B2B CFO Partners, LLC et al v. Kaufman et al
Filing
248
ORDER denying 169 Defendants' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs' Trade Secret Claim; denying 199 Defendant Kaufman's Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs' Claim for Breach of Fiduciary Duty; denyi ng 217 Plaintiffs' Motion to Strike Defendant Kaufman's Opposition to Plaintiffs' Controverting Statement of Facts; and denying as moot 220 Defendants' Motion for Leave to File Excess Pages. Signed by Judge James A Teilborg on 3/5/12.(LSP)
1
WO
2
3
4
5
6
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
7
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
B2B CFO Partners, LLC, B2B CFO, LLC,)
)
Jerry Mills and Christine Mills,
)
)
Plaintiff(s),
)
)
v.
)
Kenneth A. Kaufman, Kaufman Enterprise)
Solutions, LLC, CFO Wise, Inc., The CFO)
)
Wise Promise, LLC,
)
)
Defendant(s).
)
)
CV-09-2158-PHX-JAT
ORDER
16
Pending before the Court are Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on
17
Plaintiffs’ Trade Secret Claim (Doc. 169), Defendant Kaufman’s Motion for Partial
18
Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ Claim for Breach of Fiduciary Duty (Doc. 199), Plaintiffs’
19
Motion to Strike Defendant Kaufman’s Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Controverting Statement of
20
Facts (Doc. 217), and Defendants’ Motion to Exceed Page Limit (Doc. 220). Having
21
reviewed the parties’ briefs and heard oral argument, the Court issues the following Order:
22
23
BACKGROUND
24
Plaintiffs claim that Plaintiff B2B CFO Partners, LLC (“B2B CFO Partners”) is the
25
largest and most successful CFO business in the United States. A company in the CFO
26
business serves small to medium-sized business owners who need someone with financial
27
expertise beyond that of an accountant or bookkeeper, but who cannot afford, or choose not
28
1
to hire, a permanent CFO. CFO businesses recruit experienced CFOs to become partners or
2
members in the CFO business, then offer the member CFOs to small and medium-sized
3
companies on a part-time basis.
4
Defendant Kenneth Kaufman (“Kaufman”), either personally or through his company
5
Kaufman Enterprise Solutions, LLC (“KES”), joined B2B CFO/CIO, LLP (“B2B CFO”), the
6
predecessor entity to B2B CFO Partners, in March 2006. On March 14, 2006, prior to
7
joining B2B CFO, Kaufman received from the company a partnership agreement, which
8
included a written description of B2B CFO’s “Point System for Distribution” (“Point
9
System”). B2B CFO claims that the Point System is a trade secret and uses it as part of its
10
monetary distribution plan for its partners. B2B CFO did not require Kaufman to sign a
11
confidentiality agreement before sending him the partnership agreement with the description
12
of the Point System; however, Plaintiff Jerry Mills, a managing partner of B2B CFO, sent
13
an accompanying cover letter that stated that the partnership agreement was confidential and
14
requested its return if Kaufman chose not to join B2B CFO. On March 24, 2006, Kaufman
15
signed the partnership agreement, which contained its own confidentiality provision.
16
Kaufman continued to operate KES, which is also a CFO business, during his
17
affiliation with B2B CFO. The parties dispute whether KES was operating in competition
18
with B2B CFO during that time. Furthermore, in August 2006, Mills asked Kaufman to
19
recruit Bill Baker to join B2B CFO. Though Kaufman complied with the request and
20
encouraged Baker to join B2B CFO, Baker ultimately opted not to join the partnership.
21
However, shortly thereafter, Kaufman hired Baker to do work for KES.
22
After Kaufman left B2B CFO in January 2007, he continued to operate his own CFO
23
business. Plaintiffs claim that Kaufman has used their Point System in his own CFO
24
business and has thereby misappropriated their trade secret. Plaintiffs also claim that
25
Kaufman was in a fiduciary relationship with B2B CFO during his affiliation with them, and
26
that, by operating a competing business and hiring Baker, Kaufman breached his fiduciary
27
duties.
28
Defendants have moved for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ trade secret claim, and
-2-
1
Defendant Kaufman has moved for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty
2
claim. The Court now rules on the Motions.
3
PRELIMINARY MOTIONS AND ISSUES
4
6
Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike Defendant Kaufman’s Opposition to Plaintiffs’
Controverting Statement of Facts and Defendant Kaufman’s Motion to Exceed
Page Limit
7
In response to Plaintiffs’ Controverting Statement of Facts in Opposition to Defendant
8
Kaufman’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ Claim for Breach of
9
Fiduciary Duty (Doc. 207), Defendant Kaufman filed with his reply an Opposition to
10
Plaintiff’s Controverting Statement of Facts, including an attached exhibit. (Doc. 216).
11
Plaintiffs have moved to strike Kaufman’s Opposition, arguing that it violates Local Rule
12
56.1. Kaufman has both provided a response in opposition to Plaintiffs’ motion and
13
alternatively moved for leave to file a new reply with an extended page limit so that he may
14
fully discuss his objections to Plaintiffs’ controverting statement of facts. (Doc. 220).
5
1.
15
Local Rule of Civil Procedure 56.1(a) requires the party moving for summary
16
judgment to file a separate statement of facts with its motion. The non-moving party must
17
then file a statement, separate from its memorandum, that specifically responds to each of
18
the moving party’s statements of fact and that sets forth any additional facts that make
19
summary judgment inappropriate. L.R.Civ. 56.1(b). Local Rule 56.1 does not provide for
20
a reply statement of facts or a response to the non-moving party’s separate statement of facts.
21
The Local Rules do not contemplate attaching additional exhibits to replies in support
22
of summary judgment1 or filing a separate response to the non-moving party’s statement of
23
facts. “This is consistent with the moving party’s need to show no genuine issue of material
24
facts exists and that there is no need for a trier of fact to weigh conflicting evidence,
25
26
27
28
1
Local Rule of Civil Procedure 7.2(e) provides that a reply shall not exceed eleven
pages, exclusive of attachments, perhaps raising an inference that the Rule contemplates
the filing of attachments. But Local Rule 7.2(e) is a general rule for all motions and
memoranda and does not apply specifically to motions for summary judgment, which
have different burdens of proof.
-3-
1
assuming the non-moving party’s evidence is true.” EEOC v. TIN Inc., No. CV-06-1899-
2
PHX-NVW, 2008 WL 2323913, at *1 (D. Ariz. June 2, 2008), rev’d on other grounds, 349
3
Fed. App’x 190 (9th Cir. 2009).
4
Kaufman argues in his response to Plaintiffs’ motion to strike that the Opposition and
5
attached exhibit he filed along with his reply was necessitated by the large size of Plaintiffs’
6
controverting statement of facts, which ran 51 pages and included 160 numbered paragraphs,
7
121 more paragraphs than Kaufman included in his separate statement of facts. Specifically,
8
Kaufman states that “it would be impossible for Defendants to respond to the legal
9
arguments, the 51-page/160 paragraphs/‘facts,’ and the motion to strike all in an 11-page
10
Reply memorandum.” (Doc. 220, at 3). Kaufman further notes that in Kinnally v. Rogers
11
Corp., No. CV-06-2704-PHX-JAT, 2008 WL 5272870, at *2 (D. Ariz. Dec. 12, 2008), this
12
Court struck the additional documents the movant attached to its reply in support of a motion
13
for summary judgment, but also allowed the movant to file a new reply with an extended
14
page limit. The Court deemed that action necessary to permit the movant in Kinnally to fully
15
cover all of its objections to the non-movant’s voluminous controverting statement of facts.
16
The Court finds that a similar course of action is appropriate here. Though Kaufman’s
17
Opposition clearly did not conform to the Local Rules, it appears to the Court that the typical
18
page limitation for a reply might not be sufficient to allow Kaufman to fully cover his
19
objections to Plaintiffs’ controverting statement of facts. However, because of the limited
20
amount of time available before this case is scheduled to go to trial, the Court will not strike
21
Kaufman’s Opposition and permit him to file an extended reply, as it did in Kinnally.
22
Instead, the Court will reluctantly allow the filing of Kaufman’s procedurally improper
23
Opposition, including the attached affidavit, and refer to them as necessary to resolve the
24
pending motions for summary judgment.
25
26
Plaintiffs’ motion to strike is therefore DENIED, and Kaufman’s motion for extended
pages is DENIED as moot.
27
28
-4-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
2.
Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike Portions of Defendant Kaufman’s Deposition
Testimony
In their controverting statement of facts, Plaintiffs included a motion to strike portions
of Defendant Kaufman’s deposition testimony in which he identifies KES, rather than
himself, as a partner of B2B CFO. Plaintiffs assert that this testimony should be barred
because it expressly contradicts Kaufman’s several prior statements in which he appeared to
identify himself personally as the partner of B2B CFO. Defendant Kaufman, in his
procedurally improper Opposition discussed above, opposes Plaintiffs motion, arguing that
Kaufman has never specifically stated that he personally was a partner of B2B CFO.
First, the Court notes that both Plaintiffs’ motion and Defendant’s response do not
comply with the local rules. Specifically, Local Rule 7.2(m)(2) only provides for objections,
not motions to strike, in a party’s responsive statement of facts. See Pruett v. Arizona, 606
F. Supp. 2d 1065, 1074 (D. Ariz. 2009). That rule further states that such objections “must
be stated summarily without argument.” L.R.Civ. 7.2(m)(2). Furthermore, responses to
such objections “must be included in the responding party’s reply memorandum for the
underlying motion” and may not appear in a separate attachment. Id.
Here, both parties have clearly violated the Local Rules. Plaintiffs’ motion to strike,
though filed purportedly under authority of Local Rule 7.2(m)(2), appears in its responsive
statement of facts and includes argument that spans nearly three pages. Defendant Kaufman,
on the other hand, acknowledges that his response to Plaintiffs’ motion should appear in his
Reply in order to conform with Local Rule 7.2(m)(2), though it nevertheless appears in his
improper responsive statement of facts because, in Kaufman’s words, “that is where B2B
placed its Motion.” (Doc. 216, at 24 n.1).
However, regardless of how the Court characterizes the Plaintiffs’ filing under Local
Rule 7.2(m), the Court finds that it can be denied on its merits. To support its argument,
Plaintiff primarily relies on cases that have disallowed contradictory testimony out of
concern that the party offering the testimony was merely attempting to create an issue of
material fact to avoid summary judgment. See, e.g., Puckett v. Porsche Cars of N. Am., Inc.,
976 F. Supp. 957, 961 (D. Nev. 1997) (“The general rule in the Ninth Circuit is that a party
-5-
1
cannot establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact by submitting deposition or
2
affidavit testimony contradicting his or her sworn statements.”) (citations omitted).
3
However, the exclusion of contradictory testimony may also be appropriate when it is offered
4
by a party moving for summary judgment. See Francisco v. Verizon South, Inc., 756 F.
5
Supp. 2d 705, 714 (E.D. Va. 2010). But before contradictory testimony may be excluded,
6
a court must determine that it is “sham” testimony that “flatly contradicts” earlier testimony.
7
Kennedy v. Allied Mut. Ins. Co., 952 F.2d 262, 266-67 (9th Cir. 1991).
8
Plaintiffs have not pointed to any prior testimony by Kaufman that is flatly
9
contradicted by his more recent assertion that KES is the proper partner of B2B CFO.
10
Though Kaufman and his counsel did routinely use language suggesting that Kaufman was
11
personally a partner of B2B CFO (e.g., doc. 207, at ¶ 85 (Kaufman: “I joined Plaintiff B2B
12
CFO Partners . . . in March 2006 as a partner and quickly became one of B2B’s top
13
producers.”); see also id., at ¶¶ 75-91), Plaintiffs do not cite any prior testimony where the
14
issue of who was the proper partner of B2B CFO was specifically addressed or where
15
Kaufman denied the possibility that KES was the true partner of B2B CFO. Rather, the
16
language of the prior testimony is sufficiently ambiguous to allow both for interpretations
17
in which Kaufman was the partner of B2B CFO and for interpretations in which Kaufman
18
was acting on behalf of KES, which was the partner of B2B CFO.
19
Furthermore, these different interpretations are not inconsistent with Kaufman’s more
20
recent testimony, in which he continues to use ambiguous language while at the same time
21
identifying KES as the proper partner of B2B CFO. (See, e.g., doc. 207, at ¶ 5 (“[Kaufman:]
22
Well, and when you say that I was a partner of B2B CFO, an entity that I owned was a
23
partner of B2B CFO, yes.”)). Moreover, as discussed below, there is additional evidence in
24
the record to support both the case where Kaufman personally was a partner of B2B CFO and
25
the case where KES was a partner of B2B CFO. Thus, because of the ambiguity surrounding
26
this unresolved issue of fact, the Court finds that there is no basis to exclude any of
27
Kaufman’s testimony as “sham” testimony.
28
-6-
LEGAL STANDARD FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
1
2
Summary judgment is appropriate when “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
3
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, if any, show that there is no
4
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to summary
5
judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). Thus, summary judgment is mandated
6
“against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an
7
element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof
8
at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
9
Initially, the movant bears the burden of pointing out to the Court the basis for the
10
motion and the elements of the causes of action upon which the non-movant will be unable
11
to establish a genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 323. The burden then shifts to the non-
12
movant to establish the existence of material fact. Id. The non-movant “must do more than
13
simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts” by “com[ing]
14
forward with ‘specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita Elec.
15
Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986) (quoting FED. R. CIV. P.
16
56(e)). A dispute about a fact is “genuine” if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury
17
could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
18
242, 248 (1986). The non-movant’s bare assertions, standing alone, are insufficient to create
19
a material issue of fact and defeat a motion for summary judgment. Id. at 247-48. However,
20
in the summary judgment context, the Court construes all disputed facts in the light most
21
favorable to the non-moving party. Ellison v. Robertson, 357 F.3d 1072, 1075 (9th Cir.
22
2004).
23
24
PLAINTIFFS’ TRADE SECRET CLAIM
25
Defendants have moved for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ trade secret claim,
26
alleging that B2B CFO failed to preserve the secrecy of its “Point System,” thereby
27
precluding the Point System from qualifying as a trade secret. In response, Plaintiffs contend
28
that B2B CFO has undertaken many reasonable efforts to protect the secrecy of the Point
-7-
1
System, and that Defendants have improperly focused their argument in their motion on only
2
a small portion of the alleged Point System trade secret. Nevertheless, the Parties agree that
3
the Court’s decision on Defendants’ motion turns only on the issue of whether B2B CFO
4
undertook sufficient efforts to maintain the secrecy of the Point System.
5
Under Arizona’s Uniform Trade Secrets Act, A.R.S. §§ 44-401 et seq., “trade secret”
6
is defined, in part, as “information [that] . . . [i]s the subject of efforts that are reasonable
7
under the circumstances to maintain its secrecy.” A.R.S. § 44-401(4)(b). The secrecy,
8
however, need not be absolute. Enter. Leasing Co. of Phx. v. Ehmke, 3 P.3d 1064, 1070
9
(Ariz. Ct. App. 1999). Rather, the owner of the information must only show that the efforts
10
to maintain the secrecy of the information “ensure that it would be difficult for others to
11
discover the information without using improper means.” Id. The efforts need not be unduly
12
expensive, nor is the owner of the information prohibited from disclosing the information to
13
employees when necessary or from publishing the information on a limited basis for a
14
restricted purpose. Id. However, information that is publically revealed or subject to only
15
scant precautions is not eligible for trade secret protection. Id.
16
First, the Court notes that the Point System trade secret at issue is limited to only the
17
portion of the Point System disclosed in B2B CFO’s written partnership agreement. This
18
Court previously issued an order denying Plaintiffs’ motion to amend its complaint to add
19
any verbal trade secrets from Plaintiff Jerry Mills’ verbal presentation. (Doc. 174). Thus,
20
the several verbal elements of the Point System that Plaintiffs refer to in their Response (Doc.
21
177, at 4) are not part of Plaintiffs’ trade secret claim, and any efforts to keep those elements
22
of the Point System secret are irrelevant for the purposes of this motion. Rather, the Court
23
will assess Plaintiffs’ efforts to maintain the secrecy of the Point System only with respect
24
to the written portion of the Point System included in the partnership agreement.
25
Plaintiffs admit that B2B CFO disclosed the written portion of the Point System to
26
Kaufman before Kaufman signed the partnership agreement and without first requesting
27
Kaufman to sign a confidentiality agreement. In Defendants’ view, this disclosure precludes
28
the written portion of the Point System from receiving trade secret protection because it did
-8-
1
not involve sufficient efforts to maintain the secrecy of the Point System.
2
Apart from their irrelevant arguments regarding the verbal elements of the Point
3
System, Plaintiffs argue that B2B CFO’s efforts to maintain the secrecy of the written portion
4
were reasonable because B2B CFO provided the partnership agreement to Kaufman only
5
after he had expressed a desire to become a partner of B2B CFO and that the cover letter
6
accompanying the agreement sent to Kaufman included the following provision: “The LLP
7
document is confidential. Please return this to me if you choose not to join the LLP.” (Doc.
8
178, at ¶ 31). Moreover, Plaintiffs argue, the partnership agreement sent to Kaufman
9
contains a confidentiality provision that binds all partners to secrecy. Though the provision
10
does not apply to prospective partners who have not yet signed the partnership agreement,
11
Kaufman did eventually sign the partnership agreement, and at that point became bound by
12
the confidentiality provision.
13
Clearly, to the extent that the written information in the partnership agreement about
14
the Point System is a trade secret, B2B CFO did disclose it to Kaufman without requiring
15
him to first sign a confidentiality agreement. Thus, the issue is whether the disclosure was
16
sufficiently limited such that the information may still qualify as a trade secret under Arizona
17
law. See Ehmke, 3 P.3d at 1070. Defendants appear to argue that any disclosure of
18
information to a non-employee must be preceded by a confidentiality agreement in order to
19
preserve the information’s status as a trade secret. However, as the Arizona Court of Appeals
20
explained in Ehmke, there is no such bright line rule under Arizona law; rather, the efforts
21
to maintain the secrecy of the information must be reasonable. Id.
22
In fact, the Ehmke court cited with approval to a Fifth Circuit case for the proposition
23
that “the owner of a trade secret does not relinquish its secret . . . by limited publication for
24
a restricted purpose.” Id. (citing Metallurgical Indus. Inc. v. Fourtek, Inc., 790 F.2d 1195,
25
1200 (5th Cir. 1986)). In Metallurgical Industries, the Fifth Circuit stated the following:
26
We conclude that a holder may divulge his information to a limited extent
without destroying its status as a trade secret. To hold otherwise would greatly
limit the holder’s ability to profit from his secret. If disclosure to others is
made to further the holder’s economic interests, it should, in appropriate
circumstances, be considered a limited disclosure that does not destroy the
requisite secrecy.
27
28
-9-
1
790 F.2d at 1200. The Fifth Circuit’s analysis underlying its conclusion is particularly
2
relevant to the facts of this case.
3
The plaintiff in that case, Metallurgical, was in the business of carbide reclamation
4
and utilized a process that required a zinc recovery furnace. Id. at 1197. Dissatisfied with
5
a zinc recovery furnace it had purchased from a company called Therm-O-Vac, Metallurgical
6
made several modifications to the purchased furnace in order to improve its performance.
7
Id. When it was in the market for a second furnace, Metallurgical disclosed its modifications
8
to a company called Consarc, hoping that Consarc could provide a furnace with the
9
modifications. Id. The deal with Consarc fell through, and Metallurgical obtained a second
10
furnace that required modification from Therm-O-Vac. Id. Metallurgical also disclosed the
11
modifications to La Floridienne, its European licensee of carbide reclamation technology.
12
Id. at 1200. There was no evidence that Metallurgical had confidential relationships with
13
either Consarc or La Floridienne. Id.
14
Four former employees of Therm-O-Vac subsequently started their own furnace
15
manufacturing company, Fourtek, and sold a furnace with Metallurgical’s modifications to
16
another company, Smith International. Id. at 1198. Alleging that the modifications
17
constituted trade secrets, Metallurgical brought an action under Texas law for
18
misappropriation against the former Therm-O-Vac employees, their company, and Smith
19
International. Id. The trial court found, in part, that the modifications did not constitute trade
20
secrets and entered a directed verdict for the defendants. Id.
21
On appeal, the Fifth Circuit addressed Smith International’s argument that
22
Metallurgical’s disclosure to Consarc and La Floridienne “vitiated the secrecy required to
23
obtain legal protection.” Id. at 1200. Though the court acknowledged that Metallurgical’s
24
case would have been stronger if it had provided evidence of confidential relationships with
25
Consarc and La Floridienne, it nevertheless held that Metallurgical’s disclosures were
26
“limited and therefore insufficient to extinguish the secrecy” of its trade secrets. Id. The
27
court noted that the disclosures were not public announcements, but rather were made to
28
businesses with whom Metallurgical was dealing. Id. The court also relied on the fact that
- 10 -
1
the disclosures “were made to further Metallurgical’s economic interests.” Id. Thus, because
2
Metallurgical “revealed its discoveries as part of business transactions by which it expected
3
to profit,” the Fifth Circuit held that the disclosures did not preclude the possibility that the
4
furnace modifications were protected trade secrets. Id. Moreover, with regard to limited
5
disclosures generally, the court stated that “[w]hether a disclosure is limited is an issue the
6
resolution of which depends on weighing many facts.” Id.
7
The Court finds that the Fifth Circuit’s reasoning in Metallurgical Industries is
8
equally applicable to the facts of this case. First, the only disclosure that Defendants allege
9
B2B CFO made of the Point System was to Kaufman. There is no evidence that B2B CFO
10
disclosed the Point System to any other parties. Also, though B2B CFO and Kaufman did
11
not have a confidential relationship, the cover letter accompanying the partnership agreement
12
made it clear that B2B CFO considered the partnership agreement confidential and requested
13
its return in the event that Kaufman turned down the offer to join B2B CFO. Thus, B2B
14
CFO’s disclosure certainly did not constitute a public announcement, but rather was for a
15
restricted purpose and limited to only one individual.
16
Second, B2B CFO sent the partnership agreement to Kaufman with the hope that he
17
would join the partnership.
Indeed, Kaufman did subsequently sign the partnership
18
agreement, and thereby became bound by the partnership agreement’s confidentiality
19
provision. Hence, much like the disclosures in Metallurgical Industries, B2B CFO disclosed
20
the portion of the Point System in the partnership agreement to Kaufman prior to Kaufman’s
21
affiliation with B2B CFO as part of a potentially profitable business transaction.
22
The Court therefore finds that a reasonable jury could weigh these facts and determine
23
that B2B CFO’s disclosure to Kaufman was sufficiently limited such that B2B CFO’s efforts
24
to maintain the secrecy of its Point System were reasonable. Defendants’ motion for partial
25
summary judgment is DENIED.
26
27
28
PLAINTIFFS’ CLAIM FOR BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY
Defendant Kaufman has also moved for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ claim for
- 11 -
1
breach of fiduciary duty. Kaufman primarily asserts that he owed no fiduciary duty to B2B
2
CFO because he was not a partner of B2B CFO; rather, Kaufman asserts that KES, an LLC
3
of which Kaufman was the sole member, was the partner. Kaufman further argues that, even
4
if he did owe a fiduciary duty to B2B CFO, Plaintiffs have not established that there was any
5
breach of such duty. Finally, Kaufman argues that Plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claim
6
fails for lack of causation and is barred by the economic loss rule.
7
1.
Partnership Statuses of Kaufman and KES
8
First, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ argument that judicial estoppel bars Kaufman
9
from asserting that KES was the partner of B2B CFO is unavailing. Judicial estoppel
10
“prohibits a litigant from asserting inconsistent positions in the same litigation.” Humetrix,
11
Inc. v. Gemplus S.C.A., 268 F.3d 910, 917 (9th Cir. 2001). “The doctrine is commonly
12
applied to bar a party from making a factual assertion in a legal proceeding which directly
13
contradicts an earlier assertion made in the same proceeding.” Id. (internal quotation and
14
citation omitted). As described above with respect to Plaintiffs’ motion to strike, Plaintiffs
15
have not pointed to any statements Kaufman made in which he specifically denied the
16
possibility that KES was the partner of B2B CFO. Similarly, Plaintiffs do not identify any
17
legal arguments that Kaufman has made that would be based on such an assertion.
18
Therefore, the Court finds that Kaufman’s recent testimony regarding KES’s status as a
19
partner of B2B CFO does not directly contradict any of his prior statements in this litigation,
20
and judicial estoppel does not apply.
21
For similar reasons, the Court also rejects Plaintiffs’ assertion that Kaufman’s recent
22
testimony is precluded by any of Kaufman’s judicial admissions in this case. Though
23
Kaufman is indeed bound by his judicial admissions, see Am Title Ins. Co. v. Lacelaw Corp.,
24
861 F.2d 224, 226 (9th Cir. 1988), the Court finds that none of those admissions is
25
necessarily contradicted by the arguments that Plaintiffs seek to preclude. Moreover,
26
because Plaintiffs failed to make this argument when this issue first arose with respect to
27
Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to File Second Amended Complaint (Doc. 155) and instead
28
opted to argue based on additional evidence, they have effectively waived the argument. See
- 12 -
1
White v. ARCO/Polymers, Inc., 720 F.2d 1391, 1396 (5th Cir. 1983).
2
Plaintiffs’ argument, however, that Kaufman can be held personally liable for any
3
breach of fiduciary duty, regardless of whether he or KES was properly the partner of B2B
4
CFO, is correct. Under Arizona limited liability company law, “[t]he laws of the state or
5
another jurisdiction under which a foreign limited liability company is organized govern its
6
organization and internal affairs and the liability of its members . . . .” A.R.S. § 29-
7
801(A)(1). This rule is subject to the limitation that “[a] foreign limited liability company
8
that has obtained a certificate of registration pursuant to [A.R.S. §§ 29-601 et seq.] and its
9
members and managers have no greater rights and privileges than a domestic limited liability
10
company and its members and managers with respect to transactions and relationships with
11
persons who are not members.” Id. at § 29-801(B).
12
Here, KES is a Utah limited liability company; however, it is not clear from the record
13
whether or not KES has obtained a certificate of registration in Arizona. Nevertheless, both
14
Utah and Arizona law are in accord in recognizing that a director or officer of a corporation
15
may be held personally liable for the torts of a corporate entity in which the director or
16
officer participates. Armed Forces Ins. Exch. v. Harrison, 70 P.3d 35, 41 (Utah 2003) (“[A]n
17
officer or director of a corporation is not personally liable for torts of the corporation or of
18
its other officers and agents merely by virtue of holding corporate office, but can only incur
19
personal liability by participating in the wrongful activity.”) (internal punctuation and
20
citation omitted); Bischofshausen, Vasbinder & Luckie v. D.W. Jaquays Mining & Equip.
21
Contractors Co., 700 P.2d 902, 908-09 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1985) (“Corporate directors are not
22
personally liable for torts committed by the corporation or by one of its officers merely by
23
virtue of the office they hold. To be held liable, the directors or officers must participate or
24
have knowledge amounting to acquiescence or be guilty of negligence in the management
25
or supervision of the corporate affairs causing or contributing to the injury.”). Furthermore,
26
courts in both Utah and Arizona have extended this principle of corporate law to limited
27
liability companies. See d’Elia v. Rice Dev., Inc., 147 P.3d 515, 525 (Utah Ct. App. 2006)
28
(“We therefore conclude that Harrison’s imposition of personal liability on corporate officers
- 13 -
1
who participate in a corporation’s tortious acts . . . also applies to limited liability members
2
or managers.”); Forsyth v. Four Crown Constr., LLC, No. 1 CA-CV 09-0181, 2010 WL
3
2403755, at *3-4 (Ariz. Ct. App. June 15, 2010) (applying Bischofshausen’s rule for potential
4
personal liability for tortious conduct to sole member of limited liability company). Finally,
5
both parties acknowledge that breach of fiduciary duty is a tort under Arizona law. See, e.g.,
6
Standard Chartered PLC v. Price Waterhouse, 945 P.2d 317, 334 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1996);
7
RAJI (Civil) 4th, Commercial Torts 3 Instruction, at cmt.1.
8
Here, even if KES is determined to be the partner of B2B CFO, a reasonable jury
9
could only conclude that Kaufman, as the sole member and manager of KES, directly
10
participated in any activities that might constitute a breach of fiduciary duty owed by KES
11
to B2B CFO. Indeed, all of Plaintiffs’ allegations related to their claim of breach of fiduciary
12
duty involve Kaufman and actions taken by him . (See Doc. 207, at ¶¶ 110-15, 140-51, 156-
13
59). Moreover, Kaufman does not dispute his participation in any alleged breaches of
14
fiduciary duty, but rather only incorrectly argues that, because Plaintiffs did not assert a
15
breach of fiduciary duty claim against KES, Plaintiffs’ claim will not survive if KES is
16
determined to be the proper partner of B2B CFO. Thus, personal liability may be imposed
17
on Kaufman for any breaches of fiduciary duty in which he personally participated regardless
18
of whether he or KES is deemed to be the partner of B2B CFO.
19
Furthermore, Defendant Kaufman has failed to establish that no genuine issue of fact
20
exists as to whether Kaufman or KES was the proper partner of B2B CFO. Kaufman relies
21
mostly on a document entitled “Attachment to Partnership Agreement of B2B CFO/CIO,
22
LLP” (“Attachment”), which Kaufman signed on his first day of training with B2B CFO, to
23
support his argument that KES was the partner. On the portion of that document that
24
instructs the partner to “declare your legal identity and EIN/SSN for your K-l from the LLP,”
25
Kaufman wrote “Kaufman Enterprise Solutions, LLC,” entered what is presumably KES’s
26
EIN, and also checked a box labeled “LLC.” (Doc. 228, Ex. C). Similarly, the form
27
indicates that a person wishing to personally become a partner of B2B CFO would instead
28
write his or her own name, mark the box labeled “sole proprietorship,” and provide a social
- 14 -
1
security number. (Id.). Thus, Kaufman argues that this “key document” establishes that
2
KES, rather than Kaufman personally, was B2B CFO’s partner and owed B2B CFO a
3
fiduciary duty. Kaufman further argues that additional evidence supports a finding that KES
4
was B2B CFO’s partner, including that B2B CFO issued K-1 statements directly to KES for
5
tax purposes, that KES provided a monthly summary to B2B CFO of the partnership fees
6
owed by KES to B2B CFO, and that monthly partnership fees were paid to B2B CFO by
7
KES. (Doc. 228, Exs. E-H)
8
Plaintiffs respond that the Attachment does not establish that KES was a partner of
9
B2B CFO and further contend that additional evidence demonstrates that a genuine issue of
10
material fact exists as to whether Kaufman was a partner of B2B CFO. Specifically,
11
Plaintiffs note that Kaufman personally signed the B2B CFO partnership agreement, and
12
several amendments thereto, in his own name and without any mention of KES. (Doc. 207,
13
at ¶ 43). Further, Plaintiffs contend that the Attachment, which Kaufman executed nearly
14
two weeks after signing the partnership agreement, was not intended to alter the partnership
15
agreement and merely functioned to allow Kaufman to make the relevant declarations for tax
16
purposes. (Id. at ¶ 56). Additionally, Plaintiffs note that B2B CFO issued its semi-annual
17
distribution checks directly to “Ken Kaufman,” not KES, and that Kaufman routinely held
18
himself out to the public and Plaintiffs as a partner of B2B CFO. (Id. at ¶¶ 65-70).
19
The Court finds that Kaufman’s reliance on the Attachment, and the subsequent K-1
20
statements that were issued to KES, is misplaced. Other courts have considered K-1
21
statements to determine a party’s status as a partner; however, such statements are not
22
dispositive. See, e.g., Randell v. United States, 64 F.3d 101, 108-09 (2d Cir. 1995) (finding
23
plaintiff failed to allege facts to dispute proof of plaintiff’s partnership status based on
24
Schedules K-1 identifying plaintiff as a partner); Mackey v. Owens, 182 F.3d 915, 1999 WL
25
423077, at *3-4 (5th Cir. 1999) (same). Rather, based on all of the evidence presented by
26
the parties, the Court finds that a reasonable jury could conclude that Kaufman, and not KES,
27
was a partner of B2B CFO.
28
- 15 -
1
2.
Breach of Fiduciary Duty
2
Furthermore, the Court finds that genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether
3
any fiduciary duties owed to B2B CFO by either Kaufman or KES were breached. Under
4
Arizona partnership law, a partner owes a duty of loyalty to the partnership that requires the
5
partner “[t]o account to the partnership and hold as trustee for it any property, profit or
6
benefit derived by the partner in the conduct and winding up of the partnership business or
7
derived from a use by the partner of partnership property, including the appropriation of a
8
partnership opportunity,” A.R.S. § 29-1034(B)(1), and “[t]o refrain from competing with the
9
partnership in the conduct of the partnership business before the dissolution of the
10
partnership.” Id. at § 29-1034(B)(3).
11
Plaintiffs have presented evidence that suggests that Kaufman operated a competing
12
business, KES, during the time that he or KES was a partner of B2B CFO. It is not disputed
13
that both B2B CFO and KES provided part-time CFO services. Furthermore, Kaufman has
14
admitted that he continued to operate KES during the entire time he was affiliated with B2B
15
CFO, (Doc. 207, at ¶ 114), though the parties dispute the extent to which Kaufman’s
16
activities with KES were known or approved by B2B CFO. On his website, Kaufman also
17
represented that he ran KES during the time that he was affiliated with B2B CFO. (Id. at ¶
18
115). Additionally, Kaufman may not have accounted to B2B CFO for all revenues
19
generated by KES or Kaufman during that time. (Id. at ¶¶ 120-23, 138-39). Finally,
20
financial statements prepared by Kaufman reveal that KES may have generated more revenue
21
providing CFO services than Kaufman was reporting and paying to B2B CFO. (Id. at ¶¶
22
123-37). Thus, the Court finds that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether
23
Kaufman breached any fiduciary duty he may have owed to B2B CFO by operating a
24
business that competed with B2B CFO.
25
Moreover, a genuine issue of material fact also exists as to whether Kaufman
26
improperly appropriated a partnership opportunity from B2B CFO by hiring Bill Baker.
27
Though the parties do not dispute that Kaufman encouraged Baker to join B2B CFO and that
28
Baker was not interested in joining B2B CFO, it is also undisputed that Kaufman learned of
- 16 -
1
Baker’s interest in the part-time CFO business through B2B CFO and that Kaufman
2
subsequently hired B2B CFO as an independent contractor for KES without first notifying
3
B2B CFO or seeking its approval. A reasonable jury weighing these facts could find that
4
Kaufman’s hiring of Baker to work for KES constituted a breach of fiduciary duty under
5
Arizona law.
6
3.
Defendant’s “Lack of Causation” Argument
7
The Court also finds that Defendant Kaufman’s argument that Plaintiffs’ claims fail
8
for lack of causation is without merit. Kaufman’s causation argument primarily relies on his
9
assertion that KES did not compete with B2B CFO and therefore could not have caused B2B
10
CFO any damages. However, as stated above, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to
11
whether KES competed with B2B CFO in violation of any fiduciary duties owed to B2B
12
CFO. Further, in Arizona, Plaintiffs can both recover damages and disgorge any gains the
13
defendant derived from such a breach of fiduciary duties. See AMERCO v. Shoen, 907 P.2d
14
536, 541-42 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1995). Here, Plaintiffs have provided evidence that could allow
15
a reasonable jury to find that Plaintiffs suffered damages, or that Kaufman or KES made
16
improper gains, as a result of any alleged breach of fiduciary duties owed to B2B CFO.
17
(Doc. 207, at ¶¶ 123-34, 138-39, 152-54, 160).
18
4.
Economic Loss Rule
19
Finally, Defendant Kaufman’s argument that Plaintiffs’ claims are barred by the
20
economic loss rule is also without merit. The economic loss rule is “a common law rule
21
limiting a contracting party to contractual remedies for the recovery of economic losses
22
unaccompanied by physical injury to persons or other property.” Flagstaff Affordable Hous.
23
Ltd. P’Ship v. Design Alliance, Inc., 223 P.3d 664, 667 (Ariz. 2010). Arizona courts have
24
typically limited the application of the rule to product liability and construction defect cases.
25
See In re Gosnell Dev. Corp. of Ariz., 331 Fed. App’x 440, 441 (9th Cir. 2009). Defendant
26
cites to no cases in which an Arizona court has applied the economic loss rule to a claim for
27
breach of fiduciary duty, nor has Defendant offered any compelling arguments for extending
28
the rule to bar Plaintiffs’ claim for breach of fiduciary duty.
- 17 -
1
Furthermore, though Arizona courts are silent on the issue, courts outside of Arizona
2
have declined to extend the economic loss rule to claims for breach of fiduciary duty under
3
Arizona law. See Gosnell, 331 Fed. App’x at 441-42; SCF Ariz. v. Wachovia Bank, N.A., No.
4
09 Civ. 9513(WHP), 2010 WL 5422505, at *9-11 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 14, 2010). In Gosnell, the
5
Ninth Circuit briefly reviewed Arizona cases in which the Arizona Court of Appeals
6
“permitted a partner to recover (or at least pursue) solely pecuniary damages from another
7
partner that breached his or her fiduciary duty to the partnership, while acting under an oral
8
or written partnership agreement, with no mention of the economic loss rule.” Id. at 441
9
(citations omitted). That court subsequently found “no basis for believing that the law of
10
Arizona currently allows a broader application” of the economic loss rule, such that it could
11
be applied to cases that do not involve product liability or construction defects. Id.
12
Similarly, in SCF Arizona, the Southern District of New York also declined to apply
13
the economic loss rule to the plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim. 2010 WL 5422505,
14
at *11. In particular, the SCF Arizona court determined that the Arizona Supreme Court’s
15
reasoning in Flagstaff Affordable, in which the court discussed the economic loss rule at
16
length, “indicates [the Arizona Supreme Court] would not extend the economic loss rule to
17
breach of fiduciary duty claims.” SCF Ariz., 10 WL 5422505, at *10. The SCF Arizona
18
court further noted that its conclusion was supported by policy considerations underpinning
19
the economic loss rule. Id. at *11 (“[W]here a contract places the parties in a relationship
20
in which the law then imposes certain duties recognized by public policy, the gravamen of
21
the subsequent action for breach is in tort, not contract.”) (internal punctuation and citation
22
omitted).
23
The Court finds persuasive the reasoning in Gosnell and SCF Arizona. Therefore,
24
Plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claim is not barred by the economic loss rule. Defendant
25
Kaufman’s motion for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty claim is
26
DENIED.
27
28
- 18 -
CONCLUSION
1
2
Accordingly,
3
IT IS ORDERED denying Defendants’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Plaintiffs’ Trade Secret Claim (Doc. 169).
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED denying Defendant Kaufman’s Motion for Partial
Summary Judgment on Plaintiffs’ Claim for Breach of Fiduciary Duty (Doc. 199).
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED denying Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike Defendant
Kaufman’s Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Controverting Statement of Facts (Doc. 217).
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED denying as moot Defendants’ Motion to Exceed Page
Limit (Doc. 220).
DATED this 5th day of March, 2012.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
- 19 -
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?