Gila River Indian Community v. Sebelius et al

Filing 47

ORDER:Defendants motion to dismiss (Doc. 30) is granted as to the Communitys breach-of-trust claim, and denied as to the Communitys requests for reimbursement. Signed by Judge David G Campbell on 3/6/2015.(TCA)

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1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 8 9 Gila River Indian Community, Plaintiff, 10 11 Sylvia Matthews Burwell, et al., 13 ORDER v. 12 No. CV-14-00943-PHX-DGC Defendants. 14 15 Defendants move to dismiss two claims that relate to their duty to fund Indian 16 healthcare services. Doc. 30. Defendants’ motion is fully briefed and the Court heard 17 oral argument on February 11, 2015. The Court will grant the motion in part. 18 I. Background. 19 This lawsuit revolves around funding for contract healthcare services that Plaintiff 20 Gila River Indian Community (“the Community”) has provided to members of the 21 Tohono O’odham Reservation. Doc. 28. The Community is a federally recognized 22 Indian tribe. 23 healthcare for Community members and operated a hospital in Sacaton, Arizona. Id., 24 ¶ 30. The Community then entered into a self-governance contract with IHS pursuant to 25 the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (“ISDEAA”). Id., ¶ 32; see 26 Pub. L. No. 93-638, 88 Stat. 2203 (1975) (as amended, 25 U.S.C. § 450 et seq.). This 27 contract allowed the Community to take control of its healthcare services and the 28 hospital, with the support of federal funds. Doc. 28, ¶ 32. In 2002, the Community Id., ¶ 12. Until 1995, Indian Health Services (“IHS”) had provided 1 entered into a self-governance “compact” with IHS pursuant to ISDEAA amendments 2 that Congress recently had passed. Id., ¶ 47; Pub. L. No. 106-260, 114 Stat. 711 (2000) 3 (25 U.S.C. § 458aaa et seq.). The compact granted the Community greater autonomy in 4 providing healthcare services. Doc. 28, ¶¶ 47-50. 5 Since the Community assumed control of its healthcare services, members of the 6 Tohono O’odham Reservation have received care at the Community’s hospital as well as 7 contract healthcare services paid for by the Community. 8 agreements – which were entered into annually by the Community and IHS under the 9 self-governance contract and compact – never specifically identified funding for the 10 Id., ¶ 34. The funding contract healthcare services for Tohono O’odham members. Id., ¶¶ 33, 36, 39. 11 In 2013, the Community requested and IHS agreed to additional funding for 12 contract healthcare services for Tohono O’odham members. Id., ¶ 52. For the 2014 13 Funding Agreement, the Community again requested additional funding for these 14 services. Id., ¶ 54. IHS declined this request and also declined to delineate what portions 15 of the 2014 Funding Agreement were allocated to healthcare services for Tohono 16 O’odham members. Id. On November 15, 2013, the Community sent IHS a “Final 17 Offer” which contained an amendment to the 2014 Funding Agreement. Doc. 28-1. The 18 proposed amendment required IHS to delineate what amounts in the funding agreements 19 from 1996 to 2014 were allocated to healthcare services for Tohono O’odham members. 20 Id. If IHS failed to do this, or evidence showed that the funding had been deficient, the 21 amendment required an additional $963,114 for the 2014 Funding Agreement and 22 reimbursement for the deficiencies in the previous funding agreements. Id. 23 IHS rejected the Final Offer and the proposed amendment. Doc. 28, ¶ 58. After 24 further negotiations failed, the Community filed this lawsuit. In its amended complaint, 25 the Community seeks injunctive and declaratory relief under three causes of action: 26 (1) violation of 25 U.S.C. § 458aaa-6 by failing to approve the amendment to the 2014 27 Funding Agreement; (2) violation of 25 U.S.C. § 458aaa-6 by failing to sever the portions 28 of the amendment that were acceptable to Defendants; and (3) breach of various trust -2- 1 duties owed to the Community. Id., ¶¶ 70-82. In parts of the complaint, the Community 2 also claimed that it was entitled to reimbursement for funds spent on healthcare services 3 for Tohono O’odham members. Id. ¶ 69. 4 Defendants now move to dismiss the Community’s breach-of-trust claim and its 5 requests for reimbursement, arguing that the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over 6 these claims. Other than the reimbursement remedy, Defendants do not ask the Court to 7 dismiss the Community’s claims for violation of the ISDEAA. 8 II. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction. 9 Defendants are Sylvia Matthews Burwell, Secretary of the Health and Human 10 Services Department, and Yvette Roubideaux, Acting Director for IHS. Doc. 28, ¶¶ 13- 11 14. Because the Community sues them in their official capacities, sovereign immunity 12 may bar portions of this lawsuit. Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 89 13 (1989) (finding that “an official-capacity action is in reality always against the State”). 14 Subject-matter “[j]urisdiction over any suit against the Government requires a clear 15 statement from the United States waiving sovereign immunity together with a claim 16 falling within the terms of the waiver. The terms of consent to be sued may not be 17 inferred, but must be ‘unequivocally expressed.’” United States v. White Mountain 18 Apache Tribe, 537 U.S. 465, 472 (2003) (citations omitted). 19 The ISDEAA contains a waiver of sovereign immunity in 25 U.S.C. § 450m-1(a). 20 Under this statute, the federal government waives its immunity and grants district courts 21 “original jurisdiction over any civil action or claim against the appropriate Secretary 22 arising under [the ISDEAA].” Id. The statute also grants district courts, subject to the 23 provisions of the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-09 (“CDA”), jurisdiction 24 “over any civil action or claim against the Secretary for money damages arising under 25 contracts authorized by this subchapter.” Id. This waiver of immunity extends to claims 26 arising under self-governance compacts. Id. § 458aaa-10(a). 27 28 Under Rule 12(b)(1), Defendants may move to dismiss the case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. “A Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional attack may be facial or -3- 1 factual.” Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). “In a 2 facial attack, the challenger asserts that the allegations contained in the complaint are 3 insufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction. By contrast, in a factual attack, 4 the challenger disputes the truth of the allegations that, by themselves, would otherwise 5 invoke federal jurisdiction.” Id. In resolving a factual attack on jurisdiction, the Court 6 “may review evidence beyond the complaint without converting the motion to dismiss to 7 a motion for summary judgment.” Id.; see Augustine v. United States, 704 F.2d 1074, 8 1077 (9th Cir. 1983). The Court, however, may not resolve genuine factual disputes if 9 the jurisdictional issue and substantive issues are intertwined unless the motion to dismiss 10 is converted to a motion for summary judgment. See id.; Safe Air for Everyone, 373 F.3d 11 at 1039-40 n.3. 12 The parties’ briefing is difficult to characterize. Although Defendants appear to 13 mount a facial attack on subject matter jurisdiction, that focus is not always clear. The 14 parties dispute various factual matters throughout their memoranda and often frame their 15 arguments in terms of failure to state a claim. The Court will not tarry long on this 16 ambiguity. 17 breach-of-trust claim and whether its claim for reimbursement may be asserted only 18 under the CDA. The Court concludes that the Community has not pled a viable breach- 19 of-trust claim. The claim will therefore be dismissed both because it does not fall within 20 the limited waiver of sovereign immunity in § 450m-1(a) and for failure to state a claim. 21 The Court concludes that the Community’s reimbursement claim complies, at least on its 22 face, with the statutory requirements for asserting a claim under the ISDEAA, and 23 therefore cannot be dismissed at this stage of the litigation on the ground that it may be 24 brought only under the CDA. 25 III. The essential issues are whether the Community has pled a cognizable Analysis. 26 A. 27 Defendants argue that the general trust relationship between the government and 28 Indian tribes does not give rise to a breach-of-trust claim. Although statutes speak of the Breach of Trust. -4- 1 government’s general duty to provide healthcare to Indians, Defendants argue that many 2 cases have found this statutory language insufficient to sustain a breach-of-trust claim. 3 Defendants further argue that such a claim cannot lie unless there is an underlying trust 4 corpus the government is administering for a tribe, such as Indian property or trust assets. 5 The Community’s view of a breach-of-trust claim is fairly simple and premised 6 entirely on language from United States v. Navajo Nation (“Navajo I”), 537 U.S. 488, 7 506 (2003). Quoting from that case, the Community asserts that “a Tribe must identify a 8 substantive source of law that establishes specific fiduciary or other duties, and allege 9 that the Government has failed faithfully to perform those duties.” Id. at 506. The 10 Community points to several statutes and regulations that allegedly establish “specific 11 fiduciary or other duties” that Defendants allegedly violated, including: (1) 42 C.F.R. § 12 137.144, which requires IHS to share “all relevant information with the Indian Tribe in 13 order to avoid rejection of a final offer”; (2) 25 U.S.C. § 458aaa-6(c)(1)(B), which 14 requires IHS to provide “technical assistance” to a tribe in order to overcome a rejection 15 of a final offer; (3) § 458aaa-4, which states that a tribe is to “receive full tribal share 16 funding” for healthcare services; and (4) § 458aaa-6(f), which requires that IHS pass on 17 to the tribe the money IHS saves due to a tribe’s performance of a self-governance 18 compact. The Community argues that the general trust relationship as described in 25 19 U.S.C. §§ 450n, 1601, and 1602 reinforces the conclusion that the cited statutory and 20 regulatory provisions establish actionable fiduciary duties. 21 22 The Court cannot accept the Community’s argument. For two reasons, the Court concludes that Navajo I does not support the breach-of-trust claim asserted in this case. 23 First, Navajo I makes clear that a mere substantive source of statutory or 24 regulatory duties is not sufficient to give rise to a breach-of-trust claim. Applying the 25 holding of United States v. Mitchell (“Mitchell II”), 463 U.S. 206 (1983), Navajo I held 26 that a breach-of-trust claim arises when statutes and regulations “impose judicially 27 enforceable fiduciary duties upon the United States and its management of [tribal land].” 28 Navajo I, 537 U.S. at 504-05 (emphasis added). The Supreme Court explained that these -5- 1 duties were created in Mitchell II from a “network” of statutes and regulations that gave 2 the federal government “‘full responsibility to manage Indian resources and land for the 3 benefits of the Indians.’” Id. at 505 (quoting Mitchell II, 463 U.S. at 224). The statutes 4 and regulations in Mitchell II not only entrusted the federal government with the 5 management of tribal forest lands, but also directed the government to manage the lands 6 so as to serve “the needs and best interests of the Indian owner and his heirs” taking into 7 account a series of specified factors including the state of growth of the timber, the 8 highest and best use of the land, and the present and future financial needs of the owner. 9 Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). The Bureau of Indian Affairs was to engage 10 in “daily supervision over the harvesting and management of tribal timber,” and proceeds 11 from timber sales were to be paid to tribal landowners “or disposed of for their use and 12 benefit.” Id. (citation and quotation marks omitted). As summarized in Navajo I, the 13 relevant statutes and regulations “combined to place under federal control ‘[v]irtually 14 every stage of the process.’” Id. (quoting Mitchell II, 463 U.S. at 222). Mitchell II 15 accordingly held that the government had assumed trust responsibilities for management 16 of the lands in question. 17 The plaintiff in Navajo I sought to impose similar trust responsibilities on the 18 federal government’s obligation to approve mineral leases on tribal lands under the 19 Indian Mineral Leasing Act of 1938 (“IMLA”). The Supreme Court rejected the attempt 20 because the IMLA and its regulations were much less comprehensive than the statutes 21 and regulations in Mitchell II. They “simply require[d] Secretarial approval before coal 22 mining leases negotiated between Tribes and third parties become effective, and 23 authorize[d] the Secretary generally to promulgate regulations governing mining 24 operations.” Id. at 507 (citations omitted). The Court explained: 25 26 27 28 The IMLA and its implementing regulations impose no obligations resembling the detailed fiduciary responsibilities that Mitchell II found adequate to support a claim for money damages. The IMLA simply requires Secretarial approval before coal mining leases negotiated between -6- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tribes and third parties become effective, and authorizes the Secretary generally to promulgate regulations governing mining operations. . . . Unlike the “elaborate” provisions before the Court in Mitchell II, the IMLA and its regulations do not “give the Federal Government full responsibility to manage Indian resources . . . for the benefit of the Indians.” The Secretary is neither assigned a comprehensive managerial role nor, at the time relevant here, expressly invested with responsibility to secure “the needs and best interests of the Indian owner and his heirs.” 7 Navajo I, 537 U.S. at 507-08 (citations omitted). Because the obligations imposed on the 8 federal government by the IMLA and its regulations were far less comprehensive than the 9 laws at issue in Mitchell II, the Supreme Court held that no claim for breach of trust could 10 be asserted. Id. at 506-508. 11 The statutes and regulations in this case, like those at issue in Navajo I, simply do 12 not give the federal government full responsibility to manage Indian resources for the 13 benefit of Indians. According to the Community, the relevant statutes and regulations 14 require IHS to share information, provide technical assistance, provide a full tribal share 15 of funding for healthcare services, and pass on to the tribe money saved by the tribe’s 16 performance of the compact. Such provisions do not constitute an elaborate statutory and 17 regulatory scheme that places the federal government in full control of managing tribal 18 resources as was found necessary in Navajo I. 19 Nor can the government’s general trust obligation provide the missing elements of 20 the Community’s breach-of-trust claim. 21 obligation can “reinforce the conclusion that the relevant statute or regulation imposes 22 fiduciary duties,” 537 U.S. at 506 (quotation marks omitted), but it is not sufficient to 23 support that conclusion in the absence of comprehensive statutes and regulations. Thus, 24 the Community’s argument that the general trust relationship is recognized in the 25 ISDEAA or other Indian healthcare legislation (Doc. 32 at 11) does not enable the Court 26 to find a cognizable breach-of-trust claim in this case. Navajo I made clear that the general trust 27 The federal government “assumes Indian trust responsibilities only to the extent it 28 expressly accepts those responsibilities by statute.” United States v. Jicarilla Apache -7- 1 Nation, 131 S. Ct. 2313, 2325 (2011). The Court cannot conclude that the statutes and 2 regulations relied on by the Community show that the United States has accepted trust 3 responsibilities for the healthcare related duties the Community seeks to enforce. 4 Second, breach-of-trust claims recognized by the Supreme Court and Ninth Circuit 5 involve an underlying corpus of Indian property or funds managed by the federal 6 government. For example, Mitchell II involved the federal government’s full control 7 over tribal forest lands. 463 U.S. at 210, 225. The Supreme Court found that “[a]ll of the 8 necessary elements of a common-law trust are present: a trustee (the United States), a 9 beneficiary (the Indian allottees), and a trust corpus (Indian timber, lands, and funds).” 10 Id. at 225. 11 In White Mountain Apache Tribe, an Indian tribe claimed that the federal 12 government had breached its fiduciary duties to “maintain, protect, repair, and preserve” 13 property on the Fort Apache Military Reservation. 537 U.S. at 469. A statute stated that 14 this property was to be “held by the United States in trust for the White Mountain Apache 15 Tribe.” Id. The Court found that the statute supported a breach-of-trust claim: “While it 16 is true that the [statute] does not . . . expressly subject the Government to duties of 17 management and conservation, the fact that the property occupied by the United States is 18 expressly subject to a trust supports a fair inference that an obligation to preserve the 19 property improvements was incumbent on the United States as trustee.” Id. at 475. 20 Ninth Circuit precedent is similar. In Marceau v. Blackfeet Housing Authority, 21 540 F.3d 916 (9th Cir. 2008), for example, the Ninth Circuit found that a tribe’s breach- 22 of-trust claim failed because “the federal government held no property – land, houses, 23 money, or anything else – in trust. The federal government did not exercise direct control 24 over Indian land, houses, or money by means of these funding mechanisms. The federal 25 government did not build, manage, or maintain any of the housing.” Id. at 928.1 26 1 27 28 The Community cites Skokomish Indian Tribe v. United States, 410 F.3d 506 (9th Cir. 2005), for the proposition that a treaty violation, without any trust corpus, is sufficient to support a breach-of-trust claim. Skokomish is irrelevant for two reasons. First, it concerned a claim for breach of a treaty. Id. at 510-11. There is no such claim in -8- 1 These cases comport with traditional trust law. Black’s Law Dictionary defines a 2 trust as “a property interest held by one person (the trustee) at the request of another (the 3 settlor) for the benefit of a third part (the beneficiary).” 4 (9th ed. 2009). It further explains that “[f]or a trust to be valid, it must involve specific 5 property[.]” Id. The Restatement of Trusts similarly explains that a trust “is a fiduciary 6 relationship with respect to property[.]” Restatement (Third) of Trusts § 2 (2003).2 Black’s Law Dictionary 1647 7 This case does not involve a traditional corpus. There is no property or money 8 held in trust by the federal government for the benefit of the Community. This case does 9 involve appropriations Congress makes to IHS, part of which are used to fund tribal self- 10 governance compacts for healthcare. Such an appropriation has some similarities to a 11 trust corpus – the government holds money and is directed by statute to use it for the 12 benefit of Indian tribes. Furthermore, Congress has declared a national policy “to ensure 13 the highest possible health status for Indians and urban Indians and to provide all 14 resources necessary to effect that policy,” 25 U.S.C. § 1602(1), and has passed various 15 statutes relating to Indian healthcare such as the ISDEAA. 16 The Court cannot conclude, however, that a general appropriation by Congress, 17 without more, satisfies the corpus requirement of a trust claim. 18 appropriation of government funds is qualitatively different from the tribal-owned real 19 property managed by the government on behalf of Indian tribes in Mitchell II and White 20 Mountain. The appropriation consists of moneys of the United States, and cannot be said 21 to constitute property of the tribes when it has not been set aside in trust as tribal 22 property. Appropriations to IHS are made on behalf of Indians generally, unlike the A congressional 23 24 25 this case. Second, it did not hold that the claim was for breach of trust or would be cognizable as a trust claim. It instead held that the Ninth Circuit lacked subject-matter jurisdiction and transferred the case to the Court of Federal Claims. Id. at 511. 2 26 27 28 The Court recognizes that the trust relationship between the United States and Indian tribes “is defined and governed by statutes rather than the common law,” United States v. Jicarilla Apache Nation, 131 S. Ct. 2313, 2323 (2011), and therefore does not wish to overstate the importance of the Restatement and similar sources. The Court nonetheless considers it relevant that trusts traditionally require a corpus, something clearly lacking in this case. -9- 1 specific lands that the government was required to manage on behalf of particular tribes. 2 The Community does not allege that a specific portion of the appropriated funds has been 3 earmarked to fund the Community’s self-governance compact with IHS. 4 In addition, the Supreme Court has distinguished “between money appropriated to 5 fulfill treaty obligations, to which trust relationship attaches, and ‘gratuitous 6 appropriations,’” to which a trust relationship does not automatically attach. Lincoln v. 7 Vigil, 508 U.S. 182, 195 (1993) (quoting Reuben Quick Bear v. Leupp, 210 U.S. 50, 80 8 (1908)). 9 moneys for the purpose of Indian education . . . under the heading, ‘Support of 10 Schools[.]’” 210 U.S. at 66. The Court found that the appropriation “relates to public 11 moneys belonging to the government,” and distinguished it from money the government 12 had set aside in trust for Indians. Id. Here also, the general appropriation for IHS are 13 public moneys belonging to the government, not funds set aside in trust for the 14 Community. In Quick Bear, the Court addressed a “gratuitous appropriation of public 15 Furthermore, if a gratuitous appropriation could serve as a basis for a breach-of- 16 trust claim, Indian tribes theoretically could sue the government for breach of trust 17 whenever the government violated a statute or regulation addressing how to spend the 18 appropriation. Every violation of a statute or regulation would constitute a breach of 19 trust.3 Without clear authority to support such a conclusion, the Court cannot conclude 20 that a breach-of-trust claim arises from every statutory or regulatory violation. 21 In summary, the Court finds that the Community’s breach-of-trust claim fails on 22 two accounts. The Community has failed to identify the kind of elaborate, full-control 23 statutes and regulations that were held necessary for a breach-of-trust claim in Navajo I. 24 25 26 27 28 3 The Community quite plainly adopts this expansive view of government trust obligations: “Rather than identifying statutes that impose verbatim the fiduciary duties alleged, the Community is only required to identify a substantive source of law imposing a duty on IHS, and allege its breach (which is in turn informed by the common law).” Doc. 32 at 13. This is not correct. As explained above, Navajo I makes clear that a plaintiff cannot state a breach-of-trust claim merely by alleging breach of a statutory or regulatory duty. 537 U.S. at 507-08. - 10 - 1 In addition, the Community has failed to allege an underlying corpus to support its trust 2 claim. As another court has explained, albeit in different circumstances, the ISDEAA 3 does not “convert the underlying statutory programs into entitlements fairly analogized to 4 a trust corpus.” Samish Indian Nation v. United States, 419 F.3d 1355, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 5 2005). The Community’s breach-of-trust claim will therefore be dismissed.4 6 B. 7 Defendants move to dismiss two paragraphs in the Community’s complaint that 8 9 10 Defendants argue are essentially claims for reimbursement. These two paragraphs state: 69. In fact, under the ISDEAA, if GRHC has been providing services to Tohono O’odham members that were the financial responsibility of the Tucson Area IHS Office, Gila River is entitled to the money saved by IHS. 11 12 Claim for Reimbursement. *** 15 [Prayer for Relief] Plaintiff Community prays for the following relief… 3. Injunctive and declaratory relief compelling IHS to approve the Community’s proposed 2014 Funding Agreement amendment that . . . (3) to the extent no documentation or formulae can be provided to validly support prior year expenditures for CHS care provided to Tohono O’odham members, an increase to the current year funding levels to make GRHC whole for any deficiencies. 16 Doc. 28 at 16, 19. Because these paragraphs state a claim for monetary reimbursement, 17 Defendants argue, they are subject to the requirements of the CDA and should be 18 dismissed for failing to comply with the CDA’s exhaustion requirement. Doc. 30 at 14 19 (citing 41 U.S.C. § 7103). 13 14 20 The ISDEAA allows an Indian tribe to bring suit in federal court for IHS’s failure 21 to accept a final offer. Section 458aaa-6(b) states that “[i]n the event the Secretary and a 22 participating Indian tribe are unable to agree, in whole or in part, on the terms of a 23 compact or funding agreement (including funding levels), the Indian tribe may submit a 24 final offer to the Secretary.” 25 U.S.C. § 458aaa-6(b). If the Secretary rejects a final 25 26 27 28 4 Because the Court will dismiss the Community’s breach-of-trust claim for reasons set forth above, the Court will not address the second part of Navajo I’s test: “whether the relevant source of substantive law ‘can fairly be interpreted as mandating compensation for damages sustained as a result of a breach of the duties [the governing law] impose[s].’” Navajo I, 537 U.S. at 506 (quoting Mitchell II, 463 U.S. at 219). - 11 - 1 offer, the Secretary must “clearly demonstrate” in writing that one of five reasons for 2 rejecting it applies. Id. § 458aaa-6(c). After a “hearing on the record” regarding the final 3 offer, the ISDEAA allows a tribe to either pursue an administrative appeal or “directly 4 proceed to initiate an action in a Federal district court pursuant to section 450m-1(a) of 5 this title[.]” Id. 6 The Community submitted the Final Offer to Defendants on November 15, 2013. 7 Doc. 28-1. The offer contained a proposed amendment to the 2014 Funding Agreement. 8 Id. Paragraph five stated: 9 10 11 12 In the absence of supporting data or other evidence confirming that the current [funding agreement] and prior year FAs include funds for the provisions of CHS services to [Tohono O’odham] members . . . the Secretary hereby agrees to provide additional funding to [the Community] in an amount sufficient to reimburse [the Community] for all FA amounts already expended in excess of funded amounts for the provision of those services in FY 2014 and all prior years, plus interest. 13 14 Id. at 4. IHS rejected the Final Offer on January 7, 2014, asserting that “‘the amount of 15 funds proposed in the final offer exceeds the applicable funding level to which the tribe is 16 entitled under this title.’” Doc. 28-2 at 2 (quoting 25 U.S.C. § 458aaa-6(c)(1)(A)(i)). 17 After a hearing (Doc. 28, ¶¶ 59-61), the Community filed this lawsuit and claimed that 18 Defendants improperly rejected the Final Offer and the proposed amendment (id., ¶¶ 70- 19 75). Thus, all of the Community’s actions closely track the requirements of the ISDEAA, 20 which states that the Community may “directly proceed to initiate an action in a Federal 21 district court pursuant to section 450m-1(a) of this title[.]” 22 6(c)(1)(C). 25 U.S.C. § 458aaa- 23 Although the remedy the Community seeks – approval of the final offer, including 24 possible reimbursement of funds spent on CHS services for Tohono O’odham members – 25 could result in the Community receiving financial reimbursements for prior-year 26 underpayments, the Community has complied with the express wording of the ISDEAA’s 27 jurisdictional provisions. Many of Defendants’ arguments to the contrary go to the merits 28 of the Community’s claim that the Final Offer should be approved. But because the - 12 - 1 parties have not fully briefed the merits of the Community’s Final Offer, and questions of 2 fact remain outstanding, the Court declines to rule on those arguments. At this stage, the 3 Court will not dismiss the Community’s requests for reimbursement.5 4 IT IS ORDERED THAT Defendants’ motion to dismiss (Doc. 30) is granted as 5 to the Community’s breach-of-trust claim, and denied as to the Community’s requests for 6 reimbursement. 7 8 Dated this 6th day of March, 2015. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 5 The Court does not foreclose the possibility that arguments made at the summary judgment stage may implicate the issues raised in Defendants’ motion to dismiss. For example, the Community itself notes that the Court will be required to decide whether the prior compacts included funding for Tohono O’odham members. If so, the Community’s claim may more appropriately be characterized as a claim for breach of the prior compacts than amendment of those compacts, a characterization that could lead to the conclusion that the claims must be asserted under the CDA. The Court agrees with the Community’s argument that a decision on such issues now would be premature. Doc. 32 at 17. - 13 -

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