 2007) (discussing Swoopes v. Sublett, 196 F.3d 1008, 1010 (9th Cir. 1999)). Respondents argue that pursuant to Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27 (2004), non-capital defendants must exhaust their claims in the Arizona Supreme Court. Respondents' argument hinges on the following language in Baldwin, "[t]o provide the State with the necessary `opportunity,' [to rule on his claims] the prisoner must `fairly present' his claim in
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each appropriate state court (including a state supreme court with powers of discretionary review), thereby alerting that court to the federal nature of the claim." Baldwin, 541 U.S. at 29 (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Respondents latch onto a single phrase, "including a state supreme court with powers of discretionary review," to support their argument and ignore the basis for this statement. In O'Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 845 (1999), the Supreme Court explained that proper exhaustion requires the prisoner to "give the state courts one full opportunity to resolve any constitutional issues by invoking one complete round of the State's established appellate review process." O'Sullivan, 526 U.S. 845. "One complete round" includes filing a "petition[] for discretionary review when that review is part of the ordinary appellate review procedure in the State." Id. (emphasis added). "Arizona has declared that its complete round [of appellate review] does not include discretionary review before the Arizona Supreme Court." Swoopes, 940 F.3d 1308.4 Thus, contrary to Respondents' assertion, Baldwin does not require a non-capital prisoner in Arizona, such as Petitioner, to present his claims to the Arizona Supreme Court. B. Fair Presentation In addition to presenting his claims to the proper court, a state prisoner must fairly present those claims to that court to satisfy the exhaustion requirement. Fair presentation requires a petitioner to describe both the operative facts and the federal legal theory to the state courts. Baldwin, 541 U.S. at 28. It is not enough that all of the facts necessary to support the federal claim were before the state court or that a "somewhat similar" state law claim was raised. Baldwin, 541 U.S. at 28 (stating that a reference to ineffective assistance of counsel does not alert the court to federal nature of the claim). Rather, the habeas petitioner must cite in state court to the specific constitutional guarantee upon which he In support of their assertion that discretionary review by the Arizona Supreme Court is part of the appeals process in Arizona, Respondents cite State v. Ikirt, 160 Ariz. 113, 117, 770 P.2d 1159, 1163 (1989). (docket # 15 at 10 n. 2) Ikirt was decided before the April 1989 amendments to A.R.S. § 12-120.21(A)(1) and § 13-4031which omitted the phrase "or life imprisonment" and effectively gave the Arizona Court of Appeals jurisdiction over criminal convictions carrying life sentences.
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bases his claim in federal court. Tamalini v. Stewart, 249 F.3d 895, 898 (9th Cir. 2001). Similarly, general appeals to broad constitutional principles, such as due process, equal protection, and the right to a fair trial, are insufficient to establish fair presentation of a federal constitutional claim. Lyons v. Crawford, 232 F.3d 666, 669 (9th Cir. 2000), amended on other grounds, 247 F.3d 904 (9th Cir. 2001); Shumway v. Payne, 223 F.3d 982, 987 (9th Cir. 2000) (insufficient for prisoner to have made "a general appeal to a constitutional guarantee," such as a naked reference to "due process," or to a "constitutional error" or a "fair trial"). Likewise, a mere reference to the "Constitution of the United States" does not preserve a federal claim. Gray v. Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 162-63 (1996). Even if the basis of a federal claim is "self-evident" or if the claim would be decided "on the same considerations" under state or federal law, the petitioner must make the federal nature of the claim "explicit either by citing federal law or the decision of the federal courts . . . ." Lyons, 232 F.3d at 668. A state prisoner does not fairly present a claim to the state court if the court must read beyond the pleadings filed in that court to discover the federal claim. Baldwin, 541 U.S. at 27. In sum, "a petitioner fairly and fully presents a claim to the state court for purposes of satisfying the exhaustion requirement if he presents the claim: (1) to the proper forum, (2) through the proper vehicle, and (3) by providing the proper factual and legal basis for the claim." Insyxiengmay v. Morgan, 403 F.3d 657, 668 (9th Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). C. Procedural Default A habeas petitioner's claims may be precluded from federal review in either of two ways. First, a claim may be procedurally defaulted in federal court if it was actually raised in state court but found by that court to be defaulted on state procedural grounds such as waiver or preclusion. Ylst v. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. 797, 802-05 (1991); Coleman, 501 U.S. at 729-30. Thus, a state prisoner may be barred from raising federal claims that he did not preserve in state court by making a contemporaneous objection at trial, on direct appeal, or when seeking post-conviction relief. Bonin v. Calderon, 59 F.3d 815, 842 (9th Cir. 1995) (stating that failure to raise contemporaneous objection to alleged violation of federal rights
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during state trial constitutes a procedural default of that issue); Thomas v. Lewis, 945 F.2d 1119, 1121 (9th Cir. 1991) (finding claim procedurally defaulted where the Arizona Court of Appeals held that habeas petitioner had waived claims by failing to raise them on direct appeal or in first petition for post-conviction relief.) If the state court also addressed the merits of the underlying federal claim, the "alternative" ruling does not vitiate the independent state procedural bar. Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 264 n.10 (1989); Carringer v. Lewis, 971 F.2d 329, 333 (9th Cir. 1992) (state supreme court found ineffective assistance of counsel claims "barred under state law," but also discussed and rejected the claims on the merits, en banc court held that the "on-the-merits" discussion was an "alternative ruling" and the claims were procedurally defaulted and barred from federal review). A higher court's subsequent summary denial of review affirms the lower court's application of a procedural bar. Nunnemaker, 501 U.S. at 803. The second procedural default scenario arises when a state prisoner failed to present his federal claims to the state court, but returning to state court would be "futile" because the state courts' procedural rules, such as waiver or preclusion, would bar consideration of the previously unraised claims. Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 297-99 (1989); Beaty v. Stewart, 303 F.3d 975, 987 (9th Cir. 2002); State v. Mata, 185 Ariz. 319, 322-27, 916 P.2d 1035, 1048-53 (1996); Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.2(a) & (b); Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.1(a)(3) (postconviction review is precluded for claims waived at trial, on appeal, or in any previous collateral proceeding); 32.4(a); Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.9 (stating that petition for review must be filed within thirty days of trial court's decision). A state post-conviction action is futile where it is time-barred. Beaty, 303 F.3d at 987; Moreno v. Gonzalez, 116 F.3d 409, 410 (9th Cir. 1997) (recognizing untimeliness under Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.4(a) as a basis for dismissal of an Arizona petition for post-conviction relief, distinct from preclusion under Rule 32.2(a)). This type of procedural default is known as "technical" exhaustion because although the claim was not actually exhausted in state court, the petitioner no longer has an available state remedy. Coleman, 501 U.S. at 732 ("A habeas petitioner who has defaulted

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his federal claims in state court meets the technical requirements for exhaustion; there are no remedies any longer `available' to him."). D. Excusing Procedural Default In either case of procedural default, federal review of the claim is barred absent a showing of "cause and prejudice" or a "fundamental miscarriage of justice." Cook v. Schriro, 516 F.3d 802, 827-29 (9th Cir. 2008); Dretke v. Haley, 541 U.S. 386, 393-94, (2004); Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986). To establish "cause," a petitioner must establish that some objective factor external to the defense impeded his efforts to comply with the state's procedural rules. Id. The following objective factors may constitute cause: (1) interference by state officials, (2) a showing that the factual or legal basis for a claim was not reasonably available, or (3) constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. Ordinarily, the ineffective assistance of counsel in collateral proceedings does not constitute cause because "the right to counsel does not extend to state collateral proceedings or federal habeas proceedings." Martinez-Villareal v. Lewis, 80 F.3d 1301, 1306 (9th Cir. 1996). Prejudice is actual harm resulting from the constitutional violation or error. Magby v. Wawrzaszek, 741 F.2d 240, 244 (9th Cir. 1984). To establish prejudice, a habeas petitioner bears the burden of demonstrating that the alleged constitutional violation "worked to his actual and substantial disadvantage, infecting his entire trial with error of constitutional dimension." United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 170 (1982); Thomas v. Lewis, 945 F.2d 1119, 1123 (9th Cir. 1996). Where petitioner fails to establish cause, the court need not reach the prejudice prong. A federal court may also review the merits of a procedurally defaulted claim if petitioner demonstrates that failure to consider the merits of his claim will result in a "fundamental miscarriage of justice." Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 327 (1995). A "fundamental miscarriage of justice" occurs when a constitutional violation has probably resulted in the conviction of one who is actually innocent. Id. To satisfy the "fundamental miscarriage of justice" standard, petitioner must establish that it is more likely than not that
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no reasonable juror would have found him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in light of new evidence. Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327; 28 U.S.C. § 2254(c)(2)(B). Even if petitioner asserts a claim of actual innocence to excuse his procedural default, federal habeas relief may not be granted absent a finding of an independent constitutional violation occurring in the state criminal proceedings. Dretke, 541 U.S. at 393-94. III. Analysis of Claims A. Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel and Subject Matter Jurisdiction In Ground I of the Original Petition and in his Supplemental Brief, Petitioner asserts that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. (docket # 1 at 5; docket # 14 at 2, 8, 14) Petitioner also argues that because he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel, the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. (docket # 14 at 2, 22-28) Respondents assert that Petitioner's claim that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel is procedurally defaulted because Petitioner failed to raise it as a federal claim to the Arizona Court of Appeals.5 (docket # 15 at 14) 1. Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel In his petition for post-conviction relief, Petitioner argued that he was denied his constitutional right to representation at every stage of the proceedings. (Respondents' Exh. V) On appeal of the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief, Petitioner did not assert a denial-of-counsel claim. (Respondents' Exh. Z) Petitioner's failure to present the federal claim that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel to the Arizona Court of Appeals renders that claims procedurally defaulted. To exhaust a federal claim, it is not enough that all the facts necessary to support the federal claim were before the state courts or that a "somewhat similar" state law claim was raised. Duncan, 513 U.S. at 365-66. Even if the basis of the federal claim is "self-evident" or if the claim would be decided "on the

Respondents also assert that Ground I is procedurally defaulted because Petitioner did not present this claim to the Arizona Supreme Court. (docket # 15 at 13) The Court has already rejected Respondents' assertion that Petitioner was required to exhaust his claims to the Arizona Supreme Court and will not revisit that issue. See Section II, supra.
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same considerations" under state or federal law, the petitioner must make the federal nature of the claim known. Lyons, 232 F.3d at 668. Because Petitioner did not present his claim that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel to the Arizona Court of Appeals as a federal claim, that claim is not properly exhausted and is procedurally defaulted as discussed in Section IV, infra. Moreover, Petitioner's claim that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel lacks merit. Rather than being denied his right to counsel, Petitioner voluntarily and knowingly waived his right to counsel and chose to represent himself. During the pretrial proceedings, Petitioner was insistent on representing himself. He informed the court that he "need[ed] to take control" of his case. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 8-9) The court informed Petitioner of the dangers of self-representation and informed him if he proceeded with the assistance of counsel, who later proved to be ineffective, he had certain remedies. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 11) Petitioner responded that, "I understand and appreciate what you are saying, Your Honor. I have read the remedies. But the issues go far beyond that." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 11) The trial court advised Petitioner in detail of the rights he was waiving, conducted a waiver-of-counsel colloquy, and advised Petitioner of his sentencing exposure. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 6-21) The court also advised Petitioner that he would be responsible for asserting legal defenses, interviewing witnesses, conducting investigation, examining and cross-examining witnesses, and presenting opening statement and closing argument. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 14-17) Petitioner stated that, "I believe I am making the correct decision. I believe I am intelligent enough to make that decision." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 21) The court found that Petitioner "knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently chose and decides to represent himself. . . ." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 21) A knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel requires awareness of the charges, possible penalties, and dangers and disadvantages of self-representation. Harding v. Lewis, 834 F.2d 853, 854 (9th Cir. 1987). The record reflects that Petitioner was adequately warned of the charges, possible penalties, and dangers of self-representation. The record reflects that Petitioner wanted to "take control" of his case. Because Petitioner
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effectively waived his right to counsel, his claim that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel fails. 2. Subject Matter Jurisdiction Petitioner further argues that the denial of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel deprived the court of subject matter jurisdiction. (docket # 14 at 2, 22-28) This claim is procedurally defaulted and barred from federal habeas corpus review because Petitioner did not present this claim to the Arizona courts. 28 U.S.C. § 2254; see Section IV, infra. Moreover, this claim lacks merit. Petitioner cites Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938) for the proposition that if "this requirement [right-to-counsel] of the Sixth Amendment is not complied with, the court no longer has jurisdiction to proceed." (docket # 14 at 22) Zerbst does not apply to Petitioner's case because he knowingly and voluntarily waived his right to counsel. In Zerbst, the Court stated: Since the Sixth Amendment constitutionally entitles one charged with crime to the assistance of counsel, compliance with this constitutional mandate is an essential jurisdictional prerequisite to a federal court's authority to deprive an accused on his life or liberty. When this right is properly waived, the assistance of counsel is no longer a necessary element of the court's jurisdiction to proceed to conviction and sentence. *** When collaterally attacked, the judgment of a court carries with it a presumption of regularity. Where a defendant, without counsel, acquiesces in a trial resulting in his conviction and later seeks release by the extraordinary remedy of habeas corpus, the burden of proof rests upon him to establish that he did not competently and intelligently waive his constitutional right to assistance of counsel. Zerbst, 304 U.S. at 467-69 (emphasis added). Because Petitioner waived his right to counsel, his claim that he was denied his Sixth Amendment right to counsel fails. B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel In Grounds I and II of his Original Petition (docket # 1 at 5, 6) and in his Supplemental Petition (docket # 14 at 13, 16, 20), Petitioner asserts that trial counsel was ineffective before December 19, 2003 for failing to discuss plea offers with him, and after

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December 19, 2003. Respondents assert that this claim is procedurally defaulted and barred from federal habeas corpus review. (docket # 15 at 15) The Court agrees. 1. Exhaustion Analysis This claim is not properly exhausted because Petitioner did not raise a federal claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in his petition for review to the Arizona Court of Appeals. In his petition for post-conviction relief, Petitioner cited a Ninth Circuit case discussing ineffective assistance of counsel in support of this claim. (Respondents' Exh. V) However, on appeal, he did not cite to the United States Constitution or to federal law in support of his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. (Respondents' Exh. Z) Petitioner, rather, cited state cases in support of his claim that counsel failed to adequately discuss the plea offers with him. (Respondents' Exh. Z at 8) Petitioner's citation to state law was inadequate to fairly present a federal claim of ineffective assistance of counsel to the Arizona Court of Appeals. (Respondents' Exh. Z) In order for a federal issue to be presented by the citation of a state decision dealing with both federal and state issues relevant to the claim, "the citation must be accompanied by some clear indication that the cases involve federal issues." Casey v. Moore, 386 F.3d 896, 912 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that the petitioner's citation to a state case, with no signal in the text or brief that the petitioner raised a federal claim or relief on state law cases that resolve federal issues, did not constitute fair presentation of his federal claim). "Exhaustion demands more than driveby citations, detached from any articulation of an underlying federal legal theory." Castillo, 399 F.3d at 1003. Even if the basis of the federal claim is "self-evident" or if the claim would be decided "on the same considerations" under state or federal law, the petitioner must make the federal nature of the claim known. Lyons, 232 F.3d at 668. Because Petitioner did not present his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel as a federal claim in his petition for review to the Arizona Court of Appeals, that claim is not properly exhausted and is barred from federal review as discussed in Section IV, infra.

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2. Analysis Moreover, Petitioner's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel fails because Petitioner's guilty plea waived his right to challenge any pre-plea conduct of counsel. Petitioner's claim also lacks merit. a. Waiver of Right to Challenge Pre-Plea Conduct "When a criminal defendant has solemnly admitted in open court that he is in fact guilty of the offense with which he is charged, he may not thereafter raise independent claims relating to the deprivation of constitutional rights that occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea." Tollet v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267 (1973); see United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 574 (1989) (recognizing that a criminal defendant who pleads guilty waives the right to challenge alleged violation of constitutional rights that are unrelated to the plea agreement); United States v. Montilla, 870 F.2d 549, 552-53 (9th Cir. 1989), amended on other grounds, 907 F.2d 115 (9th Cir. 1990) (holding that by pleading guilty, defendant waived right to challenge alleged due process violation caused by outrageous government conduct). Accordingly, Petitioner's complaints about counsel's pre-plea actions are waived by a guilty plea. See United States v. Bohn, 956 F.2d 208, 209 (9th Cir. 1994) (holding that defendant's guilty plea waived any claim that he was denied assistance of counsel at a preplea hearing); Moran v. Godinez, 57 F.3d 690, 700 (9th Cir. 1994) (holding that guilty plea precluded habeas petitioner from raising pre-plea claim that his attorneys failed to challenge petitioner's confession). In this case, Petitioner waived his challenges to counsel's pre-plea conduct by pleading guilty. See Bohn, 956 F.2d at 209; Moran, 57 F.3d at 700. Because both of Petitioner's claims of ineffective assistance pertain to pre-plea conduct, those claims are waived by his guilty plea. b. Merits Analysis Moreover, Petitioner's claims of ineffective assistance of counsel lack merit. Petitioner argues that counsel was ineffective before December 19, 2003 for failing to advise him of the State's plea offer. (docket # 1 at 5) He also asserts that counsel was ineffective
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after December 19, 2003. (docket # 1 at 6) Petitioner's challenges to counsel's conduct after December 19, 2003 are conclusory. Petitioner does not identify any conduct of counsel after December 19, 2003 that was allegedly deficient or explain how he was prejudiced. Petitioner's unsupported, conclusory allegations are not sufficient to support a claim for federal habeas relief. See, Jones v. Gomez, 66 F.3d 199, 204-05 (9th Cir. 1995) (stating that conclusory allegations with no reference to the record or other evidence do not warrant habeas relief.) Additionally, because Petitioner fails to allege specific facts showing prejudice, the reasonableness of counsel's representation is inconsequential. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 60 (1985). Petitioner also fails to establish that counsel was ineffective before December 19, 2003. The controlling Supreme Court precedent on claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Under Strickland, a petitioner must show that counsel's performance was objectively deficient and that counsel's deficient performance prejudiced the petitioner. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Hart v. Gomez, 174 F.3d 1067, 1069 (9th Cir. 1999). To be deficient, counsel's performance must fall "outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. When reviewing counsel's performance, the court engages a strong presumption that counsel rendered adequate assistance and exercised reasonable professional judgment. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. "A fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel's challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel's perspective at the time." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Review of counsel's performance is "extremely limited." Coleman v. Calderon, 150 F.3d 1105, 1113 (9th Cir. 1998), rev'd on other grounds, 525 U.S. 141 (1998). Acts or omissions that "might be considered sound trial strategy" do not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. To establish a Sixth Amendment violation, petitioner must also establish that he suffered prejudice as a result of counsel's deficient performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691-92; United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, ___U.S.___, 126 S.Ct. 2557, 2563 (2006) (stating
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that "a violation of the Sixth Amendment right to effective representation is not `complete' until the defendant is prejudiced.") To show prejudice, petitioner must demonstrate a "reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; Hart, 174 F.3d at 1069; Ortiz v. Stewart, 149 F.3d 923, 934 (9th Cir. 1998). The court may proceed directly to the prejudice prong. Jackson v. Calderon, 211 F.3d 1148, 1155 n. 3 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697). The court, however, may not assume prejudice solely from counsel's allegedly deficient performance. Jackson, 211 F.3d at 1155. Even assuming that counsel's performance was deficient in this case, Petitioner has not established prejudice. In support of his Supplemental Petition, Petitioner attaches a plea offer made by the State in December of 2003 in a separate case, CR2003-21990. (docket # 14, Appendix I) Petitioner also submits a December 17, 2003 letter, in which the State offered a plea encompassing the indictment in both CR2003-21990, and in CR2003-34552, the case at issue in the pending habeas corpus petition. (Id.) The offer was to plead guilty to one count of attempted molestation of a child, a class 3 felony; one count of attempted sexual conduct with a minor, a class 3 felony; and one count of false swearing, a class 6 undesignated offense. (docket # 14, Appendix I) The offer related to sentencing was that Petitioner would serve a prison term of 10 to 15 years for the molestation offense, be placed on lifetime probation for the offense of sexual conduct with a minor, and be placed on probation for false swearing. (docket # 14, Appendix I) The consolidated plea offer regarding the perjury offense in CR2003-21990 reduced the perjury charge, a class 4 felony, to false swearing, a class 6 undesignated offense, dropped the requirement that he plead guilty with a prior felony conviction, and guaranteed Petitioner probation, rather than imprisonment. Even assuming counsel was deficient in this case, Petitioner has not shown prejudice. To show prejudice, Petitioner must establish a "reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Strickland,
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466 U.S. at 694. To prove prejudice where counsel allegedly failed to inform the petitioner about a plea offer, the petitioner must prove there was a reasonable probability he would have accepted the offer. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693. The record reflects that Petitioner would not have accepted the initial plea offer which included the perjury offense in a related case. Significantly, when the plea offer was extended until March of 2004, Petitioner did not accept the plea offer, but proceeded to trial on the perjury charge in CR2003-21990. Accordingly, Petitioner cannot establish prejudice as a result of counsel's alleged failure to advise him of the state's plea offer. Additionally, the plea offer was held open until after Petitioner became his own counsel. Petitioner ultimately accepted a plea offer in CR200334552 that included an open range of prison time. (Respondents' Exh. O) Petitioner has failed to show that a more beneficial plea offer was lost because trial counsel failed to explain it to him. See Engelen v. United States, 68 F.3d 238, 240­41 (8th Cir. 1995) (defendant failed to establish prejudice where he made "no direct assertion that he would have pled guilty if his counsel had" properly advised him); Ellzey v. United States, 210 F.Supp.2d 1046, 1051 (C.D. Ill. 2002) (counsel's failure to advise defendant to accept plea agreement did not prejudice defendant absent any evidence, other than defendant's self-serving affidavit). C. Waiver of Right to Counsel In his Supplemental Petition, Petitioner asserts that his waiver of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel was invalid. (docket # 14 at 17-18) Respondents assert that this claim is procedurally defaulted and, alternatively, that it lacks merit. (docket # 15 at 18) 1. Exhaustion Analysis Respondents concede that Petitioner raised his Sixth Amendment challenge to his waiver of counsel in his petition for post-conviction relief and in his petition for review to the Arizona Court of Appeals. (docket # 15 at 18; Respondents' Exh. V, Z) Respondents argue that Petitioner's failure to present this claim to the Arizona Supreme Court renders it procedurally defaulted. (docket # 15 at 18-19) Contrary to Respondents' assertion, in Arizona, unless a prisoner has been sentenced to death, the exhaustion requirement is
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satisfied if a petitioner has presented his federal claim to the Arizona Court of Appeals either on direct appeal or in a petition for post-conviction relief. Crowell v. Knowles , 483 F.Supp.2d 925 (D.Ariz. 2007) (discussing Swoopes v. Sublett, 196 F.3d 1008, 1010 (9th Cir. 1999)). Accordingly, Petitioner has properly exhausted his claim that his waiver of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel was involuntary. The Court, therefore, will address the merits of this claim. 2. Merits Review In his Supplemental Petition, Petitioner argues that his waiver of his right to counsel was not valid. (docket # 14 at 17-19) A knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel requires awareness of the charges, possible penalties, and dangers and disadvantages of self-representation. Harding v. Lewis, 834 F.2d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 1987). The record reflects that Petitioner's waiver of his right to counsel comported with these requirements. At a December 19, 2003 pretrial conference, Petitioner filed a pro se motion to waive his right to counsel. (Respondents' Exhs. L, M) The court addressed Petitioner's motion during the conference. (Respondents' Exh. EE) Petitioner informed that court that he wanted to waive his right to counsel and represent himself. The trial court advised Petitioner of the rights he was waiving and warned him of the dangers and disadvantages of representing himself. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 9-36) Petitioner stated that: Your honor, I am aware of the dangers. I feel that there's a lot of issues that weren't previously addressed by counsel that was appointed. I feel that I need to take control. Previous counsel that had stated to me that they would control the direction of the case, regardless of my wishes. And for that reason, your Honor, I'm requesting to represent myself. However, I would like to retain [advisory counsel]. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 8-9) The court then advised Petitioner of the protections available to a defendant who was represented by counsel who may have been ineffective. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 10-11) Petitioner responded, "Yeah, and I understand and I appreciate what you are saying, Your
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honor. I have read the remedies. But the issues go far beyond that." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 11) The court reminded Petitioner of his right to an attorney. And stated that if Petitioner could not afford an attorney, one would be appointed, as had already been done in his case. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 11) The court inquired whether Petitioner had consumed any alcohol or medicine with the past 24 hours. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 7) Petitioner advised the court that he had taken 20 milligrams of Prozac the day before pursuant to prescription. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 7) He assured the court that nothing, including that medication, was making him confused or making it difficult for him to think clearly. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 7) The court advised Petitioner of the potential sentences he faced. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 14-17) Specifically, the court told Petitioner that, if convicted of the child molestation charges, he could be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of release until after serving at least 35 years in prison. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 14-15) With respect to the sexual conduct with a minor charge, the court informed Petitioner that he could face a "mandatory sentence . . . of life in prison and release would only be possible after [Petitioner] served at least 35 years." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 15) The court further explained that "it would be mandatory that [Petitioner's] sentence with respect to the sexual conduct with a minor charge be served consecutively to your sentences with respect to child molest[ation.]" (Respondents' Exh. EE at 15) The court also told Petitioner that "[i]t would be mandatory that all sentences in [CR2003-34552] be consecutive to any probation or parole violation sentences." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 15) The court also explained, in detail, Petitioner's potential sentences on the sexual abuse and furnishing obscene items charges. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 15-17) After discussing Petitioner's sentencing exposure, the court informed Petitioner that if he represented himself, he would "be held to the same standard as an attorney regarding the presentation of his case." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 17) The court explained that this standard includes knowledge of "courtroom procedures, applicable case law, and rules of evidence and rules of criminal procedure." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 17-18) Petitioner
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indicated that he understood those "matters," and had studied "the Rule," including the Rules of Criminal Procedure, while in custody during the last two years. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 18-19) After this lengthy discussion, the court against asked Petitioner if he "still wish[ed] to give up his right to counsel . . . and to represent himself. . . ." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 20) Petitioner responded, "Yes, I do." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 20) The court then stated that "[y]ou can change your mind at any time. [I]f at any time, you wish to be represented by a lawyer let me know and I will appoint one for you." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 20) Petitioner indicated that he did not have any questions regarding the waiver of counsel. Petitioner stated, "I believe that I'm making the correct decision. I believe that I'm intelligent enough to make that decision." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 21) The court found that Petitioner "knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives his right to representation by an attorney" and granted Petitioner's motion to represent himself. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 21, Exh. M) The court appointed Petitioner's then-counsel, Toby Schmich, as advisory counsel. (Respondents' Exhs. EE at 21, M, N) Petitioner informed the court that he did not want Ms. Schmich as advisory counsel because of "irreconcilable differences" between them as a result of an argument they had had during a conference the day before. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 21-22) Petitioner explained that Ms. Schmich had made comments to Petitioner regarding the court's likely rulings, and Petitioner did not think "she had the authority to make those comments to [Petitioner] since she didn't have the authority to make decisions on [the court's] behalf." (Respondents' Exh. EE at 22-23) After being assured by Ms. Schmich that she could serve as advisory counsel, the court denied Petitioner's request for new advisory counsel. (Respondents' Exh. EE at 25) The record reflects that Petitioner's waiver of the right to counsel was knowing and intelligent because Petitioner was aware of the charges, possible penalties, and dangers and disadvantages of self-representation. Harding v. Lewis, 834 F.2d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 1987). Contrary to Petitioner's assertion, his waiver of his right to counsel was valid and he is not entitled to habeas corpus relief on this basis.
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D. Blakely Claim In his Original Petition, docket # 1 at 7, and in the Supplemental Brief, docket # 14 at 29, Petitioner argues that his sentences violate his Sixth Amendment right to have a jury find aggravating factors in accordance with Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004). 1. Exhaustion Analysis Respondents assert that this claim is procedurally defaulted. (docket # 15 at 20) Respondents concede that Petitioner presented this claim in his petition for post-conviction relief and in his petition for review to the Arizona Court of Appeals. (docket # 15 at 20) Respondents argue that Petitioner's Sixth Amendment sentencing challenge is procedurally defaulted because he did not present that claim to the Arizona Supreme Court. (Id.) Contrary to Respondents' assertion, Petitioner properly exhausted his Blakely/Apprendi claim by presenting it to the trial court and the Arizona Court of Appeals on post-conviction review. (Respondents' Exhs, V, Z) In Arizona, unless a prisoner has been sentenced to death, the exhaustion requirement is satisfied if a petitioner has presented his federal claim to the Arizona Court of Appeals either on direct appeal or in a petition for post-conviction relief. Crowell v. Knowles , 483 F.Supp.2d 925 (D.Ariz. 2007) (discussing Swoopes v. Sublett, 196 F.3d 1008, 1010 (9th Cir. 1999)). Accordingly, Petitioner properly exhausted his Blakely claim. 2. Waiver Pursuant to Guilty Plea Respondents' further argue that Petitioner waived his Sixth Amendment challenge to his sentences pursuant to his guilty plea. (docket # 15 at 21) The Court agrees that Petitioner's guilty plea effectively waived his right to challenge his sentences on Sixth Amendment grounds. In his guilty plea, Petitioner specifically agreed to waive his right to have a jury determine aggravating circumstances. (Respondents' Exh. O; Exh. C at 50-51) Petitioner agreed that "by entering into a plea agreement, the defendant consents to judicial fact finding by a preponderance of the evidence as to any aspect or enhancement of sentence . . . ." (Respondents' Exh. O at 2) The plea agreement also provides that "the Defendant
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hereby waives and gives up any and all motions, defenses, objections, or requests which he/she has made or raised, or could assert hereafter, to the Court's entry of judgment against him/her and imposition of a sentence upon him/her consistent with this agreement . . . ." (Respondents' Exh. O at 2) During the change of plea hearing, the court advised Petitioner: [Y]ou do have a right . . to have a jury determine whether or not any alleged aggravating circumstance exists. As I understand it, you're choosing, well, by going ahead with the plea agreement, you will be giving up that right . . . . (Respondents' Exh. C at 50) On post-conviction review Petitioner challenged his sentences on Blakely grounds, and the trial court enforced Petitioner's waiver of his right to have a jury determine aggravating factors. (Respondents' Exh. Y at 2) The state court found that Petitioner "expressly waived his right to a jury determination regarding aggravating circumstances." (Respondents' Exh. Y at 2) As the state court found, Petitioner's guilty plea waived his right to challenge his sentences on Blakely grounds. See United States v. Shedrick, 493 F.3d 292, 303 (3rd Cir. 2007) (concluding that defendant's "Blakely-based contention," was argument that defendant "waived as part of [his] plea agreement."); United States v. Cortez-Arias, 403 F.3d 1111 (9th Cir. 2005), amended by 425 F.3d 547, 548 n. 8 (2005) (joining other circuits in concluding that claim under [United States v.] Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005) was waived when he waived the right to appeal his sentence, noting that in exchange for his guilty plea and waiver, the defendant received a benefit). Moreover, Petitioner's sentencing challenge lacks merit as discussed below. 3. Merits of Blakely Claim Petitioner argues that his sentence violates Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2000) in which the Supreme Court held any factor which leads to a sentence greater than would be imposed based on the jury's finding of guilt must be found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. (docket # 1 at 7; docket # 14 at 29) Before Blakely, in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), the Supreme Court held "[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved
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beyond a reasonable doubt." 530 U.S. at 490 (emphasis added). The Supreme Court specifically carved out an exception for prior convictions. Id.; United States v. MariaGonzalez, 268 F.3d 664, 670 (9th Cir. 2001) (holding prior aggravated felony conviction did not constitute an element of the offense where base sentence for illegally reentering the United States following deportation is enhanced if deportation was subsequent to conviction for aggravated felony); United States v. Castillo-Rivera, 244 F.3d 1020, 1025 (9th Cir. 2001) (holding the district court could consider defendant's prior conviction in imposing sentence enhancement even though such conduct had not been charged in the indictment, presented to the jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt); United States v. Pacheco-Zepeda, 234 F.3d 411, 415 (9th Cir. 2001) (noting Apprendi held all prior convictions are exempt under Apprendi's new rule, therefore, district court properly considered prior convictions in sentencing). As previously stated, under Blakely, any factors which lead to a sentence greater than that which would be imposed based on the jury's finding of guilt must be found by the jury. 542 U.S. at 301. Blakely reaffirmed the exemption for prior convictions and reiterated that they may serve as aggravating factors without further proof. United States v. QuintanaQuintana, 383 F.3d 1052, 1053 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303). Blakely also clarified that the "statutory maximum" sentence is initially the presumptive term and is the "maximum sentence the judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant. In other words, the relevant `statutory maximum' is not the maximum sentence a judge may impose after finding additional facts, but the maximum he may impose without any additional findings." Blakely, 542 U.S. at 30304 (emphasis in original). The Blakely Court concluded that, before a trial court can impose a sentence above the statutory maximum, a jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt, or defendant must admit, all facts "legally essential to punishment." Blakely, 542 U.S. at 313 (emphasis added). In this case, the only aggravating circumstance found by the court was Petitioner's prior conviction. At the August 2, 2004 sentencing hearing, the court stated that it had
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"considered the circumstances, [and] finds Mr. Chase's prior felony conviction to be aggravating circumstances (sic) which justify an aggravated sentence." (Respondents' Exh. D at 7) Based on Petitioner's prior felony conviction, the court imposed an aggravated term of 15 years' imprisonment for Petitioner's conviction on Count 1. (Respondents' Exh. Q) Petitioner's sentence did not run afoul of the Sixth Amendment. Petitioner' sentence was aggravated solely on the basis of his prior conviction, which the trial court permissibly found without submitting that factor to the jury. See United States v. Castillo-Rivera, 244 F.3d 1020, 1025 (9th Cir. 2001) (holding the district court could consider defendant's prior conviction in imposing sentence enhancement even though such conduct had not been charged in the indictment, presented to the jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt). On Petitioner's other two counts of conviction, the court suspended imposition of sentence and imposed lifetime probation. (Respondents' Exh. Q; Exh. D at 7-8) A term of lifetime probation does not constitute an aggravated sentence pursuant to Arizona law. A.R.S. § 13-901 (allowing the court to suspend imposition of sentence and place a defendant on probation). Thus, Blakely does not apply to Petitioner's terms of lifetime probation. In summary, Petitioner's sentences do not violate with Sixth Amendment as discussed in Blakely/Apprendi. E. Fourth Amendment Claim In his Original Petition, Petitioner claims that the State violated his Fourth Amendment Right to be free from illegal seizure of evidence. (docket # 1 at 8) Respondents assert that this claim is procedurally defaulted and barred from habeas corpus review. (docket # 15 at 24) The Court agrees. Petitioner raised a claim related to "searches and seizures" in his petition for postconviction relief. (Respondents' Exh. V) However, he failed to raise it as a federal claim. Additionally, Petitioner did not present this claim to the Arizona Court of Appeals. (Respondents' Exh. Z) Because Petitioner did not fairly present this claim to the state courts, it is procedurally defaulted and barred from review as discussed in Section IV, infra.

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Moreover, even if this claim were properly exhausted, this Court cannot reach the merits of Petitioner's Fourth Amendment claim. By pleading guilty, Petitioner waived his right to challenge any pre-plea constitutional violations. Tollett, 411 U.S. at 267. Additionally, when the state provides an opportunity for full and fair litigation of a fourth amendment claim at trial and on direct review, the federal court will not grant habeas corpus relief on the ground that evidence obtained through unconstitutional search or seizure was introduced at his trial. Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 494 (1976), r'hrg denied, 429 U.S. 874; Mitchell v. Goldsmith, 878 F.2d 319, 323 (9th Cir. 1989). Stone only requires the initial opportunity for a full and fair hearing. Caldwell v. Cupp, 781 F.2d 714, 715 (9th Cir. 1986). "Such an opportunity for a fair hearing forecloses this court's inquiry, upon habeas corpus petition, into the trial court's subsequent course of action." Caldwell, 781 F.2d at 715. Petitioner had a full and fair opportunity to litigate his Fourth Amendment claim in state court. (Respondents' Exh. FF) Thus, Petitioner is not entitled to consideration of his Fourth Amendment claim on habeas corpus review. F. Adequacy of Arizona's Post-Conviction and Appellate Process In his Supplemental Petition, Petitioner asserts that Arizona's post-conviction relief and appellate procedures did not protect his constitutional rights. (docket # 14 at 2, 22-27) Respondents assert that this claim is not cognizable on federal habeas corpus review and that it is procedurally defaulted. 1. Whether Challenge to Arizona Law is Cognizable on § 2254 Review This Court can grant habeas corpus relief "only on the ground that [a petitioner] is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). To the extent that Petitioner challenges the Arizona courts' application of Arizona's laws governing post-conviction relief and appeal review in his case, his claim is not subject to review by this Court. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991) (explaining that "it is not the province of a federal habeas court to reexamine state-court determinations on state-law questions.") The Arizona courts' construction, interpretation, and application of Arizona's statutes and rules does not present a constitutional or federal
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issue, and therefore is not cognizable on federal habeas corpus review. See Bonin v. Calderon, 77 F.3d 1155, 1161 (9th Cir. 1996) (stating that federal habeas corpus relief does not lie for errors of state law unless error amounts to deprivation of petitioner's federal constitutional rights); McCullough v. Singletary, 967 F.2d 530, 535 (11th Cir. 1992) (stating that "a state's interpretation of its own laws or rules provides no basis for federal habeas corpus relief, since no question of a constitutional nature is involved.") In view of the foregoing, Petitioner's challenge to Arizona's post-conviction and appellate procedure should be dismissed as not cognizable in this proceeding. 2. Exhaustion Analysis Alternatively, as Respondents argue, Petitioner's challenge to Arizona's postconviction and appellate procedures is not properly exhausted and is procedurally defaulted. To properly exhaust state remedies, a petitioner must have afforded every appropriate state court the opportunity to rule upon the merits of his federal claim by "fairly presenting" his claim to the state courts in a procedurally appropriate manner. See Castille, 489 U.S.350-51; Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 29 (2004). Fair presentation requires petitioner to have presented to the state courts the exact same federal claim he now asserts on habeas corpus review by describing the facts and federal legal theory upon which the claim is based. Picard v. C