Washington v. Ryan et al
Filing
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ORDER ADOPTING REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION. Magistrate Judge Irwin's 10 Report and Recommendation is accepted; Petitioner Washington's Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus 1 is denied; the Clerk shall terminate this action; in the event Petitioner files an appeal, the Court declines to issue a Certificate of Appealability because reasonable jurists would not find the Court's procedural ruling debatable. Signed by Judge G Murray Snow on 4/3/12. (REW)
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
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Harry Leon Washington,
Plaintiff,
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vs.
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Charles L. Ryan, et al.,
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Defendants.
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No. CV-10-1680-PHX-GMS
ORDER
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Pending before this Court is a Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus filed by Petitioner
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Harry Leon Washington. (Doc. 1). Magistrate Judge Jay R. Irwin issued a Report and
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Recommendation (“R & R”) recommending that the Court deny the petition with prejudice.
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Petitioner has objected to the R & R. (Docs. 10–11). For the following reasons, the Court
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accepts the R & R, and denies the petition.
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BACKGROUND
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Petitioner was convicted of second degree murder on July 8, 1991 in Maricopa County
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Superior Court. (Doc. 1 at 1; Doc. 8, Ex. A at 2). At that time of trial Petitioner’s defense
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attorney was Edward J. Susse. (Doc. 1 at 6, Doc. 11 at 2). On August 16, 1991 Petitioner was
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sentenced to life with the possibility of release after serving 25 years. (Doc. 8, Ex. A at 3).
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Petitioner filed an appeal with the Arizona Court of Appeals on March 4, 1992 which was
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denied on March 16, 1993. (Id., Exs. A, O). On June 24, 1993, Petitioner requested review
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from the Arizona Supreme Court. (Id., Ex. Q). That request was denied on October 22, 1993.
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(Id., Ex. B). Petitioner did not seek review by the United States Supreme Court. (Doc. 1 at
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3; Doc. 10 at 2:11).
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I.
Post-Conviction Relief Proceedings
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Petitioner filed four petitions for post-conviction relief (“PCR”). Petitioner filed his
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first PCR petition on August 13, 1992 and later withdrew that petition. (Doc. 8, Exs. C–D).
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On March 21, 1997, Petitioner filed a second petition for PCR which was dismissed in June
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of 1997. (Id., Exs. H & M at 2). Because an exact date for that dismissal is not provided, it
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is deemed as dismissed on June 30, 1997. (Doc. 10 at 2:23–25).
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In March 1998, Petitioner’s family retained Joseph Collins to represent him. (Doc. 1
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at 5; Doc. 11 at 1). Petitioner filed a third PCR petition on July 27, 1998. (Doc. 8, Ex. N). It
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was dismissed on November 6, 1998. (Id., Ex. J). On June 9, 2000, Mr. Collins filed
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Petitioner’s fourth PCR petition which was dismissed on August 20, 2001. (Doc. 8, Exs.
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K–L).
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II.
Present Proceeding
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Petitioner states that he contacted the Arizona Justice Project (“Project”) in December
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2000 and the Project took his case in 2001. (Doc. 11 at 1; Doc. 1 at 11). The Project
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ultimately closed review of the case on July 15, 2010, stating there was “no new evidence
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or information with which to approach a court and seek to have [his] conviction overturned
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and a new trial granted.” (Id., Ex. 1).
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On August 9, 2010, Petitioner filed this petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to
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28 U.S.C. § 2254. (Doc. 1 at 1). He asserts the following grounds for relief: ineffective
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assistance of trial counsel in failing to investigate allegations against him and in negotiating
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the plea agreement, improper jury instructions, and denial of his right to have a jury find
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“elements of aggrevation [sic] later to be used against defendant at sentencing. ” (Id. at 6–9).
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On October 3, 2011, Magistrate Judge Irwin issued an R & R recommending that the Petition
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be dismissed with prejudice as untimely. (Doc. 10). On October 18, 2011, Petitioner filed
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objections to the R & R. (Doc. 11).
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DISCUSSION
I.
Legal Standard
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The writ of habeas corpus affords relief to persons in custody in violation of the
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Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. 28 U.S.C. § 2241(c)(3). Such petitions are
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governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”). 28
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U.S.C. § 2244.
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A.
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Under AEDPA, petitions for habeas corpus are governed by a one-year statute of
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limitations. See Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 410 (2005) (AEDPA “establishes a
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1-year statute of limitations for filing a federal habeas corpus petition”) (citing 28 U.S.C. §
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2244(d)(1)). The limitation period begins to run when the state conviction becomes
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final—either “upon ‘the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking
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such review.’” White v. Klitzkie, 281 F.3d 920, 923 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting 28 U.S.C. §
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2244(d)(1)(A)).
Statute of Limitations under AEDPA
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“State prisoners . . . whose convictions became final prior to AEDPA’s enactment [on
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April 24, 1996], had a one-year grace period in which to file their petitions.” Patterson v.
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Stewart, 251 F.3d 1243, 1245 (9th Cir. 2001). Under Rule 6(a), “that one-year grace period
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. . . ended on April 24, 1997 in the absence of statutory tolling.” Id. at 1246; Fed. R. Civ.
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Pro. 6(a).
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1.
Statutory Tolling of the Limitations Period
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The one-year limitation period is statutorily tolled during any time in which a
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“properly filed” state petition for post-conviction relief is “pending” before the state court,
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and “must be tolled for the entire period in which a petitioner is appropriately pursuing and
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exhausting his state remedies.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2); Nino v. Galaza, 183 F.3d 1003, 1004
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(9th Cir. 1999). The period is not tolled between the final decision of a state appeal and
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subsequent challenges “because there is no case ‘pending’ during that interval.” Nino, 183
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F.3d at 1006.
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2.
Equitable Tolling of the Limitations Period
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In certain limited circumstances, AEDPA’s one-year filing deadline may be equitably
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tolled. See Holland v. Florida, 130 S. Ct. 2549, 2590 (2010). A petitioner is entitled to
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equitable tolling if he can demonstrate that “(1) he has been pursuing his rights diligently,
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and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way” to prevent his timely filing.
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Pace, 544 U.S. at 418; Ramirez v. Yates, 571 F.3d 993, 997 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Bryant
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v. Ariz. Atty. Gen., 499 F.3d 1056, 1061 (9th Cir. 2007)). For instance, equitable tolling is
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available “where an attorney’s misconduct is sufficiently egregious,” such as where an
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attorney refuses to file a petition at the client’s request or when the attorney abandons the
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client. Spitsyn v. Moore, 345 F.3d 796, 800 (9th Cir. 2003); Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2568
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(Alito, J., concurring). Equitable tolling is also available where a petitioner is denied access
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to his case file for an extended period of time. Lott v. Mueller, 304 F.3d 918, 924 (9th Cir.
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2002). Nevertheless, “the threshold necessary to trigger equitable tolling [under AEDPA] is
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very high, lest the exceptions swallow the rule.” Spitsyn, 345 F.3d at 799 (quoting Miranda
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v. Castro, 292 F.3d 1063, 1066 (9th Cir. 2002)). Equitable tolling is not available “in non-
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capital cases where attorney negligence has caused [an untimely] filing of a petition.”
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Spitsyn, 345 F.3d at 800. See also Lawrence v. Florida, 549 U.S. 327, 336 (2007) (equitable
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tolling not available merely because of a counsel’s ordinary negligence, such as
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“miscalculating the limitations period”).
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II.
Analysis
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Judge Irwin’s R & R recommends that the Court deny the Petition because the
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AEDPA statute of limitations has run. The R & R states that Petitioner’s limitations period
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was statutorily tolled while Petitioner had pending PCR petitions. (Doc. 10 at 5:1–7). But
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after those petitions were dismissed, the one-year statute of limitations began to run again
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and expired on August 23, 1999. (Id. at 5:11–12). The limitations period should not be
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equitably tolled because Petitioner’s pro se status and his former counsel’s decision not to
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file a habeas petition were not extraordinary circumstances. (Id. at 5:5–8, 15–20).
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Petitioner objects to the R & R, contending that his limitations period should have
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been equitably tolled from August 1999 when his limitations period expired until August
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2010 when he filed his Petition—a period of eleven years. (Doc. 11). Petitioner requests
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equitable tolling because (1) Joseph Collins, his counsel from 1998 until 2000, stopped
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seeking post-conviction relief on his behalf; and because (2) Petitioner’s pro se status
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inhibited him from conducting effective discovery. (Id. at 1, 5). Furthermore, Petitioner raises
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substantive reasons for why his habeas claim has merit. (Id. at 6–10). Rule 72(b) provides
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that the district judge “must determine de novo any part of the magistrate judge’s disposition
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that has been properly objected to.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(3).
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A.
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Equitable Tolling
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Representation by Joseph Collins
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Petitioner states that the limitations period should be equitably tolled because in 2000
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“Collins stopped his attempt with Petitioner’s PCR saying that he could not go forth.” (Doc.
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11 at 1). However, Collins’s decision not to pursue further post-conviction relief after the
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petition he filed was denied does not constitute an extraordinary circumstance that would toll
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the limitations period. While a petitioner may be entitled to a reasonable length of equitable
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tolling where he is “abandoned” by his attorney, Petitioner does not make such an allegation.
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Holland, 130 S. Ct. at 2568 (Alito, J., concurring). Abandonment, consists of “near-total
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failure to communicate with petitioner or to respond to petitioner’s many inquiries and
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requests.” Id. at 2568. Petitioner does not contend that Collins was engaged to pursue
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additional post-conviction relief or file a habeas petition, or that Collins refused such
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requests. Moreover, Petitioner states that the Project took Petitioner’s case in 2001. (Doc. 11
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at 2). Even if Collins’s conduct was sufficiently egregious to equitably toll Petitioner’s
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limitations period during the two years he represented Petitioner, such conduct would not
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continue to equitably toll Plaintiff’s limitations period during the subsequent nine years that
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he was represented by the Project.
2.
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Petitioner’s Pro Se Status
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Petitioner also seeks equitable tolling on the grounds that it was difficult for him as
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a pro se plaintiff to discover the conduct by his trial counsel that allegedly entitles him to
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relief:
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By going to trial unprepared . . . [Petitioner’s trial counsel] was
ineffective. This fact was only made clear after such diligence
as 19 years of struggle with no money by Petitioner. If it had not
been for the Justice Project . . . this truth would still be masked.
(Doc. 11 at 5).
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The attorneys at the Project did not, however, pursue a habeas claim; and they closed
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Petitioner’s case after determining there was no new evidence to bring before a court to
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review his sentence or conviction. (Doc. 1, Ex. 1). Petitioner does not allege that the
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attorneys at the Project were negligent or that their conduct was egregious. Moreover, even
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if Petitioner’s conclusory allegation that he pursued his rights diligently for 19 years is true,
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he has not alleged any extraordinary circumstance which prevented him from filing his
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petition earlier. See Pace, 544 U.S. at 418 (equitable tolling available when petitioner is both
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diligent in pursuing rights and had extraordinary circumstances preventing earlier filing). His
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pro se status in itself does not amount to an extraordinary circumstance. Robinson v. Kramer,
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588 F.3d 1212, 1216 (9th Cir. 2009) (citing Felder v. Johnson, 204 F.3d 168 (5th Cir. 2000));
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see also Fisher v. Johnson, 174 F.3d 710, 714 (5th Cir. 2000) (“[I]gnorance of the law, even
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for an incarcerated pro se petitioner, generally does not excuse prompt filing.”).
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Petitioner has not demonstrated that either Collins or the Arizona Justice Project
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abandoned him or failed to provide him with adequate legal representation. Petitioner has not
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demonstrated extraordinary circumstances that would equitably toll his statute of limitations
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for eleven years.
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B.
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Even if Plaintiff’s habeas Petition were not barred by AEDPA’s statute of limitations,
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it would fail on substantive grounds. First, Petitioner cites Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S.
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296 (2004) for the proposition that a jury must “prove every element” of a crime that may
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subsequently be used to enhance a defendant’s sentence above the statutory maximum. (Doc.
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11 at 6). Petitioner argues that under Blakely, a jury should have determined whether he used
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a gun for the sentencing judge to enhance his sentence on that basis. (Id.). Petitioner was
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sentenced in 1991, and Blakely was not decided until 2004. The rule in Blakely does not
Substantive Grounds
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apply retroactively to Petitioner’s sentence. State v. Febles, 210 Ariz. 589, 595, 115 P.3d
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629, 632 (App. 2005) (“Blakely only applies to cases not yet final when the opinion was
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issued.”).
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murder charge. (Doc. 11 at 2, 9). The record, however, reflects that Petitioner was found
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guilty by a jury in Maricopa County Superior Court; there was no plea agreement. (Doc. 8,
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Ex. A at 2–3).
Second, Petitioner alleges that he was forced to sign a plea agreement on the
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Petitioner lastly contends that he is entitled to relief under Glasser v. United States,
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380 U.S. 415 (1965) and Douglas v. Alabama, 315 U.S. 60 (1942), superceded by statute on
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other grounds by Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171 (1987). In Glasser, the Supreme
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Court held that a defendant’s counsel cannot concurrently represent a defendant and other
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clients where doing so would create conflicts of interest. 315 U.S. at 76. Petitioner has not
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made any showing that his trial counsel represented other clients during his representation
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or that such representation created a conflict of interest. In Douglas, the Supreme Court
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upheld a defendant’s right to cross-examine witnesses under the Confrontation Clause. 380
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U.S. at 419. Petitioner does not allege that his trial attorney failed to cross-examine witnesses
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or that he was denied the right to confront witnesses.
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In sum, Petitioner has not shown that his trial proceedings were in violation of clearly
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established federal law or were based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light
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of the evidence presented. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)–(2).
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C.
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When a habeas petition is denied on procedural grounds, the court may issue a
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certificate of appealability (“COA”) if the applicant has “made a substantial showing of the
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denial of constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). A COA is issued “if the prisoner
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shows . . . that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid
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claim of the denial of a constitutional right, and . . . whether the district court was correct in
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its procedural ruling.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 478 (2000). Given that Petitioner
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filed this Petition eleven years after his one-year statute of limitations had run and that he has
Certificate of Appealability
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not presented facts suggesting the statute should have been equitably tolled, this Court finds
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that reasonable jurists would not debate this Court’s procedural ruling. Therefore, a COA
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will not be issued.
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CONCLUSION
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Petitioner’s one-year statute of limitations was statutorily tolled until August 23, 1999
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and Petitioner filed this Petition on August 9, 2010. Petitioner is almost eleven years late with
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this Petition, and he does not have an extraordinary circumstance to merit equitable tolling.
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IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED:
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1.
Magistrate Judge Irwin’s R&R (Doc.10) is ACCEPTED.
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2.
Petitioner Washington’s Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. 1) is
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DENIED.
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3.
The Clerk of Court shall TERMINATE this action.
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Pursuant to Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases, in the event
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Petitioner files an appeal, the Court declines to issue a certificate of appealability because
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reasonable jurists would not find the Court’s procedural ruling debatable. See Slack v.
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McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
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DATED this 3rd day of April, 2012.
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