Senior Alternatives Incorporated et al v. Covarrubias et al

Filing 15

ORDER that Plaintiffs' Motion to Remand Action Against Non-Debtors or Abstain and Request for Sanctions 7 is granted in part and denied in part. To the extent Plaintiffs seek remand of this action, the motion is granted. To the extent Plainti ffs request sanctions, the motion is denied; That Defendants' Motion to Transfer or Consolidate Case 12 is denied as moot; and That the Clerk of Court shall remand this action to the Superior Court of Arizona, Maricopa County. Signed by Judge Steven P Logan on 7/24/2014. (Associated Cases: 2:14-cv-00294-SPL, 4:14-cv-02003-JGZ) (ALS)

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1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 Senior Alternatives, Inc., et al., 9 10 Plaintiffs, vs. 11 12 Oscar Covarrubias, et al., Defendants. 13 14 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. CV-14-00294-PHX-SPL ORDER 15 Before the Court is Plaintiffs’ Motion to Remand Action Against Non-Debtors or 16 Abstain and Request for Sanctions (Doc. 7) and Defendants’ Motion to Transfer and 17 Consolidate Case (Doc. 12).1 On July 1, 2014, this case was reassigned to this Court. 18 (Doc. 14.) For the reasons that follow, the Court will remand this case to the state court and 19 20 deny the request for transfer and consolidation as moot. 21 I. BACKGROUND 22 On October 4, 2010, Plaintiffs, a group of individuals and corporations that 23 provide services to the senior population in the Phoenix, Arizona area, filed a civil action 24 against Oscar and Nancy Covarrubias (“Covarrubias Defendants”) in the Superior Court 25 of Arizona, Maricopa County (Case No. CV2010-099000). (Doc. 1-2 at 35.) In the First 26 1 27 28 The parties have had the opportunity to submit evidence and briefing, and the Court finds that oral argument would not assist in resolving this matter. Accordingly, the Court finds the pending motions suitable for decision without oral argument. See LRCiv 7.2(f); Fed. R. Civ. P. 78(b); Partridge v. Reich, 141 F.3d 920, 926 (9th Cir. 1998). 1 Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs brought nine counts against Covarrubias Defendants: (1) 2 breach of contract; (2) breach of fiduciary duty; (3) misappropriation of business 3 documents and trade secrets; (4) conversion; (5) defamation/conspiracy to defame; (6) 4 interference with contract, prospective business relations and unfair trade practices; (7) 5 injunctive relief; (8) unjust enrichment; and (9) motion for receiver of Secure Comfort 6 Care. (Doc. 1-3 at 1-22.) Plaintiffs allege that Oscar Covarrubias misappropriated trade 7 secrets, violated his employment contract, and defamed Plaintiff Tarik Shirif before and 8 after leaving his employment with the Plaintiff corporations. (Doc. 1-3 at 7-23.) 9 The First Amended Complaint further named Defendants Jeffrey Guenther and 10 Media Print, Inc. (“Media Print Defendants”), alleging that they colluded with 11 Covarrubias Defendants to misappropriate trade secrets, defame Shirif, and interfere with 12 contract and business relations. (Doc. 1-3 at 9-19.) Specifically, Plaintiffs contend that 13 Covarrubias Defendants provided trade secrets to Media Print Defendants, and that 14 together, they conspired to defame Shirif, produced a competing magazine for the senior 15 population, and created a new business, Senior Housing Choices, LLC, in order to 16 compete with the Plaintiff corporations.2 (Doc. 1-3 at 9-19; Doc. 1-9 at 32-44.) 17 On May 11, 2012, Media Print Defendants counterclaimed against Plaintiff 18 Majestic Cedar, LLC, for two counts of breach of contract. (Doc. 1-4 at 48-50.) 19 Subsequently, on May 23, 2012, Media Print Defendants filed a Motion for Summary 20 Judgment (Doc. 1-4 at 58-73), and on June 28, 2012, Plaintiffs filed a Cross Motion for 21 Summary Judgment as to the counterclaim brought by Media Print Defendants. (Doc. 1- 22 5 at 26-29.) On October 8, 2012, the Superior Court granted Plaintiffs’ motion and found 23 in favor of Plaintiffs regarding the first Counterclaim for breach of contract brought by 24 the Media Print Defendants. (Doc. 1-6 at 78.) On January 21, 2013, the Superior Court 25 granted Media Print Defendants’ motion as to the misappropriation of trade secrets claim, 26 2 27 28 Plaintiffs also brought claims against Alan Haws, Beth Haws, Vern Wulfekuhle, Jane Doe Wulfekuhle, and Clear Choice Home Care PLLC, but these parties were either subsequently dismissed from the case or eliminated from the suit upon the filing of the First Amended Complaint. (See Doc. 1-2 at 163, 241-43; Doc. 1-3 at 1-24, 194.) 2 1 but denied their motion in regards to the defamation and interference with business 2 relations claims. (Doc. 1-6 at 83-84.) 3 The Superior Court then set the matter for a jury trial on February 18, 2014. (Doc. 4 1-6 at 110.) On January 9, 2014, Plaintiffs and Media Print Defendants filed a Joint 5 Pretrial Statement in which the parties laid out the contested issues of law and fact, 6 named seventeen potential witnesses, listed 136 proposed trial exhibits, and described the 7 portions of every deposition to be used at trial. (Doc. 1-9 at 27-82.) On February 3, 8 2014, the same parties also filed a Case Summary to be Read to Jury, Proposed Voir Dire 9 Questions for the Jury, and Requested Jury Instructions. (Doc. 1-10 at 321-370.) 10 Covarrubias Defendants apparently did not participate in the creation of these documents 11 as they did not sign any of the above-mentioned documents relevant to the upcoming 12 trial. (Doc. 1-9 at 81; Doc. 1-10 at 327, 330, 369.) 13 On February 14, 2014, Covarrubias Defendants filed a voluntary petition for 14 Chapter 7 relief in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Arizona 15 (“Bankruptcy Court”), Case No. 4:14-bk-1802-EWH. Plaintiffs subsequently filed a 16 Complaint to Determine Dischargability of Debt in the Bankruptcy Court, Case No. 4:14- 17 ap-206-EWH, commencing adversarial proceedings against Covarrubias Defendants. 18 On February 14, 2014, Media Print Defendants filed a Notice of Removal in this 19 Court. (Doc. 1 at 1-5.) On February 24, 2014, Plaintiffs filed a Motion to Remand (Doc. 20 7), to which the Media Print Defendants filed a response (Doc. 8) and Plaintiffs replied 21 (Doc. 9). 22 consolidate this case with CV-14-02003-TUC-JGZ. (Doc. 12 at 2-3.) 23 II. On June 12, 2014, the Media Print Defendants moved to transfer and LEGAL STANDARD 24 A defendant may remove a state court action to the District Court if it could have 25 been originally filed in District Court under either section 1331 or 1332 of title 28 of the 26 United States Code. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332, 1441. Under those sections, the Court has 27 jurisdiction over civil actions arising under the “Constitution, laws, or treaties of the 28 United States” or cases between diverse parties where the amount in controversy exceeds 3 1 $75,000. 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331-32. 2 Alternatively, under 28 U.S.C. § 1452, a party may “remove any claim or cause of 3 action in a civil action . . . to the district court for the district where such civil action is 4 pending, if such district court has jurisdiction of such claim or cause of action under 5 section 1334.” 28 U.S.C. § 1452(a). Section 1334 grants district courts jurisdiction over 6 bankruptcy cases “arising under” title 11 of the United States Code or cases “related to” 7 or “arising in” a case under title 11. 28 U.S.C. § 1334(a) and (b). 8 The terms “arising under” and “arising in” are terms of art; the former describes 9 “causes of action created or determined by a statutory provision” of title 11, and the latter 10 describes cases not created or determined by the bankruptcy code, but those which would 11 have no existence outside a bankruptcy case. In re Wilshire Courtyard, 729 F.3d 1279, 12 1285 (9th Cir. 2013). 13 A proceeding is “related to” a bankruptcy case if “the outcome of the proceeding 14 could conceivably have any effect on the estate being administered in bankruptcy.” In re 15 Fietz, 852 F.2d 455, 457 (9th Cir. 1988) (quoting Pacor, Inc. v. Higgins, 743 F.2d 984, 16 994 (3rd Cir. 1984)). 17 outcome could alter the debtor’s rights, liabilities, options, or freedom of action (either 18 positively or negatively) and which in any way impacts upon the handling and 19 administration of the bankrupt estate.” Id. A district court’s “related to” jurisdiction is 20 very broad, “including nearly every matter directly or indirectly related to bankruptcy.” 21 In re Sasson, 424 F.3d 864, 868-69 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting In re Mann, 907 F.2d 923, 22 926 n. 4 (9th Cir. 1990)). More specifically, an action is related to bankruptcy if “the 23 Even if a district court has proper removal jurisdiction under these principles, the 24 law provides that “the court to which such claim or cause of action is removed may 25 remand such claim or cause of action on any equitable ground.” 28 U.S.C. § 1452(b). 26 Section 1452(b) does not define the term “equitable ground,” but the term may best be 27 defined as “appropriate” or “fair.” Things Remembered, Inc. v. Petrarca, 516 U.S. 133- 28 34, 136 (1995) (Kennedy, J., concurring) (“Section 1452(b) . . . provides an alternative to 4 1 dismissal (as well as an alternative to proceeding with the case though all the legal 2 requirements are met), by authorizing remands as fairness warrants, i.e., when a remand 3 would be ‘equitable.’”). 4 III. DISCUSSION 5 A. Remand 6 Here, Media Print Defendants removed this case solely under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 7 and 1452. Therefore, the primary issue before this Court is whether the state civil action 8 is “arising in,” “arising under,” or “related to,” a current bankruptcy action under federal 9 law. The Court finds that it does not.3 10 First, the state civil action does not “arise under” or “arise in” a bankruptcy case 11 under title 11 because the underlying civil action is a matter of state law that does not 12 necessarily depend upon resolution of a substantial question of bankruptcy law and can 13 exist entirely apart from the bankruptcy proceeding. See In re Wilshire Courtyard, 729 14 F.3d at 1285. The primary issues presented in this case arise under the state law claims 15 of breach of contract, misappropriation of trade secrets, and defamation, among others, 16 and thus do not meet the first test for jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334. This case 17 commenced in state court almost four years prior to the bankruptcy action and therefore 18 did not arise out of a dispute in bankruptcy court. 19 Second, contrary to the Media Print Defendants’ main contention, the state civil 20 action does not “relate to” the bankruptcy proceeding commenced by Covarrubias 21 Defendants because the outcome of the state civil action could not conceivably have any 22 effect on the Covarrubias Defendants’ estate in bankruptcy proceedings.4 At this time, 23 Plaintiffs are currently pursuing claims against Covarrubias Defendants under 11 U.S.C. 24 3 25 26 27 28 Defendants have additionally failed to establish that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction on the basis of either federal question or diversity jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331-32. The parties are not diverse, and the state court action does not bring any action under the laws or treaties of the United States. 4 The Bankruptcy Court’s docket in Case No. 4:14-bk-1802-EWH reflects that on June 10, 2014, the Covarrubias Defendants’ debts were discharged under 11 U.S.C. § 727. 5 1 §§ 523(a)(2) and (a)(6) in adversarial proceedings in Bankruptcy Court.5 However, those 2 proceedings do not prevent Plaintiffs from further pursuing their case against Media Print 3 Defendants in another forum. The remaining claims against Media Print Defendants can 4 be thoroughly and appropriately litigated before the state court even in the absence of the 5 Covarrubias Defendants. It is notable that the Plaintiffs and Media Print Defendants 6 worked together to fully prepare for trial and file all court-ordered documents and 7 statements without Covarrubias Defendants’ participation just weeks before the start of 8 trial. This indicates that both parties were prepared to proceed with trial and litigate the 9 remaining issues between them despite Covarrubias Defendants’ non-participation. 10 Media Print Defendants claim that Plaintiffs’ claims against them are so 11 “inextricably connected” with the claims against the Covarrubias Defendants that they 12 will need to be tried together in one court. (Doc. 8 at 7.) 13 Defendants have not sufficiently established that they have such an interest or stake in the 14 outcome of the bankruptcy proceedings that they could not properly defend against 15 Plaintiffs’ case against them in state court. For instance, Media Print Defendants have 16 failed to show that a potential future judgment in state court against them would have any 17 conceivable effect upon Covarrubias Defendants’ assets or estates absent any outstanding 18 financial obligations, contracts, or business dealings between them. Although 19 Covarrubias Defendants and Media Print Defendants entered into a joint venture by 20 forming Senior Housing Choices, LLC, in February 2010, both Jeffrey Guenther and 21 Oscar Covarrubias indicated in sworn affidavits to the Superior Court that neither party 22 “made any monies or profits from the creation of Senior Housing Choices LLC.” (Doc. 23 1-4 at 121-22; 133.) Therefore, Media Print Defendants have failed to show any financial 24 interest or stake in the outcome of Covarrubias Defendants’ bankruptcy proceedings. In 25 essence, Media Print Defendants have failed to establish that the assets or estates 26 involved in the bankruptcy proceedings would be affected, either positively or negatively, 27 5 28 However, Media Print The Bankruptcy Court has exclusive jurisdiction over claims brought under 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a)(2); (a)(4); and (a)(6). Aldrich v. Imbrogno (In re Aldrich), 34 B.R. 776, 781 (9th Cir. BAP 1983). 6 1 by the separate resolution of their dispute with Plaintiffs. Although the civil action 2 involves similar claims against both Defendants, Media Print Defendants have failed to 3 establish that the claims are so interwoven as to warrant federal court jurisdiction. 4 Media Print Defendants express concern that they may be required to file a proof 5 of claim in Covarrubias Defendants’ bankruptcy proceedings or the pending adversarial 6 proceedings, as well as defend against Plaintiffs’ lawsuit in the civil action, giving rise to 7 a waste of judicial and party resources. (Doc. 8 at 6.) However, this fear is speculative, 8 as it has not yet been determined if Media Print Defendants are liable for any wrongs 9 committed against Plaintiffs much less if they have any legal right to seek 10 indemnification from Covarrubias Defendants. If any party were to be concerned with 11 litigating the same issues twice, it should be Plaintiffs, as they may have to litigate two 12 separate cases before all claims are resolved. However, Plaintiffs favor remanding the 13 instant action to the state court. (Doc. 7.) 14 Finally, although Media Print Defendants claim that they may be entitled to 15 indemnification from Covarrubias Defendants pending the outcome of the civil suit, they 16 neither brought a counterclaim for indemnification against Covarrubias Defendants in 17 state court nor made this potential claim known during the prolonged litigation in state 18 court until the filing of the Joint Pretrial Statement approximately one month before trial, 19 when they listed as a contested issue of law: “Whether the Media Print Defendants are 20 entitle [sic] to indemnification from Covarrubias defendants.” (Doc. 1-9 at 32.) While 21 Media Print Defendants brought two counterclaims for breach of contract against 22 Plaintiffs, one of which is still unresolved, the counterclaim does not involve Covarrubias 23 Defendants and may be sufficiently resolved by the state court. Therefore, because 24 Media Print Defendants failed to timely or formally assert a claim for indemnification, 25 the Court finds that this claim is undeveloped and speculative. It is therefore insufficient 26 to establish that the civil case is properly related to the bankruptcy action so as to vest 27 this Court with jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1334. For these reasons, the Court finds it 28 lacks subject matter jurisdiction over these proceedings under 28 U.S.C. § 1334, and 7 1 remand is appropriate. 2 Even if this Court had jurisdiction over this case under 28 U.S.C. § 1334, it would 3 remand this case to state court on equitable grounds pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1452(b). 4 The Court has discretion to remand such cases where it would be fair or appropriate to do 5 so, and this is one instance where fairness demands a remand. The underlying state court 6 action commenced on October 4, 2010, nearly four years ago. All parties have put forth a 7 considerable amount of time, money, and effort towards the litigation of all issues in this 8 case, and notably, Media Print Defendants filed their Notice of Removal with this Court 9 only four days before a state court trial was scheduled to begin. In light of the posture of 10 this case and the fact that all issues have been effectively litigated in state court, the Court 11 finds that the state court is in the best position to resolve any remaining issues. 12 Therefore, in the interests of judicial efficiency and fairness, the Court alternatively finds 13 remand is warranted in this case based on equitable grounds. 14 B. Abstention 15 Plaintiffs ask this Court, in the alternative, to abstain from hearing this case under 16 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(2). (Doc. 7 at 8.) Section 1334(c)(2) allows the District Court to 17 abstain from hearing a state court action that is related to a bankruptcy proceedings if it 18 “can be timely adjudicated in a State forum of appropriate jurisdiction.” 28 U.S.C. § 19 1334(c)(2). However, the doctrine of abstention is inapplicable here, as abstention can 20 only exist when there is a parallel proceeding or pendant action in state court. Sec. Farms 21 v. Int’l Bhd.of Teamsters, 124 F.3d 999, 1009 (9th Cir. 1997). As there is no parallel 22 proceeding pending in state court, it is proper to remand the case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 23 1452(b) rather than to abstain under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(c)(2). See id. at 1010. 24 C. Sanctions 25 Plaintiffs next urge this Court to sanction Media Print Defendants for acting in bad 26 faith to delay the state court trial, having removed this case only several days before the 27 state court trial was to begin. The Court recognizes that the Ninth Circuit has previously 28 upheld sanctions issued by the bankruptcy court against parties who were found to 8 1 improperly remove cases to bankruptcy court simply for the purpose of delaying state 2 court proceedings. See In re DeVille, 361 F.3d 539 (9th Cir. 2004). However, the Court 3 does not find Media Print Defendants’ actions in this case to be so egregious so as to 4 warrant sanctions in this matter. 5 D. 6 Lastly, Defendants move the Court to transfer or consolidate this action with Case 7 No. CV-14-02003-TUC-JGZ. However, on June 18, 2014, Judge Zipps denied Plaintiffs’ 8 request to withdraw the reference in that related action. Therefore, finding that Case No. 9 CV-14-02003-TUC-JGZ has been terminated, and remand to state court is appropriate, 10 Transfer or Consolidation Defendants’ request to transfer or consolidate is moot. Accordingly, 11 IT IS ORDERED: 12 1. That Plaintiffs’ Motion to Remand Action Against Non-Debtors or Abstain and 13 Request for Sanctions (Doc. 7) is granted in part and denied in part. To the 14 extent Plaintiffs seek remand of this action, the motion is granted. To the 15 extent Plaintiffs request sanctions, the motion is denied; 16 17 18 2. That Defendants’ Motion to Transfer or Consolidate Case (Doc. 12) is denied as moot; and 3. That the Clerk of Court shall remand this action to the Superior Court of 19 Arizona, Maricopa County. 20 Dated this 24th day of July, 2014. 21 22 Honorable Steven P. Logan United States District Judge 23 24 25 26 27 28 9

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