Elliott v. Google Incorporated et al

Filing 117

AMENDED ORDER denying 73 Motion for Summary Judgment; granting 67 and 78 Motion for Summary Judgment. Final Pretrial Conference to be set by subsequent order. See order for details. Signed by Senior Judge Stephen M McNamee on 9/10/2014. (LMR)

1

WO

2
3
4
5
6

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

7

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

8
9

David Elliot and Chris Gillespie,

10

No. CV-12-1072-PHX-SMM

Plaintiffs,

11

v.

12

Google Incorporated,

AMENDED MEMORANDUM OF
DECISION AND ORDER

Defendant.

13
14
15

Google Incorporated,
Counter-Claimant,

16
17

v.

18

David Elliot and Chris Gillespie,

19

Counter-Defendants,

20
21

Before the Court are Plaintiffs David Elliot’s (“Elliot”) and Chris Gillespie’s

22

(“Gillespie”) (collectively “Plaintiffs”) and Defendant Google Incorporated’s (“Defendant”)

23

fully briefed cross-motions for summary judgment. (Docs. 67; 73; 83; 86; 111; 112.) For the

24

reasons that follow, Plaintiffs’ motion is denied and Defendant’s motion is granted.1

25

///

26
1

27
28

The parties’ requests for oral argument are denied because there was adequate
opportunity to present written argument and oral argument will not aid the Court’s decision.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 78(b); LRCiv. 7.2(f); Partridge v. Reich, 141 F.3d 920, 926 (9th Cir. 1998).

BACKGROUND

1
2

The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted. This case concerns two

3

United States registrations of the GOOGLE mark: Number 2884502 (the “ ‘502 Mark”) and

4

Number 2806075 (the “ ‘075 Mark”). The ‘502 Mark covers “computer hardware; computer

5

software for creating indexes of information, indexes of web sites and indexes of other

6

information resources.” (Docs. 68 ¶ 18; 87 ¶ 18.) The ‘075 Mark covers, inter alia:

7

11

Computer services, namely, providing software interfaces available over a
network in order to create a personalized on-line information service;
extraction and retrieval of information and data mining by means of global
computer networks; creating indexes of information, indexes of web sites and
indexes of other information sources in connection with global computer
networks; providing information from searchable indexes and databases of
information, including text, electronic documents, databases, graphics and
audio visual information, by means of global computer information networks.

12

(Docs. 68 ¶ 19; 87 ¶ 19.) It is undisputed that the ‘502 and ‘075 GOOGLE marks refer to the

13

eponymous search engine service provided by Defendant (the “Google search engine”).

8
9
10

14

During a two-week period ending on March 10, 2012, Plaintiffs used a domain name

15

registrar to acquire 763 domain names that combined the word “google” with another brand,

16

e.g., googledisney.com, a person, e.g., googlebarackobama.net, a place, e.g.,

17

googlemexicocity.com, or with some generic term, e.g., googlenewtvs.com (the “Domain

18

Names”). (Docs. 68 ¶ 22; 70-6 at 2-8; 87 ¶ 22.) Defendant promptly filed a complaint

19

requesting transfer of the Domain Names pursuant to the Uniform Domain Name Dispute

20

Resolution Policy (“UDRP”) incorporated into the domain name registrar’s Terms of Use.

21

(Docs. 68 ¶¶ 25-27; 70-3 at 2.) Responding to Defendant’s arbitration complaint, Gillespie

22

asserted, inter alia, that the GOOGLE mark has become generic and that he should be

23

permitted to use the Domain Names incorporating the GOOGLE mark in furtherance of his

24

business plans.2 (Docs. 68 ¶ 33; 87 ¶ 33.) The UDRP panel ordered the Domain Names be

25
26
27
28

2

Gillespie also filed a petition with the U.S. Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
(“TTAB”) requesting cancellation of the ‘502 Mark and the ‘075 Mark contending that the
GOOGLE mark has become generic. (Docs. 68 ¶¶ 28-29; 87 ¶¶ 28-29.) The TTAB
proceedings have been stayed pending resolution of this case.
-2-

1

transferred to Defendant because: the Domain Names are confusingly similar to the GOOGLE

2

mark; Gillespie has no rights or legitimate interests in the Domain Names; and the Domain

3

Names were registered and used in bad faith.3 (Docs. 68 ¶¶ 34-35; 87 ¶¶ 34-35.)

4

Elliot then instituted the present action by filing a complaint (Doc. 1), which was

5

amended to include Gillespie as a Plaintiff (Doc. 25), seeking cancellation of both the ‘502

6

and ‘075 marks and a declaration of the same. Defendant’s answer alleged counterclaims for

7

trademark dilution, cybersquatting, and unjust enrichment under the Lanham Act, as well as

8

counterclaims for unfair competition and false advertising under California state law. (Doc.

9

28.) After completing discovery, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment on

10

the issue of whether the ‘502 and ‘075 Marks are invalid because they are generic.
STANDARD OF REVIEW

11
12

“The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine

13

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

14

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “[T]he substantive law will identify which facts are material[;] [o]nly

15

disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will

16

properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477

17

U.S. 242, 248 (1986). “One of the principal purposes of the summary judgment rule is to

18

isolate and dispose of factually unsupported claims or defenses.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

19

477 U.S. 317, 323-24 (1986) (further quotation omitted).

20

The movant bears the initial burden of proving the absence of a genuine issue of

21

material fact. Id. at 323. For issues on which the movant would bear the burden of proof at

22

trial, the initial summary judgment burden is met by marshaling the evidence to foreclose the

23

possibility that a reasonable jury could find for the non-movant. Adickes v. S. H. Kress &

24
25
26
27
28

3

Although Plaintiffs object to facts concerning the UDRP proceeding on the basis of
relevance, “[e]vidence which is essentially background in nature can scarcely be said to
involve disputed matter, yet it is universally offered and admitted as an aid to
understanding.” Fed. R. Evid. 401 advisory committee notes (1972). Plaintiffs’ hearsay
objection fails because the evidence could be presented in admissible form at trial. See Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(c).
-3-

1

Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157-58 (1970). Where the non-movant would bear the burden of proof

2

at trial, the movant may carry its initial burden by proving the absence of evidence to support

3

the non-movant’s case. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325. If the movant carries its initial burden, the

4

non-movant must designate “significantly probative” evidence capable of supporting a

5

favorable verdict. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249-50.

6

In determining whether either or both of these burdens have been carried, “[t]he

7

evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn

8

in [that party’s] favor.” Id. at 255; see Narayan v. EGL, Inc., 616 F.3d 895, 899 (9th Cir.

9

2010) (explaining an inference is justifiable if it is rational or reasonable). “Credibility

10

determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from

11

the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge . . . ruling on a motion for summary

12

judgment.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.

13

ANALYSIS

14

Plaintiffs contend the GOOGLE mark has become generic because a majority of the

15

public understands the word google, when used as a verb, to mean the indiscriminate act of

16

searching on the internet without regard to the search engine used. Underlying Plaintiffs’

17

argument is the proposition that verbs, as a matter of law, are incapable of distinguishing one

18

service from another, and can only refer to a category of services. Defendant contends there

19

is no admissible evidence capable of supporting a finding that a significant portion, let alone

20

a majority, of the consuming public does not principally understand the GOOGLE mark to

21

identify a distinct product, regardless of how the mark is employed grammatically.

22

In ruling on Plaintiffs’ motion, the Court accepts as true Defendant’s admissible

23

evidence and draws all reasonable inferences in Defendant’s favor; in ruling on Defendant’s

24

motion, the Court accepts as true Plaintiffs’ admissible evidence and draws all reasonable

25

inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor. The Court first resolves the chief legal disagreement between

26

the parties (whether verb use of a mark necessarily renders the mark generic) and the

27

admissibility of expert evidence before proceeding to the ultimate issue of whether either

28

party is entitled to summary judgment on whether the GOOGLE mark has become generic.
-4-

1

I.

Grammatical Function and Genericness

2

A mark is subject to cancellation if it “becomes the generic name for the goods or

3

services, or a portion thereof, for which it is registered.” 15 U.S.C. § 1064(3); accord Park

4

‘N Fly, Inc. v. Dollar Park & Fly, Inc., 469 U.S. 189, 194 (1985). “The primary significance

5

of the registered mark to the relevant public . . . shall be the test for determining whether the

6

registered mark has become the generic name of goods or services on or in connection with

7

which it has been used.” 15 U.S.C. § 1064(3). Under the primary-significance test, a mark

8

is not generic when “the primary significance of the term in the minds of the consuming

9

public is not the product but the producer.” Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co., 305 U.S.

10

111, 118 (1938); see Bayer Co. v. United Drug Co., 272 F. 505, 509 (S.D.N.Y. 1921) (“What

11

do the buyers understand by the word for whose use the parties are contending?”). “[I]f the

12

primary significance of the trademark is to describe the type of product rather than the

13

producer, the trademark is a generic term and cannot be a valid trademark.” Rudolph Int’l,

14

Inc. v. Realys, Inc., 482 F.3d 1195, 1198 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Filipino Yellow Pages, Inc.

15

v. Asian Journal Publ’ns, Inc., 198 F.3d 1143, 1147 (9th Cir. 1999)).

16

The crux of Plaintiffs’ argument is the premise “a trademark ceases to function as

17

such when it is used primarily as a verb.” (Doc. 111 at 2) (emphasis omitted). This premise

18

is flawed: a trademark performs its statutory function so long as it distinguishes a product or

19

service from those of others and indicates the product’s or service’s source. See 15 U.S.C.

20

§ 1127. Verb use of a trademark is not fundamentally incapable of identifying a producer or

21

denoting source. A mark can be used as a verb in a discriminate sense so as to refer to an

22

activity with a particular product or service, e.g., “I will PHOTOSHOP the image” could mean

23

the act of manipulating an image by using the trademarked Photoshop graphics editing

24

software developed and sold by Adobe Systems. This discriminate mark-as-verb usage

25

clearly performs the statutory source-denoting function of a trademark.

26

However, a mark can also be used as a verb in an indiscriminate sense so as to refer

27

to a category of activity in general, e.g., “I will PHOTOSHOP the image” could be understood

28

to mean image manipulation by using graphics editing software other than Adobe Photoshop.
-5-

1

This use commandeers PHOTOSHOP to refer to something besides Adobe’s trademarked

2

product. Such indiscriminate mark-as-verb usage does not perform the statutory trademark

3

function; instead, it functions as a synecdoche describing both a particular species of activity

4

(e.g. using Adobe’s PHOTOSHOP brand software) and the genus of services to which the

5

species belongs (e.g. using image manipulation software in general).

6

It cannot be understated that a mark is not rendered generic merely because the mark

7

serves a synecdochian “dual function” of identifying a particular species of service while at

8

the same time indicating the genus of services to which the species belongs. S. Rep. No. 98-

9

627,4 at 5 (1984), reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5718, 5722 (explaining “dual function”

10

use “is not conclusive of whether the mark is generic”); accord 15 U.S.C. § 1064(3) (“A

11

registered mark shall not be deemed to be the generic name of goods or services solely

12

because such mark is also used as a name of or to identify a unique product or service.”). Nor

13

is a mark “generic merely because it has some significance to the public as an indication of

14

the nature or class of an article. . . . In order to become generic the principal significance of

15

the word must be its indication of the nature or class of an article, rather than an indication

16

of its origin.” Feathercombs, Inc. v. Solo Prods. Corp., 306 F.2d 251, 256 (2d Cir. 1962)

17

(emphasis added). Moreover, “casual, non-purchasing uses of [marks] are not evidence of

18

generic usage” because primary significance is determined by “ ‘the use and understanding

19

of the [mark] in the context of purchasing decisions.’ ” 2 J. Thomas McCarthy, McCarthy on

20

Trademarks and Unfair Competition § 12:8 (4th ed. 2014) (quoting Restatement (Third) of

21

Unfair Competition § 15 cmt. c (1995)) [hereinafter “McCarthy”].

22

“The salient question is the primary significance of the term to the consumer. If the

23

term indicates a product of a single producer to the consumer, it is a valid trademark.” S.

24

Rep. No. 98-627, at 5, reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5718, 5722. Thus, even if a mark qua

25

verb is used exclusively in the indiscriminate sense, the mark is not generic if a majority of

26
4

27
28

Report of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary regarding the Trademark
Clarification Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-620, §§ 102-03, 98 Stat. 3335, which adopted the
primary-significance test by amending Sections 14(c) and 45 of the Lanham Act.
-6-

1

the consuming public nevertheless uses the mark qua mark to differentiate one particular

2

product or service from those offered by competitors.

3

A genericism inquiry guided by grammatical formalism is incompatible with the intent

4

of the Lanham Act and its subsequent amendment by the Trademark Clarification Act. The

5

twofold justification for the Lanham Act as stated by the Senate Committee on Patents was:

6

(1) “to protect the public so it may be confident that, in purchasing a product bearing a

7

particular trade-mark which it favorably knows, it will get the product which it asks for and

8

wants to get”; and (2) “where the owner of a trade-mark has spent energy, time, and money

9

in presenting to the public the product, he is protected in his investment from its

10

misappropriation by pirates and cheats.” S. Rep. 1333, at 1 (1946), reprinted in 1946 U.S.

11

Code & Cong. Serv. 1274, 1274.

12

The benefits derived from protecting trademarks include fostering market competition

13

by enabling a consumer to distinguish competing articles from each other; and encouraging

14

quality by “securing to the producer the benefit of the good reputation which excellence

15

creates.” Id. at 2, reprinted in 1946 U.S. Code & Cong. Serv. 1274, 1273. The same was true

16

nearly 40 years later: “Because of their importance to our nation’s commerce, trademarks

17

long have been protected from appropriation and misuse by others, both to protect the

18

consumer from deception and confusion and to insure that producers are rewarded for their

19

investment in the manufacture and marketing of their product.” S. Rep. No. 98-627, at 2,

20

reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5718, 5719.

21

It is thus contrary to both the letter and spirit of trademark law to strip a mark of legal

22

protection solely because the mark—cultivated by diligent marketing, enforcement, and

23

quality control—has become so strong and widespread that the public adopts the mark to

24

describe that act of using the class of products or services to which the mark belongs. As one

25

scholar has stated, “top-of-mind use of a trademark in its verb form, far from indicating the

26

mark’s generic status, may well indicate the enduring fame of the brand.” Laura A.

27

Heymann, The Grammar of Trademarks, 14 Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 1313, 1348 (2010). This

28

is especially true where the mark in question is arbitrary or fanciful because such terms had
-7-

1

a different or no independent meaning before they were adopted as marks. See Fortune

2

Dynamic, Inc. v. Victoria’s Secret Stores Brand Mgmt., Inc., 618 F.3d 1025, 1032-33 (9th

3

Cir. 2010) (explaining the strongest end of the trademark spectrum as arbitrary marks, which

4

are “actual words with no connection to the product,” and fanciful marks, which are

5

“made-up words with no discernable meaning”).

6

Plaintiffs’ argument that courts have already recognized a “dichotomy between verb

7

usage and trademark usage” and that “[v]erb usage is therefore generic usage,” is

8

unsupported. (Doc. 73 at 6, 8.) Plaintiffs cite two non-precedential TTAB cases denying

9

initial registration of marks that sought to combine two common words (“tree” and “radar”

10

for treeradar and “grind” and “brew” for “grind ‘n brew”) because the marks were

11

conceptually weak (generic/descriptive).5 See In re Grindmaster Corp., No. 77834762, 2011

12

WL 5600317, at *4 (TTAB Oct. 28, 2011) (noting the putative mark was merely equivalent

13

to the concatenation of two verbs); In re TreeRadar, Inc., No. 77579817, 2011 WL 3212252,

14

at *7 (TTAB July 15, 2011) (noting claimed trademark use and recognition was ambiguous

15

partly because applicant used the putative mark as a generic verb “in one instance”).

16

Plaintiffs also cite Freecyclesunnyvale v. Freecycle Network, Inc., No. C 06–00324 CW,

17

2006 WL 2827916, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 3, 2006), which held allegations of intentionally

18

encouraging others to use an unregistered mark generically as part of an effort to render the

19

mark generic and unregistrable were sufficient to state a cognizable claim for contributory

20

infringement. Inasmuch as these cases are apposite and support the proposition that mark-as-

21

verb use renders a previously distinctive mark generic, the Court finds them unpersuasive.

22

If the primary significance of such a mark to a majority of the consuming public is to

23

differentiate one service from the services of others, then the mark is not generic. This is true

24

regardless of whether the public also uses the mark as an indiscriminate verb.

25

Plaintiffs’ reliance on a procrustean grammatical standard is misplaced. The

26

dispositive inquiry is whether a majority of the consuming public considers the primary

27
28

5

See Fortune Dynamic, 618 F.3d at 1032-33.
-8-

1

significance of the mark to be an indication of origin rather than an indication of nature and

2

class. See Coca-Cola Co. v. Overland, Inc., 692 F.2d 1250, 1254 n.10 (9th Cir. 1982);

3

King-Seeley Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Indus., Inc., 321 F.2d 577, 580-81 (2d Cir. 1963). “The

4

primary significance test does not, in and of itself, tell us how to differentiate a mere product

5

brand from a product genus. . . . Once that question is decided, the resulting question often

6

decides itself.” A.J. Canfield Co. v. Honickman, 808 F.2d 291, 301 (3d Cir. 1986).6 In this

7

case, the relevant issue is whether the primary significance of the GOOGLE mark to a majority

8

of the public who performs searches on the internet understands the mark to refer to the

9

Google search engine as opposed to a descriptive term for search engines in general.

10

II.

Expert Opinion Evidence

11

In the Ninth Circuit, “expert opinion is admissible and may defeat summary judgment

12

if it appears the affiant is competent to give an expert opinion and the factual basis for the

13

opinion is stated in the affidavit.” Walton v. United States Marshals Serv., 492 F.3d 998,

14

1008 (9th Cir. 2007) (alteration omitted) (quoting Bulthuis v. Rexall Corp., 789 F.2d 1315,

15

1318 (9th Cir. 1985) (per curiam)). To be admissible, an expert’s testimony must be relevant

16

and have “a reliable basis in the knowledge and experience of [the relevant] discipline.”

17

Kumho Tire Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 149 (1999). “Expert opinion testimony

18

is relevant if the knowledge underlying it has a valid connection to the pertinent inquiry. And

19

it is reliable if the knowledge underlying it has a reliable basis in the knowledge and

20

experience of the relevant discipline.” Primiano v. Cook, 598 F.3d 558, 565 (9th Cir. 2010)

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

6

“If some people regard the contested designation as a generic name, while others
regard it as a mark, the term must be placed either in the ‘generic’ pigeonhole or in the
‘trademark’ category.” 2 McCarthy § 12:6. Some scholars have criticized this as a false
dichotomy because trademarks “can perform a variety of informational functions—ranging
from the provision of pure commercial or source-related information to the provision of pure
generic or product-category information—at the same time.” Ralph H. Folsom & Larry L.
Teply, Trademarked Generic Words, 89 Yale L.J. 1323, 1339 (1980). “A better approach to
this problem would be to recognize that a finding of one primary significance may not be
possible: in other words, that the hybrid character of many trademarked words may create
pluralities or coextensive majorities.” Id. at 1351.
-9-

1

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

2

“In a case involving scientific evidence, evidentiary reliability [is] based upon

3

scientific validity.” Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 590 n.9 (1993)

4

(emphasis omitted). Scientific validity concerns the soundness of methodology rather than

5

the correctness of conclusions. Estate of Barabin v. AstenJohnson, Inc., 740 F.3d 457, 463

6

(9th Cir. 2014) (en banc). “The reliability inquiry is ‘a flexible one,’ ” id. (quoting Kumho

7

Tire, 526 U.S. at 150), that considers whether the expert’s testimony “is based on sufficient

8

facts or data” and “is the product of reliable principles and methods,” and whether the expert

9

“reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case,” Fed. R. Evid. 702.

10
11

Both parties object to each others’ expert reports regarding the primary significance
of the GOOGLE mark in the minds of the consuming public.

12

A.

Defendant’s Expert Linguist

13

Defendant’s expert linguist, Dr. Geoffrey Nunberg, opined about a linguistic

14

phenomenon observed in some “highly distinctive and famous marks” where “the name of

15

a particular product is used to convey the genus without actually denoting it.” (Doc. 72-1 at

16

5.) Dr. Nunberg’s expert report explains:

22

Trademarks are sometimes used in extended or figurative ways to denote
something independent of their proprietary meaning (cf Astroturf for political
movements, Band-Aid for social remedies). In a special case of this process,
trademarks may be used as verbs to denote the characteristic action associated
with the product or service they represent. Examples include TiVo, Fed-Ex,
Skype, and Google. Such verbs may be specific in their application . . . [b]ut
such verbs may [also] be used in a representative way to connote a more
general action. Thus when somebody says, “I need the book tomorrow—can
you Fed Ex it to me?” we ordinarily assume that a shipment by UPS will be
acceptable as well, without assuming that the verb to Fed-Ex simply means to
ship by priority courier.

23

(Id. at 5-6.) Accordingly, Dr. Nunberg asserts that the use of the word google as a

24

nonspecific verb does not compromise the status of the GOOGLE mark because it literally

25

denotes the use of Google’s search engine. (Id. at 5-7.) Consistent with his report, Dr.

26

Nunberg opined that the GOOGLE mark has not become generic and that the phrase “go

27

google it” is not necessarily shorthand for “look it up on the internet.” (Doc. 70-9 at 3-4.)

17
18
19
20
21

28

Plaintiffs attack Dr. Nunberg as a “hired gun who will say anything he is paid to say”
- 10 -

1

because he allegedly “reversed his opinion.” (Doc. 86 at 12.) While inconsistencies may be

2

an indicator of reliability, see Daubert, 509 U.S. at 590 n.9, Plaintiffs do not substantiate their

3

allegation that Dr. Nunberg reversed his opinion. The fact that Dr. Nunberg first expressed

4

interest in being retained by Plaintiffs before being subsequently retained by Defendant does

5

not necessarily mean Dr. Nunberg gave inconsistent professional opinions. To the contrary,

6

the only evidence in the record is Dr. Nunberg’s testimony that Plaintiffs never retained,

7

paid, or shared any confidential or work product information with him, that he never shared

8

any of Plaintiffs’ information with Defendant, and that while he may have shared ideas with

9

Plaintiffs, the only expert opinion he rendered was the one contained in his report. (Doc. 113-

10

3 at 3-5.)

11

Plaintiffs’ unsubstantiated allegation of inconsistent opinions can be addressed on

12

cross-examination. Plaintiffs’ other objection, that Dr. Nunberg’s “opinions are conclusions

13

on the ultimate issues” (Doc 86 at 12), is misplaced. See Fed. R. Evid. 704(a) (“An opinion

14

is not objectionable just because it embraces an ultimate issue.”). As there is no serious

15

contention that Dr. Nunberg lacked sufficient data, utilized unsound methods, or applied

16

those methods unreliably, Dr. Nunberg’s opinion is admissible.

17

B.

Defendant’s Consumer Survey Expert

18

Defendant’s survey expert, Dr. Gerald Ford, conducted a consumer survey modeled

19

after the one used in E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. v. Yoshida Int’l, Inc., 393 F. Supp. 502

20

(E.D.N.Y. 1975), to prove that the primary significance of the TEFLON mark in the minds of

21

consumers was DuPont’s non-stick coating, rather than non-stick coatings in general. In Dr.

22

Ford’s “Teflon” survey, 420 randomly selected participants were contacted via telephone and

23

were asked whether “Hewlett Packard” and “computer” were brands names or common

24

names. (Doc. 70-7 at 8-9.) All 420 respondents successfully identified “Hewlett Packard” as

25

a brand name and “computer” as a common name. (Id.)

26

The respondents were then asked to identify six names (STP; Coke; Jello; refrigerator;

27

margarine; aspirin) as either brand names or common names and were told that “don’t know”

28

or “no opinion” was an acceptable answer. (Id. at 8-9.) They were not told that “both” was
- 11 -

1

an acceptable answer, but answers of “both” were nevertheless recorded. (Id. at 9.) The

2

respondents were subsequently asked to apply the brand name/common name distinction to

3

another five names (browser; website; Amazon; Yahoo; Google) specifically with respect

4

to searching on the internet. (Id.) Last, the respondents were asked whether they conducted

5

searches on the internet—respondents who did not were excluded from the results. (Id.)

6

Excluding 19 respondents who answered they do not perform searches on the internet,

7

93.77% identified GOOGLE as a brand name and 5.25% identified GOOGLE as a common

8

name. (Id. at 12.) For purposes of comparison, 93.52% of consumers identified the YAHOO!

9

mark as a brand name while 5.99% identified YAHOO! as a common name. (Id.) Both

10

GOOGLE and YAHOO! beat out COKE: 89.53% of consumers identified the COKE mark as a

11

brand name while 6.73% identified COKE as a common name. (Id. at 11.) The only mark with

12

higher brand name recognition or lower common name misrecognition than GOOGLE was the

13

AMAZON mark at 96.51% and 2.99%, respectively. (Id. at 12.) Even accounting for the 19

14

respondents who claimed they did not perform searches on the internet, the results “are

15

projectable to all members of the defined universe at a 95% level of confidence with an

16

estimated error of +/- 2.37%.” (Id. n.8.)

17

Plaintiffs’ sole objection is that the study is irrelevant because it does not account for

18

verb usage, which is generic usage. (Doc. 86 at 9.) In support, Plaintiffs cite the Ninth

19

Circuit’s criticism and rejection of Teflon style surveys in Anti-Monopoly, Inc. v. General

20

Mills Fun Group, 684 F.2d 1316, 1323-24 (9th Cir. 1982). However, Congress passed the

21

Trademark Clarification Act of 1984, Pub. L. No. 98-620, 98 Stat. 3335, for the express

22

purpose of “overturn[ing] the reasoning in” and “rectif[ying] the confusion generated by

23

Anti-Monopoly.” S. Rep. No. 98-627, at 8, reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5718, 5725. In

24

particular, Congress sought to “clarify that a mark may have a ‘dual purpose’ of identifying

25

goods and services and indicating the source of the goods and services.” Id.

26

Plaintiffs object that Dr. Ford’s survey is irrelevant because it “does not even address

27

the verb issue” and “tests only whether the word ‘google’ when used as a noun, is a

28

proprietary name or common name.” (Doc. 73 at 21) (emphasis omitted). Expert evidence
- 12 -

1

is “relevant if the knowledge underlying it has a valid connection to the pertinent inquiry.”

2

Primiano, 598 F.3d 558, 565 (quoting United States v. Sandoval-Mendoza, 472 F.3d 645,

3

654 (9th Cir. 2006)). The pertinent inquiry here is whether the primary significance of the

4

GOOGLE mark to a majority of the consuming public (those who utilize internet search

5

engines) is to indicate the Google search engine in particular or to indicate the common

6

descriptive term for search engines in general. Dr. Ford’s survey is evidence that the

7

significance of the GOOGLE mark “with respect to searching the internet” to an overwhelming

8

majority of the consuming public (93.77%) is a particular brand name rather than a common

9

name like “website” (identified as such by 97.76% of respondents). (Doc. 70-7 at 11-12.)

10

Therefore, Dr. Ford’s survey is relevant.

11

C.

Plaintiffs’ Counsel’s Surveys

12

Plaintiffs’ counsel, Richard Wirtz, designed and executed surveys using “Google

13

Consumer Surveys” that asked respondents to select one of three answers to the prompt: “I

14

most often use the word google to mean.” (Docs. 75-16; 75-17.) The 1,033 responses for the

15

first survey were: “to search something on the internet” (52.2%); “the name of a specific

16

search engine” (28.7%); and “the internet (in general) (19.1%).” (Doc. 75-16.) The 1,007

17

responses for the second survey were “to search something on the internet” (72%); “the name

18

of a company” (11.5%); and “the internet (in general)” (16.6%). (Doc. 75-17.) Plaintiffs cite

19

these surveys as evidence that a majority of the consuming public predominantly uses the

20

word “google” as an indiscriminate verb meaning to search on the internet. (Doc. 84 ¶ 23.)

21

Defendant’s objection is that these surveys, and others designed and executed by Mr.

22

Wirtz,7 are inadmissible because they are irrelevant, unreliable, and that Mr. Wirtz is not

23

qualified to render an opinion about the meaning of such surveys. (Docs. 78 at 6 n.3; 83 at

24

8.) Defendant argues that the Wirtz’s surveys are fundamentally flawed because they did not

25
26
27
28

7

The additional surveys asked similar questions (e.g. “What does Google primarily
mean to you”; “what is a synonym for search engine”; and “what does ‘google it’ mean”),
and were not submitted as separate exhibits. Rather, they were included only as part of
Plaintiffs’ consumer survey expert’s report. (See Doc. 99-1 at 9-10, 54-69.)
- 13 -

1

permit respondents to answer that the word google meant “to search for information using

2

the Google search engine.” (Doc. 83 at 9.) Defendant further argues that the fact that Mr.

3

Wirtz represents Plaintiffs renders the Wirtz surveys inadmissible. (Id.)

4

To be admissible, a survey must be “conducted in accordance with generally accepted

5

survey principles.” Federal Judicial Center, Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence 364

6

(3d ed. 2011) [hereinafter “FJC, Scientific Evidence”]; see Fed. R. Evid. 703. “An

7

assessment of the precision of sample estimates and an evaluation of the sources and

8

magnitude of likely bias are required to distinguish methods that are acceptable from

9

methods that are not.” FJC, Scientific Evidence at 364 n.16. Thus, the survey expert “must

10

demonstrate an understanding of foundational, current, and best practices in survey

11

methodology, including sampling, instrument design . . . , and statistical analysis.” Id. at 375.

12

Generally, valid survey design requires “graduate training in psychology (especially

13

social, cognitive, or consumer psychology), sociology, political science, marketing,

14

communication sciences, statistics, or a related discipline,” but “professional experience in

15

teaching or conducting and publishing survey research may provide the requisite

16

background.” Id. While counsel may be “involved in designing the questions to be asked, .

17

. . it may be improper for an attorney to single handedly design a survey without professional

18

assistance.” 6 McCarthy § 32:166. An expert who seeks to opine about the results of a survey

19

that he or she did not personally conduct still must possess the requisite scientific background

20

and familiarity with survey methodology. FJC, Scientific Evidence at 375-76.

21

There is no evidence the Wirtz surveys were conducted according to generally

22

accepted principles. While Plaintiffs submitted demographic data for two Wirtz surveys

23

(Doc. 111-2), there is no explanation of the methods of statistical analysis. Even if the

24

statistical methods were included, there is no evidence regarding their reliability. Moreover,

25

Mr. Wirtz does not have, nor does he claim to have, adequate training to design a survey or

26

to interpret survey results. Neither Plaintiffs’ nor Defendant’s survey experts opined about

27

the methodological validity of the Wirtz surveys. In fact, as explained below, Plaintiffs’

28

survey expert expressly disclaimed any knowledge about the design or execution of the Wirtz
- 14 -

1

surveys. Dr. Nunberg, who is qualified to opine about designing survey questions about the

2

meanings of words, testified that he thought the two main Wirtz surveys were “worthless”

3

because asking “what does X mean to you” is “the vaguest possible question you can ask”

4

and because the possible responses did not allow respondents to answer that the word

5

“google” meant “to use the Google search engine.” (Doc. 85-2 at 3.)

6

Contrary to Plaintiffs’ argument that the Wirtz surveys are “court complaint” because

7

Mr. Wirtz “did no more than any other attorney working with a human surveyor to design

8

an appropriate survey question,” Plaintiffs are seeking to qualify “Google Consumer

9

Surveys” as an expert in survey design and Mr. Wirtz as an expert in survey interpretation.

10

(Doc. 111 at 1, 6.) It is not clear whether the purported expert statistical analysis comes from

11

“Google Consumer Surveys,” Mr. Wirtz, or both. If an actual expert had been provided with

12

the methodological information necessary to opine about survey results, the expert could

13

have opined that the Wirtz surveys “test[ed] whether majority usage of ‘google’ is as a verb

14

or as a source indicator.” (Id.) However, such information is absent from the record and no

15

expert so opined. Because neither the Wirtz surveys themselves nor the opinions Mr. Wirtz

16

draws therefrom meet the threshold standard of reliability required by Federal Rules of

17

Evidence, they are inadmissible. E.g., Hodgdon Powder Co., Inc. v. Alliant Techsystems,

18

Inc., 512 F. Supp. 2d 1178 (D. Kan. 2007) (excluding survey partly because “[n]othing in the

19

record suggests that plaintiff’s counsel has any experience with designing or conducting

20

market surveys”). Even if the surveys were admissible, their introduction at trial would

21

require the testimony of Mr. Wirtz, which would preclude him from acting as an advocate.

22

See Ariz. R. Sup. Ct. 42, ER 3.7; LRCiv 83.2(e).

23

D.

Plaintiffs’ Consumer Survey Expert

24

Plaintiffs’ consumer survey expert, James Berger, conducted a substantially modified

25

version of the survey used in Am. Thermos Prods. Co. v. Aladdin Industries, Inc., 207 F.

26

Supp. 9 (D. Conn. 1962), aff’d, 321 F.2d 577 (2d Cir. 1963), to prove that the word thermos

27

had become the common descriptive name for vacuum bottles. The purpose of Mr. Berger’s

28

“Thermos” survey was to test “if people who access the internet at least once a week regard
- 15 -

1

GOOGLE in its verb form to be generic rather than a brand name.” (Doc. 99-1 at 6.) Mr.

2

Berger opined that while the Teflon protocol is more commonly used, the “Thermos”

3

protocol was selected because it allowed testing of the verb form of a mark. (Id. at 7.)

4

In Mr. Berger’s Thermos survey, 251 respondents were asked a series of screening

5

questions before they were asked: “If you were going to ask a friend to search for something

6

on the Internet, what word or phrase would you use to tell him/her what you want him/her

7

to do?” (Id. at 8.) Slightly over half of the validated respondents’ answers (129 of them)

8

contained the word google. (Id. at 9-10.) Mr. Berger opined that the survey results “proved

9

beyond any doubt that the primary significance [sic] ‘google’ to the relevant public when

10

used as a verb is generic and commonly used to mean search on the internet.” (Id. at 9, 11.)

11

Defendant objects to the objectivity, reliability, and relevance of Mr. Berger’s survey.

12

Mr. Berger testified in his deposition that the survey was designed to prove something that

13

Plaintiffs wanted to prove. (Doc. 70-8 at 5.) Further, Mr. Berger testified that his survey did

14

nothing to test whether consumers understand that the GOOGLE mark qua mark refers to one

15

company (id. at 6), and that it was not important to ask respondents about their understanding

16

of the word google (id. at 9). In fact, Mr. Berger stated that his survey tested neither the

17

primary significance of the term Google to consumers nor whether the term was generic with

18

respect to search engine hardware and software that are the subject of the ‘502 and ‘075

19

Marks. (Id. at 10-12.) While Mr. Berger was aware that Thermos style surveys ordinarily ask

20

several questions, his survey asked only one substantive question. (Id. at 7.) Mr. Berger

21

conceded that he was not aware of any other Thermos style survey in which only one

22

substantive question was posed, nor was he aware of a court ever accepting such a survey.

23

(Id. at 7-8.) Moreover, Mr. Berger testified that he was not aware of any treatises or articles

24

that endorse the use of a single substantive question Thermos style survey. (Id. at 10.)

25

Mr. Berger noted the results of his survey were similar to the results of the Wirtz

26

surveys. (Id. at 8, 13-15.) Defendant objects to the reliability of the Wirtz surveys referenced

27

in Mr. Berger’s report. An expert who seeks to opine about the results of a survey that he or

28

she did not personally conduct should demonstrate familiarity with the survey methodology
- 16 -

1

including target population, sampling design, and survey design, as well as rates and patterns

2

of missing data and statistical analyses used to interpret results. FJC, Scientific Evidence at

3

375-76. As explained above, information about the methodology and statistical analyses of

4

the Wirtz surveys is absent from the record—Mr. Berger did not claim to know such

5

information nor was it included in his report.

6

It is undisputed that the Wirtz surveys were conducted before Mr. Berger was retained

7

as an expert and that he was not involved in any way and had no knowledge about the

8

developing or execution of those surveys. (Doc. 70-8 at 13-15.) Mr. Berger further testified

9

that he “reviewed the questions that were included in the surveys . . . only in the context of

10

putting them in his report.” (Id. at 15.) Mr. Berger did not testify that such surveys are the

11

type of evidence that consumer survey experts ordinarily rely upon.

12

The Court finds that Mr. Berger’s expert opinion partially admissible. Mr. Berger

13

lacked sufficient methodological familiarity with the Wirtz surveys to reliably opine about

14

their meaning and did not claim that the Wirtz surveys were methodologically reliable. To

15

the extent that Mr. Berger opines about the results of the Wirtz surveys, his opinion is

16

inadmissible. However, Mr. Berger designed, conducted, and interpreted a survey that

17

provides him with data to opine about whether and how the word google is used as a verb.

18

That there is no authority endorsing or accepting his one-substantive-question Thermos style

19

survey pushes the boundaries of reliability, but not past the threshold of inadmissible “junk

20

science.” Thus, Mr. Berger’s opinion that a majority of the public uses the word google as

21

a verb to mean search on the internet, and only that opinion, is admissible. It bears repeating,

22

however, that this is not the dispositive issue. The dispositive issue is whether the primary

23

significance of the GOOGLE mark to a majority of the consuming public is an indication of

24

search engines in general—a matter that Mr. Berger is not qualified to opine upon.

25

III.

Primary Significance of the Google Mark to the Consuming Public

26

“A party moving for summary judgment is entitled to the benefit of any relevant

27

presumptions that support the motion.” Coca-Cola Co., 692 F.2d at 1254. “Federal

28

registration of a trademark endows it with a strong presumption of validity. The general
- 17 -

1

presumption of validity resulting from federal registration includes the specific presumption

2

that the trademark is not generic.” KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I,

3

Inc., 408 F.3d 596, 604 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Overland, Inc., 692 F.2d at 1254). It is

4

undisputed that both the ‘502 and ‘075 marks are registered and incontestable pursuant to 15

5

U.S.C. §§ 1058, 1065.

6

While Plaintiffs’ dispute the validity of these registrations on the basis they are

7

generic, the fact that the marks are indeed registered means that Plaintiffs bear the burden of

8

proving at trial that the marks are generic. See Filipino Yellow Pages, 198 F.3d at 1146. A

9

second consequence of the registrations is that Defendant “has met its [initial] burden of

10

demonstrating that the genericness of the trademark [GOOGLE] does not raise a genuine issue

11

of material fact.” Overland, Inc., 692 F.2d at 1254. Thus, to survive Defendant’s motion,

12

Plaintiffs must designate specific facts from which a jury could find that the GOOGLE mark

13

is generic. See id. If Plaintiffs cannot come forward with such evidence even when given the

14

benefit of the doubt, then Plaintiffs necessarily cannot satisfy the more demanding standard

15

of showing that the evidence, when viewed most favorably to Defendant, cannot support a

16

finding that the Google mark is not generic.

17

There are various forms of evidence that courts have found relevant to the primary

18

significance inquiry, including: dictionary usage; mark-holder usage; competitor usage;

19

media usage; and consumer surveys.8 See 2 McCarthy § 12:13 to :14. Contrary to Plaintiffs’

20

inflexible insistence on framing the matter as grammatical logomachy, whether the GOOGLE

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

8

“The central inadequacy of the primary-significance test is that it is essentially
binary in nature: it is premised on the assumption that a word must function discontinuously
either as a trademark or as a product-category word.” Folsom & Teply, supra note 6, at
1339.“If each consumer has a trade name awareness that lies somewhere on the continuum
between total product class significance and total source distinguishing significance, then
genericide evaluation should attempt to determine the degree to the side of the midpoint on
which each consumer lies.” Lee B. Burgunder, An Economic Approach to Trademark
Genericism, 23 Am. Bus. L.J. 391, 406 (1985). No doubt, surveys could be constructed that
would be more probative than are the Teflon and Thermos protocols regarding the primary
significance of a word to a majority of the consuming public. See supra note 6.
- 18 -

1

mark is generic depends on whether its primary significance to a majority of the public is a

2

designation of search engines in general. Thus, Plaintiffs’ many relevancy objections are

3

misplaced: evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make a fact of consequence in

4

determining the public’s understanding of the GOOGLE mark more or less probable. See Fed.

5

R. Evid. 401.

6

As to dictionary usage, Plaintiffs are unable to cite to a single dictionary whose

7

definition of the word “google” neglects to mention the trademark significance of the term.

8

Plaintiffs accuse Defendant of “intimidat[ing] [dictionaries] into submission” (Doc. 86 at 1),

9

because Defendant enforces its mark. For example, Defendant asked the website

10

wordspy.com to modify its definition of google as a discriminate verb (“To search for

11

information on the Web, particularly by using the Google search engine”) to “take into

12

account the trademark status of Google.” (Doc. 87 ¶ 96.) Likewise, Plaintiffs contend that

13

the Merriam-Webster dictionary “tempered its definition of google as a result of its fear of

14

Defendant” because the publisher stated “we were trying to be as respectful as we possibly

15

could be about Google’s trademark.” (Doc. 87 ¶ 105.) Plaintiffs also cite the opinions of both

16

of their expert linguists in support of the proposition that the inclusion of a word in

17

dictionaries means that the word carries generic usage. (Id. ¶¶ 100-01.) It is undisputed that

18

both of Plaintiffs’ linguistic experts testified the GOOGLE mark serves to identify Google as

19

the provider of its search engine services. (Docs. 68 ¶¶ 70-71; 87 ¶¶ 70-71.) Viewing the

20

evidence9 in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, it establishes the word google carries

21

meaning as an indiscriminate verb.

22

Shifting to mark-holder usage, Plaintiffs emphasize that Google co-founder Larry

23

Page stated on July 8, 1998, “Have fun and keep googling.” (Doc. 84 ¶ 2.) Plaintiffs also cite

24

to the fact that entering the search query “define: google” into the Google search engine

25

resulted in a verb definition of: “Use an internet search engine, particularly google.com.”

26
9

27
28

Plaintiffs’ assertions that dictionaries have been “intimidated into submission” and
temper their definitions “out of [their] fear of Defendant” are scurrilous attacks unsupported
by admissible evidence.
- 19 -

1

(Doc. 70-5.) Plaintiffs argue that non-enforcement of a mark suggests it is generic (Doc. 86

2

at 11) and point to the fact that the GOOGLE mark is used in other domain names that

3

Plaintiffs did not purchase (Doc. 73 at 19). However, it is undisputed that: Defendant uses

4

the GOOGLE mark to identify the Google search engine in national advertising campaigns;

5

has policies in place that set strict standards for third party use of the mark; publishes rules

6

and guidelines for use of the mark; and spends sizeable sums policing and enforcing its rights

7

in the mark. (Docs. 68 ¶¶ 75-80; 87 ¶¶ 75-80.) While it is true that non-enforcement of a

8

mark may be evidence the mark is generic, the undisputed facts make it unreasonable to infer

9

that Defendant does not enforce its rights in the mark.

10

Plaintiffs’ alternative argument is that Defendant’s enforcement expenditures are “so

11

proportionately low” to the estimated valuation of the GOOGLE mark (over $113 billion) that

12

“it constitutes abandonment of the mark.” (Id.) Plaintiffs cite no authority in support of this

13

proposition and the Court is aware of none. Plaintiffs’ theory would diminish the economic

14

value of a mark to the mark-holder by inflating enforcement costs according to some

15

arbitrary fraction of mark valuation. See William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner,

16

Trademark Law: An Economic Perspective, 30 J.L. & Econ. 265, 295 (1987). Such a result

17

is inconsistent with federal trademark law’s goals of facilitating commerce by permitting

18

consumers to make purchasing decisions based on mark-recognition and securing to mark-

19

holders the benefits appurtenant to marks associated with quality products and services. The

20

Court declines to countenance Plaintiffs’ theory that failure to spend some fraction of

21

estimated mark valuation in enforcement of the mark means the mark is generic. Thus, as

22

with dictionary usage, mark-holder usage establishes at most that google-as-verb is

23

sometimes used in the indiscriminate sense.

24

Moving next to how competitors use the mark, Plaintiffs provide no evidence that

25

competitors use the GOOGLE mark in a non-trademark fashion. Plaintiffs assert that lack of

26

competitors’ use of the mark is irrelevant and that “[t]here is no doubt that they refrain from

27

doing so for fear of the wrath of Defendant.” (Doc. 86 at 16.) In support, Plaintiffs cite a

28

footnote from the Second Circuit’s decision in Murphy Door Bed Co., Inc. v. Interior Sleep
- 20 -

1

Sys., Inc., 874 F.2d 95, 101 n.2 (2d Cir. 1989), which noted competitors’ non-use is not

2

independently sufficient to prove non-genericness because enforcement of the mark might

3

deter use. However, Murphy Door Bed Co. also acknowledged that competitors’ non-use of

4

a mark is nonetheless evidence the mark is not generic. Id. The Court agrees that non-use of

5

a mark by competitors is indeed probative of genericism, albeit peripherally.

6

If competitors can accurately describe their products or services without using the

7

mark in question, it suggests the mark is not generic. E.g., Salton Inc. v. Cornwall Corp., 477

8

F. Supp. 975, 986 (D. N.J. 1979) (considering whether being unable to use a mark to describe

9

products substantially disadvantaged competitors). A corollary of this point is that the

10

existence of a short and simple descriptive term for the genus to which the trademarked

11

species belongs also evidences the mark in question as not generic. E.g., Q-Tips, Inc. v.

12

Johnson & Johnson, 108 F. Supp. 845, 863 (1952) (distinguishing the trademarked product

13

“Q-Tips” from the descriptive term for the type of goods “double tipped applicator”). In this

14

case, “internet search engines” is the short and simple descriptive term for the genus to which

15

the Google search engine belongs. It is undisputed that competing search engine providers

16

Yahoo! and Microsoft Bing routinely distinguish their search engine services from Google’s

17

search engine service in press releases and advertising campaigns. (Docs. 68 ¶¶ 66-69; 87

18

¶¶ 66-69.) Thus, there is no evidence of competitors’ usage capable of supporting the

19

inference that the word google has become the common descriptive term for the category of

20

services to which the Google search engine belongs: internet search engines.

21

As to media use, Plaintiffs contend that the media often uses the word google as an

22

indiscriminate verb. Some of Plaintiffs’ purported evidence of indiscriminate verb use is

23

inadmissible because it was not timely disclosed.7 As Defendant points out, some of

24
25
26
27
28

7

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(3)(A)(iii), a party is required to
provide the opposing party “an identification of each document or other exhibit” that the
proponent “may present at trial.” “If a party fails to provide information . . . as required by
Rule 26(a) . . . , the party is not allowed to use that information . . . to supply evidence on a
motion, at a hearing, or at a trial, unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless.”
- 21 -

1

Plaintiffs’ media evidence recognizes the trademark significance of the GOOGLE mark and

2

that Plaintiffs have not designated a single instance in which a major media outlet has

3

referred to a competing search engine as a “google.” Plaintiffs’ media evidence consists

4

mostly of verb usage, some of which is followed by recognition of trademark significance.

5

(Doc. 84 ¶¶ 11-17.) Like Plaintiffs’ other evidence, the media’s use of the word google

6

establishes that it is sometimes used as verb to mean search on the internet.

7

Last, Plaintiffs’ consumer survey evidence, consistent with all the other relevant

8

evidence, is that the word google is indeed used as a verb. Mr. Berger’s survey quantifies the

9

proportion of society that understands google as a verb as 51%. While Mr. Berger’s survey

10

did not test whether this majority understood google-as-verb in a discriminate or

11

indiscriminate sense, Mr. Berger’s opinion allows the inference that a majority of the

12

consuming public understands the word google—when used as a verb—to refer to the

13

indiscriminate act of searching on the internet. However, the fact that a majority of the public

14

understands a trademark as an indiscriminate verb is not dispositive on whether the mark is

15

generic. The dispositive question is whether “the primary significance of the trademark is to

16

describe the type of product rather than the producer.” Rudolph Int’l,, 482 F.3d at 1198 (first

17

emphasis added) (quoting Filipino Yellow Pages, 198 F.3d at 1147). It is undisputed that Mr.

18

Berger’s survey did not test the primary significance of the word google and the Court has

19

found Mr. Berger is not qualified to opine about matter. Therefore, Plaintiffs present no

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(1). This sanction is “self-executing” and “automatic” so as to “provide[]
a strong inducement for disclosure of material that the disclosing party would expect to use
as evidence, whether at a trial, at a hearing, or on a motion, such as one under Rule 56.” Id.
advisory committee notes (1993).
Defendant objected that some of Plaintiffs’ media evidence was not disclosed. (Doc.
112 at 8.) “The burden is on the proponent to show that the material is admissible as
presented or to explain the admissible form that is anticipated” at trial. Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(c)(2) advisory committee notes (2010). Plaintiffs did not respond to Defendant’s objection
and it is not self-evident that the evidence is harmless or that its non-disclosure was
substantially justified. The Court will not consider the untimely evidence. (Doc. 87 ¶¶ 9194).
- 22 -

1

evidence that the primary significance of the word google to a majority of the consuming

2

public is a common descriptive term for search engines.

3

Summary

4

The Court is mindful that “summary judgment is generally disfavored in the trademark

5

arena” due to “the intensely factual nature of trademark disputes.” Rudolph Int’l,, 482 F.3d

6

at 1199 n.3 (quoting KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc., 408 F.3d at 602). However, summary

7

judgment is nevertheless appropriate when there is no genuine issue of material fact. Id. at

8

1199. Such is the case here.

9

The existence of a primary significance implies the existence of, at least, a secondary

10

significance; depending on the trademarked term, there may also be tertiary and quaternary

11

meanings. Congress has spoken with particular clarity and force on the issue of whether a

12

registered trademark is subject to cancellation as generic because it has more than one

13

significance: “A registered mark shall not be deemed to be the generic name of goods or

14

services solely because such mark is also used as a name of or to identify a unique product

15

or service.” 15 U.S.C. § 1064(3). Therefore, as a matter of law, a mark is not generic only

16

because it simultaneously signifies more than just the trademarked product.

17

The word google has four possible meanings in this case: (1) a trademark designating

18

the Google search engine; (2) a verb referring to the act of searching on the internet using the

19

Google search engine; (3) a verb referring to the act of searching on the internet using any

20

search engine; and (4) a common descriptive term for search engines in general. The ‘502

21

and ‘075 marks are subject to cancellation only if the fourth meaning is the primary

22

significance of the word google to a majority of the consuming public.

23

Accepting Plaintiffs’ evidence as true, 51% of those who utilize internet search

24

engines use the word google as a verb to mean search on the internet. This establishes that

25

the second and third meanings exist. Drawing all reasonable inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor,

26

a majority of the consuming public uses google-as-verb in its indiscriminate sense to mean

27

search on the internet without regard to the search engine used. This means that the third

28

meaning is more significant than the second meaning. Plaintiffs then make the leap, without
- 23 -

1

any competent evidence, that the third meaning is the is the most frequently used meaning

2

and seek cancellation of the ‘502 and ‘075 Marks because of the frequency with which the

3

word google is used as a verb. This argument is factually and legally flawed. Factually,

4

Plaintiffs offer no competent evidence in support of their assertion that verb use is more

5

frequent than non-verb use. Legally, the test for whether a mark has become generic is not

6

whether its most frequent use is as an indiscriminate verb, but whether its primary

7

significance to a majority of the consuming public is as a common descriptive term. Even if

8

the most frequent use of the word google is its third meaning, Plaintiffs’ argument

9

nevertheless fails because there is no evidence to suggest that the primary significance of the

10

word google is the fourth meaning because the third meaning is most frequently used.

11

Plaintiffs’ claim for trademark cancellation disappears when the admissible evidence

12

in the record is examined according to the laws enacted by Congress. It is undisputed that

13

well over 90% of the consuming public understands the word google with respect to

14

searching on the internet as designating not a common name, but a particular brand. (Doc.

15

68 ¶ 41.) This fact establishes that the first meaning (a trademark designating the Google

16

search engine) is more significant than is the fourth meaning (a common descriptive term for

17

search engines in general) to a vast majority of the consuming public. Therefore, the‘502 and

18

‘075 marks are not subject to cancellation. This is true even though the Court accepts as true

19

that the 51% of the public also understands the third meaning (a verb referring to the act of

20

searching on the internet using any search engine)—it is undisputed that the first and third

21

meanings are not mutually exclusive and, in fact, coexist. (Id. ¶¶ 70-71.)

22

For the cancellation claim to survive summary judgment, Plaintiffs needed to submit

23

significantly probative evidence that the primary significance of the word google to a

24

majority of the consuming public was a common descriptive term for search engines.

25

Plaintiffs, at their peril, neglected their burden of proof under the primary significance test,

26

instead electing to present evidence about whether a majority of the consuming public

27

understood the word google as a verb. Disregarding primary significance resulted in an

28

absolute failure of proof that is fatal to Plaintiffs’ claim for genericide. The Court declines
- 24 -

1

Plaintiffs’ invitation to judicially legislate federal trademark law out its “dark ages” by side-

2

stepping the statutory test for primary significance and holding that frequency of verb use is

3

in and of itself sufficient to render a mark generic. (Doc. 111 at 1.)

4

Likewise, the Court declines to depart from settled Ninth Circuit jurisprudence

5

holding that “[t]he question of genericness is often answered by reference to the ‘who-are-

6

you/what-are-you’ test: a valid trademark answers the former question, whereas a generic

7

product name or adjective answers the latter.” Rudolph Int’l,, 482 F.3d at 1198. The

8

undisputed evidence is that the consuming public overwhelmingly understands the word

9

google to identify a particular search engine, not to describe search engines in general.

10

“[T]he record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find” that the

11

primary significance of the word Google is not an indicator of the Google search engine but

12

is an indicator of internet search engines in general. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith

13

Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). The fact that a bare majority of the consuming public

14

also uses the word google as a generic verb to mean search on the internet does nothing

15

“more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Id.

16

Plaintiffs cannot supplant the primary-significance test with a frequency-of-verb-use test to

17

cancel the GOOGLE mark, which they admit refers to “one of the largest, most recognized,

18

and widely used Internet search services in the world.” (Docs. 68 ¶ 2; 87 ¶ 2.)

19

CONCLUSION

20

Accepting Plaintiffs’ evidence as true and drawing all justifiable inferences therefrom

21

in Plaintiffs’ favor, a majority of the public uses the word google as a verb to refer to

22

searching on the internet without regard to search engine used. Giving Plaintiffs every

23

reasonable benefit, a majority of the public uses google-as-verb to refer to the act of

24

searching on the internet and uses GOOGLE-as-mark to refer to Defendant’s search engine.

25

However, there is no genuine dispute about whether, with respect to searching on the

26

internet, the primary significance of the word google to a majority of the public who utilize

27

internet search engines is a designation of the Google search engine. Therefore, Defendant

28

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law that the ‘075 and ‘502 Marks are not generic.
- 25 -

1

Accordingly,

2

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED denying Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment.

3
4
5
6
7
8

(Doc. 73.)
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED granting Defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
(Docs. 67; 78.)
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Court will subsequently issue the Order
Setting Final Pretrial Conference.
DATED this 10th day of September, 2014.

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
- 26 -